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In addition to preservation reasons, many African higher education institutions have particularly established Institutional repositories (IRs) to maximize access to their research output globally. However little empirical evidence exists that demonstrates the extent to which the content in African IRs is contributing to global knowledge. This poster reports on preliminary findings of a study that seeks to explore the extent to which African IR content is being cited by publications indexed in the Scopus citation database as a proxy measure of contribution to global knowledge. Scopus cited references search facility was used to mine for documents citing African IR content from 2000 to 2021. Base URLs of African IRs were extracted from the International African Institute dataset of African repositories and used to construct a Boolean logic search query within the Scopus cited references advanced search feature. Results showed that at least 88,430 publications indexed in Scopus cited African IR content. Among the heaviest citers of African IR content were researchers from Columbia, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and United States. Results of the study suggest that African IR content is making contributions to global knowledge mainly in the subjects’ disciplines of medicine, agricultural and biological sciences, social sciences and environmental sciences.

This operational manual describes the process for planning and implementing performance-based contracts (PBCs) for nonrevenue water (NRW) reduction. An NRW-PBC is a contract for outsourcing... receiving 24/7 service. NRW-PBCs differ from management contracts, concessions, leases, or other

Pour qu’il y ait une sociologie politique postoccidentale il faut que la politique soit prise au sens large, ni comme un objet d’intérêt né en Europe au xve siècle, voire au xixe siècle, ni comme la politique des seules élites décisionnelles. En lisant les auteurs postoccidentaux on comprend que les questions du lien social, des institutions sociales, des rapports à autrui et à la modernité, des conditions de succès et d’échec des entreprises partisanes, sont toutes politiques, au même titre que celles de l’État et de la citoyenneté. L’article examine des auteurs proche-orientaux et extrême-orientaux, en effectuant diverses coupes dans le temps (Antiquité, xviii,e xixe siècle et période contemporaine). Il s’interroge sur le caractère fondamental donc universel des énoncés théoriques (que penser ?), et sur leur place dans des raisonnements, voire des œuvres, qui sont souvent orientés vers la décision politique immédiate (que faire ?). Il montre que les conclusions de nombre de ces auteurs ne contredisent pas celles des politistes occidentaux, sociologues ou philosophes, au point que l’on peut vraiment parler de contributions postoccidentales à un savoir universel.Il montre que les conclusions de nombre de ces auteurs ne contredisent pas celles des politistes occidentaux, sociologues ou philosophes, au point que l’on peut vraiment parler de contributions postoccidentales à un savoir universel. If there were to be a post-Western political sociology, politics would have to be understood in the broad meaning of the term and not as an subject of interest originating in Europe in the 15th century or indeed, perhaps, even in the 19th century, nor as the politics of decision-making elites alone. When reading the post-Western authors, one understands that questions of the social bond, social institutions, the relationship with others and with modernity, conditions for the success and failure of business ventures are all political, as are also the issues of the State and of citizenship. This article examines authors from both the Near East and the Far East by taking various periods in time (Antiquity, 18th century, 19th century and the present period). It questions the fundamental and therefore universal nature of the theoretical statements (what to think about?) and of their place in the arguments, or even in the writings which are often orientated toward immediate political decisions (what is to be done?). The article shows that the conclusions of many of these authors in no way contradict those of Western political scientists, sociologists or philosophers, with the result that one can really speak of post-Western contributions to what is universal knowledge

This synthesis report details the process, outputs and intermediate outcomes of the Water and Sanitation Program - World Bank (WSP) Technical Assistance (TA) to Service Level Benchmarking, Citizen Voice and Performance Improvement Strategies in Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (UWSS) in India. This technical assistance (TA) sought to strengthen accountability for service outcomes in urban water and sanitation, by providing support for strengthening (i) supply and demand side monitoring processes under national programs, and (ii) integrating use of performance data into decision making by public providers in select states, with specific focus on services to the poor. This TA was a continuation of WSP’s past technical assistance to the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) on adoption of benchmarking and accountability processes for the urban water supply and sanitation sector. During the period 2008-12, WSP had extended support to MoUD for development of the Handbook on Service Level Benchmarks (SLB), implementation of a national pilot followed by its rollout across the country. This TA was designed to provide follow up support for deepening of these performance monitoring and reporting processes, and activate demand side monitoring mechanisms to strengthen accountability. This TA has contributed to the following outcomes: (a) Demonstrated an innovative approach for ICT-based citizen feedback processes (“SLB Connect”) which has been leveraged for conduct of city level ratings under a national urban program, informed preparation of city level service improvement plans, and been integrated in the design of a Bank funded project. (b) Strengthened use of performance data for planning and investment processes in one state including development of a prioritization framework to guide allocations. (c) Supported analytical work and advocacy for strengthening of performance monitoring processes at the national and state levels. Going forward, in the Indian context, it would be important to operationalize the National Performance Monitoring Cell (NPMC) at the earliest, so that it can further strengthen performance monitoring processes in the sector.

Special economic zones can be an effective instrument to promote industrialization if implemented properly in the right context. In China, starting in the 1980s, special economic zones were used as a testing ground for the country's transition from a planned to a market economy, and they are a prime example of China's pragmatic and experimental approach to reforms. One of the great special economic zone success stories in China is the Suzhou Industrial Park, a modern industrial township developed in the early 1990s through a Sino-Singapore partnership. It is successful not just in the economic sense, but also in terms of urban and social development in an eco-friendly way. One key lesson is that in a weak market environment, a facilitating and reform-oriented host government, coupled with foreign expertise and knowledge as well as a "whole value chain" approach can go a long way in developing urban-industry well-integrated special economic zones. This paper is intended to examine the success factors and key lessons of the Sino-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park, which can be useful for other developing countries.

Rapid and consistent economic growth of Ethiopia over the past decade has contributed to reducing the number of people living in poverty. The Government of Ethiopia has created the growth and transformation plan (GTP), focusing on two overarching themes: fostering competitiveness and employment, and enhancing resilience and reducing vulnerabilities. This plan recognizes that for poverty reduction and economic growth to be sustainable, the Ethiopian economic structure will have to undergo a fundamental transformation. In accordance with a focus on poverty reduction and economic growth, the GTP has identified five main levers for change: public sector investment in infrastructure to lay the ground for private sector development, enhancement of policies and regulations to provide an environment conducive to competitiveness and productivity, expanding access to credit for small and medium size enterprises, provision of training and education to augment the supply of skilled labor, and improved access to land. Technological adoption and innovation will play a crucial role in delivering the goals laid out in the GTP. Participation in foreign markets also induces firms to become more innovative, a phenomenon known as learning through exporting, as observed among Ethiopian leather exporters. Another vital determinant of innovative activity is the accumulation of human capital and the skill level of the workforce. This study seeks: (i) to empirically analyze the extent of innovative activities that formal firms are undertaking in Ethiopia; (ii) to conduct a review of the existing innovation landscape; and (iii) to identify opportunities to foster innovations at the base of the pyramid (BoP) in Ethiopia. This study is structured as follows: chapter one gives introduction. Chapter two provides a detailed overview of the characteristics of growth and innovation, by providing key insights based on the enterprise survey analysis on the characteristics, motivations, operational and market environment and constraints of the innovators in Ethiopia. Chapter three assesses the innovation landscape in Ethiopia, by looking at the governmental and private agencies responsible to promote innovation, as well as active programs, and donor initiatives which may play a role in promoting firm level and pro-poor innovations. Chapter four provides policy recommendations to promote innovation in Ethiopia both at the firm level and in the form of pro-poor initiatives.

In recent decades, many countries have embarked on structural reform programs involving private sector participation (PSP) across the entire value chain of the power sector. Often as part of a broader market oriented reform program, governments have resorted to PSP in transmission and distribution (T and D) for a variety of reasons, including to: (i) offset years of underinvestment and poor operating performance under public ownership; (ii) attract considerable private investment to fill the financing gap stemming from new T and D additions amid rapidly growing demand for electricity; and (iii) raise fiscal revenues by offloading state assets. In some cases (for example, Brazil and Peru), a prolonged electricity supply crisis prompted government into structural reforms of the T and D sector. The energy sector management assistance program (ESMAP) study covers PSP in transmission, as well as distribution. The four case-study countries, Brazil, Peru, Philippines, and Turkey were selected based on the substantial transmission story under their broader electricity PSP experience.

This report is the second in a program of evaluations that the independent evaluation group (IEG) is conducting on the learning that takes place through World Bank projects. Learning and knowledge are treated as parts of a whole and are presumed to be mutually reinforcing. The evaluation program addresses the following overarching questions: how well has the World Bank learned in its lending operations?; and what is the scope for improving how it generates, accesses, and uses learning and knowledge in these operations? Evaluation two includes findings from seven country case studies and interviews with Bank staff about their early experience of working within the Bank’s new global practices structure, which became operational on July 1, 2014. The aim is to assess the pre-FY2015 evidence in light of the new structure and roles, and to ask how long-term trends are likely to be modified as reforms evolve. Surveys and interviews reveal that, when it comes to managing projects, Bank staff rely first and foremost on a process of informal learning, leading to a gradual accumulation of tacit knowledge. Informal learning and tacit knowledge are built on the behaviors that flow from mindsets and from the characteristics and operating rules of the groups that individuals belong to. These behavioral underpinnings are mediated by incentives that institutions like the Bank provide to staff. The Bank has launched several important learning initiatives, such as the operational core curriculum. Chapter one presents approach. Chapter two mines the academic and management literature to examine the behavioral underpinnings of informal learning and tacit knowledge. Chapter three examines how individual and team behavior is mediated by the incentives that the Bank offers staff. Chapters four, five, and six examine three operational orientations of particular relevance to the new Bank: balancing of global and local focus, adaptiveness, and results focus. Chapter seven presents recommendations.

In 2011, the World Bank Group commenced a multiyear program designed to support countries in systematically examining and strengthening the performance of their education systems. By leveraging this global knowledge, the systems approach for better education results (SABER) tools fill a gap in the availability of data and evidence on what matters most to improve the quality of education and achievement of better results. This report discusses the results of applying the SABER - education management information systems (EMIS) tool in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The objectives of this report are to examine the system according to key policy areas, identify successes and challenges in the system, and provide recommendations to support the continued advancement of EMIS in PNG. A successful EMIS is credible and operational in planning and policy dialogue as well as teaching and learning.

This discussion examines global studies and whether and how it differs from the earlier wave of globalization studies. Although treatments generally regard these as equivalent, studies of globalization are anchored in social science and humanities disciplines while global studies are, in principle, conceived on a different footing. We can distinguish two accounts of global studies: an empirical account, i.e. a description of actual existing global studies, and an analytical or programmatic account, which refers to what global studies can or should be for theoretical or other reasons. The first section of this paper discusses global knowledge as a database that exists independent of studies of globalization; the second section turns to studies of globalization; the third section concerns global studies as it actually exists; the fourth section offers a programmatic account of global studies. The concluding sections address cognitive problems of global thinking, in particular the challenges of multicentric and multilevel thinking.

In October 2010, the Government of Madhya Pradesh hosted, with World Bank technical advice, a Conference on higher education reform in the State. The Governor, the Chief Minister and the Minister of Higher Education all addressed the Conference and about 150 people attended the event. Subsequently, four regional Conclaves were organized, in which a total of more than 400 people participated, representing the leadership, administrators, faculty and students at universities and colleges across the State. This represents an impressive outreach to the sector stakeholders. This report is written on the cusp of the publication of the Government of India s 12th Five Year Plan. The indications are that the Government of India intends to push ahead with some significant reforms in the higher education sector. Of particular significance for this report is the emphasis, for the first time, on the need to support the improvement of State universities and colleges. The objective of this report is to provide policy makers in Madhya Pradesh with a menu of options for improving the equity, governance and financing of the higher education system in the State. Though the primary audience is policy makers, this report could serve as part of the continued dialogue with the higher education sector on the direction for reform.

The objective of this study is to identify options, taking into account the circumstances of the Philippines, and distill lessons learned from the Philippine experience. The World Bank intends to ultimately integrate the herein findings and recommend best practices for private sector participation in TD systems and open access to TD grids in a comprehensive ESMAP report. The Philippine electricity industry has been undergoing restructuring directed and implemented in accordance with the Electric Power Industry Reform Act or EPIRA. Prior to the EPIRA, central management and control of both generation and transmission in the whole country was under the state‐owned National Power Corporation (NPC). Its electricity supply came from its own power plants and from Independent Power Producers (IPPs). It had sole ownership of the transmission grid and was also responsible for central systems planning and systems operations. Electricity was supplied to end‐users by franchised distribution utilities (DUs) which contracted with NPC and/or IPPs for electricity supply and with NPC for transmission of its power supply. There were also end-users not being supplied electricity by the DUs as they were ‘directly connected’ to the transmission grid by sub‐transmission assets.

The Government of Peru is committed to improving rural electrification coverage, aiming to increase rural coverage from an estimated 55 percent at the end of 2010 to 88 percent by 2020. To achieve this goal, the Directorate General of Rural Electrification (DGER) of the Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM) has been implementing and executing the National Plan for Rural Electrification, prepared annually, based on the 2006 Rural Electrification Law, to extend service and attract participation of the population, local governments and electricity distribution companies. Within this program, the World Bank (WB) and Global Environmental Facility (GEF) are supporting the Directorate of Competitive Funds (DFC) of the DGER in the implementation and execution of the Rural Electrification (RE) Project, initiated in July 2006 and the Second Rural Electrification Project initiated in July 2011, to assist electricity distribution companies to implement rural electrification. Among the activities underway in the first RE Project is the implementation of a pilot program to develop the productive use of electricity, promoting opportunities for income generation in rural areas. This report provides an early assessment of the productive uses of electricity in Peru under the RE Project.

Development of transmission and distribution (TD) infrastructure is crucial for the power systems. Regardless of the market models and the ownership structure, they have to be adequate for the continuity of the energy flow, the reliability of the power system and the quality of the energy supply. They have to be developed in parallel with the generation expansion in order to cope with the energy demand and to provide a sustainable service to the users and consumers. In this study, PSP practices of Turkey in TD have been investigated. In this respect; a general overview and historical background has been given in section two. The structural and regulatory aspects of PSP models in TD in the past and also after the reform have been explained in section three. It should be noted that, the PSP models used before the electricity market reform are also introduced in order to give information about different models. However, emphasis is given to the implementation of the recent PSP models. Results of implementation and problems are explained in sections four, five and six. Finally, conclusions, lessons learned and recommendations are discussed in section seven.

Innovation is the main driver of long-term economic growth. The accumulation of capital, whether in the form of physical assets such as plants and equipment, or through better human capital, cannot indefinitely sustain growth unless new products, services, processes, and/or business models are developed and implemented. This paper describes the actors involved and the types of funding available at different stages of the innovation process, the rationales for public intervention, and the advantages and disadvantages of some of the most commonly used policy instruments. Innovation activities are more difficult to finance than other types of investment for several reasons. Innovation produces an intangible asset that does not typically constitute accepted collateral to obtain external funding. Also, the technological and market uncertainty of innovation activities makes the returns to investment highly uncertain, creating significant problems for the standard risk adjustment methods used by providers of funds. This paper uses a streamlined version of an innovation process with three stages to categorize the different sources of finance available; in reality, considerable crossover takes places among instruments because innovation processes are not discrete.

Concentrating solar thermal (CST) technologies have a clear potential for scaling up renewable energy at the utility level, thereby diversifying the generation portfolio mix, powering development, and mitigating climate change. A recent surge in demand for solar thermal power generation projects in several World Bank Group (WBG) partner countries shows that CST could indeed become an important renewable energy technology that would be able to provide an alternative to conventional thermal power generation based on the central utility model. At present, different CST technologies have reached varying degrees of commercial availability. This emerging nature of CST means that there are market and technical impediments to accelerating its acceptance, including cost competitiveness, an understanding of technology capability and limitations, intermittency, and benefits of electricity storage. Many developed and some developing countries are currently working to address these barriers in order to scale up CST-based power generation. Given the considerable growth of CST development in several WBG partner countries, there is a need to assess the recent experience of developed countries in designing and implementing regulatory frameworks and draw lesson that could facilitate the deployment of CST technologies in developing countries. Merely replicating developed countries' schemes in the context of a developing country may not generate the desired outcomes.

The main focus of the social protection and labor portfolio is on strengthening client's institutional capacity in the design and implementation of programs, but projects are not well equipped to track progress in this area. Correspondingly, there is a need to strengthen approaches to measuring and monitoring a 'missing middle' of service delivery, precisely those areas for which counterpart institutions are responsible during the course of a project. In particular, better measures of the primary functions of social protection and labor agencies are needed, such as identifying and enrolling beneficiaries, targeting, payment systems, fraud and error control, performance monitoring of service delivery providers, responsiveness to citizens, transparency, efficiency, management information systems and monitoring and evaluation systems. New World Bank initiatives particularly standard core indicators by sector and the introduction of results based investment lending call for substantial improvements in the use of monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Impact evaluations are included in about half of projects and should continue to be used selectively and strategically, particularly when the program is innovative, replicable and/ or scalable to reach a broader set of beneficiaries, addresses a knowledge gap and is likely to have a substantial policy impact. Structuring evaluations around core themes with common outcome measures is fundamental to building a global knowledge base on development effectiveness.

In many developing countries with large rural populations and low rural electrification rates, most community health and education facilities lack access to electricity. For facilities in remote areas beyond reach of the national grid, photovoltaic's (PV) systems may offer the most practical and least-cost way to access electricity. A PV system uses predictable solar resources and has long been cost competitive with diesel generators and other alternatives. In off-grid rural primary schools and health dispensaries, for example, PV systems oftentimes are an appropriate way to run many low-power, high-value appliances and equipment, from lamps and vaccine refrigerators to water pumps, television sets, and computers. Thus, if the electricity grid is not expected to arrive in the near future or if diesel fuel is unavailable or too expensive, a PV system may offer the least-cost technology for providing electricity service. If this rapid assessment determines that PV is a viable option, it results in a brief concept for a possible project and the plan for its preparation. The project concept is discussed with stakeholders and independent specialists, including off-grid renewable energy specialists, and is adjusted as appropriate. The plan for project preparation takes into account an assessment of available information and activities to be undertaken during preparation to fill gaps and generate additional and improved data. The second phase of project development is the preparation of the PV implementation plan. This is accomplished with the assistance of several specialists, including a PV technical specialist, and involves working closely with lead organization managers and specialists, broad-based stakeholder consultations, and multiple iterations. The third phase of project development, procurements and contract management, involves securing firm financing commitments (including those for post-project recurrent costs), developing tender packages, tendering and contracting, and contract management. The fourth phase, long-term operation, is where too many projects fail. In summary, this toolkit is, at a minimum, a checklist of key issues to address in developing an institutional PV project. While it is not a technical manual, nor a substitute for using professional PV specialists to size, configure, and specify system and maintenance requirements, it offers practical operational guidance to assess, develop, and implement projects with PV systems in ways that enhance cost effective supply and sustainable post-project operations. The guidance offered herein demonstrates that the opportunities for effectively addressing the issues to establish the basis for sustainability are many.

Supply-demand tension has taken its toll in various countries around the world over the last several years. Governments and utilities have faced gaps between electricity supply and demand, which has led to blackouts and load shedding and translated into electricity shortfalls. While countries look to avoid the prospects of supply shortages by, inter alia, strengthening planning capacity and working to achieve a sounder and more sustainable electricity sector, the possibility of shortages in the future remains. This document summarizes the framework for action and a broad menu of options available to policymakers to bridge a supply demand gap in the short- to medium-term.

The purpose of this learning strategy is to develop a structured process of generating, sharing, capturing, and disseminating knowledge about what works in scaling up and sustaining sanitation programs. The authors are undertaking this learning process in order to enable evidence-based decisions by policy-makers and implementation of large-scale programs. The learning in this project will benefit not only current stakeholders but also future stakeholders interested in and committed to promoting and implementing effective large-scale sanitation programs. The remainder of this strategy paper is divided into five sections: project background; learning goals and principles; learning culture, tools, and platforms; learning process; and organizational aspects of learning.

Conferência realizada em Larnaca (Chipre) de 22-26 de fevereiro de 2007 The changing cultural contexts of today’s societies demand new roles of schooling but also require new attitudes and ways of interaction with different social groups, their knowledge and values. Teachers are central figures in the educative process that mediate knowledge and social interaction between individuals in classrooms that are more and more multicultural. The main argument of this paper is that in order to facilitate students’ understanding of mathematical knowledge it is crucial to develop teaching approaches that enable students to draw in their local mathematics. To address this issue, I analyze recent investigation focused on the mental calculus of Portuguese gypsy children. Next, I relate it with situations that require global mathematical knowledge and with ways of teachers’ training to interconnect different kinds of mathematical knowledge. FCT/FACC- Fundo de Apoio à comunidade científica Proc 06/5/1259