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The established mode of operation of the conveyor with a nominal linear load is the most economically advantageous from the point of view of increasing the energy efficiency of mineral transportation, in which the cargo flow with minerals corresponds to the nominal productivity of the conveyor. An increase in the linear load of the working branch of the traction-bearing body to a nominal value reduces the share of unproductive consumption due to which energy savings are achieved for a certain period of time, characterized by its hourly average value. The purpose of the work was to develop a technical solution to increase the energy efficiency of operation of multi-motor plate conveyors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online trading has become an important component of the portfolio of investors as it provides an attractive and profitable investment option in spite of the risk involved. Many individuals embraced diversified financial portfolios and started investing in Stocks, Cryptocurrencies, Bonds, Metals, and Commodities through online portals. It needs constant attention to the price of the financial commodities to obtain profits. However, the majority of the investors are landing in losses because of the lack of continual monitoring of the prices to ascertain the changes in the prices of financial commodities all the time. In this work, to assist users in order to avoid this tiresome task of continual monitoring, a prototype of a low-cost portable device for change indication in the price of multiple financial commodities of various trading paradigms based on NodeMCU is proposed. The device includes a Data retrieval and processing (DRP) unit in the form of nodeMCU, control unit, and notification unit. The DRP unit initially obtains the list of the financial commodities and control parameters including sampling rate, threshold, and time delay from the Google Firebase real-time database which are collected from user through a mobile application. Further, it fetches the real-time price data of the financial commodities to compute the percentage change in the given time duration and obtain the prioritized list i.e., the list of financial commodities as per the descending order of absolute percentage change and instructs the notification unit to generate alarm through an audio buzzer in case at least if one of the financial commodity exhibits an absolute percentage change greater than a predefined threshold. The notification unit also contains Red and Green LEDs corresponding to each of the financial commodities to indicate negative and positive changes that exceed the threshold. Further, an LCD displays the details of the first financial quantity in the prioritized list. The control unit comprises two designated switches to change the financial quantity whose details are to be displayed on the LCD and a silent mode switch to disable the audio notifications for the sake of convenience of the user. A prototype of the proposed device is realized with 16 cryptocurrencies, a sampling rate of one sample per minute, and a time delay of one hour for the purpose of testing the device. A maximum of 0.20 % of the mean error rate is observed in the price of Dogecoin, and 0% of the mean error rate is observed in the percentage change of price corresponding to all cryptocurrencies. Further, the number of notifications using RED and GREEN LEDs are computed for all cryptocurrencies which are found to be exactly in match with the original data with various threshold values of 1%,2%,5%, and 10%. The total number of notifications including both Red and Green LEDs is found to be higher in HBAR. The proposed device assists investors in making timely decisions for profitable trading and provides valuable insights about the momentum of various markets to readjust the investments and balance the portfolios accordingly.

Background. The paper considers the methods of building an information and control complex that affects the human respiratory system. Such systems are used worldwide for the rehabilitation, treatment and prevention of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure. A two-circuit control method based on a decisionmaking system built using fuzzy logic allows for adaptive load on the respiratory muscles based on the information received in real time. Materials and methods. The methods of system analysis, fuzzy logic, and approximation theory are used in the work. Results. In the course of the conducted research, a block diagram of the information management complex was obtained, which includes a block for determining the level of human fitness and a decision support system. A method for testing the state of the human respiratory system and an algorithm for assessing the level of approximation of the respiratory system to the «norm» and «pathology» groups have been implemented. Conclusions. The proposed methods and tools make it possible to provide a configurable level of stress on the respiratory system of each patient, taking into account changes over time.

The established mode of operation of the conveyor with a nominal linear load is the most economically advantageous from the point of view of increasing the energy efficiency of mineral transportation, in which the cargo flow with minerals corresponds to the nominal productivity of the conveyor. An increase in the linear load of the working branch of the traction-bearing body to a nominal value reduces the share of unproductive consumption due to which energy savings are achieved for a certain period of time, characterized by its hourly average value.

Introduction. At present, an intuitive graphical interface is an indispensable component of modern agricultural-oriented software products. Aim of the Article. The research is aimed at improving the efficiency of sorting apples by developing a graphical control interface for a vision system to recognize various defects and sort apples. Materials and Methods. The authors used methods of analysis, enumeration, comparison and synthesis of modern software solutions. Results. As a result of the research, there was created a graphical application of the software for the control unit of the machine vision system containing all the necessary tools for managing and optimizing costs when sorting apples into three commercial quality classes. Discussion and Conclusion. The graphical interface of the machine vision system was used in the line LSP-4 for sorting and packing apples. It was developed by Scientific and Practical Center NAS of Belarus for Agricultural Mechanization in 2020 and successfully passed state acceptance tests.

The object of research are hydrodynamical processes in fuel delivery system of marine diesel engine of type RT-flex with accumulate fuel injection system of type Common Rail. The problem, being solved, is maintenance of an effective operation of the specified diesel engines due to perfection work of their fuel equipment. The results of simulation modeling of the injection process by accumulator fuel delivery system Common Rail of the 50RT-flex engine are presented. On the basis of the functional diagram of system, a calculation model has been compiled that provides a description of the operation of the systems main blocks. The load characteristic of the fuel equipment is built in the traditional version – the dependence of the fuel delivery parameters from the engine load at a constant speed. For the system under consideration, the control element is the valve assembly connecting the injection control unit (ICU) with injectors. The parameters of the load characteristic in this study are modes with a constant engine speed n = 124 rpm and a change in the opening angle of the control valve in the range – φv = 6.6–14.4 °CA. The parameters of the devices that largely determine the characteristics of the fuel delivery and the quality of the working processes of a diesel engine are considered in more details. Such an element of the system is ICU, the working body of which is the dosing piston. The main parameters of its operation when delivering fuel are the magnitude and speed of the stroke. For the load characteristics in the accepted range of the valve control valve opening angle φv from 6.6 to 14.4 °CA (2.18 times), the piston stroke was hp = 4.29–8.61 mm (2.0 more). In this case, the dependence of hp on φv is linear. Area of use of the data received during research, ship crews and the shore services providing operation of vessels are. A material is applied in process of high school and is already used in various educational forms. The given researches are useful to developers and builders of marine diesel engines of a considered class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit sorting determines market value. Farmers and traders commonly use physical-eye inspection and handpicking for sorting, but this is labour-intensive and ineffective. This research work aims to develop a sensor-based automated system for sorting freshly harvested tomato fruits. The automated system sorts tomato fruits into small, medium, and big sizes for market value. To evaluate the system performance, 115 fruits were machine-sorted and compared to eyeinspection and physical measurement. Physical measurement was done by measuring the minor, intermediate, and major diameters of each fruit with a Vernier calliper. While the eye-inspection was carried out by manual human examination with the eye. Results show average percentage error between physical measurement and automated sorting is 10.264%, which implies 89.736% accuracy. The influence of conveyor speed at three levels (2.8, 3.4, and 3.9) cm sec-1 on overall system performance was evaluated, and the optimum speed of 3.4 cm sec-1 was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution is a serious problem in China and abroad. Revealing the source types and their spatio-temporal characteristics is the premise of effective watershed management and pollution prevention. Since the national control unit can better match the administrative division, it was useful for the manager to control water pollution. Taking the Fenhe River Basin as the research area, a SWAT model based on the national control unit was established in this study to reveal the current situation of water quantity and quality. Then, in combination with the differential evolution algorithm, the dynamic water environment capacities of each control unit were further discussed. The results showed that the flow upstream was lower, only 7.62–8.40 m3/s, but flow in the midstream and downstream increased to 17.58 m3/s and 18.32 m3/s. Additionally, the flow in tributaries was generally lower than that in the main stream, the flow in unit 6 and unit 11 were only 0.23 m3/s and 0.62 m3/s. The water quality upstream could meet the water quality requirements of drinking water sources, but the pollution in the midstream was the most serious after passing through Taiyuan City, the concentration of NH3-N and TP reached to 6.75 mg/L and 0.41 mg/L. The results of water environmental capacity showed that the residual capacity of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) in the main stream were positive, indicating that the Fenhe River Basin can accommodate the current pollution load in general, but there was an obvious difference in different months of the year. Especially in the wet season, the non-point source (NPS) pollution problem in the midstream and downstream was more prominent, resulting in a high-capacity consumption rate. It showed that in Taiyuan, Jinzhong, and Linfen Yuncheng in Shanxi Province, should be wary of non-point source pollution. In addition, the water environmental capacity of different units also varied greatly. The capacity consumption of the Taiyuan Section in the midstream was the highest, which mainly occurred in the wet season. The negative values of the residual capacity of NH3-N and TP reached the highest, −131.3 tons/month and −12.1 tons/month. Moreover, the capacity consumption downstream also reached 21–40% of the whole year in the wet season. In addition to the impact of NPS pollution in the wet season, due to the impact of point source pollution, units 8, 9, and 10 downstream had high negative residual capacity in the dry season, especially in January and February. The construction of a SWAT model based on control units and the further analysis of dynamic water environment capacity could provide technical support for Fenhe River Basin management to realize accurate pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented work, the justification of the need to install a system of the program process of starting the heater on the objects of armored vehicles is given. The analysis of the currently available works on this topic is made. According to the authors, the main shortcomings in the proposed approaches to solving the problem are identified. The article proposes a technical solution that allows to minimize the participation of the driver in the pre-start preparation of the tank engine. A forecast is made for further improvement of the developed system, which allows to significantly raise the level of combat readiness of military units.

Saat ini, hampir semua perangkat elektronik menggunakan prosesor di dalamnya. Dalam sebuah prosesor, terdapat bagian control unit yang berfungsi mengatur operasi dari komponen-komponen di dalam prosesor. Control unit merupakan sebuah mesin keadaan terbatas atau disebut finite state machine (FSM). Rangkaian FSM dapat disintesis secara manual ataupun secara otomatis menggunakan bahasa abstraksi Verilog. Dalam penelitian ini, dibuat sebuah aplikasi yang dapat membantu pengguna merancang FSM dan selanjutnya menyimpannya dalam format Verilog. Aplikasi yang dibuat secara fungsional dapat berjalan dengan kesesuaian 100% dan mampu untuk membuat rancangan Verilog untuk FSM dengan berbagai model dan teknik pengkodean state. Simulasi modul Verilog yang dihasilkan juga sesuai dengan spesifikasi rangkaian FSM yang dirancang.

Water pollution is a serious problem in China and abroad. Revealing the source types and their spatio-temporal characteristics is the premise of effective watershed management and pollution prevention. Since the national control unit can better match the administrative division, it was useful for the manager to control water pollution. Taking the Fenhe River Basin as the research area, a SWAT model based on the national control unit was established in this study to reveal the current situation of water quantity and quality. Then, in combination with the differential evolution algorithm, the dynamic water environment capacities of each control unit were further discussed. The results showed that the flow upstream was lower, only 7.62–8.40 m3/s, but flow in the midstream and downstream increased to 17.58 m3/s and 18.32 m3/s. Additionally, the flow in tributaries was generally lower than that in the main stream, the flow in unit 6 and unit 11 were only 0.23 m3/s and 0.62 m3/s. The water quality upstream could meet the water quality requirements of drinking water sources, but the pollution in the midstream was the most serious after passing through Taiyuan City, the concentration of NH3-N and TP reached to 6.75 mg/L and 0.41 mg/L. The results of water environmental capacity showed that the residual capacity of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) in the main stream were positive, indicating that the Fenhe River Basin can accommodate the current pollution load in general, but there was an obvious difference in different months of the year. Especially in the wet season, the non-point source (NPS) pollution problem in the midstream and downstream was more prominent, resulting in a high-capacity consumption rate. It showed that in Taiyuan, Jinzhong, and Linfen Yuncheng in Shanxi Province, should be wary of non-point source pollution. In addition, the water environmental capacity of different units also varied greatly. The capacity consumption of the Taiyuan Section in the midstream was the highest, which mainly occurred in the wet season. The negative values of the residual capacity of NH3-N and TP reached the highest, −131.3 tons/month and −12.1 tons/month. Moreover, the capacity consumption downstream also reached 21–40% of the whole year in the wet season. In addition to the impact of NPS pollution in the wet season, due to the impact of point source pollution, units 8, 9, and 10 downstream had high negative residual capacity in the dry season, especially in January and February. The construction of a SWAT model based on control units and the further analysis of dynamic water environment capacity could provide technical support for Fenhe River Basin management to realize accurate pollution control.

Emotional conversation generation model predicts the response according to the current words and the emotional words. However, the researchers only dedicated to adding more emotional words in the conversation generation model to retain the taste of chat users without considering whether the emotion of a response is suitable for human conversations or not. In this paper, we aim to address the issue of emotion drift which indicates the emotion of a response is not the same category as its post in human conversations. We propose a control unit framework, which consists of emotional channels and word-level attention mechanism, to incorporate natural and smooth emotional words into conversation generation. Emotional channel consists six channels, namely like, sadness, disgust, anger, happiness and other ones, which provides strategy choice control unit to generate emotional words. To improve the importance of emotional content, we use the word-level attention mechanism in emotional channel for acquiring a better emotional decoding response. Experimental results suggest that the proposed model is effective not only in generate content but also in emotion.

Lithium-ion batteries are facing difficulties in an aspect of protection towards battery thermal safety issues which leads to performance degradation or thermal runaway. To negate these issues an effective battery thermal management system is absolute pre-requisite to safeguard the lithium-ion batteries. In this context to support the future endeavours and to improvise battery thermal management system (BTMS) design and its operation the article reveals on three aspects through the analysis of scientific literatures. First, this paper collates the present research progress and status of various battery management strategies employed to lithium-ion batteries. Further, to promote stable and efficient BTMS operation as an initiation the extensive attention is paid towards roles of BTMS electronic control unit and also presented the essential functionality need to consider for designing best BTMS control strategy. Finally, elucidates the various unconventional assessment tools can be employed to recognize the suitable thermal management technique and also for establish optimum BTMS operation based on requirements. From the experience of this article additionally delivers some of the research gaps identified and the essential areas need to focus for the development of superior lithium-ion BTMS technology. All the contents reveal in this article will hopefully assist to the design commercially suitable effective BTMS technology especially for electro-mobility application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of modern energy and resource-saving technologies in multifactor technological processes is a promising direction for development of the manufacturing sector in most developed countries. The purpose of the work is to develop a control system for the Arduino UNO program with the parameters of material processing mode. The article describes the results of the development and creation of a control system for the parameters of the material processing mode in an electrochemical installation. As a result of the experiments, a control unit system was developed with automatic programming with predetermined cycles focused on changes in the macro deviations of the shape of the processing blank.

The aim of this study is to enhance the fermentation temperature inside the digester by supplying the required thermal energy to be within the desired optimum range (mesophilic range) for biogas production during winter “cold days”. Two 50 L digesters were used in the experiment that was conducted at Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo. One is a treatment digester and the other is a control digester. The treatment digester is thermally enhanced by a parabolic trough collector, while the control digester operated at the ambient temperature. The experiment was conducted through December 2018 and January 2019. The results show that the average temperature in the control digester through the experiment was 21.5°C, while in the treatment digester it was 27.08°C. This means that the parabolic trough collector enhanced the fermentation temperature in the treatment digester by 20.6%. The total biogas yield of the control digester and the treatment digester was 9684.7 mL/kg. T.S. and 24649.69 mL/kg. T.S. respectively. By comparing both productivities, it was found that the productivity of the treatment digester was 2.5 times more than the productivity of the control digester.

Increased wind power penetration and load demands lead to an increase in the peak-valley difference, which challenges system stability. This paper presents a hierarchical control strategy to coordinate multiple units of aggregated air-conditioning (AC) loads for power regulation to help reduce the peak-valley difference. First, the independent system operator (ISO) determines the purchased reserve capacity according to the roughly expected regulation effect, and the range of adjustable instructions is derived based on the purchased reserve capacity to help reduce the computation burden. Second, the economy optimizations between the ISO and load aggregators (LAs) are carried out to determine the distribution of purchased control units for AC. Third, after implementing unified planning by the ISO, the LAs deliver the scheduling instructions, including the triggering times and unit numbers, to the AC units to achieve short-term power regulation. Additionally, the scheduling accuracy can be set by changing the scale of the AC control units according to the requirements of the instructions. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control framework in Lianyungang, with 1000 control units participating. The method proposed in this paper could relieve the burden of the peak-valley difference effectively with less economic expenditure.

Whole world is suffering from the problem of the energy crisis. This is happening because of the enormous growth of population and industries across the globe. Therefore the whole world is looking to adopt the concepts of green communication technologies and power/energy efficient devices. This work is just towards these technologies. In this work, a power-efficient Control Unit (CU) is designed and implemented on Kintex-7 Ultrascale FPGA. The simulation and power analysis of the control unit is done on VIVADO HLx Design Suite. The power analysis of control unit is observed for different frequency values and it is observed that as the frequency increases the total power consumption also increases. Hence the control unit is more suitable to operate at low frequency values in order to minimize the power consumption. Also, there is a 36% saving in total power consumption when we scale down the device operating frequency of the control unit from 5 GHz to 100 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li, H.; Zhang, M.; Yuan, J.; Chen, X., and Yu, G., 2020. Assessment on water environmental capacity of coastal lowlands networked with rivers and lakes in the northern region of Jiaxing, China. Journal of Coastal Research, 36(6), 1154–1161. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Networked rivers and lakes are widely distributed in coastal lowlands. The water quality in these regions is generally not good and endangers the ecosystem because pollutants accumulate easily. The northern region of Jiaxing, China, was chosen for the case study. This paper investigates the water environmental capacity of coastal lowlands networked with several rivers and lakes. Field measurements were conducted to collect hydrological, water quality, and statistical data in different periods. The study area was divided into river and lake control units, with 10 units in total. The water environment capacity and pollution sources of each control unit were analyzed. The results showed that the pollution load and remnant water environmental capacity of each control unit differ significantly for different periods and control units. The total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the region were severely over the standard values. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TP in the river control units were higher than those in the lake control units. During the period between October 2018 and June 2019, all control units exceeded the water environmental capacity of TN, but most control units did not exceed the limit for COD. The remnant water environmental capacity of most control units follows the order that the dry period is greater than the normal period, which is greater than the flood period. Finally, according to the pollution sources and water environmental capacity of each control unit, specific measures to improve the water environment were proposed. This study provides references to assess and improve the water environmental capacity in coastal lowlands networked with rivers and lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Synthesis of a variety of biological circuits for specific functional purposes has made a tremendous progress in recent years. The ultimate goal of combining molecular biology and engineering is to realize a functional biocomputer. To address this challenge, all previous efforts work toward building up the bio-computer as the ultimate goal. To this aim, there should be a key module, named control unit (CU), to direct a serious of logic or arithmetic operations within the processor. Methods This research task develops a bio-CU to work with a bio-ALU, which is realized from the combination of previously developed genetic logic gates to fulfill the kernel function of CPU as those done in the silicon computer. Results A possible framework of the bio-CPU has demonstrated how to connect a bio-CU with a bio-ALU to conduct a fetch-decode-execute cycle of a macro instruction. It presents not only capability of 4-bit full adder but coordination of related modules in biocomputer. Conclusions We have demonstrated computer simulation for applications of the genetic circuits in biocomputer construction. It’s expected to inspire follow-up study to synthesize potential configurations of the future biocomputer.

In this study, the important role of the household gas safety information terminal in the gas supply industry is introduced, and the necessity of studying the new type of the household gas safety information terminal is pointed out. Then, the function and specification of the terminal are introduced. The system design scheme of the terminal is described, including gas, photoelectric reading conversion device, valve, wireless communication module, pressure detection unit, gas leak detection unit, and control unit; the characteristics, functions, and performance indexes of each part of the system are described in detail. Finally, the practical application effect of the terminal is given.

Casted composite materials have found application in various branches of industrial production. However, there are still a number of problems related to the choice of optimal technology for their synthesis and the solution of which will help to achieve in practice high level of properties predicted by the theory and provide the control of interfacial interactions to enhance the stability of the structure and properties of composites. There is s need in additional research related to the development of new types of reinforcing elements, which will provide the raise in the level of performance of the composite. It is established that an important role plays not only the type of the matrix but also the chemical composition and microstructure of the reinforcing material. This would require research on optimization of technology for production of composite materials during the solid-liquid synthesis. The paper presents generalized results of experimental studies of peculiarities during the formation of composite materials on the basis of bronze and iron granules with the use of high-speed induction melting. As reinforcing phase iron granules DCHL with a diameter of about 1 mm were used.

In this work, a new elevator system created by a linear switched reluctance motor is presented. Unlike conventional linear motors, the proposed linear motor has more than one translator. Each phase in a translator generates a pulsing force; hence, the total generated force has noticeable ripple making it difficult to soft motion. In order to solve this problem, similar phases in different translators have been located in positions with specified distances together. As a result, similar force pulses would be shifted so that they can compensate together. An appropriate control strategy has been designed for the system, which can control the current, force, speed, and position simultaneously. A conventional proportional–integral controller and an adaptive fuzzy controller have been used to control the speed. In order to have a precise study, a prototype elevator system along with its control unit has been made and the obtained results have been compared with the simulation results. These results confirm that the proposed structure can significantly produce force and speed ripples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the important role of the household gas safety information terminal in the gas supply industry is introduced, and the necessity of studying the new type of the household gas safety information terminal is pointed out. Then, the function and specification of the terminal are introduced. The system design scheme of the terminal is described, including gas, photoelectric reading conversion device, valve, wireless communication module, pressure detection unit, gas leak detection unit, and control unit; the characteristics, functions, and performance indexes of each part of the system are described in detail. Finally, the practical application effect of the terminal is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new modified technique of water desalination is applied in this work. • The system was integrated with PV panels, tracking system and control unit. • The effect of basin water depths are studied at three summer months. • The maximum productivity of the proposed system reached 13.63 kg/m2. The current experimental work targets to progress in the daily production of fresh water of a single solar still. Two identical solar parabolic dishes were equipped with two conical tanks were integrated with a single solar still and four modules of PV with total power output 1000 W. Each PV module is about 1650 mm × 992 mm × 46 mm dimensions. The proposed system was constructed and tested for three months under the weather conditions of Ismailia, Egypt. The area ratio of the receiver to the absorber is 100. The solar parabolic dish is of 2000 mm diameter. The modified system is used to increase the water basin temperature during the sunrise period. The basin water is recirculated to the cone tanks and sprayed in the solar still to increase the evaporation rate. The proposed system is controlled with a control unit which receives the input signals from various sensors and operates the output. The effect of basin water depths is studied at two values 10 and 20 mm. The experimental results were conducted in three cases that represent the conventional solar still, one solar parabolic dish, and two solar parabolic dishes. The experimental results showed that, the daily distillate productivity in case of one solar dish is 8.8 and 5.45 kg/day at the two water depths 10 and 20 mm, respectively. The usage of the two solar dishes integrates with the solar still increase the daily productivity to reach 13.63 and 7.69 kg/day at the two water depths 10 and 20 mm respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges and solutions for inclusive engineering education are discussed in this paper. We propose remote experimentation as the practicaloriented basis to train engineers with disabilities in the fields of Computer Science and Information Technologies. The structure and the functionality of international GOLDi network that unites partner universities from Germany, Australia, Ukraine, Armenia and Georgia is given. The possibilities of REIoT complex for studying the features of embedded systems design and Internet of Things technologies as well as an overview of ISRT laboratory for embedded software development and testing are given. The presented Remote Laboratories are successfully used to improve educational services quality and accessibility as well as to strengthen the practical component of the learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the energy data transfer problem in a DC microgrid with multiple renewable powered base stations (BSs) is considered. These BSs can share the renewable generation among each other. The energy cooperation is optimised by the control unit. For effective energy cooperation, energy data needs to be transferred from BSs to the control unit with low latency and high reliability. For cellular enabled microgrid communication, the energy data exchange and cellular communication both use the same communication resources. Thus, there will be interference at the control unit and cellular user (CU), which degrades the reliability of energy data transfer. To solve this problem, a linear precoding technique is designed to minimise the mean square error of the desired messages at the control unit, BSs, and CU while the interferences are kept at a predefined level. For the designed precoders, the expressions of signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio are formulated and the error performance is analysed. Numerical simulation has been performed to compare the considered precoding technique with other precoding techniques. The simulation results demonstrate that optimum precoding can improve the error performance at the control unit, BSs, and CU by 1, 5, and 3 dB, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to enhance the fermentation temperature inside the digester by supplying the required thermal energy to be within the desired optimum range (mesophilic range) for biogas production during winter “cold days”. Two 50 L digesters were used in the experiment that was conducted at Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo. One is a treatment digester and the other is a control digester. The treatment digester is thermally enhanced by a parabolic trough collector, while the control digester operated at the ambient temperature. The experiment was conducted through December 2018 and January 2019. The results show that the average temperature in the control digester through the experiment was 21.5°C, while in the treatment digester it was 27.08°C. This means that the parabolic trough collector enhanced the fermentation temperature in the treatment digester by 20.6%. The total biogas yield of the control digester and the treatment digester was 9684.7 mL/kg. T.S. and 24649.69 mL/kg. T.S. respectively. By comparing both productivities, it was found that the productivity of the treatment digester was 2.5 times more than the productivity of the control digester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to meet the needs of the control-unit-based water pollution prevention problem in China, we proposed a comprehensive control unit zoning method with the combined basic administrative region and objective watershed management. The method can effectively connect the natural characteristics of watershed water sources, three-level zoning of water resources, and comprehensively consider the pollution distribution, socio-economics and many other factors. The zoning process includes four steps: (1) Generate the multi-level hydrological unit; (2) Identify the multi-element water catchment units; (3) Obtain the control unit with the administrative boundary as the boundary; (4) Check and adjust the results to meet the actual needs. Based on this method, the Yangtze River Basin was divided into 568 control units with a total area of 1.91 million km². These control units were used as the basic unit to analyze the water quality status and the results show that the upper reaches have good water quality, while the lower reaches have poor water quality and more serious water pollution. Our study helps the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China develop the list of control units that are needed to improve water quality during the "13th Five-Year Plan", with a goal to provide technical support for control-unit-based water pollution prevention and control in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio over fiber (RoF) is a very attractive and promising technology for wireless access networks, because of several advantages such as providing huge bandwidth, inherent immunity to electromagnetic interference and reduced power consumption. The analog RoF networks cannot be used for the transmission of radio signals over long lengths of fiber due to the distortions induced by dispersion and nonlinearity of the optical link. The digitized RoF communication presents an interesting alternative to circumvent the limitations of ARoF networks. In this paper, we propose an all-optical DRoF (Digital RoF) scheme based on the optical encoding technique and optical codewords instead of modulation techniques. The proposed scheme is composed of an all-optical sampler, an all-optical thresholder and an all-optical encoder. The proposed all-optical DRoF design is simulated by implementing its three main components using the simulation platform, Optisystem. We have also studied the capacity of the proposed encoding architecture in terms of the maximum number of chips that can be supported. Furthermore, ARoF, DRoF and the proposed all-optical DRoF systems are compared based on the minimum bit error rate, the maximum quality factor, and the complexity and implementation cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]