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The aim of the article is to determine the tools of marketing research for the introduction of marketing innovations in the restaurant business. The authors analyze publications of leading domestic scholars, which are devoted to the issues of introduction of marketing innovations in the restaurant business, allocation of their main directions of development, in particular regarding the conceptions of establishments, pricing policy, promotion, interior design, commodity policy of the restaurant. The article allocates the types of marketing research of innovations in the restaurant business, namely, outlines the following blocks: analysis and development of websites and mobile applications, automation in messengers; analysis and distribution of restaurants on social networks Facebook, Instagram, Tik Tok, etc.; analysis of blogging and creation of user-generated content; evaluation of the use of QR code and Wi-Fi in restaurant business establishments; analysis of the use of visual merchandising; development of an interactive menu; analysis of consumer preferences. In addition, the authors have developed and schematically presented a model of the relationship between the introduction of marketing innovations and research tools, where it is determined that, depending on the environment of innovation, different marketing research tools can be used. Thus, accordingly, for internal innovations (created within the establishment, aimed at improving the efficiency of its activities), it will be optimal for evaluation, analysis and implementation of the use of consumer research and advertising methods, social networks, sales promotion systems, etc. For the introduction of external innovations (created outside the establishment, but directly related to it), the use of the following methods is relevant marketing research: research and analysis of the external market; research of competitive advantages and opportunities of restaurant business enterprises; other studies of the external environment of the restaurant business, etc. On the basis of this, it is concluded that the information obtained in the process of marketing research contributes to the effective introduction of innovations and the development of establishments in the restaurant industry. Directions of innovative development of enterprises of the restaurant business have been proposed, which will contribute to the implementation of marketing pricing policy, achievement of strategic management decisions on the implementation of research and implementation of technologies to attract consumers, and, accordingly, increase competitiveness.

After Ukrainian war it is essential to renovate industry in occupied regions. The purpose of the article is to develop strategy of industry and engineering (the I&E) at the regional level and ground of SMEs’ mission in the industry. Study considers results of interview and focus group. Study of business activity of SMEs and justification of results from the strategy implementation bases on eight elements. Mission, Model, Market, Moment, Men, Machinery, Materials, Money. Mission of SMEs has been changed from planning-oriented to customer-oriented approach during time of Ukrainian independency. Today, numerous entrepreneurs have lost their assets because of occupation. The novelty of the article is revealing the crucial which influence on the eight business elements (8M). Almost all enterprises that produced products have problems entering and maintaining positions in the foreign market, regardless of the strategic vector of foreign economic activity. Recognition of the best companies, international product certification, registration in international professional associations will allow SMEs to improve their position in the foreign market. SMEs use contemporary technologies and equipment of the 70s and 80s of the last century at the same time. The main personnel problems of the region are the outflow of personnel abroad, aging personnel, and intense competition between enterprises in the labor market. The main conditions for opening and activating a business for women are social guarantees from the government, supplementary social working conditions, and security of business activities. Based on the analysis, the strategy of industry of development have four vectors such as Technological progress in value-added chains, Qualified staff and prestigious work, Cooperation of enterprises and stakeholders in value-added chains, Entry and strengthening positions at foreign markets.

The concept of corporate social responsibility has been recognized as a successful differentiation strategy for European export organizations in foreign markets. In the time of unprecedented global social, humanitarian, and economic challenges that we face today, the concept comes into the focus of most global stakeholders as never before in history. Still, the existing literature lacks a deeper analysis of differentiation on foreign markets based on corporate social responsibility. This article aims to analyse the relation between socially responsible strategy, activities and communication of export organizations in foreign markets. Empirical research was done on a sample of 78 medium and large sized Croatian export organizations. Research results reveal the importance and positive influence of inclusion of corporate social responsibility in organizational strategy on socially responsible activities and communication channels and principles in foreign markets.

The period of temporary economic isolation caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has affected the economies of all countries in the world. After quarantine and the gradual restoration of the activity of all economic sectors, competition in the world market will intensify. Countries will promote strategies for economic growth, improving economic security, increasing exports, and protecting domestic producers. Given the fact that resources are limited and exhaustible, it is necessary to correctly identify priority sectors when developing strategies. For this purpose, the competitiveness index can be used, since competitiveness is one of the main characteristics that allows anyone to determine its position on the market, and increasing competitiveness ensures victory in the competition. The novelty and purpose of the study is to develop two new integral indices, and to improve one symmetric index of comparative advantage developed earlier. Some of empirical and theoretical methods were used in this research: abstraction, the method of ascending from the abstract to the concrete, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, economic and mathematical modelling. To identify priority sectors, the author used the developed indices to assess the competitiveness of goods, not only on the foreign market, but also on the domestic market. This study can serve economists as a tool for assessing the competitiveness of goods, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the goods offered, in the context of developing measures to increase competitiveness, which will increase the profitability of entrepreneurship.

Vietnam's textile and garment industry has been developing strongly and plays an increasingly important role in economic growth of the country. This industry also has a great impact on Vietnam's socio-economic development. At the same time, the textile and garment industry employs more than 1.6 million people, accounting for more than 12% of the industrial workforce and nearly 5% of the country's total labor force. This article aims to provide an overview of the Vietnam’s textile and garment industry and the vision of Vietnam's textile and garment industry to 2030. The results show that Vietnam’s textile and garment industry has contributed great value to Vietnam’s exports and GDP as well as solving employment. However, the Vietnam’s textile and garment industry still has some limitations. First, the mode of production is mainly based on the CMT (the mode of production produces the lowest added value). Second, the incomes and capacities of the labors have not matched with the development of the industry. Third, the size of enterprises is small, so the competitiveness of Vietnam’s textile and garment industry is limited in the international arena.

Official Chinese statistics data were applied to analyze the dynamics and structure of trade interactions between regions of China and Russia; the border effect on export and import flows was estimated. The analysis showed that import flows from Russia to China are distinguished by a significantly greater uneven distribution between Chinese regions as compared to export ones. Assessment of the gravity dependences indicated that, compared with other countries, the border effect on exports from Chinese regions to Russia was characterized by rather high values, and the barriers hindering access of Russian products to the markets of Chinese regions were higher in ad valorem equivalent than for other foreign countries. Based on the estimates obtained, it was revealed that in recent years, the import of Russian products to Chinese regions has faced large barriers compared to export of products from Chinese regions to the Russian market. It has been determined that with the leveling of barriers, the advantages of access to the Russian market will further strengthen the coastal Chinese regions, and exports to Russia may become even more uneven between Chinese regions. It is shown that with a significant reduction in barriers, imports from Russia to Chinese regions can increase due to an increase in the supply of Russian products to almost all Chinese regions. The estimates give grounds to state that Russian suppliers need to diversify the supply of goods between Chinese regions in order to bypass intermediaries and develop new regional sales markets in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of corporate social responsibility has been recognized as a successful differentiation strategy for European export organizations in foreign markets. In the time of unprecedented global social, humanitarian, and economic challenges that we face today, the concept comes into the focus of most global stakeholders as never before in history. Still, the existing literature lacks a deeper analysis of differentiation on foreign markets based on corporate social responsibility. This article aims to analyse the relation between socially responsible strategy, activities and communication of export organizations in foreign markets. Empirical research was done on a sample of 78 medium and large sized Croatian export organizations. Research results reveal the importance and positive influence of inclusion of corporate social responsibility in organizational strategy on socially responsible activities and communication channels and principles in foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bioeconomics & Agrarian Business / Bìoekonomìka ta Agrarnij Bìznes is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research background: The research, which is the subject of the paper, is based on the global expansion of the use of electronic access control systems using biometric data for user verification. Due to the globalization of products from foreign markets to Slovakia, there is a competition between suppliers. The disadvantage is that organizations that are considering procuring an electronic access control system focus their attention only on its price. Globalization and global use have neglected the skills gap between European, American, and Asian markets. Purpose of the article: The paper will aim to point out, through a case study, the financial and functional differences of electronic access control systems. In the case study, a comparison of three different systems with the possibility of procurement on the European, American, and Asian markets will be performed on the building - administrative building. Methods: The article will mainly use methods such as the global method and the optimization model of the financial plan. As well as a case study, the cooperation of achieved results and analysis of possibilities of foreign markets. Findings & Value added: The results achieved by the paper will be globally usable in the conditions of European countries. These will be the conclusions of a case study that will point to the appropriateness of choosing an electronic access control system using biometric features in a standard office building. We can also consider the creation of a project budget usable for organizations as one of the added values.

Export support of Russian non-raw products is one of the most crucial elements of the foreign trade regulation. Among such instruments of export support there is an institute of external trade representations of Russia. What is role of external trade representations in the frame of export support and what are perspectives of their development? The article gives the overview of external trade representations statues, the detailed analyze of the forms of export support, rendered by this trade instmment at external markets, description of export support foreign infrastructure, used by USA, France and Germany. On the basis of the best foreign practice the article proposes the ways of further development of Russian export support with the use of trade representations of Russia abroad.

Copyright of Financial & Credit Activity: Problems of Theory & Practice is the property of University of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A strategy is a general plan aimed to develop a business. Even export firm that wants to develop and prosper needs some form of strategy. A company's strategic fit with the trading environment has to be continuously reconsidered because it is likely to erode. Managers should be well informed in order to develop their judgment and understanding of the driving forces that shape the business environment. The greatest mistakes are made by exporters who think they know a foreign market as well as they know their local one, only to find after an ill-fated export launch, that they do not.

Higher education institutions (HEIs), especially latecomer institutions, continue to regard exporting education services by creating a commercial presence in a foreign country with caution. The purpose of this paper is to investigate ways of creating and managing international branch campuses (IBCs) and to elaborate recommendations for universities on establishing a branch campus as an entry into the foreign education market. In order to reach this aim, we analyse the trends of IBC development in higher education in the last 30 years, compare the theory and concepts of service export in business and in higher education and, finally, conduct a case study on seven IBCs globally. The analysis shows clear synergy between business theory and higher education (HE); however, no obvious coherence is discovered between the IBC establishment practices and the traditional Uppsala internationalisation model used in international business practices. This research continues by verifying the coherence of IBCs with the revisited Uppsala model based on the relationships and market commitment.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors of foreign companies that have already entered Macedonia in any mode of entry by finding out the factors and motives that influenced their decision making while choosing the proper mode for that particular market. As a research methodology for collecting initial data, a structured questionnaire is used with 28 variables as factors which influence decision making of the modes of entry into the foreign market. A statistical software was used in order to evaluate the variables used in the study. The raised hypothesis were tested using One Sample T-test. According to the obtained results, the variables political stability and the law on foreign investments seem to be as more important factors for companies that operate in Macedonia. Finally, companies need to analyze the internal and external factors from the environment in order to able to create strategies to operate in the domestic and international markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive orientation of production of a young country at the foreign market negatively influences its domestic market and results in its imbalance and narrowness. Formation of the integral economic complex creates conditions for complex development of the domestic market of the national economy and strengthening of its positions in the world market. This requires further theoretical searches for optimal models of inter-branch connections, development and economic mechanisms of realisation of programmes of complex development of economy with consideration of social consequences of the process.

Contracting a licence is buying or selling contract of technology, design and marketing experiencerelating to a product or process, and involves the contracting of knowledge and know-how. The granting of aninternational licence takes place when a company provides, in return for a fee or royalties, technology needed byanother firm to run business operations on a foreign market. When in this form, the granting of the licencerequires at least one of the following items: a brand name; operating experience; manufacturing technology;access to patents and trade secrets/industrial. Company that grants the licence get access on a foreign marketwith very low investment and, in many cases, the benefits of investment and market knowledge of a competentlocal firms. The company that received the licence get access to foreign technology, with a very smallinvestment. There are several very obvious advantages of activity under the license on international markets.The granting of a licence can improve cash flow situation for the company that attaches. Because the license ontechnology allows companies to bring products to market faster, the company enjoys early advantage of apositive balance of cash flow. In addition, obtaining a license means lower development costs. The licensedactivity may mean fewer profits in the long run. Immediate benefits of easy access to new technology, lower costsand the development of an early cash flow are attractive advantages of contracting a licence.

The article justifies urgency of the study of influence of factors on competitiveness of a company in a foreign market. It determines factors of national and international environment that influence upon competitiveness of a company in the foreign market of financial regional clusters. It describes interaction of internal and external environment of a company that performs activity in a foreign market.В статье обоснована актуальность исследования влияния факторов на конкурентоспособность предприятия на внешнем рынке. Определены факторы национальной и международной среды, влияющие на конкурентоспособность предприятия на внешнем рынке финансовых региональных кластеров. Описано взаимодействие внутренней и внешней среды предприятия, осуществляющего деятельность на внешнем рынке.

As the resource-based view suggests, firms choose their export channel on the basis of their internal pool of resources. Following this approach, we firstly hypothesize that firms with intangible resources will establish direct export channels to better exploit, protect and develop their firm-specific resources. Secondly, we propose that firms that establish their export channel on the basis of their internal resources outperform those firms that do not. To obtain empirical evidence we used a Heckman two-step model for the DOC Rioja wine industry. The results confirm that firms improve their export performance when jointly considering internal resources and the export channel. Also, human resources are the most relevant intangible resources in our model. This paper contributes by offering empirical evidence on the exporting channel strategies chosen by Spanish wineries. This paper makes a theoretical contribution by examining the performance consequences of following the RBV approach. Likewise, it has important practical implications for managers, who can improve their firm's export performance by assessing their internal resources before considering which export channel to choose.

Purpose – This study proposes a process for remanufacturing waste electrical and electronic equipment, and exporting part of the remanufactured products, which are processed in bonded port areas, to less developed countries by using a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC). The purpose of this paper is to verify the profitability of remanufacturing and to find conditions under which exporting remanufactured products can increase and maximize the home manufacturer’s total profit while performing his environmental responsibility. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use the CLSC approach to construct the model, which involves two different markets where a Stackelberg game exists. The study derives an equilibrium under which an optimal quantity for exporting increases and maximizes the home manufacturer’s profits. Findings – The authors discuss the influences of seven factors, and three are determinant parameters on whether the home manufacturer should export its remanufactured products: the privileges of the bonded port area, the home market consumers’ green awareness, and the degree of competence in products in the foreign market. If the market conditions at home and abroad meet the requirements of these three determinant parameters, entering the foreign market can always help the home manufacturer make more profits regardless of whether its home market increases or decreases, how many used products can be collected, and whether the foreign local manufacturer is technically competitive. Originality/value – The authors expand previous studies on CLSC by considering two different markets that allow the home manufacturer to either sell remanufactured products to the home market or export to the foreign market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This study applies Oviatt and McDougall’s (2005) model of forces influencing the speed of internationalisation to small, export oriented enterprises. The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of the forces enabling, motivating, mediating and moderating internationalisation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and the manner in which these forces manifest themselves in the market. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative research approach utilising eight case studies within Norway and Ireland was adopted in order to facilitate theory building required for this study. Findings – The findings demonstrate that four forces in particular are found to be strongly significant to the speed of internationalisation among the case SMEs: the enabling force of technology, the mediating force of entrepreneurial actor perceptions/owner-managers’ global vision and the moderating forces of foreign market knowledge and tie strength in networks. Practical implications – The empirical evidence has several implications for managers and policy regarding influencing the speed of internationalisation process. The enabling force (technology) has implications for government in their support of the SME macro environment. The motivating force (competition) has implications for government, in understanding what motivates entrepreneurs to enter international markets. The two moderating forces (foreign market knowledge and network tie strength) have implications for managers and can be leveraged through product innovation, increased focus on intellectual property rights for better protection against copycats, and through active and deliberate international networking. Originality/value – The paper suggests adjustments to Oviatt and McDougall’s (2005) model, permitting researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of the complex reality of SME internationalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from 85 NAICS 4 digit-level industry classifications that span the years 2004-2008, we evaluate whether productivity differentials, which have been shown to determine the decision of firms to export, affect the extensive margins of trade at the industry-level (i.e., the number of firms within an industry that engage in exporting). We use a stochastic frontier production function to derive a time-varying, industry-specific measure of technical efficiency. Employing a multi-level mixed effects model and accounting for the variance structure of the data (i.e., destination markets, industries, and time), we examine the average effect of an increase in industry-specific technical efficiency on the number of firms involved in exporting and the corresponding industry-specific deviations. Our results show that higher levels of industry-specific technical efficiency correspond with larger numbers of firms involved in exporting implying the importance of giving due consideration to approaches that focus on improving technical efficiency. Additionally, a much larger increase is observed among small-sized firms than for medium- or large-sized firms. We discuss the implications of the observed deviations, particularly for policy makers interested in increasing the extensive margins of their nations' trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the resource-based view suggests, firms choose their export channel on the basis of their internal pool of resources. Following this approach, we firstly hypothesize that firms with intangible resources will establish direct export channels to better exploit, protect and develop their firm-specific resources. Secondly, we propose that firms that establish their export channel on the basis of their internal resources outperform those firms that do not. To obtain empirical evidence we used a Heckman two-step model for the DOC Rioja wine industry. The results confirm that firms improve their export performance when jointly considering internal resources and the export channel. Also, human resources are the most relevant intangible resources in our model. This paper contributes by offering empirical evidence on the exporting channel strategies chosen by Spanish wineries. This paper makes a theoretical contribution by examining the performance consequences of following the RBV approach. Likewise, it has important practical implications for managers, who can improve their firm's export performance by assessing their internal resources before considering which export channel to choose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors addressed matters related to import substitution, which are widely discussed in the crisis period on different levels of economic management. The interrelation of import substitu-tion and solution of one of the main tasks of Rus-sian economy - diversification - is pointed out. The authors made an attempt to disperse some stereo-types, which were formed in mass consciousness concerning substitution of import ware. Patriotism is considered as one of the factors of consumer behavior.

Past studies on contractor internationalization have adopted a single model approach. Responding to the call of some scholars, this study has been conducted by integrating several extant theories of internationalization. Our study has investigated the internationalization of Pakistani contractors. The features examined in this paper are motives, international markets ventured and locational factors. The data has been collected using a questionnaire survey. A quantitative approach has been adopted to examine the data from 84 Pakistani contractors registered with Construction Association of Pakistan (CAP). The results of the study showed that Pakistani contractors are more influenced by the internal motives rather than external motives. The main markets ventured by Pakistani contractors were United Arab Emirate, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The study showed that surveyed contractors evaluate a wide range of factors before making the decision to enter the foreign markets. Further, it shows that size of market and potential economic growth are the major concern among the locational considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]