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There is a scarcity of research on the effects of waste water treatment on the amount of land used for farming. Additionally, the researchers made the assumption that all farmers would either be willing or unwilling to participate. An equation was estimated to determine the separate area under cultivation for farmers who are willing and unwilling to engage, assuming no endogeneity. Thus, this study aimed to assess the influence of waste water treatment on the area of land used for cultivation, while considering the selectivity bias in the analysis. The Heckman sample selection model was utilised to examine the influence of willingness to pay on the extent of land under cultivation. By treating the waste water, it is possible to expand the cultivated area. While the cropping pattern may remain unchanged, around 50 hectares of land area dedicated to the same crops could be increased if the waste water is treated and the farmers are ready to bear the cost of waste water treatment. The correlation between the disposal of industrial waste and the land area was shown to be statistically significant in determining the willingness to pay. Furthermore, the impact of the desire to pay was also found to be statistically significant in determining the extent of land used for cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of movie as an audio-visual multimodal tool has been extensively researched, and the studies prove that they play a vital role in enhancing communicative competence. Incorporating authentic materials like movies, television series, podcasts, social media, etc., into language learning serves as a valuable resource for the learners, for it exposes them to both official and vernacular language. The current study aims to systematically analyze the preceding studies that conjoined English movies into the curriculum to teach English. It also examines and evaluates the empirical research that various researchers conducted from 2000 to 2023. The articles were primarily sourced from prominent academic databases such as ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied in screening the 921 sources, of which 23 empirical studies were eligible for the review as a result of a three-stage data extraction process as shown in the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses" (PRISMA) chart. The extraction of data from the review encompasses an overview of the empirical studies, methodologies, participants, and interventions. The extracts were systematically analyzed using the software's End Note and Covidence. The analysis of the existing literature and experimental data substantiates that teaching and learning English as a second or foreign language using movies as teaching aids exhibit promising prospects for enhancing English language proficiency. The findings of the study reveal different genres of movies that aid the facilitator in producing effective instruction materials with clearly defined objectives and guided activities. It is also observed that the learners have a positive experience with long-term learning benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present years, the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) has established excessive potential in biological applications due to their non-toxic role in biological systems, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Ongoing research efforts focused on IONPs in the expansion of novel technologies as they can be synthesized with surface modification. Here we have studied the antibacterial effects of IONPs which were synthesized effectively through a green synthesis route by using leaf extract of the Carica papaya plant. The formation of IONPs was confirmed by the color change. The crystallinity of IONPs was determined by XRD and the morphology by using SEM, which showed spherical particles of well-dispersed size. The absorption peak was determined by UV-vis spectroscopy at 390 nm. Average particle size distribution was obtained at 56 nm using PSA. FL spectroscopy indicated the higher emission wavelength by redshift at 641.6 nm. TGA showed that the IONPs are thermally stable up to 200⁰C with no decomposition. The outcome would pave a way for utilizing IONPs for better biomedical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present time, Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNPs) have paid considerable attention due to their exclusive applications in terms of surface-to-volume ratio, superparamagnetism, high surface area, biosensor, bio-separation, catalysis, and biomedicine. Our goal was to synthesis iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles by chemical route technique. The preparation method had a very large effect on the size, shape, and surface chemistry of the magnetic nanoparticles including their applications. The iron chloride solution was prepared by mixing deionized water with iron chloride tetrahydrate. The synthesized powder was characterized by XRD, UV-vis, SEM, FT-IR, DLS, FL, and TGA techniques. Moreover, antibacterial activity was evaluated using the synthesized IOMNPs against Escherichia coli (A), Pseudomonas (B), Enterobacter (C), Staphylococcus aureus (D), and Bacillus subtilis (E) in the concentration of 0.1 mg and 0.5 mg. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis possess a higher antibacterial activity at the concentration of 0.5 mg comparing the other bacterial species. The outcome of this work would contribute to the present understanding of the biomedical application with the obtained size, shape, and synthesized method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents experimental results such as the adsorbate-adsorbent chemical properties and chemical interaction as well as adsorption conditions. The experimental results were fitted to batch kinetic studies to obtain the characteristic parameters of each model. According to the evaluation using the Kinetic equation, the maximum sorption capacity at dye concentration was 19.6 (mg g-1), pH 11.6 (mg g-1) and temperature 24.2 (mg g-1) Rhodamine dye were investigated. For all of the systems studied, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order model provided the best correlation of the kinetic experimental data. The results revealed that with increasing temperature and decreasing pH, ionic strength, and adsorbate concentration, dye removal efficiency has increased. Chitosan-Jackfruit nanocomposite could remove 90.2% dye from the solution containing 40 mg/L dye at 100 min. The results indicated that dye removal followed pseudo-second-order kinetic (R²>0.99). According to the findings, Chitosan-Jackfruit nanocomposites an effective adsorbent for direct dye removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information Communication Technology has altered the traditional scenario of academic library set up beyond imagination. This dramatic shift has altogether brought huge impact and influence on knowledge and skill requirements of LIS professionals across the world. This paper is the outcome of a pilot study which was taken up as part of research work leading to a PhD. The study intended to develop a compact, comprehensive, and congenial skills statement that would act as a solid framework towards LIS practitioners in the digital library environment. This attempt was solely intended to weigh and measure the existing practices, competencies, acquired knowledge and to identify the need for further skills development as the need of the hour. Taking a platform of existing literature, a web based questionnaire was administered to 70 select academic librarians in Tamilnadu. The study rightly unmasks the need to refine, revamp and reinforce the contemporary education and training programmes in the country as well as for other nations. Various statistical tools are used like Mean, Standard deviation and Variance for this study. It was analyzed the professional skills of Women Librarians like Personal skill, Technical skill, Generic skill, IT skills etc., Maximum librarians were familiar with personal skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information Communication Technology has altered the traditional scenario of academic library set up beyond imagination. This dramatic shift has altogether brought huge impact and influence on knowledge and skill requirements of LIS professionals across the world. This paper is the outcome of a pilot study which was taken up as part of research work leading to a PhD. The study intended to develop a compact, comprehensive, and congenial skills statement that would act as a solid framework towards LIS practitioners in the digital library environment. This attempt was solely intended to weigh and measure the existing practices, competencies, acquired knowledge and to identify the need for further skills development as the need of the hour. Taking a platform of existing literature, a web based questionnaire was administered to 70 select academic librarians in Tamilnadu. The study rightly unmasks the need to refine, revamp and reinforce the contemporary education and training programmes in the country as well as for other nations. Various statistical tools are used like Mean, Standard deviation and Variance for this study. It was analyzed the professional skills of Women Librarians like Personal skill, Technical skill, Generic skill, IT skills etc., Maximum librarians were familiar with personal skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the investigation on the impact of gender and language background on the level of self-consciousness based reticence of L2 learners. It presents a study conducted with 178 L2 learners doing first year of their undergraduate programme at the university level. Data are collected from the participants. Means and standard deviations are calculated for finding the level of reticence. Results show that there is a considerable impact of gender and language background on the levels of self-consciousness based reticence of L2 learners. Based on these levels, implications and strategies for effective language classroom are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutral stimulus and response-reactions seem to have some similarities and role in the context of second language acquisition, for one arises with the commencement of the other. Pavlovian stimulus is taken, here, to study the behavior of beginning L2 learners at the tertiary level. These learners, 20 in number, were from both Language 1 (L1) and Language 2 (L2) medium of instruction from one of the institutions in Tamilnadu, India. Ten learners who were from L1 medium, at the beginning of this study, did not have even 5% accuracy in the L2 while the remaining ten members had at least 5% accuracy in using English which was found through a pre-test. Pavlov, in his experiment, placed the bell as the neutral stimulus but here (in this study) the word 'Activity' (A) is used as a stimulus reminding learners that they have to learn the new language (English) skills. The threat posed to the participants is the target language (English) which 50% of the focus group learners had never understood. The other 50% were able to understand and write in it but were not able to use it effectively. The level of this threat is subsided through reinforcement. Learners were offered the opportunity to understand and gain the motivation to achieve the L2. When they heard the word 'activity', they were reminded of the learning of the L2 because the word 'activity' acted as the neutral stimulus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempts to analyze the extent of repayment and overdues and also the causes for overdues at the farm-household level, identify the factors which discriminated the borrowers into non-defaulters and defaulters, and assess the probability of willful and non-willful defaulting. One hundred sample borrowers of commercial and cooperative banks were selected for the present study. To identify the factors which discriminated the borrowers into non-defaulters and defaulters, discriminant analysis was carried out. Logistic regression analysis was applied to find out the probability of the farmers becoming willful and non-willful defaulters. Utilization of credit and non-farm income were the dominant factors in classifying the borrowers into defaulters and non-defaulters. Farm income and consumption expenditure were the significant factors to determine willful defaulting. One unit of increase in the factors such as farm income and consumption expenditure would lead to one unit increase in willful defaulting. The sources of credit availed and interest rate were the significant factors to determine the amount of non-willful defaulting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Although water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions are effective in reducing diarrhea, there are methodological issues regarding the research tools used to evaluate their health impact. Moreover, there is limited research on individuals' subjective interpretations of diarrheal illness which may introduce further limitations in relying on self-reported data. Therefore, we conducted a study that aims to understand adolescents' perceptions of diarrheal illness in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Next, we wish to explore the acceptability of the Bristol Stool Form Scale to assess self-reported diarrhea in water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions involving adolescent participants in low-resource settings. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as part of the formative research phase in the cultural adaptation of Project SHINE, a school-based educational water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention in Thirumalaikodi, Tamil Nadu, India. A convergent parallel mixed-methods study design with a purposive sampling strategy was used. Qualitative data included 10 in-depth interviews with student participants aged 13-14. Quantitative data were collected through interviewer-administered face-to-face surveys ( n = 14) and one-week stool diaries ( n = 14). Each data set was analyzed separately and compiled during the interpretation of the findings. Results: Across all data sets, diarrhea was reported to be perceived as unhealthy and an irregular occurrence among participants. Participants also reported diarrheal-taboos, local methods to cure or control diarrhea, and discussed how diarrheal illness can lead to absenteeism or withdrawal from school and social activities. Moreover, participants were able to understand and answer questions about their stool using the Bristol Stool Form Scale, suggesting that is an acceptable tool. Discussion: Visual tools demonstrate promise in improving self-reported diarrheal illness among adolescents in low-resource settings in India. However, until we address diarrhea-related taboos it will be difficult to address methodological issues in the assessment and reporting of diarrheal illness among adolescents., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Gold-Watts, Aamodt, Gandhimathi, Sudha and Bastien.)

Background : In low- and middle-income countries, women and girls experience menstrual hygiene management-related health and social challenges such as urinary tract infections, social stigma, and school and workplace absenteeism. Purpose : In this study, we sought to explore how adolescent girls in rural Thirumalaikodi, Tamil Nadu, India experience menarche and menstruation, how their experiences connect to the sociocultural context, and what strategies they use to manage menstruation. This study also informed the adaptation and development of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention. Methods : We conducted ten semi-structured qualitative interviews with adolescent girls in ninth standard from June-July 2018. Data were analysed using a thematic network approach. Results : Findings revealed that menarche inaugurates biological transitions of puberty and cultural codes that shape gender norms. Gender norms in turn generate, maintain, and reproduce stigmatizing attitudes, beliefs, and practices that influenced the development of coping mechanisms at home and at school. Resulting adaptations to the intervention consisted of two activities (school lesson and an extracurricular activity) that address knowledge gaps and myths. Conclusions : This study demonstrates the importance of qualitative research in unpacking adolescent girls' experiences with menarche and menstruation. Study findings also show how formative research can contribute to the adaptation and development of a contextually and culturally-relevant water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention.