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This study aims to analyse the effect of economic growth on the stock price index in Indonesia and Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using regression analysis, this study measures the relationship between economic growth and the stock price index, focusing on both countries' fiscal and monetary policies. The results show that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on the stock price index in Indonesia and Malaysia, reflecting investors' optimism towards the economic outlook. Economic stimulus policies and monetary measures the government and central bank take are essential in supporting economic recovery and stock market stability. This research provides important insights for investors in making more informed investment decisions based on economic growth indicators. This study also emphasises the importance of responsive and coordinated economic policies to support economic growth and stock market stability in times of crisis.

In the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, leveraging technology in education is crucial. Self-Regulated Learning (SRL), which entails individuals' ability to understand and control their learning environment, fostering independence and responsibility, can be influenced by the blended learning model. This study, employing a mixed-methods design and a pre-experimental design for the quantitative phase, aimed to examine the impact of blended learning on SRL. Data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed with paired sample t-tests. The results showed that (1) the descriptive analysis of the SRL pre-test of students indicates that the highest percentage was in the medium category with 85% students; (2) the results of the SRL post-test proved that the highest percentage is in the low category with 63% students; and (3) the results of the paired sample t-test showed the value of sig. (2-trailed) < alpha (0.007 < 0.05). The statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores, suggesting that the blended learning model was not effective in enhancing SRL among students in Islamic Education at SMKN 7 Majene. Observations and interviews revealed that students' lack of self-regulated learning was due to inadequate technological resources and challenges in using Google Classroom, which was a novel experience for students and hindered their ability to access materials and submit assignments. Abstrak Era revolusi industri 4.0, pemanfaatan teknologi dalam dunia pendidikan sangatlah penting. Self-Regulated Learning (SRL), yang melibatkan kemampuan individu untuk memahami dan mengontrol lingkungan belajar mereka, menumbuhkan kemandirian dan tanggung jawab, dapat dipengaruhi oleh model pembelajaran campuran. Penelitian ini, yang menggunakan desain metode campuran dan desain pra-eksperimental untuk fase kuantitatif, bertujuan untuk menguji dampak pembelajaran campuran pada SRL. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan uji-t sampel berpasangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) analisis deskriptif pre-test SRL mahasiswa menunjukkan bahwa persentase tertinggi berada pada kategori sedang dengan jumlah 85% mahasiswa; (2) hasil post-test SRL membuktikan bahwa persentase tertinggi berada pada kategori rendah dengan jumlah 63% mahasiswa; (3) hasil uji-t sampel berpasangan menunjukkan nilai sig. (2-tailed) < alpha (0,007 < 0,05). Analisis statistik mengkonfirmasi perbedaan yang signifikan antara skor pre-test dan post-test, menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran blended learning tidak efektif dalam meningkatkan SRL di kalangan siswa pada pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SMKN 7 Majene. Pengamatan dan wawancara mengungkapkan bahwa kurangnya pembelajaran secara mandiri disebabkan oleh sumber daya teknologi yang tidak memadai dan tantangan dalam menggunakan Google Classroom, yang merupakan pengalaman baru bagi siswa dan menghambat kemampuan mereka untuk mengakses materi dan mengumpulkan tugas.

This article seeks to decipher Indonesia’s role as a norm entrepreneur for the norms of amity and cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region by employing the conceptual framework of the “norm life cycle” developed by Finnemore and Sikkink and Holbraad’s avail of regional initiatives for middle powers. It argues that in contrast to existing literature that construed Indonesia’s role in ASEAN as a form of leadership, Indonesia is merely introducing emerging norms that coincide with its administration’s national interests and priorities. Jokowi initially wielded the regional platform of ASEAN to echo the norm of amity and cooperation, which are introduced through motives of altruism, empathy, and emotional commitment. The norm continued to the norm cascade stage, as the norm became institutionalized in the form of ASEAN Outlook in the Indo-Pacific and provided “peer pressure among states” to eliminate initial opposition to the proposal. Lastly, this article argues that the emerging norm is internalized among ASEAN member states and critical regional actors that contributed to the geopolitical and geostrategic shifts in the Indo-Pacific.

The number of stroke patients in Indonesia is ranked as the first country to experience the most strokes in all of Asia. The prevalence of stroke in Indonesia reaches 8.3 out of 1000 population. This prevalence rate increases with increasing age. Indonesian national data shows that stroke is the highest cause of death, at 15.4%, with approximately 750,000 strokes per year in Indonesia and 200,000 recurrent strokes. People who are physically inactive (those who exercise less than three times per week, each for 30 minutes) have an almost 50% increased risk of stroke compared to those who are active. Physical inactivity can lead to weight problems and increased blood pressure and is associated with diabetes, all of which are important risk factors for stroke. Inactivity also contributes to the onset of early atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks. This study is an analytical observational study with a cross sectional design to see and observe the risk factors for stroke that exist in school children in Makassar city. Data processing was carried out using computer application programs and SPSS version 22.0 with data analysis methods using the Chi Square Test with the Yate's Correlation formula in SPSS called Continuity Correction and Risk. The number of respondents studied was 896 people. Hypertension is a major risk factor for health problems in society, especially in socioeconomic transition. Hypertension is a primary risk factor for the onset of heart disease and stroke. Doing physical activity will prevent us from various diseases, by doing adequate physical activity we can suppress the increase in blood sugar levels, cholesterol levels, and avoid obesity and strengthen the heart. All of which are risk factors for stroke. So thus by doing adequate physical activity we can avoid stroke. There is a relationship between gender, obesity, hypertension, family history of disease, stress, physical activity, risky diet and smoking on stroke risk factors and there is no relationship between age and knowledge with stroke risk factors.

Nickel is an important main resource mineral in Southeast Sulawesi, which has deposited around 97.4 billion tons, and undoubtedly, nickel exports emerged in national and regional economic growth. Mining activities were carried out through topsoil and subsoil stripping, resulting in damage to the soil ecosystem and making it difficult for soil to recover. A study was performed to evaluate the changes in soil chemical properties and the growth of patchouli (Pogestemon cablin Benth) on nickel-mined soil treated with rice husk charcoal (RHC). A randomized block design was applied in this study, including six treatments of RHC with three replications. The treatments were without RHC (control), 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6%, and 7.5% of soil weight. Data were analyzed descriptively for soil chemical properties; meanwhile, ANOVA was applied for plant growth. The results revealed that RHC increased soil pH, organic C, CEC, and available P, and conversely, the application of 4.5% of RHC decreased soil Ni and Fe content by 65.43% and 40.47%, respectively. The application of RHC up to 6% increased significantly the plant height and number of leaves as well as the dry weight of patchouli. The present study concluded that the use of carbon-rich soil conditioners such as rice husk charcoal is an imperative measure to restore the nickel-mined soil.

This study aims to examine how customer communication, trustworthiness, transparency, and innovation influence the transformation of digital banking. It also investigates the impact of digital banking transformation on customers’ financial behavior. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire and distributed to digital bank customers of ten banks in Indonesia. A total of 187 digital bank customers participated in this study. For data analysis, we employed Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using WarpPLS 6.0. The results show that customer communication, trust, transparency, and innovation positively affect digital banking transformation. It also indicates that the digital banking transformation positively impacts customer financial behavior. This study highlights previously unexplored aspects, particularly the role of digital banking transformation as a stimulant that encourages consumers to actively manage, plan, and invest their funds, which can significantly influence their financial decision-making behavior. The findings of this study highlight the importance of providing customers with a comprehensive understanding of the presence of digital banks. The advent of digital banks is expected to alter financial behaviors in the consumer decision-making process. Additionally, the government may safeguard and reassure individuals about the use of digital banking. By accelerating the pace of digital transformation and enacting appropriate regulations, Indonesia is poised to fulfill its mission of becoming a developed nation.

This study examines factors that influence Indonesian Islamic banking customers’ behavioral intention to utilize digital banking services using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT 2). The factors examined include effort and performance expectations, social influence, facilitating conditions, price value, hedonic motivation, habits, trialability, and spiritual motivation. The study also examines whether Islamic lifestyle moderates the roles of social influence, habits, and spiritual motivation in the tendency to utilize Islamic digital banking. Gathering data from 195 Indonesian millennials and utilizing the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method, we find that not all factors have a positive effect on the propensity to utilize Islamic digital banking services. The performance expectations, social influences, price values, habits, and Islamic lifestyles all have a strong favorable effect on the desire to use digital banking. Meanwhile, the facilitating condition, hedonic motivation, trialability, and spiritual motivation only slightly affect the intention to use digital banking. Finally, the paper notes that absence of Islamic lifestyle’s moderating role.

Ajaran islam salah satu hal yang sangat penting untuk diperhatikan agar dapat menjadi kehidupan manusia yang damai dan tenteram. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui muatan ajaran Islam K.H. Muhammad Thahir, menumbuhkan motivasi generasi milineal untuk mempelajari ajaran islam Beliau, dan urgensi ajaran islam K.H. Muhammad Tahir pada generasi milenial. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu wawancara dan dokumentasi. Metode analisis data menggunakan analisis data deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Muatan ajaran islam Beliau yang dapat dideskripsikan bahwa ajaran islam beliau tidak dapat diketahui akan tetapi muatan ajaran islam Imam Lapeo yaitu kedekatan kepada Allah dengan ibadahnya dan karamah yang dimiliki. Selain itu ada tujuh karakter yang diajarkan Beliau diantaranya: arif, berani, cerdas, dermawan, berpikiran positif, semangat, pejuang spritual. Cara menumbuhkan motivasi generasi milineal mempelajari ajaran islam dari Beliau yaitu karakter beliau yang penuh keikhlasan dan masyarakat membawa anaknya dari kecil dibawa pergi ziarah ke makamnya. Pentingnya ajaran pendidikan Islam K.H. Muhammad Tahir memiliki peran sangat penting dalam pembentukan karakter generasi milenial diantaranya: ajaran pendidikan islam dari Imam Lapeo menjadi teladan bagi kehidupan sehari-hari.

Research Purposes: This study aims to review the information that has existed in previous studies because the concept of Green Accounting (GA) in Indonesia is still in the growth stage and as a basis for scientific development and can provide ideas related to new topics in the future. Research Methods: This research used the systematic literature review (SLR) method and a total of 47 articles accredited with SINTA was analyzed in this study. Research Results and Findings: The development trend of the number of publications related to Green Accounting is still fluctuating from 2012 to 2022. The most used research method is quantitative research. The most widely used instruments in collecting data in such studies mainly used documentation techniques. And analyze the most widely used data is the multiple regression method. The overall research series related to the implementation of GA in Indonesia is quite good but needs improvement because there has not been much research and limited topics. This research has implications for environmental management actions, and efforts based on environmentally friendly principles or green innovation can continue to increase.

Rokan Hilir Regency is a strategically important coastal region for the development of fisheries and marine resources. Sustainable management of capture fisheries is essential for supporting fishing communities, advancing national interests, and achieving broader sustainable development goals, including meeting diverse consumption needs. This research aimed to evaluate the sustainability status and identify leverage factors that supported the sustainability of giant tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) resources in Rokan Hilir Regency. The study used a survey method, utilizing structured interviews to gather data on ecological, economic, social, institutional, and technological aspects. A multidimensional scaling (MDS) approach, utilizing the Rapfish technique, indicates that giant tiger prawn are less sustainable, with the following sustainability indices: social (55.70), institutional (52.88), ecological (47.76), economic (46.70), and technological (46.48). Key leverage factors for enhancing sustainability include the range of fishing areas, labor absorption, socialization in fishing practices, gear selectivity, fishing aids, and democratic policymaking processes.

Dumai City is one of the cities in Riau Province, Indonesia, located in the coastal area. As an industrial and trade city, the fisheries sector in Dumai City is under intense pressure due to this marine activity. On the other hand, Dumai City has the second highest Human Development Index (HDI) value in Riau Province after Pekanbaru City. The high HDI status of Dumai City makes it attractive to study whether it is directly proportional to the HDI value of the fishermen community and its socioeconomic sustainability status. The survey method was used in this study. This study aims to analyze the sustainability status of Dumai City’s fisheries from social and economic aspects by considering HDI indicators in health, education, and economic aspects. This study uses two analysis methods: the calculation of HDI and sustainability status using Rapfish. The HDI value of the Dumai City fishermen community is 69,35. These results show that the condition of the Dumai fishermen community is still relatively low when measured by the HDI indicator. If examined based on sustainability analysis, the social and economic aspects of the Dumai City fishermen community are 39,56, with a less sustainable status.

The green revolution and climate change have become a promising Indonesian rice production strategy to reach self-sufficiency through the application of improved agricultural technology such as organic rice farming (ORF). ORF is an eco-friendly agricultural practice that increases production, income, and sustainable agriculture. This study assessed farmers’ perception, motivation, constraints, awareness, and belief in adopting ORF. The study used a multi-stage sampling procedure. The primary data were collected from 203 households in West Java Province using a structured questionnaire. Weighted average index (WAI) was used to assess the farmers’ perception, motivation, awareness, and belief regarding the adoption of ORF. The results reveal a significantly different perception between ORF and conventional rice farming (CRF) farmers on production, quality, health and safety, market price, environmental concern, and certification aspects. ORF farmers had a more positive perception than conventional farmers. The results of the WAI reveal that CRF had a lower yield (0.63), risk-averse (0.70), and no cash compensation (0.62), whereas ORF had a higher price (0.82) and organic farming lifestyle (0.83). The ORF farmers also still have a strong positive belief in organic farming for the future, even though they lack organic fertilizer resources and certification. The strategies for adopting ORF are infrastructure improvement and community empowerment, compensation and incentive strategy, more intensive socialization, provision of assistance and training related to ORF, marketing facilitation, and subsidies on the prices and certification of organic rice.

This study aims to improve teacher professionalism through the application of clinical supervision with a lesson study approach through zoom meetings in Kampar District, Kampar Regency. This research is action research with the lesson study approach. Research data were collected through questionnaires and observation sheets. The data collected are in the form of teaching simulation scores and the design scores of the Learning Implementation Plan. The research subjects were 36 teachers in Kampar District, Kampar Regency. The research analysis technique used descriptive analysis. The results showed that in the first cycle, the score was 80.08 in the good category, while in the second cycle, the score was 83.85 in the good category. Thus, that the application of clinical supervision with a lesson study approach through zoom meetings that are carried out continuously and consistently results in significant changes in learning improvement and at the same time increasing teacher performance and professionalism.

Lifestyle changes have led to an increase in cases of non-communicable diseases in Indonesia, including hypertension and stroke. Unhealthy eating behavior, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, stress, and lack of physical activity are risk factors for degenerative diseases, besides the other risk factors such as age, gender, and heredity. This research aimed to determine the factor of obesity, smoking behavior, physical activity, and hypertension on the incidence of stroke in South Sulawesi Province. The method of research was analytic observational with a case-control approach. The case group was stroke patients as many as 750 cases and the control group was non-stroke patients as many as 750 cases. Data analysis using Path analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between stroke and hypertension with a path coefficient value of 0.33, the relationship between physical activity and the incidence of stroke through hypertension with a path coefficient value of 0.13, obesity and the incidence of stroke through hypertension with a path coefficient value of 0, 21, there is a relationship between smoking and the incidence of stroke through hypertension with a path coefficient value of 0.08. Hypertension is a risk factor that directly affects the incidence of stroke compared to other risk factors. however, all of these risk factors can be reduced, especially by doing routine and regular physical activity every day.

Soil fauna as ecosystem engineers have the ability to create soil biostructures, with the capacity to save arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores. This study therefore aims to investigate the AMF spore density in the biostructures created by cooperation between earthworms and ants with a different organic matter composition, and to analyze the biostructures’ potential as a source of AMF inoculum on cocoa seedlings. In the first experiment, a combination of earthworms and ants composition, as well as a mixture of G. sepium leaf (GLP), cocoa shell bean (CSB), and sago dregs (SD), was tested. Meanwhile, in the second experiment, the effect of biostructures on cocoa seedlings grown in unsterile soil,was examined. According to the results, the highest AMF spore density was obtained using 20 earthworms+10 ants with 50%GLP+50%CSB + 0%SD treatment. Furthermore, the total AMF spores were positively correlated with the total P value, but negatively correlated with the C/N ratio. Therefore, biostructure application increased AMF spores number in rhizosphere and the cocoa seedling’s root infection. Furthermore, biostructures resulting from the collaborative activity between different soil fauna ecosystem engineers were able to transmit AMF spores to infected plant roots growing in non-sterile soil.

Abstrak - Konseptualisasi Modal Manusia Berbasis Pemikiran Kajao Laliddong Tujuan Utama - Penelitian ini bertujuan memaknai modal manusia dalam tradisi mappadendang (pesta panen) berbasis pemikiran Kajao Laliddong. Metode – Penelitian ini menggunakan metode etnografi. Sejumlah pihak yang terkait dalam tradisi mappadendang menjadi informan utama. Temuan Utama – Konseptualisasi modal manusia memuat dimensi ade’ (intelektualitas dan integritas), asseddingeng (komitmen), paseng toriolo (dedikasi), assikanengeng (afiliasi), dan reso (kreativitas dan kinerja). Konkretisasi pemikiran Kajao Laliddong ini sangat terkait dengan sikap warani (berani) dan getteng (tegas). Modal manusia dimaknai sebagai rangkaian konsep etika, bakat, dedikasi, solidaritas, dan kesatuan tekad yang terpadu dalam sistem nilai. Implikasi Teori dan Kebijakan – Penelitian ini berimplikasi pada upaya pengembangan teknologi akuntansi yang berkesesuaian dengan kebutuhan lokal. Modal manusia, sebagai standar moral dan etika tata kelola, dapat diterapkan dalam praktik akuntansi sektor publik. Kebaruan Penelitian – Penelitian ini mengungkap modal manusia sebagai standar etika untuk pengembangan sistem akuntansi dan pengelolaan kekayaan desa. Abstract - Conceptualization of Human Capital Based on Kajao Laliddong’s Thought Main Purpose - This research aims to interpret human capital in the tradition of “mappadendang” (harvest party) based on Kajao Laliddong's thoughts. Method – This research uses ethnographic methods. Several parties related to the “mappadendang” tradition became the primary informants. Main Findings – Conceptualization of human capital contains dimensions of “ade'” (intellect and integrity), “asseddingeng” (commitment), “paseng toriolo” (dedication), “assikanengeng” (affiliation), and “reso” (creativity and performance). The concretization of Kajao Laliddong's thoughts is strongly related to the attitude of “warani” (brave) and “getteng” (firm). Human capital is defined as a series of concepts of ethics, talent, dedication, solidarity, and unity of determination integrated into the value system. Theory and Practical Implications – This research has implications for efforts to develop accounting technology for local needs. As a moral and ethical standard of governance, human capital can be applied in public sector accounting practices. Novelty – This research reveals human capital as an ethical standard for developing accounting systems and village wealth management.

This study aims to determine whether the promotion carried out by the University, especially when student admission is a form of social responsibility. This research is a qualitative research with ethnometodology approach. The information used was the Chairperson of the UKI New Student Admissions Committee and who was in charge of University promotion. Research results prove that campus promotion is part of the University's initial social responsibility towards the community.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of experience, independence, implementation ethic and workload to fraud detection. Collecting data in this study using a questionnaire instrument with a sample of 52 auditors KAP in Makassar city using the saturated sampling technique. The analytical method used is the Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. The results of this study indicate that experience and implementation ethic had a positive and significant effect on fraud detection. While independence and workload had a positive but not significant influence on fraud detection.

In this study we propose a new approach to tackle the cropping problem in steganography which is called Center Embedded Pixel Positioning (CEPP) which is based on Least Significant Bit (LSB) Matching by setting the secret image in the center of the cover image. The evaluation of the experiment indicated that the secret image can be retrieved by a maximum of total 40% sequential cropping on the left, right, up, and bottom of the cover image. The secret image also can be retrieved if the total asymmetric cropping area is 25% that covered two sides (either left-right, left-up or right-up). In addition, the secret image can also be retrieved if the total asymmetric cropping area is 70% if the bottom part is included. If asymmetric cropping area included three sides, then the algorithm fails to retrieve the secret image. For cropping in the botom the secret image can be extracted up to 70%.

This study aims to find out the influence of internal control and individual morality on the prevention of fraud on PT. Regional Development Bank of Southeast Sulawesi. The population in this research is all employees of PT. Southeast Sulawesi Regional Development Bank as many as 55 employees and sampling techniques, namely saturated sampling. The results showed that partial internal control has a cynical effect on the prevention of fraud, individual morality has a significant effect on the prevention of fraud and simultaneously free variables, i.e. internal control and individual morality have a significant influence on the prevention of fraud in PT. Regional Development Bank of Southeast Sulawesi. The coefficient test of determination shows the value of R Square of 0.838 this indicates that the ability of dependent variables is able to explain the variable dependency with a coefficient of determination of 83.8% while the remaining 16.2% is explained by other variables that are not studied. This indicates that the better internal control and individual morality applied, the risk of fraud will be small.

Agricultural production influenced by several factors including climate change such as drought. Agriculture is vulnerable sector to drought because it influences cropping patterns, planting time, cropping index, production, yield quality, and profit. This study aims to investigate the profitability of garlic cultivation influenced by water stress at various input packages in the rainfed highlands of Eastern Lombok, Indonesia (1200 m above sea level). Input packages that applied were reducing use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides up to 50% from farmers’ practices. Applied input consists of 4 packages, namely P1 (farmers’ existing practices), P2, P3 and P4 as reduced and modified input packages. Field experiment was conducted in Sembalun Highlands from February to June 2018 on a 0.4 ha rainfed highlands using randomized completely block design followed by economic analysis. Parameters observed were Revenue/Cost (R/C) ratio based on fresh and dry weight yield. Results show that highest R/C ratios for fresh yield was from farmers’ existing treatment (P1) followed by P4 with the value of 1.33 and 1.28 respectively, whilst for dry yield were 1.39 and 1.36 respectively, which means that expenditure of IDR 1 will generate revenue of IDR 1.33 and 1.28 for fresh garlic bulb, while for dry garlic buld were 1.39 and 1.36 respectively. However, in term of soil sustainability issue, treatment P4 is expected to be applied. This figure decreases when compared to the production of garlic in normal conditions. Drought that occurred since early April caused the crop faced water stress and unable to provide an optimal agronomic performance and productivity which led to decreasing yield and profitability for about 40-50%.

This study discusses the structure of Ibn Sina's thought and its contextualization in the contemporary era from a subjective point of view referring to aspects of soul purification. Ibn Sina divides the human soul into three parts, they are: "nabatiyyah," "hayawâniyyah," and "insâniyyah" souls. According to Ibnu Sina, human morals are in the "nabatiyyah," so the education that must be taught is education related to morals, cleanliness, and the arts, this education is carried out at the Early Childhood Education level. When the child is in the "hayawaniyyah," that is when the child can respond and move through sensing, then the student is in a state of stimulation through understanding the Qur'an, especially reading, and interpreting it, followed by lessons to be able to study, analyze and be critical of the meaning from every verse of Allah SWT, both "kauliyyah" (the Qur'an) and "kauniyyah" (the universe). In the "insâniyyah" soul, the child is endeavored to be educated so that they can integrate intellectual, emotional, and spiritual intelligence, to create an integrative education, they are education that can unite the dimensions of service ("al-'Amilah") and spiritual ("al-'Alimah"). This literature review confirms that to achieve the goals of Islamic education, the educational model that is applied wherever possible leads to purification of the soul, because with a pure soul the process of entering knowledge into students' souls will be easy. An educational perspective that places purification of the soul as an offer of Islamic education in the contemporary era. Keywords: Education, Ibn Sina, Purification of the Soul, Contemporary

Rural Agribusiness Development gives a 100 million business fund activity to a selected farmer group association. An Agribusiness Microfinance Institution is expected to manage the fund by providing a loan to its members. The priority of business is focused on the agricultural sector. However, in its development, an Agribusiness Microfinance Institution provides loans to the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. The study’s objective is to observe the characteristic of Agribusiness Microfinance Institution’s borrower in Kendal Regency, Central Java-Indonesia. Kendal Regency was selected as the survey area because a result study in 2019 showed that Kendal Regency is one area with 5 LKMAs good performance in Indonesia. The study was conducted on November 2022. Forty-nine respondents were selected purposively in the survey. The criteria of respondents were borrowing from LKMA from 2019 to 2022. Data were analyzed descriptively using SPSS. The results showed that the average respondent: age was 50 years old, getting an education for nine years, 34,7% worked as a farmer and trader, the loan amount was 5.4 million IDR, loan duration was 9.2 months, and the rate of interest per month was 1.47%. The primary respondents’ reason for borrowing from LKMA was the loan amount, interest rate, fast disbursement and ease of requirements.

Farmers in upland areas struggle with the accessibility of financial institutions. Due to their remote location and the absence of finance branch offices; therefore, The Ministry of Agriculture and the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB) are working together to resolve finance access difficulties by developing Agribusiness Microfinance Institutions (MFI) in upland communities. The study aimed to assess the agricultural sector’s potential and funding restrictions and examine the growth of microfinance in the Upland area. The study was conducted in Garut, Tasikmalaya, Lebak, and Subang districts in October and November 2022. Both primary and secondary data were included in the data set. The data were then descriptively and qualitatively analyzed. The findings indicate that the research area has the potential to expand microfinance based on the existing financial institutions established by the government in various programs. The fundamental issue with MFI is a need for more liquidity, the fulfilment of legality requirements, the role of local governments to arrange, microfinance financial management system plan, implementation of banks as microfinance fund distributors, and loan interest rates paid to farmers. Efforts are needed to speed up the microfinance development process in partnership with formal financing institutions dedicated to assisting farmers and business operators in providing capital.

Jahanzeb Mudassir1,2, Yusrida Darwis,1 Suriani Muhamad,1 Arshad Ali Khan1,31Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains, Malaysia, 11800, Penang Malaysia; 2Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahanuddin Zakariya, Multan, Pakistan; 3Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Pahang, MalaysiaIntroduction: Insulin is given by injection, because when administered orally, it would be destroyed by enzymes in the digestive system, hence only about 0.1% reaches blood circulation. The purpose of the present study was to use pH sensitive polyelectrolyte methyl methacrylate (MMA)/itaconic acid (IA) nanogels as carriers in an attempt to improve absorption of insulin administered orally.Methods: Insulin (Ins) was incorporated into the MMA/IA nanogels (NGs) using the polyelectrolyte complexation (PEC) method to form Ins/NGs-PEC. Several parameters, including Ins:NGs ratio, pH, incubation time and stirring rate were optimized during preparation of InsNGs-PEC. The prepared formulations were characterized in terms of particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP) and percent entrapment efficiency (% EE).Results: The optimized InF12 nanogels had a PS, PdI, ZP and %EE of 190.43 nm, 0.186, −16.70 mV and 85.20%, respectively. The InF12 nanogels were lyophilized in the presence of different concentrations of trehalose as cryoprotectant. The lyophilized InF12 containing 2%w/v trahalose (InF12-Tre2 nanogels) was chosen as final formulation which had a PS, PdI, ZP and %EE of 430.50 nm, 0.588, −16.50 mv and 82.10, respectively. The in vitro release of insulin from InF12-Tre2 nanogels in the SGF and SIF were 28.71% and 96.53%, respectively. The stability study conducted at 5±3°C for 3 months showed that lnF12-Tre2 nanogels were stable. The SDS-PAGE assay indicated that the primary structure of insulin in the lnF12-Tre2 nanogels was intact. The in-vivo study in the diabetic rats following oral administration of InF12-Tre2 nanogels at a dose of 100 IU/kg body weight reduced blood glucose level significantly to 51.10% after 6 hours compared to the control groups.Conclusions: The pH sensitive MMA/IA nanogels are potential carriers for oral delivery of insulin as they enhanced the absorption of the drug.Keywords: acrylic monomers, peptides self assembly, lyophilization, hypoglycemic effect, polymeric nanogels

Ibrahim M Abdulbaqi, Yusrida Darwis, Reem Abou Assi, Nurzalina Abdul Karim Khan School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia Introduction: Colchicine is used for the treatment of gout, pseudo-gout, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other illnesses. Its oral administration is associated with poor bioavailability and severe gastrointestinal side effects. The drug is also known to have a low therapeutic index. Thus to overcome these drawbacks, the transdermal delivery of colchicine was investigated using transethosomal gels as potential carriers.Methods: Colchicine-loaded transethosomes (TEs) were prepared by the cold method and statistically optimized using three sets of 24 factorial design experiments. The optimized formulations were incorporated into Carbopol 940® gel base. The prepared colchicine-loaded transethosomal gels were further characterized for vesicular size, dispersity, zeta potential, drug content, pH, viscosity, yield, rheological behavior, and ex vivo skin permeation through Sprague Dawley rats’ back skin.Results: The results showed that the colchicine-loaded TEs had aspherical irregular shape, nanometric size range, and high entrapment efficiency. All the formulated gels exhibited non-Newtonian plastic flow without thixotropy. Colchicine-loaded transethosomal gels were able to significantly enhance the skin permeation parameters of the drug in comparison to the non-ethosomal gel.Conclusion: These findings suggested that the transethosomal gels are promising carriers for the transdermal delivery of colchicine, providing an alternative route for drug administration. Keywords: transethosomes, ethosomal nanocarriers, colchicine, factorial design, skin permeation, rheology

Cocoa and candlenuts are prime plantation crops of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, especially Sigi Regency. They have comparative advantages, among others, due to the availability of land that has not been utilized optimally and is in the area with a support climate and the availability of labor. In addition, it also has a competitive advantage in the form of product price competitiveness in local, national and international markets. The management of land must be adapted to the sustainable and sustainable energy sector in sovereignty. This study aims to recommend and analyze the optimization of land management models that implement conservation techniques by cocoa agroforestry with candlenuts. The study employed Linier Programming Method. The results show that optimizing of farmers income by agroforestry pattern of cocoa is higher than the monoculture of cocoa. Recommended innovation of planting patterns models is expected to further optimize the efficiency of sustainable land management by farmers around the forest. Sustainable land management strategies by cultivating cacao and candlenut crops through agroforestry patterns can also increase the added value Income at the farm level by IDR. 2,625/kg or 65.6% is due to more acceptance and lack of production and marketing costs as well as output quantities, output prices.

School area is one type of land use that has a large enough appeal to the community. The number of vehicle modes can cause new problems in school areas which generally do not have special lanes to drop passengers. This study is to find out the number of pulls of vehicle movements, the characteristics of so unlucky economy and travel of students, teachers and employees, and make a model of pulling merger of vehicles in the educational area on the road K.H Dewantara Ternate city. Methods of collecting survey and questionnaire data, descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study on the number of vehicle movement pulls in SMA Negeri 1 Ternate City for 2-wheeled motor vehicles 743 vehicles, 4-wheeled vehicles 59 vehicles, SMK Negeri 1 Ternate City for 2-wheeled motor vehicles 654 vehicles, 4-wheeled vehicles 35 vehicles, SMA Negeri 10 Ternate City for 2-wheeled motorized vehicles as many as 512 vehicles, 4-wheeled vehicles 29 vehicles, and SMK Negeri 5 Kota for 2-wheeled motor vehicles 271 vehicles, 4-wheeled 18 vehicles. The results of the analysis of the best model of vehicle movement pull using a motor are Y1= 248.511 + 0.153 and the vehicle movement pull using a car is Y2 = -11.068 + 0.895 X1. Then the free variables used in this study also had a good influence on the pull of vehicles using a motorbike or by using car.

This increase in transportation facilities causes the traffic volume of a road to be greater but is not supported by adequate road infrastructure, one of which is parking facilities. Parking is a phenomenon that affects the movement of vehicles when vehicles that have such a high intensity will be hampered by vehicles parked on the road, causing congestion. Vehicles parked on the roadside are generally around places or activity centres such as offices, markets, schools, and restaurants. Maximum vehicle volume without on-street parking occurs in segment 1 on Monday at 16:30, with the number of vehicles amounting to 2154.3 SMP/hour with a capacity value (C) = 2375 SMP/hour; the degree of saturation value (DS) is obtained. =0.91. This shows that the level of service is included in category E, which means that segment 1 has unstable flow, decreased speed, and vehicle motion is approaching capacity. When parking occurs on the road, the capacity value decreases to (C) = 1243.01 SMP/hour so that it affects the degree of saturation in each segment with the respective DS values: Segment 1 = 1.73, segment 2 = 1.44, segment 3 = 1.40. The flow becomes blocked or obstructed, and the vehicle speed is < 50 km/hour. As a result of vehicles parked on the road, the capacity of the road is reduced so that it has an impact on the movement of traffic flow, and eventually, congestion occurs

Today, in this age of the Internet and electronics, components of a rich multimedia environment such as images, videos, and video animations can be easily created and used for educational purposes. The problem currently faced by all teachers in the world is the adjustment of offline learning media implemented by schools in Indonesia after 2 years of implementing online learning. This study aims to find out the differences between online and offline learning media. This research is customized to build a new concept and empirical research model to maximize the use of learning media both online and offline. The total population was 305 students of SMK Negeri 1 Bone, while the sample chosen was 200 respondents. The data collection techniques used are questionnaires and interviews. The data analysis technique used is the ttest.The results showed that there are differences between online learning media and offline learning media. This study is a study that compares learning media, while previous studies have focused on correlational problems, or comparing learning achievement.

One of the performance indicators in Islamic banking industry is a third party fund. This study aims to analyze the determinant factors of the third party funds in the Indonesian Islamic banking industry. The method that used in this study is vector auto regressive (VAR). The variables in this study are capital adequacy ratio (CAR), non-performing financing (NPF), and financial to deposit ratio (FDR) as a benchmark of the financial performance of Islamic banking. The results of causality test results shows that the CAR does not affect LDPK, while LDPK affects CAR. NPF relationship with LDPK equally doesnt had an affects. Co-integration Test Results do not find co-integration equation, so there is no long-term relationship between the variables LDPK, CAR, NPF and FDR. Relationships occur only in the short term. The result of Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) test of impulse response function (IRF), variable shock causes disturbance variable itself and other variables in different variations. Salah satu indikator kinerja dari industri perbankan syariah ialah dana pihak ketiga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat faktor yang memengaruhi dana pihak ketiga pada industri perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode vector auto regressive (VAR). Variabel yang dipergunakan ialah rasio kecukupan modal (CAR), tingkat pembiayaan bermasalah (NPF), dan tingkat likuiditas (FDR) sebagai acuan kinerja keuangan dari industri perbankan syariah. Hasil uji kausalitas menunjukkan bahwa CAR tidak mempengaruhi LDPK. Sementara LDPK mempengaruhi CAR. Hubungan NPF dengan LDPK sama-sama tidak mempengaruhi. Hasil Uji Kointegrasi tidak ditemukan persamaan kointegrasi maka tidak terdapat hubungan jangka panjang antara variabel LDPK, CAR, NPF dan FDR. Hubungan yang terjadi hanya dalam jangka pendek. Hasil Analisis Vector Auto Regessive (VAR) dengan Analisis impulse response function (IRF) goncangan variabel menyebabkan ganguan variabel itu sendiri dan variabel lain dalam berbagai variasi.

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi tentang kondisi masyarakat yang masuk pada era modern. Ciri modern yaitu cepatnya akses informasi karena kecanggihan teknologi serta wawasan yang luas karena ada kebebasan berpikir (padahal manusia memiliki keterbatasan kondisi fisik). Meskipun pemahaman tentang tentang perubahan senantiasa terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat, karena individu wajib mengikuti perubahan (yang membuat individu “dipaksa” untuk mengikuti dengan mengoptimalkan seluruh potensi yang ada pada manusia), yang tidak boleh berubah adalah keyakinan. Namun bagi individu yang “kurang tegas” dalam mengambil sikap di era modern ini akan menimbulkan penyimpangan dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, sebagai akibat negatif dari laju modernism yang memiliki kecenderungan meninggalkan nilai-nilai spiritual berdampak pada “kehampaan” dan keterasingan dengan diri sendiri. Sehingga untuk mengembalikan manusia pada fitrahnya maka butuh konseling agama yaitu membantu manusia agar mencapai derajat “kecerdasan qalbiah”, artinya: menggambarkan sejumlah kemampuan diri secara cepat dan sempurna untuk mengenali kalbu dan aktivitas-aktivitasnya, mengelola dan mengekspresikan jenis-jenis kalbu secara benar, memotivasi kalbu untuk membina hubungan moralitas dengan orang lain dan hubungan ubudiyah dengan Tuhan agar kebutuhan manusia yaitu bio-psiko-sosio-religius terpenuhi secara seimbang untuk mendapatkan kebahagiaan dunia-akherat. RELIGIOUS COUNSELING GUIDANCE TO MODERN SOCIETY. This paper aims to provide information about the condition of the people who entered the modern era. Modern characteristic is the speed of access to information because of technological sophistication and broad insight as freedom of thought (even though humans have limited physical condition). Although understanding of the changes always occur in people’s lives, because the individual is obliged to follow the changes (which makes people “forced” to follow by optimizing the existing potentials in humans), which should not be changed is confidence. But for individuals who are “less strict” in taking a stance in the modern era will lead to irregularities in various aspects of life, as the negative impact of the rate of modernism that has a tendency to leave spiritual values have an impact on the “void” and alienation with yourself. So as to restore the human being by nature then need counseling religion that helps people to achieve the degree of “intelligence qalbiah”, meaning : describe a number of capabilities more rapidly and perfectly to recognize the heart and its activities, manage and express the types of heart correctly, motivate heart to build relationships with other people’s morality and ubudiyah relationship with God so that human needs are bio-psycho-socio-religious are met in a balanced manner to obtain world-happiness hereafter.

Ibrahim M Abdulbaqi, Yusrida Darwis, Nurzalina Abdul Karim Khan, Reem Abou Assi, Arshad A Khan School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia Abstract: Ethosomal systems are novel lipid vesicular carriers containing a relatively high percentage of ethanol. These nanocarriers are especially designed for the efficient delivery of therapeutic agents with different physicochemical properties into deep skin layers and across the skin. Ethosomes have undergone extensive research since they were invented in 1996; new compounds were added to their initial formula, which led to the production of new types of ethosomal systems. Different preparation techniques are used in the preparation of these novel carriers. For ease of application and stability, ethosomal dispersions are incorporated into gels, patches, and creams. Highly diverse in vivo models are used to evaluate their efficacy in dermal/ transdermal delivery, in addition to clinical trials. This article provides a detailed review of the ethosomal systems and categorizes them on the basis of their constituents to classical ethosomes, binary ethosomes, and transethosomes. The differences among these systems are discussed from several perspectives, including the formulation, size, ζ-potential (zeta potential), entrapment efficiency, skin-permeation properties, and stability. This paper gives a detailed review on the effects of ethosomal system constituents, preparation methods, and their significant roles in determining the final properties of these nanocarriers. Furthermore, the novel pharmaceutical dosage forms of ethosomal gels, patches, and creams are highlighted. The article also provides detailed information regarding the in vivo studies and clinical trials conducted for the evaluation of these vesicular systems. Keywords: ethosomes, transdermal, lipid-based vesicles, delivery systems

In a construction project there are various problems that occur, one of which is the problem regarding the occupational Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) which must always be considered. The research location is located in the city of Ternate, North Maluku province. This study aims to determine which constraint variable has the most influence based on the perception of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) experts. The method used is the Analytical Hierarchy Process method through the distribution of questionnaires and interviews with several construction companies. Based on the results of the AHP analysis, the rankings of the constraint variables are as follows: no evaluation related to OHS for workers in the field (0.2312), low culture (0.2277), no punishment for workers who do not carry out OHS in the field (0.1486).

Fertilizer price subsidies aim to increase the purchasing power of poor farmers in order to increase their productivity and farm income. This study aims to analyze the urgency of the fertilizer subsidy policy, and the development of the subsidized fertilizer HET ratio and the price of grain at the farmer level. The study was conducted in West Java Province, 2020. The data used include primary data and secondary data. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and descriptively qualitatively. The results showed that the fertilizer subsidy policy was given to farmers who farmed a maximum of 2 hectares per season. In Indonesia, the total number of households using land with a scale of < 2 ha reaches 89%, which are small farmers and require input subsidies. Furthermore, the ratio of output prices to urea fertilizer (2012-2021) tends to increase by 0.97%/year. This shows that the development of subsidized fertilizer prices is relatively small compared to the development of government purchasing prices for paddy. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of fertilizer use and maintain the volume of subsidized fertilizer in the midst of a limited fertilizer subsidy budget, efforts must be made to be more targeted and efficient.

Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development has released the KUB (Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan) chicken to increase the contribution of local chickens to the national meat supply for community’s animal protein needs. This paper aims to determine the constraints and benefits of KUB chickens cultivating in Central Java Province. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive methods with qualitative and quantitative approaches. The R/C analysis results showed that breeders would get more significant profit by raising KUB chickens (2.38) compared to local native chickens (1.72). KUB chicken farming faces several obstacles, including suboptimal productivity of eggs and chicken meat, limited availability of KUB chicken seeds, inadequate location and size of the cage, attacks of poultry disease during the transition season and low access to bank credit. Therefore, it is advisable to cultivate KUB chickens in battery cages in a broader area to optimise the productivity and minimise mortality rates. The government can encourage seed resources management unit (UPBS) and collaborate with private companies and independent breeders to carry out KUB chicken breeding to increase the availability of KUB chicken seeds. The government is also expected to facilitate an access to bank credit for KUB chicken breeders, especially for business capital.

Rural Agribusiness Development (PUAP) is a program to provide capital for smallholder in the agricultural sector. The final goal of this program is to format Agribusiness Micro Credit Institutions (LKMA) in rural. In the implementation 6,887 LKMAs have been formed, including in Magelang Regency. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the LKMA and its benefit for farmers’ capital fulfillment. The survey was conducted in July 2019 using the FGD method with administrators and interviews with the farmer using a questionnaire. The evaluation focused on the institutional, business, and capital development aspects. The data analyzed through the ranking method to determine the LKMA rank. Of the 9 LKMA, the best LKMA is Ngudi Luhur LKMA, with criteria (i) the institutional aspect is already incorporated, has an office, employees with a fixed monthly salary; (ii) business aspects: saving and loan business carried out based on SOP of financial institutions and (iii) of capital development have reached 3.3 billion. However, loans only cover less than 30% of farmers’ needs due to the limited availability of LKMA capital. Therefore, it is recommended to assist capital loan assistance to LKMA, which will then be transmitted to farmmers.

New Superior Varieties (VUB) is a cultivation technology innovation that is continuously being developed by Balitbangtan. The average production addition of inbred rice seed is about 1.5% per year. Inbred rice varieties include Inpari 62 varieties, Inpago 18 varieties, and Inpara 11 varieties. Currently, farmers have used 25 varieties of Inpari, and 5 varieties of Inpago. This means that the use of VUB at the farm level is not optimal yet. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine the determinants of VUB adoption in the rice productivity improvement program. Data were collected using a questionnaire filled out via google form from 30 BPTP. Respondents consisted of 180 researchers and 113 extension workers. Data were analyzed using Analytical Hierarchy Process. The results of the analysis showed that the success of VUB adoption is influenced by determinants such as: (i) the nature of VUB innovation according to farmers' preferences, (ii) easy seed distribution and (iii) dissemination by improving technical guidance. The use of VUB can be increased by taking into account: (i) user preferences and according to the location of planting, and (ii) involving local breeders in overcoming availability and serving as a pilot location.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh jumlah cacing tanah dan waktu pengomposan terhadap kandungan NPK limbah media tanam jamur tiram, mengetahui kandungan NPK terbaik sesuai standar yang ditetapkan pemerintah yaitu N 0,4%, P 0,1% dan K 0,2% serta mengetahui penerapan hasil penelitian sebagai bahan ajar biologi. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah True Experimental Research yang dilakukan pada tanggal 07 Juli-07 Agustus 2014 di Laboratorium Kimia Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) Faktorial Design yang terdiri dari 2 faktor, faktor A merupakan jumlah cacing tanah (25, 30 dan 35 cacing) dan faktor B merupakan waktu pengomposan (5, 10 dan 15 hari). Analisis data menggunakan anava 2 jalan dan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah cacing tanah 35 cacing dan waktu pengomposan 15 hari merupakan perlakuan terbaik. Persentasi unsur hara terbaik yang dihasilkan yaitu N (3,85 %), P (0,78 %) dan K (1,45 %). Sedangkan Rasio C/N yang dihasilkan yaitu 10,51.

Stability Analysis of Gold Dinar and US Dollar in Rupiah Denomination. This study was aimed to (a) to know if there is a causality relation between Gold Dinar and U.S. Dolar, (b) to know that Gold Dinar more stabil than U.S. Dolar AS, (c) to know whether Gold Dinar can be alternative currency as a substitute for U.S. Dolar. The result is that the growth of Gold Dinar higher than U.S. Dolar, the result of Granger causality test shown that there was undirectional causality from Gold Dinar to U.S. Dolar. The result of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) shown that U.S. than Dinar Gold more stabil Dolar AS that measured by Rupiah. From all of result tests, it can conclude that Gold Dinar can be a alternative currency instead of U.S. Dolar. DOI:10.15408/aiq.v6i2.1235

Arshad Ali Khan, Jahanzeb Mudassir, Noratiqah Mohtar, Yusrida Darwis School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia Abstract: The delivery of drugs and bioactive compounds via the lymphatic system is complex and dependent on the physiological uniqueness of the system. The lymphatic route plays an important role in transporting extracellular fluid to maintain homeostasis and in transferring immune cells to injury sites, and is able to avoid first-pass metabolism, thus acting as a bypass route for compounds with lower bioavailability, ie, those undergoing more hepatic metabolism. The lymphatic route also provides an option for the delivery of therapeutic molecules, such as drugs to treat cancer and human immunodeficiency virus, which can travel through the lymphatic system. Lymphatic imaging is useful in evaluating disease states and treatment plans for progressive diseases of the lymph system. Novel lipid-based nanoformulations, such as solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, have unique characteristics that make them promising candidates for lymphatic delivery. These formulations are superior to colloidal carrier systems because they have controlled release properties and provide better chemical stability for drug molecules. However, multiple factors regulate the lymphatic delivery of drugs. Prior to lymphatic uptake, lipid-based nanoformulations are required to undergo interstitial hindrance that modulates drug delivery. Therefore, uptake and distribution of lipid-based nanoformulations by the lymphatic system depends on factors such as particle size, surface charge, molecular weight, and hydrophobicity. Types of lipid and concentration of the emulsifier are also important factors affecting drug delivery via the lymphatic system. All of these factors can cause changes in intermolecular interactions between the lipid nanoparticle matrix and the incorporated drug, which in turn affects uptake of drug into the lymphatic system. Two lipid-based nanoformulations, ie, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, have been administered via multiple routes (subcutaneous, pulmonary, and intestinal) for targeting of the lymphatic system. This paper provides a detailed review of novel lipid-based nanoformulations and their lymphatic delivery via different routes, as well as the in vivo and in vitro models used to study drug transport in the lymphatic system. Physicochemical properties that influence lymphatic delivery as well as the advantages of lipid-based nanoformulations for lymphatic delivery are also discussed. Keywords: lymphatic system, blood circulation, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers

Mohanad Naji Sahib, Shaymaa Abdalwahed Abdulameer, Yusrida Darwis, Kok Khiang Peh, Yvonne Tze Fung TanSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MalaysiaBackground: The local treatment of lung disorders such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via pulmonary drug delivery offers many advantages over oral or intravenous routes of administration. This is because direct deposition of a drug at the diseased site increases local drug concentrations, which improves the pulmonary receptor occupancy and reduces the overall dose required, therefore reducing the side effects that result from high drug doses. From a clinical point of view, although jet nebulizers have been used for aerosol delivery of water-soluble compounds and micronized suspensions, their use with hydrophobic drugs has been inadequate.Aim: To evaluate the feasibility of sterically stabilized phospholipid nanomicelles (SSMs) loaded with beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) as a carrier for pulmonary delivery.Methods: 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol 5000) polymeric micelles containing BDP (BDP-SSMs) were prepared by the coprecipitation and reconstitution method, and the physicochemical and in vitro characteristics of BDP-SSMs were investigated.Results: BDP-SSMs were successfully prepared with a content uniformity and reproducibility suitable for pulmonary administration. The maximum solubility of BDP in SSMs was approximately 1300 times its actual solubility. The particle size and zeta potential of BDP-SSMs were 19.89 ± 0.67 nm and -28.03 ± 2.05 mV, respectively. The SSMs system slowed down the release of BDP and all of the aerodynamic values of the aerosolized rehydrated BDP-SSMs were not only acceptable but indicated a significant level of deposition in the lungs.Conclusion: The SSM system might be an effective way of improving the therapeutic index of nebulized, poorly soluble corticosteroids.Keywords: beclomethasone, PEGylated polymer, aerodynamic, in vitro dissolution

Mohanad Naji Sahib, Yusrida Darwis, Kok Khiang Peh, Shaymaa Abdalwahed Abdulameer, Yvonne Tze Fung TanSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, MalaysiaBackground: Inhaled corticosteroids provide unique systems for local treatment of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. However, the use of poorly soluble drugs for nebulization has been inadequate, and many patients rely on large doses to achieve optimal control of their disease. Theoretically, nanotechnology with a sustained-release formulation may provide a favorable therapeutic index. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using sterically stabilized phospholipid nanomicelles of budesonide for pulmonary delivery via nebulization.Methods: PEG5000-DSPE polymeric micelles containing budesonide (BUD-SSMs) were prepared by the coprecipitation and reconstitution method, and the physicochemical and pharmacodynamic characteristics of BUD-SSMs were investigated.Results: The optimal concentration of solubilized budesonide at 5 mM PEG5000-DSPE was 605.71 ± 6.38 µg/mL, with a single-sized peak population determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and a particle size distribution of 21.51 ± 1.5 nm. The zeta potential of BUD-SSMs was -28.43 ± 1.98 mV. The percent entrapment efficiency, percent yield, and percent drug loading of the lyophilized formulations were 100.13% ± 1.09%, 97.98% ± 1.95%, and 2.01% ± 0.02%, respectively. Budesonide was found to be amorphous by differential scanning calorimetry, and had no chemical interaction with PEGylated polymer according to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopic images of BUD-SSMs revealed spherical nanoparticles. BUD-SSMs exhibited prolonged dissolution behavior compared with Pulmicort Respules® (P , 0.05). Aerodynamic characteristics indicated significantly higher deposition in the lungs compared with Pulmicort Respules®. The mass median aerodynamic, geometric standard deviation, percent emitted dose, and the fine particle fraction were 2.83 ± 0.08 µm, 2.33 ± 0.04 µm, 59.13% ± 0.19%, and 52.31% ± 0.25%, respectively. Intratracheal administration of BUD-SSMs 23 hours before challenge (1 mg/kg) in an asthmatic/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rat model led to a significant reduction in inflammatory cell counts (76.94 ± 5.11) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared with administration of Pulmicort Respules® (25.06 ± 6.91).Conclusion: The BUD-SSMs system might be advantageous for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other inflammatory airway diseases.Keywords: micelles, PEGylated polymer, aerodynamics, pharmacodynamics

Evaluation of the K-13 curriculum (2013 Curriculum) on the value of the national mathematics examination "Nilai Ebtanas Murni" (NEM) in every State Junior High School needs to be carried out thoroughly in order to improve the quality of education. This study uses spatial analysis to evaluate the curriculum and determine the development of NEM scores in the school year. Furthermore, the kriging interpolation method via surfer software was used to generate scores. The results showed that the 2015 K-13 mathematics curriculum did not give good results based on the 36-68 NEM score interval for the entire Pekanbaru area. In addition, the curriculum only gives good results for a small area in the north and south. In 2016, the curriculum which was accompanied by the entry of the new education unit level curriculum "Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan" (KTSP) showed a significant change in the NEM value. Although most of these areas experienced an increase in scores, the intervals still ranged from 36-68. The total revision of the K-13 curriculum carried out and used in 2017 showed a significant increase in scores for all regions with an interval of 68-84 scores. In conclusion, this study shows that the revision of the K-13 curriculum is the right step to produce quality mathematics learning.

Generally, the permanent pasture of dry farming in South East Sulawesi is dominated by the perennial grass and coppi plant, which have very low palatability and benefit for livestock. The aim of the research was to increase the productivity of pasture in South East Sulawesi by introducing perennial grasses and manure application. The experiment was conducted in UPTD and analytical laboratory of FMIPA from April to September 2006 using three types of perennial grasses i.e. Brachiaria decumbens, Paspalum dilatatum and Cynodon plectostachyrus. Perception conducted to calculate the botanical composition and soil properties before and after the treatment. The field experiment was carried out as two factorial experiment arranged in Randomized Block Design. The first factor was the species of perennial grass and the second factor was different level of manure fertilizer. The result of the experiment showed that the crude fibre content of B. decumbens was lower than those of P. dilatatum and C. plectostachyrus. The crude fibre content increased with the increasing manure application. But the protein content of B. decumbens was higher than those of P. dilatatum and C. plectostachyrus. It is suggested to plant B. decumbens to get higher quality forage for livestock in South East Sulawesi.

In this study, modified silica (3-Amynopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) synthesis and adsorption test of MB dye were performed. Silica is synthesized by sol-gel method and modified with APTES. APTES modified silica is characterized using several instruments, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), surface area analyzer (SAA) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The composite has a large surface area and has a mesoporous shape. At alkaline pH, MB dye can adsorb well. In addition, MB absorption is also maximized with the longer time of adsorption. The APTES modified silica adsorption process follows the Langmuir isotherm pattern. Thus, APTES modified silica can be used as an alternative to environmentally friendly and low-cost adsorbents.

This paper presents the details of design and implementation of DC-DC Buck converter as solar charger. This converter is designed for charging a battery with a capacity of 100 Ah (Ampere Hours) which has a charging voltage of 27.4 volts. The constant voltage method is selected on battery charging with the specified set point. To ensure the charging voltage is always on the set point, the duty cycle control of buck converter is set using Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC). The design implementation has been tested on PV (photovoltaic) with 540WP capacity. Based on the test results, this method is quite well implemented on the problem charger

Conflict in the district capital of Morowali placement lasted about five years since its establishment asthe new regional autonomy in Indonesia based on Law No. 51/1999. This regulation provides that theCentral region was the capital of the definitive Bungku Morowali district. Kolonodale areas that aredesignated as temporary capital of less than five years Over the functioning of the capital while inKolonodale, more accelerated development in the region, while the Middle Bungku not accelerating development.This is a factor of conflict. In fact, the split at the level of local political elites in both localgovernment agencies as well as implications for the local parliament Morowali community in twogroups of different ethnic communities of religious, ethnic Bungku the Muslim majority and ethnicMori generally Christian. Conflicts of capital and then rolled into the realm of the existence of a secondbout of ethnic communities is the result of mass mobilization which is anarchy. Conflict with thediscourse in society is important for the transfer of capital into the local political elite to exploit themomentum of mass localization facing the 2004 election and the Election of Regent Morowali (localelection) 2007