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This article discusses the International Monetary Fund’s recent effort to garner legitimacy by incorporating the reduction of economic inequality in its lending programs. It argues that the impact of the US as a major shareholder on conditionality and geopolitical considerations beyond objective and measurable economic necessities detract from these efforts to expand legitimacy. Using a panel data analysis of International Monetary Fund programs between 1980 and 2013, the article shows that US-allied left-wing governments receive a larger number of labor conditions in their programs compared to non-allied and right-wing governments. The article argues that this is part of left-wing governments’ strategy of maintaining their alliance with the US and demonstrating ideological proximity. In exchange, the US uses its influence to secure fewer conditions in total for its allied governments. This not only shifts the burden of adjustment on labor groups but also harms the Fund’s procedural legitimacy, as conditions are not objectively determined. It also has adverse implications for outcome legitimacy by distorting economic policies and outcomes and increasing income inequality.

Hintergrund: In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten wurde Sterbehilfe als eine Form der Sterbebegleitung im medizinischen Bereich für immer mehr Menschen zugänglich. Mit dieser Entwicklung gehen Veränderungen und Herausforderungen in der Palliativ- und Hospitzversorgung einher. Pflegekräfte stehen bei der Betreuung von Menschen am Lebensende an vorderster Front und werden maßgeblich von den sich verändernden Parametern in diesem Pflegeumfeld beeinflusst.Ziel: Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, zu untersuchen wie sich Sterbehilfe auf professioneller, persönlicher sowie emotionaler Ebene auf Pflegekräfte der Palliativ- und Hospizversorgung auswirkt.Methode: Zwischen November 2021 und März 2022 wurden vier Datenbanken und ein Register durchsucht (CINAHL, Cochrane, PsychINFO, PubMed und Google Scholar). Nach Ausschluss von Duplikaten wurden 501 Studien identifiziert. Sieben wurden als relevant eingestuft und zur Auswertung herangezogen. Zwei dieser Studien erfüllten die Auswahlkriterien jedoch nicht und wurden daher ausgeschlossen. Nach Bewertung der Studienqualität wurden fünf Studien für diese strukturierten Literaturrecherche ausgewählt.Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden 198 Palliativ- und Hospizpflegekräfte befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Auswirkungen auf persönlicher, teambezogener und institutioneller Ebene lagen. Primär zeigt sich eine Unzufriedenheit mit der derzeitigen Lage aufgrund eines Mangels an emotionaler Unterstützung, gezieltem Kommunikationstraining, fehlender Rechtsklarheit und Ressourcen für Palliativ- und Hospizpflege. Es wurden neue berufliche und persönliche Herausforderungen sowie Chancen in diesem Pflegebereich aufgezeigt.Schlussfolgerung: Palliativ- und Hospizpflegekräfte stehen mit der Einführung der Sterbehilfe vor neuen, vielschichtigen Herausforderungen. Obwohl Sterbehilfe auch positive Auswirkungen auf das Praxisfeld hat, legen die Ergebnisse nahe, mehr Wert auf Kommunikationstraining, Rechtsklarheit sowie Nachbesprechung und Trauerarbeit für Pflegekräfte und Personal zu legen. Zusätzliche Einrichtungen und Ressourcen für die Palliativ- und Hospizversorgung sind erforderlich, um dem Versorgungsbedarf gerecht zu werden und ein hochwertiges Versorgungsniveau zu gewährleisten. Background: Over the last two decades, Assistance in Dying has become available as a form of End-of Life care in the medical field for an increasing number of individuals. With this development, palliative and hospice care is being confronted with new challenges and transformations. Nurses are at the forefront of providing care to individuals at their End-of Life, and are thus significantly influenced by the new End-of Life care environment.Aim: The aim of this thesis is to explore how Assistance in Dying has impacted frontline palliative and hospice care nurses on a professional, practical, as well as on a personal and emotional level.Method: Between November 2021 and March 2022, four databases and one register were searched (CINAHL, Cochrane, PsychINFO, PubMed and Google Scholar). A total of 501 studies were identified after duplicate removal. Seven studies were deemed relevant and sought for retrieval. Upon further investigation, two studies did not meet eligibility criteria and were therefor excluded. After completing a study quality appraisal, five studies were retained for the purposes of this structured literary search.Results: A total of 198 palliative and hospice care nurses were interviewed. Results show that the impact on palliative and hospice care nurses was on an individual, team, and institutional level. Primary results include discontent with current emotional support for staff, lack of tailored communication training, deficient legislative clarity, and inadequate palliative and hospice care resources. New professional and personal trials and rewards have been identified in this branch of care.Conclusion: Palliative and hospice care nurses face new multilevel challenges with the introduction of Assistance in Dying into the field. Although Assistance in Dying has also had positive effects on palliative and hospice care practice, results suggest that more emphasis should be placed on communication training, legislative clarity, as well as debriefing and bereavement for nurses and staff. Supplementary palliative and hospice care facilities and resources are required to meet care demands with equality, and to ensure sustainable and high standard levels of care in the future. Francisca Olefirenko Bachelorarbeit FH JOANNEUM 2022

The ‘Columbian exchange’ (Crosby) after 1492 mixed bacteria and viruses from the ‘Old’ and the ‘New World’; ever since then, epidemics have shaped the political course of events in Latin America and the Caribbean. While the diseases and their victims are largely forgotten in collective memory, they also remain marginal in much of conventional scholarship, as they are not easily framed in narratives of national history or social emancipation. The present contribution provides concrete examples that demonstrate the profound political impact of pandemics, but also the lack of attention they have received in standard textbooks and accounts of Latin American history. The conclusions call on scholars to fully embrace the insights from environmental history and epidemiological research into their teaching and writing on the region. Resumen: Memoria reprimida: Reflexion sobre el impacto de las pandemias olvidadas de Latinoamerica El ‘intercambio colombino’ (Crosby) despues de 1492 mezclo bacterias y virus del Viejo y el Nuevo Mundo. Desde entonces, las epidemias han moldeado el curso politico de los acontecimientos en Latinoamerica y el Caribe. Si bien las enfermedades y sus victimas caen en el olvido en gran medida en la memoria colectiva, tambien permanecen marginales en gran parte de la literatura academica convencional, ya que no se enmarcan facilmente en narrativas de historia nacional o de emancipacion social. La presente contribucion proporciona ejemplos concretos que demuestran el profundo impacto politico de las pandemias, pero tambien la falta de atencion que han recibido en los libros de texto estandar y en los relatos dominantes de la historia de Latinoamerica. Las conclusiones exigen que los academicos adopten plenamente las ideas de la historia ambiental y la investigacion epidemiologica en su ensenanza y escritura sobre la region.

In response to social fragmentation and segregation, public space is increasingly conceived of as an instrument for fostering openness towards differences. Drawing on two recent public spaces—Superkilen in Copenhagen, Denmark, and Jubileumsparken in Gothenburg, Sweden—this article explores the ethical potential of two different design approaches to the sharing of public space—designing for an ethics of care and an ethics of affect. Although different in terms of design, Superkilen and Jubileumsparken are both influenced by artistic approaches in their aspiration to make people connect emotionally to the space. In their design, the two spaces display contrasting approaches to community: Jubileumsparken invites its visitors to join shared projects, suggesting that community is a potential that may be realised through processes of collective care—it is a space in which we learn to care when working together. Superkilen works in an almost opposite way, confronting its visitors with transnational formations, diversity and designed fragmentation leading to situations, or moments, in which we may learn to be affected by distant atmospheres and faraway people and places. When studied together, the two spaces display a range of everyday situations in which the personal, or even the intimate, may be experienced along with the deeply collective—be it through shared work or the exposure to those or that different from you. It is finally argued that this palette of everyday situations, in which we learn to care and learn to be affected, holds an ethical potential of expanding the notion of community beyond sameness and unity, as seen in Superkilen and Jubileumsparken.

Purpose: Social media brings the whole of the world right into our lives and devices. Sharing common experiences helps normalize our feelings of confusion and a loss of control especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: This conceptual paper uses content analysis to explore two YouTube influencers, Randy Rainbow and Chris Mann, in how they produce content and provide adaptive leadership to the general public through hope and resilience. Results: Social media influencers have emerged as adaptive leaders and have provided humor and levity during the challenging times of COVID-19. Influencers are content creators that entertain, inspire, and inform their followers through social media platforms. This conceptual paper uses content analysis to explore two YouTube influencers, Randy Rainbow and Chris Mann, in how they produce content and provide adaptive leadership to the general public through hope and resilience. Implications: The social media influencers highlighted personify the adaptive leadership theory of observing from the balcony while interacting on the dance floor. Through the brilliance of their craft these influencers provide clever and entertaining messages of hope with alacrity., SUBMITTED: MAY 2020, REVISION SUBMITTED: JULY 2020, ACCEPTED: AUGUST 2020, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 30 OCTOBER 2020

The news about sexual assaults and robbery committed by mostly young North African males on New Year’s Eve of 2015/2016 in Cologne and elsewhere went around the world. It triggered a revival of the question of the role religion plays in crime, in particular whether Muslims are more criminal. To answer this question, we investigate ethnic minority and majority youths’ delinquency in Cologne, Mannheim (Germany) and Brussels (Belgium) using unique large-scale datasets. Our results indicate that youths in Cologne are not exceptionally violent. In line with previous research, we find that religiosity is overall accompanied by lower levels of delinquency (vandalism, property offence, drug abuse, bullying), particularly among Muslims. However, in the case of violence, we reveal the opposite pattern. Yet, we discover that these acts are primarily committed by youths who describe themselves as religious without practising the abstinent lifestyle (i.e. abstaining from binge drinking) prescribed by some religions.

Flexible work arrangements of various forms have become more and more common within organizations. Work flexibility often implies times when members of a same team work remotely from each other and thus communicate using telecommunications. Therefore flexible work might impact the way members influence each other, as social influence is processed through interpersonal perception and interaction. Moreover, organization members are given certain freedom in designing their own work schedules, but in reality the latter can often be influenced by work contingencies, in particular by other team members. This thesis attempts to answer the following research question: how does flexible work affectinterpersonal influences within work teams? For this purpose, interviews are conducted among 17 members of 10 different organizations and then analyzed qualitatively. We find 10 distinct influence goals by induction – assistance, guide work, review work, coach target, influence decisions, assign work, get target to understand purpose, influence team cohesion and culture, get information and influence target’s schedule – most of which are found to be impacted rather negatively or not impacted by flexible work. Notably, remote work and communication represent obstacles to engaging in spontaneous communication and conveying and detecting non-verbal communication cues, key aspects of several influence processes. Practical guidelines are proposed in response to those possible effects offlexible work on influences in teams.

Many European countries have seen a growth of populism in recent years. Extant research shows that populist parties are increasingly successful, and that populist messages appear more frequently in the media. This raises the question to what extent populist messages affect public opinion. The aim of this study is to assess whether populist messages fuel political cynicism by arguing that an arrogant, selfish and complacent political elite does not listen to what ordinary people find important. Moreover, it assesses whether populist messages affect only those already favourably predisposed towards populist parties, or whether it affects citizens across the board. The results of a survey experiment, conducted in the Netherlands, suggests that individuals who are exposed to populist messages are indeed more cynical afterwards than individuals who are exposed to a very similar, but more ‘neutrally formulated’ message. However, the effects seem to be restricted to supporters of populist parties.

This paper aims at demonstrating how countries' dependency on natural resources plays a crucial role in urban concentration. The Zipf's Curve Elasticity is estimated for a group of countries and related to a set of indicators of unilateral transferences. Results show that in comparison to others, countries with higher urban concentration explained by higher Zipf's Curve Elasticity have a higher percentage of income coming from natural resources and education expenditures whereas public spending in health and outflow of Foreign Direct Investment seem to have spatial redistribution effects. Summing up, there are signs that the spatial allocation of property rights over natural resources and related rents influences urban concentration.

The study focuses on whether and to what extent advertisers influence the editorial content of free newspapers in the German part of Switzerland. The contribution analyzes, grounded on an historic approach, the most competitive period in Switzerland, 2008, when not less than five freesheets were competing for advertisers and public attention. By using Altmeppen’s (2006) organizational theory, the paper offers a theoretical frame able to describe the vanishing co-orientation between the media management and the newsroom, a trend that aggravates commercialization processes in news organizations. In a situation of economic turmoil, so the hypothesis, newsrooms are more inclined to positively adapt the valence of their coverage about their main advertisers in order to keep them in the portfolio. Using a content analysis, the author examined the editorial coverage of six among the most important advertisers of Swiss free newspapers, carrying out an aggregated statistical analysis based on logistic regression. The study revealed that free newspapers with a strong market orientation display a higher chance to publish positive facts and evaluations about advertisers with a high advertising expenditure.

This edition of ABE Journal began life as an international symposium held at the University of Edinburgh in November 2017. That event, like this publication, was entitled “Building the Scottish Diaspora: Scots and the Colonial Built Environment.” Sponsored by the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art and the Scottish Centre for Diaspora Studies at the University of Edinburgh, the symposium brought together ten representatives from five countries (mainly from within Britain’s former co...

submitted by: Maja Tesanovic Universität Linz, Masterarbeit, 2019 (VLID)4563830

This paper argues that for religion, social inclusion is not certain once gained, but needs to be constantly renegotiated in response to continued challenges, even for mainstream religious organisations such as the Catholic Church. The paper will analyse the Catholic Church’s involvement in the Australian public sphere, and after a brief overview of the history of Catholicism’s struggle for equal status in Australia, will consider its response to recent challenges to maintain its position of inclusion and relevance in Australian society. This will include an examination of its handling of sexual abuse allegations brought forward by the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, and its attempts to promote its vision of ethics and morals in the face of calls for marriage equality and other social issues in a society of greater religious diversity. (author's abstract)

For a long time architectural history has been monopolized by the “problem of the predominantly Western architectural canon.” Recently, however, architectural historians have not only started to look beyond the classical canon, uncovering or reassessing long-undervalued buildings and geographies, but have also begun questioning canonical thinking altogether. The well-trodden path of the “live-and-work” narrative is being abandoned to make way for a more fine-grained understanding of how (besi...

Johnathan Farris’s Enclave to Urbanity: Canton, Foreigners, and Architecture from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Centuries presents a meticulous and amusing account of cross-cultural interactions in Guangzhou (Canton). During the period covered by the volume, Guangzhou was transformed from a late imperial Chinese port city for Euro-American trade into a rapidly modernizing city in China’s Republican era. Farris’s thoroughly researched book focuses specifically on the changing arch...

The present project refers to the results of a quantitative research performed throughout the region of Larisa about the application of participatory administration in Greek schools. More specifically, it concerns the participation of the Teachers’ Council in decision making on subjects revolving around the function and administration of a school in Greece (our country), all according to the European educational and political expansion of democratic and participatory processes. The results showed that, on its majority, participatory administration is applied, and that is quite satisfactory. Decisions on subjects regarding school function are mostly collaborative and followed by all members of the Teachers’ Council, who declared that only sometimes are they called to validate a principal’s already taken settlement. However, most educators are adamant on the need to improve the role of the Teachers’ Council, proposing mostly the right election of scholar administrators, the need for clear separation of jurisdiction between teachers and principals, the offer of motive and the possibility of bigger flexibility in school units., SUBMITTED: JANUARY 2018, REVISION SUBMITTED: FEBRUARY 2018, ACCEPTED: MARCH 2018, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 27 APRIL 2018

Academic achievement is a central outcome in educational research, both in and outside higher education, has direct effects on individual’s professional and financial prospects and a high individual and public return on investment. Theories comprise cognitive as well as non-cognitive influences on achievement. Two examples frequently investigated in empirical research are knowledge (as a cognitive determinant) and stress (as a non-cognitive determinant) of achievement. However, knowledge and stress are not stable, what raises questions as to how temporal dynamics in knowledge on the one hand and stress on the other contribute to achievement. To study these contributions in the present doctoral dissertation, I used meta-analysis, latent profile transition analysis, and latent state-trait analysis. The results support the idea of knowledge acquisition as a cumulative and long-term process that forms the basis for academic achievement and conceptual change as an important mechanism for the acquisition of knowledge in higher education. Moreover, the findings suggest that students’ stress experiences in higher education are subject to stable, trait-like influences, as well as situational and/or interactional, state-like influences which are differentially related to achievement and health. The results imply that investigating the causal networks between knowledge, stress, and academic achievement is a promising strategy for better understanding academic achievement in higher education. For this purpose, future studies should use longitudinal designs, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analytical techniques. Potential practical applications include taking account of students’ prior knowledge in higher education teaching and decreasing stress among higher education students.

International audience; The ways we represent our relationships, notice our partners, and let the social media interfere in our romantic relationships have aroused researchers' interest. In this research, the purpose was to analyze, how people who use social media actively perceive the connection between social media and romantic relationships. The research questions set for this study were: (1) What are the rules of self-disclosure that support romantic relationships in social media?; (2) What kinds of benefits do social media provide for romantic relationships?; and (3) What kinds of threats or disadvantages do social media provide for romantic relationships? This was a qualitative research in which the research participants (N=25) were approached with an online questionnaire that included open-ended questions. The answers were analyzed with the qualitative content analyzing method. The findings showed that the research participants could name some principles of self-disclosure regarding their romantic relationships in social media and certain benefits as well as harms and threats of social media for a romantic relationship. The findings were further discussed in the light of the elements of love as emotions, love as actions, and love as skills and knowledge that here could be interpreted as " the media literacy of romantic relationships ". Will social media strengthen or threaten romantic love? 710 Introduction Social media and social network sites (SNS) are an ordinary part of life: we use the social media to interact and publish widely about our daily lives 1. The research at hand was conducted in Finland where in 2015, 93% of people aged 15-55 years had used social media services during the last three months 2. We asked Finnish university students how they perceived the role of social media from the point of view of romantic relationships.

The social exclusion of children is problematic for two reasons. Young people typically inherit their marginal position from their family, and therefore cannot be held responsible for their hardship themselves; and social exclusion in childhood may affect their wellbeing and subsequent development, possibly leading to a “scarring effect” in later life. In this contribution we develop an instrument for measuring social exclusion among children. Social exclusion is regarded as a theoretical construct with four sub-dimensions: material deprivation, limited social participation, inadequate access to social rights, and a lack of normative integration. First we analyse data from a survey of 2,200 Dutch children, which contains a large set of social exclusion items. We applied nonlinear principal components analysis in order to construct a multidimensional scale. Measured in this way, the prevalence of social exclusion among children is 4.5%. Boys and children living in large families are more likely to experience social exclusion than girls and children with few siblings. The parental level of education and dependency on social security benefits are also important driving factors of childhood social exclusion. Subsequently we investigate the scarring effect. Longitudinal administrative income and household data covering 25 years were combined with a new survey of just under 1,000 Dutch adults, a third of whom were poor as a child. The survey assessed their past and current degree of social exclusion, and their health and psychosocial development, educational career, past family circumstances, etc. In an absolute sense scarring turns out to have been limited during this period: a very large majority of those who were poor or excluded as a child are above the threshold values in adult life. However, the “descendants of hardship” are still more likely to be socially excluded as adults than people who grew up in more favourable conditions. A causal analysis suggests that low educational achievements are the main mediator of scarring risks.

Objetivo: analisar os aspectos contextuais do cuidado de enfermagem frente à prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV. Métodos:trata-se de uma revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados SCOPUS, CINAHL, PUBMED e LILACS. Os artigos foram analisados por meio do referencial teórico de análise contextual, segundo Hinds, Chaves e Cypress. Resultados: os resultados encontrados foram: atuação do enfermeiro frente à prevenção da transmissão vertical (imediato); fatores que dificultam essa prevenção (específico); aspectos culturais envolvidos (geral); e as Políticas da Saúde voltadas a prevenir o HIV/AIDS (metacontexto). Conclusão:a análise dessas dimensões envolve uma visão crescente do fenômeno e de suas inter-relações. O enfermeiro deve conhecer os vários ângulos dessa realidade para atuar com maior resolutividade e qualidade na prevenção da transmissão vertical do HIV.

This article explores the potential inclusion and exclusion factors affecting the developmental outcomes of immigrant children, and examines the influence of inclusive school environment, social/psychological isolation, and perceived discrimination by peers and teachers on the psychosocial and academic adjustment of immigrant children. Our study is based on a subset of data from the New Canadian Children and Youth Study (NCCYS), a national longitudinal survey including 515 foreign-born immigrant children (11 to 13 years) from three ethnic groups (Mainland China, Hong Kong, the Philippines) living in the Montreal and Toronto metropolitan areas, Canada. The results show that after controlling for socio-demographic background variables, teachers’ discriminatory attitudes and psychological isolation contribute to the prediction of risk for immigrant children’s self-esteem, social competence, and academic performance. Inclusive school environment has a significant effect on social competence and academic performance of immigrant children. Peer discrimination is also associated with self-esteem and social competence. These findings suggest that inclusive school environment, social/psychological isolation, and discrimination are critical factors affecting the developmental outcomes of immigrant children that, in turn, are connected to future prospects for their eventual inclusion and participation in other social, economic, and political venues of the host country.

The human system, driven largely by economic decisions, has profoundly affected planetary ecosystems as well as the energy supplies and natural resources essential to economic production. The challenge of sustainability is to understand and manage the complex interactions between human systems and the rest of nature. This conceptual article makes the case that meeting this challenge requires consilience between the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities, which is to say that their basic assumptions must be mutually reinforcing and consistent. This article reviews the extent to which economics is pursuing consilience with the sciences of human behavior, physics and ecology, and the impact full consilience would have on the field. The science of human behavior would force economists to redefine what is desirable, while physics and ecology redefine what is possible. The challenges posed by ecological degradation can be modeled as prisoner's dilemmas, best solved through cooperation, not competition. Fortunately, science reveals that humans may be among the most cooperative of all species. While much of the mainstream economic theory that still dominates academic and the policy discourse continues to ignore important findings from other sciences, several sub-fields of economics have made impressive strides towards consilience in recent decades, and these are likely to change mainstream theory eventually. The question is whether these changes can proceed rapidly enough to solve the most serious problems we currently face.

This article deals with the benefits of using cognitive theory in documentary film studies. The article deals with general aspects of cognitive theory in humanities and social science, however the main focus is on the role of narrative, visual style and emotional dimensions of different types of documentaries. Dealing with cognitive theories of film and media and with memory studies, the article analyses how a cognitive approach to documentaries can increase our understanding of how documentaries influence us on a cognitive and emotional level and contribute to the forming of our social and cultural imagination. The article analyses case studies of documentaries dealing with climate change and the environment and documentaries dealing with social history.

This manuscript investigates the facts of publication of the images of the Nanking Atrocity (December 1937–January 1938) in LIFE and LOOK magazines, two widely read United States publications, as well as the Nanking atrocity film clips that circulated to millions more in American and Canadian newsreels some years later. The publishers of these images were continuing the art of manipulation of public opinion through multimodal visual media, aiming them especially at the less educated mass public. The text attempts to describe these brutal images in their historical context. Viewing and understanding the underlying racial context and emotive impact of these images may be useful adjuncts to future students of World War II. If it is difficult to assert how much these severe images changed public opinion, one can appreciate how the emerging visual culture was transforming the way that modern societies communicate with and direct their citizens' thoughts.

45 This article focuses on Germany’s key ‘soft power’ actors promoting the country’s interests in the Baltics. The authors analyse the policies of ‘soft power’ aimed to create a positive image of Germany in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The article examines the activity of German political foundations, research institutions, communities, language centres, and scientific and cultural organisations. It is stressed that Germany makes use of the Baltics’ historical familiarity with German traditions in implementing its policy in these countries. The study suggests that German political and educational foundations are major actors of German soft power. It is shown that the development of a multilevel German language learning system incorporating various courses and scholarship programmes is one of the central strategies of German foundations. This strategy uses ‘High German’ as a means to integrate the Baltic audience into the German information space. The German language serves as a basis for popularisation of the German educational system and educational standards, on the one hand, and partnership institutionalisation, cooperation, and integration on the other. It is concluded that, alongside Sweden and Russia, Germany is a major foreign policy player in the Baltics.

The case of the Philippines provides an interesting example of how post-colonial governments in Southeast Asia are trying to govern multi-ethnic nations. The Philippines, despite being the country in Asia with the most vibrant civil society, is still dealing with a war on the southern island of Mindanao – a war fuelled by, rather than abated by, national dynamics of identity-construction and social practices of democracy. This paper looks into these protracted national dynamics and their influence on the conflict in Mindanao. It further contrasts those with local, predominantly civil-society-based, approaches of identity re-construction and decision-making that have changed the situation for many communities on the ground, but that haven't so far had much impact on the national setting. Therefore, the final part of the paper assesses the impact of local civil-society initiatives and draws conclusions on how those could provide blueprints for national solutions and complement high-level peace talks.

In 2007 the percentage of mobile-only households in Portugal reached 36%; this is one of the highest levels in EU27 countries according to the EU E-Communications Households Survey. To assess the extent and nature of the potential bias in fixed phone surveys created by the absence of mobile-only households, a dual frame survey was conducted in which both fixed phones and mobile phones were used to collect data. There are significant differences between fixed phone respondents and mobile-only respondents in several demographic variables; however, we find that merging the fixed phone and the mobile-only sample produces general population estimates on substantive variables that are not significantly different from those obtained with the fixed phone sample alone., Survey Research Methods, Vol 3, No 2 (2009)

It is recommended that researchers who use mixed modal methods for data collection compare their impact on outcome measures. The purpose of this study was to examine the physical activity and fruit/vegetable consumption behaviors of a multiethnic sample of adults, comparing participants who continued a telephone survey and those who transitioned from a telephone to a web-based survey for a follow-up data collection point. This longitudinal study used a random sample of 700 Hawaii residents (63.3% Female; Mean age=47, SD=17.1). At baseline, participants completed a computer-assisted telephone interview assessing the stage, behavior, and decisional balance of both physical activity and fruit/vegetable consumption. For the three-month follow-up survey, participants were given the option of completing the survey either on the web or by phone. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was computed for related physical activity scales and fruit/vegetable consumption variables to compare the change in response across time between a web group and phone group. For both physical activity and fruit/vegetable consumption, all mode-by-time interactions were significant. The participants who preferred the telephone survey maintained their levels, whereas those who preferred the web survey reported a decrease in each variable. These results suggest that changing the mode of a survey may introduce a systematic bias in data and that researchers should proceed with caution when using mixed modes of data collection., Survey Research Methods, Vol 3, No 2 (2009)

Panel conditioning arises if respondents are influenced by participation in previous surveys, such that their answers differ from the answers of individuals who are interviewed for the first time. Having two panels - a trained one and a completely fresh one - created a unique opportunity for analyzing panel conditioning effects. To determine which type of question is sensitive to panel conditioning, 981 trained respondents and 2809 fresh respondents answered nine questions with different question types. The results in this paper show that panel conditioning mainly arises in knowledge questions. Answers to questions on attitudes, actual behavior, or facts were hardly sensitive to panel conditioning. The effect of panel conditioning in knowledge questions was bigger for questions where fewer respondents knew the answer and mainly associated with the number of times a respondent answered the exact same question before., Survey Research Methods, Vol 3, No 2 (2009)

Objective: Knowing the motivation of crack users for treatment in hospital environments. Method: Descriptive and qualitative search, using the design of some cases. Twenty male crack users, aged over 18 years old, hospitalized in a Therapeutic Community in Southern Brazil, were interviewed. A semi-structured interview was used and the data were analyzed by their thematic content. Results: Were found three categories that reflect the treatment motivations: perception of the crack harmful consequences; the compulsive use of drugs as the treatment initiation; and, the family participation looking for a treatment. Conclusion: Significant events (turning points) favored the interruption of the crack use and the family assumed a very important place to the users behavior in relation to the use of the drug, exclusively. Descriptors: Street drugs, Crack Cocaine, Substance Abuse Treatment Centers, Family.

'Dieser Beitrag untersucht den Begriff der 'dualen Repräsentation' und den darin enthaltenen Anspruch, dass einzelne Mitglieder des Rats der Europäischen Union von ihren nationalen Parlamenten politisch zur Rechenschaft gezogen werden können, während der Rat als Ganzes im Rahmen eines Systems der 'checks & balances' dem Europäischen Parlament verantwortlich ist. Der Beitrag evaluiert eine Reihe möglicher Beschränkungen der Kapazität nationaler Parlamente, das Verhalten ihre eigenen Regierungen im EU-Rat zu kontrollieren, einschließlich der Entscheidungsregeln der Union, der Intransparenz des Rates, von Informationsasymmetrien und der Struktur der nationalen politischen Systeme. Was das Europäische Parlament anlangt, argumentiert der Beitrag, dass dessen Macht schon dadurch beschränkt ist, dass es den Rat nicht kontrollieren, sondern nur über ein System der 'checks & balances' beaufsichtigen soll. In dem Ausmaß, in dem diese Beschränkungen ihrerseits die Politisierung der ParlamentarierInnen und deren Wahl auf der Grundlage von Wettbewerb und einer für das Funktionieren der Union relevanten Auswahl verhindern, stellt die 'duale Repräsentation' selbst ein Hindernis für die Entwicklung 'direkter' Repräsentation in der EU-Arena dar.' (Autorenreferat), 'This paper assesses the notion of 'dual representation' and its implied claim that individual Council Members can be accountable to their national parliaments, whilst the Council of Ministers as a whole is checked and balanced by the European Parliament. The paper evaluates a number of possible constraints on the capacity of national parliaments to control the behaviour of their own governments in the Council of Ministers, including the decision rules of the Union, the non-transparency of the Council, asymmetries of information and the shape of domestic political systems. As far as the European Parliament is concerned, the paper argues that limits on its powers follow directly from the very notion that it should check and balance, and not control, the Council. To the extent those limits, in turn, discourage the politicisation of the Parliament, and its election on the basis of competition and choice relevant to the operation of the Union, 'dual' representation is itself a constraint on the evolution of 'direct' representation in the European Union arena.' (author's abstract)

In this discussion paper we present the findings from our surveys of artists, employees and project owners who participated in 84 artistic interventions in organizations in Spain between 2011 and 2014. We provide an extensive introduction to the research questions, methods and findings in English, followed by 9 data reports in Spanish. The reports address the characteristics of the participating organizations, the objectives of the artistic interventions, the effects of the artistic interventions, recommendations for other organizations, and the role of the intermediary. The last report offers a comparative perspective between cases in a region in Spain and a region in Germany as a first step towards considering the effect of national culture. The report also contains a methodological note about our experience combining Web-based surveys with interviews, as well as links to the survey instruments we designed so that future studies can draw on them. (author's abstract) In diesem Discussion Paper fassen wir Ergebnisse aus unseren Umfragen zu künstlerischen Interventionen zusammen, die wir zwischen 2011 und 2014 mit Künstlern, Arbeitnehmern und Projektleitern/Managern in spanischen Organisationen erhoben haben. Nach einer ausführlichen englischsprachigen Einleitung in die wissenschaftliche Fragestellung, Methoden und Ergebnisse, folgen neun Datenreports in Spanisch, die jeweils unterschiedliche Aspekte beleuchten. Wir gehen näher ein auf die Profile der teilnehmenden Organisationen, die Ziele künstlerischer Interventionen und ihre Auswirkungen, die Rolle von Intermediären und geben Empfehlungen für Organisationen, die künstlerische Interventionen durchführen wollen. Im letzten Report wird zudem der kulturelle Einfluss auf die Umfrageergebnisse, im Vergleich von zwei Fällen in Spanien und Deutschland, thematisiert. Im Anhang werden Methodik und die Erfahrungen, die wir mit Online-Erhebungen kombiniert mit qualitativen Interviews gemacht haben, beschrieben; dieser Teil ist verlinkt mit unseren Erhebungsinstrumenten, damit Leserinnen und Leser sie nutzen können. (Autorenreferat)

Artists affiliated with Souffles/Anfas (1966-1972), a literary journal founded in Morocco, identified themselves as "Third World" and "Arab" artists. This paper examines, for the first time, a logic of art-making situated at this junction, and traces its relevance within the framework of the General Union of Arab Plastic Artists established in 1971., Essays, Forum Transregionale Studien, vol. 2