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The H-bridge MLI has cascaded to addicted cascaded the diode with switches of lower rated power, consumption of power reactive and active. A new system is being developed to increase effectiveness of MLI (multilevel inverter). within the electricity system, to inverter is critical for DC-AC voltage conversion. MLI focuses more on Industry Needs. MLI is typically used to provide high power at high voltage applications. In comparison to inverters flying capacitors and the diode-clamped, it has the fewest components and the voltage level it same number to achieve the voltage balancing capacitors or diodes any voltage clamping. This design incorporates a multilayer inverter with a cascaded H Bridge based on a Boost circuit (BCCHB). The job of the voltage to increase the boost circuit of the multilevel inverter. Boost circuits are essential in an application of wide range, including photovoltaic and the use of fuel cells. ML Inverter with Cascaded H Bridge is a Voltage Controlled Source Inverter with the advantages of being small in size and having an output waveform that is independent of load type. A cascaded H Bridge prototype model based on a boost circuit is validated, and the results simulation has been compared with the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel hybrid bandpass filter (BPF) with wideband and high selectivity is proposed in this paper. The hybrid BPF is composed of two film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) cells and three lumped component resonators realized by the integrated passive device (IPD) technology. The ABCD matrix to S-parameters matrix method is used to calculate the frequency response of the BPF. Moreover, the expressions of transmission zeros (TZs) have been extracted. In the design process, an iterative design approach is proposed to improve the circuit and layout of the hybrid filter based on the packaged acoustic-electric hybrid simulation effect. Finally, two parts of the filter are packaged based on the flip-chip method, and two prototypes for the BPF are measured. The measured results of two chips with 3 dB fractional bandwidth of 13.7% and 15.8% are designed and fabricated, which verifies the validity of the proposed design principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of silicon photonics, highly compact and miniature high‐density circuits are achieved by precisely shaping millimeter‐long waveguides into spiral configurations. Organic photonics, on the other hand, takes advantage of mechanically flexible crystal spiral waveguides (SWs) within organic photonic circuits. These SWs offer versatility, enabling precise control over light paths and mechanical programmability. This study introduces an innovative pick‐and‐place technique for constructing various organic spiral waveguides (OSWs) with different geometries, such as Cornu, Archimedean, elliptical, rectangular, four‐sided polygons, and three‐sided polygons. Additionally, this method allows for the creation of optically reprogrammable photonic circuits. Custom‐synthesized flexible crystals are used, including blue‐emitting (Z)−3‐(4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)phenyl)−2‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylonitrile (Cz‐2CF3), green‐emitting (E)−1‐(((5‐bromopyridin‐2‐yl)imino)methyl)naphthalene‐2‐ol (BPyIN), cyan‐emitting 9,10‐dibromo anthracene (DBA), and red‐emitting 4,7‐bis(4‐octylthiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTD). Systematically integrating a Cz‐2CF3 OSW (with two ports for optical signal routing in clockwise/counterclockwise directions) with DBA and BTD waveguides produces multi‐color hybrid photonic circuits with customizable optical functions, tailored to specific design needs. The number of output ports can be dynamically adjusted through mechanical programming by coupling crystals tip‐to‐tip when replacing the DBA waveguide with a BPyIN waveguide using the pick‐and‐place technology. This mechanically programmable hybrid spiral photonic circuit seamlessly operates across the entire visible spectral bandwidth, making it valuable for various applications, including high‐fidelity sensing, spectrometer components, and intelligent circuitry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass-deployable implementations for quantum communication require compact, reliable, and low-cost hardware solutions for photon generation, control and analysis. We present a fiber-pigtailed hybrid photonic circuit comprising nonlinear waveguides for photon-pair generation and a polymer interposer reaching 68 dB of pump suppression and photon separation based on a polarizing beam splitter with > 25 dB polarization extinction ratio. The optical stability of the hybrid assembly enhances the quality of the entanglement, and the efficient background suppression and photon routing further reduce accidental coincidences. We thus achieve a 96 - 8 + 3 % concurrence and a 96 - 5 + 2 % fidelity to a Bell state. The generated telecom-wavelength, time-bin entangled photon pairs are ideally suited for distributing Bell pairs over fiber networks with low dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Letter introduces an on-chip topological phononic crystal (PnC) acoustic waveguide employing lithium niobate thin films. Utilizing a C 3 v symmetry-breaking mechanism, the topological PnC acoustic waveguide is achieved, operating at frequencies exceeding 430 MHz. A SH0 mode acoustic transceiver is designed, enabling highly efficient on-chip acoustic wave transmission and reception. The fabricated topological PnC waveguide demonstrates a propagation loss of 11.3 dB/mm at the edge mode. An acoustic beam splitter utilizing topological edge mode has been demonstrated, showing the configurability of the topological PnC acoustic waveguide. These results offer significant promise for advancing the development of hybrid phononic circuits tailored for high-frequency acoustic information processing, sensing, and manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of fault isolation and clearance in flexible DC power grids, hybrid DC circuit breakers (HDCCB) have been widely used because of their advantages. However, their development is limited by high construction costs and inapplicability in some fault cases. In addition, adaptive reclosing capability is required for overhead DC lines with high fault probability. Therefore, this paper proposes a new type of multi-port hybrid DC circuit breaker (MP-HDCCB) with current limiting, breaking, and self-charging capabilities. The capacitor polarity reversal circuit is designed to reduce the influence of capacitor pre-charging on the normal operation of the system and to solve the problem of two consecutive line faults occurring in a short period of time. In addition, the circuit breaker can limit the current and break in the face of a single line fault, multiple line faults at the same time, and bus faults. It also has the ability of adaptive reclosing and normal operation of the line after a bus fault. Based on the proposed topology, a 500 kV four-terminal DC system is designed, and a model is established in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the capabilities of the circuit breaker. Results show that the circuit breaker has adaptive reclosing capability and can realize fault current limiting and breaking under different fault conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the rapid development of high-voltage flexible direct current (DC) transmission systems, more and more multi-port high-voltage DC systems have been successfully put into operation. Therefore, the number of connecting ports on the DC bus is gradually increasing, which necessitates higher requirements for clearing fault current. To better protect the DC power grid, this paper integrates a DC fault current limiter with a multi-port DC circuit breaker. This article proposes a modular cascaded multi-port hybrid DC circuit breaker topology. It also elaborates on the topology structure, working principle, and control program under three different fault conditions. It completes the theoretical derivation and analysis of the circuit breaker fault isolation process, as well as the parameter design of the core components. Finally, a model is established in PSCAD/EMTDC for simulation verification. The application performance of the circuit breaker in four-terminal DC systems is studied and analyzed, and the current-limiting effect of the multi-port DC circuit breaker proposed in this article is demonstrated. In addition, the disconnection performance and energy consumption of the arrester have been improved to a certain extent, which has good feasibility and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitor has been widely known as a representative electrochemical energy storage device with high power density and long lifespan. Recently, with the deeper understanding of its charge storage mechanism, unidirectional-charging supercapacitor, also called supercapacitor diode (CAPode), is successfully developed based on the ion-sieving effect of its working electrode towards electrolyte ions. Because CAPode integrates mobile ion and mobile electron in one hybrid circuit, it has a great potential in the emerging fields of ion/electron coupling logic operations, human–machine interface, neural network interaction, and in vivo diagnosis and treatment. Accordingly, we herein elucidate the working mechanism and design philosophy of CAPode, and summarize the electrode materials that are suitable for constructing CAPode. Meanwhile, some other supercapacitor-based devices beyond CAPode are also introduced, and their potential applications are instructively presented. Finally, we outline the challenges and chances of CAPode-related techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial for a special issue of the journal Nanomaterials titled "Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends." The editorial highlights the importance of nano-optics and nano-optoelectronics in investigating light at the nanometer scale and the interaction of nanometer-scale objects with light. The field has seen extensive research in the past decade, with promising applications in various areas such as optical communication, sensing, imaging, medicine, and green energy. The special issue includes sixteen papers that discuss recent advances in nanostructures and nanomaterials, as well as practical nano-optical and nano-optoelectronic technologies. The articles cover topics such as metastructures, metalenses, nanoparticles, layered 2D materials, and nano-semiconductors, and explore their applications in photodetectors, solar cells, modulators, light emitters, and nanofabrication. The issue also includes reviews on nano-related infrared absorption technology and neuromorphic photonics devices. Overall, the special issue provides valuable insights into the latest developments and future trends in nano-optics and nano-optoelectronics. [Extracted from the article]

Hybrid circuit breakers are the most promising circuit breakers among DC circuit breakers. Conventional hybrid circuit breakers complete fault current isolation by converting current to IGBT when fault current occurs. However, in this case, the fault current continues to increase, so the IGBT must be large enough to withstand this current. In addition, in the case of a method of detecting and operating a fault, a delay time of up to hundreds of microseconds occurs, and in a hybrid circuit breaker, this delay time is a very large value. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a hybrid Z-source circuit breaker that operates without delay for low-impedance faults. The proposed breaker is designed to reduce stress on IGBTs and mechanical switches by generating a current zero crossing, as well as to enable the breaker to trip quickly in high-risk cases such as low-impedance fault circuits. Due to the limited environment of the laboratory, we performed 600 V fault isolation experiments. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the proposed circuit breaker successfully isolated the fault within 1.6 ms. The current limiting feature of the Z-source appears to reduce stress on the IGBTs and MOVs used, and it allows for faster fault isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of permanent magnets and electrically excited windings creates an air gap magnetic field. The development of a hybrid magnetic circuit motor with an adjustable magnetic field is of great significance. This article introduces a hybrid magnetic circuit motor design that combines salient pole electromagnetic and permanent magnets. A tubular magnetic barrier has been designed to reduce inter-pole leakage and enhance the usage rate of permanent magnets in the hybrid magnetic circuit motor. The optimum eccentricity of the rotor has been accurately designed, resulting in an improved sinusoidal distribution of the air gap magnetic density waveform. An analysis of the static composite magnetic field under various excitation currents has been conducted, showcasing the capability of the hybrid magnetic circuit motor to stably adjust the air gap flux density level and output torque. A prototype has undergone comprehensive trial production and testing, conclusively confirming the machine's superior output performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photonic circuits attract much attention as promising candidates to overcome the drawbacks of their electronic counterparts. By utilizing the broad bandwidth and low energy consumption of optical communication, hybrid circuits can provide a comprehensive platform for the era beyond Moore's law. In particular, parallel matrix operations, the heavy lifting behind neural networks, remain challenging for traditional electronics due to high heat dissipation. To enable these parallel computations optically, (de‐)multiplexing is crucial to address the different channels. Previously this has been accomplished with complex spectral or time encodings in wave division or time division methods. However, herein, a simple method to address parallel optical channels exclusively with 2‐bit signals is presented. By using PEDOT:PSS as electrochromic material for intensity modulation, light transmission or absorption is controlled by oxidation and reduction with an electrolyte. Y‐branch structures are used to design the multiplexing layout and to assign the 2‐bit states to the channels. This binary addressable optical multiplexer, therefore, combines optical communication with electronic signals into a hybrid circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the fast growth of electronic technology today, the hybrid circuit of analog and digital circuits has become a trend in the growth of electronic technology. To address fault diagnosis in analog circuits, Haar wavelet is applied for fault feature extraction. The K-means clustering method and pseudoinverse algorithm were used to optimize the center value and weight value of the radial basis function neural network, respectively. The adaptive step size was improved in the wolf pack algorithm, the parameters of the radial basis function neural network were optimized based on the wolf pack algorithm, and a wolf pack algorithm optimized radial basis function neural network model was constructed. The test results show that this model converges after 40 times of training, with an error value of 10−3 and an average value of the mean squared error of 0.45. Comparing the fault diagnosis rates of the original model, genetic algorithm optimized radial basis function neural network model, and wolf colony algorithm optimized radial basis function neural network model, the last model has the best fault diagnosis rate, reaching 95.52%. The wolf colony algorithm is utilized to optimize the radial basis function neural network model to diagnose the faults in the standard filter circuit, and the fault diagnosis rate reaches 96.17%. The findings express that the radial basis function neural network model optimized by the wolf colony algorithm has a good diagnosis effect for different faults in the analog circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aimed at the optimization design of the parameters of the commutation circuit of a hybrid DC-current-limiting circuit breaker (HDCCLCB), a parameter selection model considering the short-time withstand of the thyristor and the volume of the commutation circuit is proposed by simplifying the object, and the commutation circuit parameters were preliminarily obtained. In order to verify the correctness of the method of selecting the commutation circuit parameters, the circuit simulation model of the HDCCLCB was built. The experimental platform was built, and the breaking experiment was completed under the fault condition with the current rising rate of 20 A/μs. The correctness of the simulation model and parameter design method was verified by comparing the circuit model simulation results with the experimental results. In order to further optimize the parameters of the commutation circuit, a mathematical model for optimization design was established. Taking the maximum critical breakdown voltage under unit capacitance energy as the objective function, the arcing time before commutating and the current-limiting inductance and capacitance are enumerated to obtain the optimized commutation circuit parameters. By comparing this result with the result of the preliminary design, the objective function is improved by 20.7%, laying a solid foundation for further research and the development of current-limiting circuit breakers for medium-voltage DC systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multilayer, ultra‐wideband absorber is proposed in this paper, which consists of a hybrid circuit analog absorber and a metal resonant absorber. The circuit analog absorber is located at the upper part of the absorber to absorb low‐frequency electromagnetic waves, and the metal resonant absorber is located at the bottom of the absorber to absorb high‐frequency electromagnetic waves and provide a reflecting plate for the absorber. Through simulation, the absorption rate of the designed absorber can be greater than 90% in the range of 2.33–18.43 GHz, and an equivalent circuit is established for verification. In addition, the absorber has good angular stability and polarization insensitivity. The prototype of the absorber was manufactured and measured, and the test results are basically consistent with the analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new emerging non-volatile memory (NVM) devices known as memristors could be the promising candidate for future digital architecture, owing to their nanoscale size and its ability to integrate with the existing CMOS technology. The device has involved in various applications from memory design to analog and digital circuit design. In this paper, a combination of memristor devices and CMOS transistors is working together to form a hybrid CMOS-memristor circuit for XAX- Module, a core element used as digital circuit for elliptic curve cryptography. The proposed design was implemented using Pt/TaOx/Ta memristor device and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso. The simulation results demonstrate the design functionality. The proposed module appears to be efficient in terms of layout area, delay and power consumption since the design utilizes the hybrid CMOS/memristor gates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel closed-loop system designed to integrate biological and artificial neurons of the oscillatory type into a unified circuit. The system comprises an electronic circuit based on the FitzHugh-Nagumo model, which provides stimulation to living neurons in acute hippocampal mouse brain slices. The local field potentials generated by the living neurons trigger a transition in the FitzHugh–Nagumo circuit from an excitable state to an oscillatory mode, and in turn, the spikes produced by the electronic circuit synchronize with the living-neuron spikes. The key advantage of this hybrid electrobiological autogenerator lies in its capability to control biological neuron signals, which holds significant promise for diverse neuromorphic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a 250 kHz bidirectional battery charger circuit using a GaN HEMT. The charger is subjected to a high-/low-side constant voltage at 200 V/20 V. The charger circuit is a hybrid of the LLC and flyback circuit topologies. Both the power output analysis and efficiency control of this circuit are simplified when the magnetization current is minimized using the low-resistance GaN HEMT. The switching frequency is controlled to match the series resonance in a way that is analogous to conventional LLC circuit controls, while the duty ratio that determines the power output and the dead time, which determines the zero voltage switching, is controlled in an analogous manner to the flyback circuit control. The charging and discharging modes were altered by applying a double-throw relay that changes the transformer turn ratio, which is different from conventional LLC designs using the switching frequency adjustment. A nominal turn ratio with Np = 35 and Ns = 3.5 for a 200 V/20 V converter can only produce an internal series resonance with no current flowing in any charging direction. The proposed circuit using a transformer with multiple windings (Np = 35, Ns,F = 4, and Ns,R = 3) was fabricated to deliver 125 W output power from the power grid battery to the vehicle battery in the forward (charging) mode and 90 W in the reverse (discharging) mode. The conversion efficiency was calculated to be as high as 97% in the forward mode and 95% in the reverse mode. The high conversion efficiency is due to the characteristics of the GaN HEMT, including low resistive and switching losses. The equations derived in this paper associate these losses with the series resonant frequency and power conversion rate, which highlight the advantages of using a GaN HEMT in this CLLC design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This work proposes a link training based half‐rate dynamic current‐steering echo‐cancellation hybrid circuit topology for full‐duplex signaling that performs echo cancellation by deploying a bit error detection unit and backchannel adaptation. In addition, this work proposes a power‐efficient half‐rate dynamic current‐steering logic hybrid circuit for full‐duplex signaling over on‐chip interconnects for simultaneous transmission and reception. The half‐rate dynamic current‐steering hybrid circuit topology has low static power consumption compared with traditional current‐mode circuit topology implementations, thanks to the discrete nature of the current‐steering hybrid topology. The proposed scheme is implemented in 1.2 V, 65‐nm complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS). The performance results show that the link training scheme sets the control bits for both the transmitter driver and hybrid circuit topology when the backchannel adaptation loop gets locked for 1‐ and 3‐mm interconnects for process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations. The proposed hybrid circuit topology is able to receive the required far‐end transmitted data with the link training scheme and has the differential recovered received signal voltage swing of 1.2 V for both 1‐ and 3‐mm interconnect at the 10‐Gb/s data rate. The total power consumption of the hybrid is 3 and 3.5 mW for 1‐ and 3‐mm interconnect with an energy efficiency of 0.6 and 0.7 pJ/bit, respectively, at 10‐Gb/s full‐duplex operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi‐terminal flexible DC power grid plays an important role in large‐scale new energy integration, which usually requires the installation of multi‐terminal DC circuit breaker (MTCB) at the intersection of multiple DC lines. At present, the research on multi‐terminal DC circuit breaker is mostly limited to theoretical simulation calculation, and there are few experimental studies and engineering applications. In this paper, a four‐terminal DC circuit breaker based on commutating path multiplexing is proposed, which combines with the compact natural commutation scheme of hybrid gap, greatly reducing the cost and volume of the circuit breaker. The commutation characteristics of the four‐terminal hybrid DC circuit breaker equivalent prototype at 10‐kV voltage level were tested. On this basis, the equivalent prototype of the circuit breaker test results shows that under 10‐kV voltage level, the four‐terminal circuit breaker topology can achieve breaking of 11 kA in 2.8 ms by the natural commutation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biohybrid circuits of interacting living and model neurons are an advantageous means to study neural dynamics and to assess the role of specific neuron and network properties in the nervous system. Hybrid networks are also a necessary step to build effective artificial intelligence and brain hybridization. In this work, we deal with the automatized online and offline adaptation, exploration and parameter mapping to achieve a target dynamics in hybrid circuits and, in particular, those that yield dynamical invariants between living and model neurons. We address dynamical invariants that form robust cycle-by-cycle relationships between the intervals that build neural sequences from such interaction. Our methodology first attains automated adaptation of model neurons to work in the same amplitude regime and time scale of living neurons. Then, we address the automatized exploration and mapping of the synapse parameter space that lead to a specific dynamical invariant target. Our approach uses multiple configurations and parallel computing from electrophysiological recordings of living neurons to build full mappings, and genetic algorithms to achieve an instance of the target dynamics for the hybrid circuit in a short time. We illustrate and validate such strategy in the context of the study of functional sequences in neural rhythms, which can be easily generalized for any variety of hybrid circuit configuration. This approach facilitates both the building of hybrid circuits and the accomplishment of their scientific goal. • We ease the construction of biohybrid circuits between living and model neurons. • We explore and map the parameter space that lead to a specific target dynamics. • A genetic algorithm readily yields instances of the target biohybrid dynamics. • We illustrate this approach in the context of biohybrid dynamical invariants. • We validate the strategy for coordination of functional sequences in neural rhythms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescent plastically bendable crystals are a promising alternative to silicon‐based materials for fabricating photonic integrated circuits, owing to their optical attributes and mechanical compliance. Mechanically bendable plastic organic crystals are rare. Their formation requires anisotropic intermolecular interactions and slip planes in the crystal lattice. This work presents three fluorescent plastically bendable crystalline materials namely, 2‐((E)‐(6‐methylpyridin‐2‐ylimino)methyl)‐4‐chlorophenol (SB1), 2‐((E)‐(6‐methylpyridin‐2‐ylimino)methyl)‐4‐bromophenol (SB2), and 2‐((E)‐(6‐Bromopyridin‐2‐ylimino)methyl)‐4‐bromophenol (SB3) molecules. The crystal plasticity in response to mechanical stress facilitates the fabrication of various monolithic and hybrid (with a tip‐to‐tip coupling) photonic circuits using mechanical micromanipulation with an atomic force microscope cantilever tip. These plastically bendable crystals act as active (self‐guiding of fluorescence) and passive waveguides both in straight and extremely bent (U‐, J‐, and O‐shaped) geometries. These microcircuits use active and passive waveguiding principles and reabsorbance and energy‐transfer mechanisms for their operation, allowing input‐selective and direction‐specific signal transduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate multiple photon-assisted Landau–Zener (LZ) transitions in a hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics device in which each of two interacting transmission-line resonators is coupled to a qubit, and the qubits are driven by periodic driving fields and also coupled to a common phonon mode. The quantum state of the entire composite system is modeled using the multi-D2Ansatz in combination with the time-dependent Dirac–Frenkel variational principle. Applying a sinusoidal driving field to one of the qubits, this device is an ideal platform to study the photon-assisted LZ transitions by comparing the dynamics of the two qubits. A series of interfering photon-assisted LZ transitions takes place if the photon frequency is much smaller than the driving amplitude. Once the two energy scales are comparable, independent LZ transitions arise and a transition pathway is revealed using an energy diagram. It is found that both adiabatic and nonadiabatic transitions are involved in the dynamics. Used to model environmental effects on the LZ transitions, the common phonon mode coupled to the qubits allows for more available states to facilitate the LZ transitions. An analytical formula is obtained to estimate the short time phonon population and produces results in reasonable agreement with numerical calculations. Equipped with the knowledge of the photon-assisted LZ transitions in the system, we can precisely manipulate the qubit state and successfully generate the qubit dynamics with a square-wave pattern by applying driving fields to both qubits, opening up new venues to manipulate the states of qubits and photons in quantum information devices and quantum computers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a controllable hybrid plasmonic integrated circuit (CHPIC) composed of hybrid plasmonic waveguide (HPW)-based rhombic nano-antenna, polarization beam splitter, coupler, filter, and sensor has been designed and investigated for the first time. In order to control the power into a corresponding input port, a graphene-based 1 × 3 power splitter with switchable output has been exploited. The functionality of each device has been studied comprehensively based on the finite element method and the advantages over state-of-the-art have been compared. Moreover, the effect of connection of CHPIC to the photonic and plasmonic waveguides has been studied to exhibit the capability of variety excitation methods of the CHPIC. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed CHPIC connected to inter/intra wireless transmission links has been investigated. The wireless transmission link consists of two HPW-based nano-antennas as transmitter and receiver with the maximum gain and directivity of 10 dB and 10.2 dBi, respectively, at 193.5 THz. The suggested CHPIC can be used for applications such as optical wireless communication and inter/intra-chip optical interconnects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, low-voltage direct current (LVDC) microgrids are becoming more attractive because they represent a solution to integrate renewable sources, storage, and electronic loads bringing some advantages in comparison with traditional AC grids. However, the protection of such a network involves many challenges, especially in the case of LVDC microgrids with more than one feeder and multiple energy sources. Indeed, the traditional protection breakers used for an AC grid cannot isolate the faults and protect the components of a DC grid, while the use of solid-state circuit breakers increases energy losses. This paper deals with the analysis and design of the protection schemes for LVDC microgrids through the combination of mechanical circuit breakers and hybrid circuit breakers. This solution has the advantage of energy loss reduction but introduces further issues due to the slow transition times of the mechanical circuit breakers. Thus, a completely decentralized control system capable of overcoming the fast fault-clearing time, cost-effectiveness, and selectivity issues is designed to protect from pole-to-pole faults. The proposed control strategy is compared with a centralized protection scheme available in the literature through numerical simulation. The two algorithms show similar performances, with a mean voltage dip duration of less than 30 ms and a maximum voltage dip duration of about 100 ms in the most severe fault condition, but the proposed solution is more reliable and flexible since it does not depend on the communication system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum coherence as an asymmetry relative to a translation group generated by a Hermitian operator, is a necessary resource for the quantum parameter estimation. On the other hand, the sensitivity of the parameter estimation is known to be related to the imaginary part of the weak value of the Hermitian operator generating the unitary imprinting of the parameter being estimated. This naturally suggests a question if one can use the imaginary part of the weak value to characterize the coherence as asymmetry. In this work, we show that the average absolute imaginary part of the weak value of the generator of the translation group, maximized over all possible projective measurement bases, can be used to quantify the coherence as asymmetry relative to the translation group, satisfying certain desirable requirements. We argue that the quantifier of coherence so defined, called translationally-covariant (TC) w-coherence, can be obtained experimentally using a hybrid quantum–classical circuit via the estimation of weak value combined with a classical optimization procedure. We obtain upper bounds of the TC w-coherence in terms of the quantum standard deviation, quantum Fisher information, and the imaginary part of the Kirkwood–Dirac quasiprobability. We further obtain a lower bound and derive a relation between the TC w-coherences relative to two generators of translation group taking a form analogous to the Kennard–Weyl–Robertson uncertainty relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible direct current (DC) grids face a serious challenge in terms of rapidly isolating DC faults. A DC circuit breaker is an effective solution for DC fault isolation. To improve the fault-isolation and reclosing capability of flexible DC systems, a new high voltage direct current (HVDC) circuit breaker topology with adaptive reclosing capability is proposed in this paper. The topology of the circuit breaker is a T-shaped structure, which has the ability to break the current in both directions and effectively reduce the cost of components. Meanwhile, after the fault is cleared, the circuit breaker is controlled to inject a voltage signal into the line. Based on this, to prevent the circuit breaker reclosing in the event of a permanent fault from having an impact on the system, a method for fault identification based on Euclidean distance that uses the voltage signal to identify the fault properties is proposed. Finally, the performance of the circuit breaker is simulated and verified by PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software, and compared with the typical existing circuit breakers to verify the effectiveness of the circuit breaker and reclosing scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, traditional DC circuit breakers (DCCBs) are always expensive and lack current-limiting capabilities. Hence, this paper proposes a current limiting and low-cost hybrid DC circuit breaker (HCB). When a fault occurs, the paralleled inductors in the proposed HCB are converted to a series connection due to the cutoff of the converter module, effectively limiting the increase of fault current. Then the cascaded IGBTs undertake the transient interruption voltage. Energy dissipation circuits (EDCs) reduce the fault isolation time (FIT) by bypassing the current-limiting inductor during energy dissipation based on the metal oxide varistors (MOVs). Therefore, the proposed HCB can limit the rate of the fault current increase, reducing the FIT and cost. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed HCB is verified by a single-ended equivalent system and DC grid test systems built in PSCAD/EMTDC. In addition, the proposed HCB FIT is 33.7% quicker, its energy consumption is 87%, and its cost is lower than that of the traditional ABB HCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sense amplifier is a key element of memory and a CMOS-based spin hybrid circuit. Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is a key spintronic device used in spin-based memory and hybrid circuits. This paper presents a design of a voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy MTJ-based sense amplifier (VCMA-SA) that offers better reliability, power efficiency and high-speed performance. MTJ switching between different resistive states in this paper takes place through the faster and energy-efficient voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) scheme rather than the traditional spin-transfer torque (STT)-based magnetization switching. This paper demonstrates that SA based on VCMA-MTJ switching is faster, reliable and more energy-efficient compared with iPMA-based STT switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission short‐circuit fault protection is a big challenge, and it is the main obstacle to promote the HVDC multi‐terminal networks. A natural commutation current topology (NCCT) of hybrid HVDC circuit breaker (DCCB) integrated with limiting fault current is proposed in this paper, which shares several obvious merits, such as lower peak fault current, shorter fault isolation time and low turn‐off loss. The main contributions in this paper are made as follows. (1). A second‐order RLC circuit in novel NCCT circuit breaker is utilized as the current limiting circuit to dramatically reduce the fault current rising slope and its peak value. (2) A asynchronous NCCT circuit breaker has been investigated to broaden the proposed NCCT circuit breaker's optimal working area. (3) By taking China Zhangbei 500 kV four‐terminal DC grid as an example, an optimization design technique of the asynchronous NCCT‐DCCB is developed to demonstrate the process of the theoretical analysis and parameter design. The correctness of the proposed NCCT‐DCCB and the feasibility of the optimization design technique are confirmed by EMT simulation on PSCAD/EMTDC and hardware‐in‐loop experiment on PLECS‐RtBox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid DC circuit breakers (HDCCBs) have excellent performance in terms of breaking speed and low losses and have become the mainstream technology for dc fault isolation in dc grids. However, because of the breaking limitation of the solid-state branch in HdcCBs, the existing HdcCBs are still weak in breaking high current. Although the breaking ability can be improved by series and parallel devices, the cost will increase rapidly, and it is very difficult to share current by paralleling a single type of device. This article proposes a novel HdcCB topology that combines two types of power electronic devices in solid-state branches to meet the requirement of a large breaking capacity in dc grids. The structure and breaking principles of this novel topology, which aims to break high current, are introduced. The design methods of the key parameters are presented. Then, the current breaking ability of the novel topology is verified by developing a prototype completing a 10 kV/60 kA breaking test in 3 ms. Finally, this novel topology is compared with other dc circuit breakers at the same breaking level, which shows that this novel topology has obvious advantages in cost and volume with fewer devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid energy storage systems are widely used in electric vehicles and other fields. Focused on the problem of lithium‐ion battery life attenuation caused by high‐frequency components in load power requirements, a closed‐loop Haar wavelet power splitting method is proposed. First, the circuit structure of the hybrid energy storage system is introduced. Then, based on the analysis of the Haar wavelet transform, the Haar wavelet power splitting method, and closed‐loop control algorithm are proposed. On one hand, the Haar wavelet power splitting method is responsible for allocate the high‐frequency and low‐frequency components of the power demand to ultra‐capacitor and lithium‐ion battery, respectively; on the other hand, a closed‐loop controller is proposed to regulate the output current of the lithium‐ion battery dynamically to maintain the stability of the DC bus voltage. Finally, experiments were conducted under CLTC‐P driving cycle. The experimental results show that the proposed closed‐loop Haar wavelet power splitting method can control the maximum deviation of DC bus voltage within 1.28%, while effectively avoiding the impact of high‐frequency components on the life of lithium‐ion batteries. © 2022 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid perovskite solar cell technology has a distinct advantage over the conventional solar cell technologies due to its high predicted efficiency and low manufacturing cost. However, its commercialization is hindered by the unpredictability existing in its J-V characteristics leading to ambiguous efficiency estimation. Modeling the hysteresis in the J-V characteristics is a means of curtailing this ambiguity. It is established in literature that hysteresis models can be derived from the non-linear behavior of ferroelectric materials. Perovskite, which forms the light absorbing region of the solar cell is a ferroelectric material. In this paper, an equivalent circuit model for the hybrid perovskite solar cell is proposed in which the reasons for origin of hysteresis is characterized as varying capacitance to model hysteresis. A Landau–Khalatnikov subcircuit which portrays this variation is the principal addition to the conventional model to include hysteresis effect. The model parameters of the subcircuit are estimated from the inherent properties of perovskites. Hence, the proposed equivalent circuit model is completely physics based and it links the material property of perovskite to its equivalent circuit model parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A transient multi-physics model incorporated with an electromagneto-thermomechanical coupling is developed to capture the multi-field behavior of a single-pancake (SP) insert no-insulation (NI) coil in a hybrid magnet during the charging and discharging processes. The coupled problem is resolved by means of the finite element method (FEM) for the magneto-thermo-elastic behaviors and the Runge-Kutta method for the transient responses of the electrical circuits of the hybrid superconducting magnet system. The results reveal that the transient multi-physics responses of the insert NI coil primarily depend on the charging/discharging procedure of the hybrid magnet. Moreover, a reverse azimuthal current and a compressive hoop stress are induced in the insert NI coil during the charging process, while a forward azimuthal current and a tensile hoop stress are observed during the discharging process. The induced voltages in the insert NI coil can drive the currents flowing across the radial turns where the contact resistance exists. Therefore, it brings forth significant Joule heat, causing a temperature rise and a uniform distribution of this heat in the coil turns. Accordingly, a thermally/mechanically unstable or quenching event may be encountered when a high operating current is flowing in the insert NI coil. It is numerically predicted that a quick charging will induce a compressive hoop stress which may bring a risk of buckling instability in the coil, while a discharging will not. The simulations provide an insight of hybrid superconducting magnets under transient start-up or shutdown phases which are inevitably encountered in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four optical combinational circuits based on hybrid plasmonic waveguides utilizing squared-shaped nanoring resonators have been presented, designed, and studied standing on finite element method with COMSOL software package version 5.5. The optical combinational circuits half adder, half subtractor, full adder, and 4-bit binary to gray converter have been established in a layout with dimensions of 850 nm × 400 nm and 1750 nm × 400 nm for the 4-bit converter. The leading guide to building these optical circuits is the constructive and destructive interference founded on the phase shift angles between the input ports and the control port(s). The performance of the four optical combinational circuits has been evaluated based on the transmission value at each output port which has a threshold of 30%, contrast ratio, modulation depth, and insertion loss, with a system for an operating wavelength of 1310 nm. The transmission exceeds 100% in the full adder, in the output carry of the half adder, and in the most significant bit of the 4-bit binary to gray converter with a 202.6% each. Forty-six decibels is the value of the contrast ratio in the most significant bit of the converter and 99.99% as a modulation depth for the sum output of the full adder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of nanoscale technologies has come from the downsizing of electronic equipment and the inadequacy of CMOS innovation resulting from hybrid circuit establishment and its failure to respond to nanoscale. Quantum-based technologies, like quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), are likely to succeed the present technologies due to their incredible benefits, like faster processing, smaller footprints and ultra-low energy usage. In arithmetic and comparison circuits, the fundamental gate is frequently used. Arithmetic logic circuits centered on OR, AND and NOT logic gates have a low design complexity. To obtain complicated logic gates, several architectures have been proposed in the QCA. This work offers a QCA composite gate that achieves all critical digital logic gates, including Inverter, OR, AND, NAND, NOR and exclusive gates like XOR and XNOR. All basic logic is generated in a single unit with this architecture. Only 0.09 μ m2 of area, three three-input majority gates, one XOR, three Inverters, and 0.5 clock zones were required for the suggested circuit. As a result, a decrease of 33% in cell count is achieved compared to the previous systems. The design is evaluated and the dissipated energy is analyzed. For the research on power dissipation, the QCADesigner-E simulator is used to verify the final result. The simulation outcomes show that the suggested layout is advantageous over earlier constructions regarding the area, number of cells, clock phases and cost. The design complexity of arithmetic logic circuits based on OR, AND, and NOT logic gates is low. Inverter, OR, AND, NAND, NOR, and exclusive gates like XOR and XNOR are all achieved via the QCA composite gate provided in this work. Three three-input majority gates, one XOR, and three inverters produce all the fundamental logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a novel technique for passively autoranging a photonic current transducer (PCT) that incorporates a current transformer (CT), piezoelectric transducer (PZT) and fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Due to the usage of single-mode fiber and FBG, multiple PCTs can be interconnected and distributed over a long distance, for example along a power network, greatly reducing the cost of sensor deployment and offering other unique advantages. The autoranging technique relies on the usage of multiple, serially connected CT burden resistors and associated static MOSFET switches to realize instantaneous shortening of the resistors in response to increasing measured current. This functionality is realized passively, utilizing a modular, μW-power comparator circuit that powers itself from the electrical energy supplied by the CT within a small fraction of the 50/60 Hz cycle. The resultant instantaneous changes in sensor gain will be ultimately detected by the central FBG interrogator through real-time analysis of the optical signals and will be used to apply appropriate gain scaling for each sensor. The technique will facilitate the usage of a single PCT to cover an extended dynamic range of the measurement that is required to realize a combined metering- and protection-class current sensor. This paper is limited to the description of the design process, construction, and testing of a prototype passive autoranging circuitry for integration with the PCT. The two-stage circuitry that is based on two burden resistors, 1 Ω and 10 Ω, is used to prove the concept and demonstrate the practically achievable circuit characteristics. It is shown that the circuit correctly reacts to input current threshold breaches of approximately 2 A and 20 A within a 3 ms reaction time. The circuit produces distinct voltage dips across burden resistors that will be used for signal scaling by the FBG interrogator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the urgent tasks in the design of hybrid integrated circuits (HICs) is the construction of adapter-attenuators of film absorbing elements that provide a wide range of attenuations with the given values of input and output resistances. Known versions of adapter-attenuators based on homogeneous and piecewise-homogeneous resistive films provide a resistance transformation ratio of not more than 3 and 10–12, respectively. The paper proposes promising topologies of adapter-attenuators for HICs with an almost optimal profile of the input and output contacts. It is shown that these topologies make it possible not only to obtain a wide range of transformation ratios (more than 100) but also to reduce the maximum values of the potential gradient and power density by a factor of 10 to 30. When calculating the rectangular topology, the apparatus of the theory of functions of a complex variable is used. The optimized topology of adapter-attenuators for HICs is modeled by the finite element method implemented in the Elcut software package. The calculated ratios and graphs that show the relationship between attenuation, the transformation ratio, gain in the potential gradient, and power density depending on the ratio of the dimensions of the film element and the specific resistances of the resistive films used are presented. The features of fitting adapter-attenuators are considered. The results obtained are important for the operation of the film element of adapter-attenuators for well logging in the pulsed mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy routers act as an interface between the distribution network and electrical facilities, which meet the requirements of clean energy substitution and achieve the energy sharing and information transmission in the energy network. However, the protection of the dc load side of residential energy routers including interruption and isolation of short-circuit fault currents is vital for discussion. Since the traditional mechanical and hybrid circuit breakers for dc fault protection have the drawback of slow operation, a solid-state circuit breaker (SSCB) is an optimal solution for fast dc fault interruption. In this paper, a dc SSCB is proposed that uses an RCD + MOV snubber circuit, which is considered the best and most complete circuit used in common SSCBs. There are two main contributions in this paper: First, a dc SSCB is designed, which isolates both positive and negative terminals of a circuit and its working principle and operating modes along with the formulas for calculation of crucial time intervals, voltages, and currents along with the design procedure are provided. Second, a soft turn-on auxiliary is designed to prevent a high current surge caused by the capacitance difference between the source and the load. The experimental results demonstrate the proper performance of the topology and the validity of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a study of the research development of electrodynamic phenomena occurring in ultra-fast electrodynamic drives. These types of linear drives are among the fastest, not only because of the huge accelerations achieved, but, above all, because of the extremely short reaction time. For this reason, electrodynamic drives are used in hybrid short-circuit breakers. The phenomena occurring in this type of drive are actually magneto-thermo-elastic in nature, but the coupling of these phenomena should be considered weak if the criteria for repeatable operation in a hybrid circuit breaker system are met. The authors have been researching this type of drive for many years through not only experimental studies, but also primarily simulation studies developing models of such drives. The authors present the history of the development starting from the first works of Thomson, and Kesserling and ending with the most current models, including mainly their own. This article presents mainly works studying electrodynamic phenomena. Thermal and mechanical phenomena were comprehensively presented by the authors in previous papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multiterminal dc (MTDC) grid plays an important role in large-scale power transmission and renewable energy integration owing to its excellent performance. However, there are still some problems existing in the MTDC grid, such as difficult fault current interruption and current flow control, which impedes its development. Currently, the mentioned two problems can be separately solved by hybrid dc circuit breaker (HCB) and current flow controller (CFC). However, when configured separately, they are expensive and have large footprints. Therefore, this article proposes a multiport hybrid dc circuit breaker (MHCB) with current flow control capability. The HCBs near the same dc bus are first integrated into a single MHCB and then novel CFCs are embedded into the MHCB to replace the load commutation switches. Compared with the existing MHCBs, the proposed topology shows advantages in the aspects of implementation cost, power loss, and operation speed. The operation principle is analyzed and the basis for parameter design is given in detail. The effectiveness of the proposed topology is verified by extensive simulations and experiments. Besides, the proposed MHCB is compared with the existing solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasmonic waveguides have been shown to be a promising approach to confine and transport electromagnetic energy beyond the diffraction limit. However, ohmic losses generally prevent their integration at micrometric or millimetric scales. Here, we present a gain-compensated plasmonic waveguide based on the integration of linear chains of Ag nanoparticles on an optically active Nd3+-doped solid-state gain medium. By means of dual confocal fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate long-range optical energy propagation due to the near-field coupling between the plasmonic nanostructures and the Nd3+ ions. The subwavelength fluorescence guiding is monitored at distances of around 100 µm from the excitation source for two different emission ranges centered at around 900 nm and 1080 nm. In both cases, the guided fluorescence exhibits a strong polarization dependence, consistent with the polarization behavior of the plasmon resonance supported by the chain. The experimental results are interpreted through numerical simulations in quasi-infinite long chains, which corroborate the propagation features of the Ag nanoparticle chains at both excitation (λexc = 590 nm) and emission wavelengths. The obtained results exceed by an order of magnitude that of previous reports on electromagnetic energy transport using linear plasmonic chains. The work points out the potential of combining Ag nanoparticle chains with a small interparticle distance (~2 nm) with rare-earth-based optical gain media as ultra-long-range waveguides with extreme light confinement. The results offer new perspectives for the design of integrated hybrid plasmonic–photonic circuits based on rare-earth-activated solid-state platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This work proposes a power‐efficient half‐rate current‐integrating logic (CIL) echo cancelation hybrid circuit topology for full‐duplex communication for off‐chip interconnects in 65 nm CMOS. The proposed hybrid topology has a low power consumption compared to traditional current‐mode hybrid circuit topology implementations, thanks to the CIL hybrid topology with sample and hold front‐end. The post‐layout performance of the half‐rate CIL hybrid includes package parasitic has a differential received signal voltage swing of 190 mV at 10 Gb/s data rate with a timing jitter of 16 ps over a 20 cm FR4 PCB interconnect. The total power consumption of the half‐rate CIL hybrid is only 2 mW, and its energy efficiency is 0.4 pJ/bit. The layout of the hybrid occupies an area of 0.0008 mm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-scale wind power integration has raised concerns about the reliability and stability of power systems. The rotor circuit of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is highly vulnerable to unexpected voltage dips, which can cause considerable electromotive force in the circuit. Consequently, the DFIG must fulfil the fault-ride through (FRT) criteria to ensure the system's performance and contribute to voltage regulation during severe grid outages. This paper provides a hybrid solution for DFIG wind turbines with FRT capabilities, using both a modified switch-type fault current limiter (MSFTCL) and a direct current (DC) chopper. The proposed system has the merit of keeping the rotor current and the DC-link voltage within the permissible limits, enhancing the FRT capability of generators. Moreover, the boundness of supply voltage into its reference value ensures dynamic stability during symmetric and asymmetric grid failures. Further, electromagnetic torque variations are significantly reduced during fault events. Finally, the performance validation of the proposed scheme is performed in a simulation setup, and the results are compared with the existing sliding mode control (SMC) and proportional-integral (PI) controller-based approaches. The comparison results show that a hybrid strategy with advanced controllers provides superior performance for all critical parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photon–magnon hybrid systems have potential applications in modern information processing technologies. Although planar hybrid circuits based on split ring resonators have shown strong coherent photon–magnon coupling, none of those operates at millimeter-wave frequencies. With specially designed electric-field-coupled resonators, strong coupling between resonator modes and ferromagnetic resonance modes (either in-plane or out-of-plane) was experimentally observed in two circuits working at 4.1 and 30 GHz. Their dynamics were well described by quantum models. The miniature, integrable, and physically robust circuits pave a way for planar photon–magnon hybrid systems at even higher frequencies, demonstrating the possibility to integrate magnon-based systems with millimeter-wave devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a thyristor-based hybrid DC circuit breaker (HDCCB), which is composed of a fast mechanical circuit breaker and an LC resonant circuit with thyristor switches. The proposed HDCCB provides a zero-crossing point for fault current by injecting a resonant current in the reverse direction of the fault current. The proposed HDCCB has a low conduction loss in normal operation using a mechanical circuit breaker, and it offers the advantages of low cost, high reliability, and large capacity using thyristor switches instead of IGBT switches. It also has the design flexibility to adjust the magnitude of the injection current depending on the fault current level. A bidirectional HDCCB is also proposed by adding several components to the developed unidirectional HDCCB, which can offer compact system size and low system cost. Design considerations of the proposed structure are discussed. The validity of the proposed HDCCB is verified by simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconductor–semiconductor hybrid circuits can combine the benefits of the high-speed and low-power operation of single-flux quantum circuits and high integration densities of CMOS technology such as memory. The Suzuki stack, a type of Josephson latching driver/amplifier, is a widely used interface circuit in Josephson–CMOS hybrid memories. Due to the limited cooling power at cryogenic temperatures, the power dissipation is becoming an important concern, especially in large-scale systems. An optimization technique to significantly reduce the power dissipation of Suzuki stack circuits is proposed in this article. The proposed design can reduce the power dissipation by 30–70% while causing a voltage drop of 2–9% in the output voltage depending on the circuit parameter configuration. The tradeoffs between the power dissipation and output voltage characteristics are discussed. The proposed design can operate correctly within at least $\pm$ 20% of process parameter variations as demonstrated with extensive simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wireless battery charger with inductive power transfer (IPT) was proposed in this paper. The commonly used constant-current constant-voltage (CC-CV) charging method is accomplished by a closed-loop controlled IPT with a hybrid resonant circuit on the secondary side. A smooth transition between the CC stage and the CV stage can be made simply by swapping exactly the associated switches on resonant capacitors. The required charging voltage and current are regulated by controlling the phase-shifted angle of the high-frequency inverter on the primary side. To stabilize the charging current and voltage, a closed-loop digital controller was introduced with infrared (IR) transmission feedback. Precise regulation of the resonant inverter on a relative small ranged phase-shifted angle can be realized by two 16-bit microcontroller units (MCUs) with compact encoding and decoding techniques. A hybrid resonant inverter was designed for a 600 W prototype of the proposed IPT battery charger. Experimental results from exemplar cases have demonstrated that the battery charger can provide a stable charging current at the CC stage and then transit smoothly into the CV stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]