99 results on '"Barton, Craig V M'
Search Results
2. Pastures and Climate Extremes: Impacts of Cool Season Warming and Drought on the Productivity of Key Pasture Species in a Field Experiment
- Author
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Amber C. Churchill, Haiyang Zhang, Kathryn J. Fuller, Burhan Amiji, Ian C. Anderson, Craig V. M. Barton, Yolima Carrillo, Karen L. M. Catunda, Manjunatha H. Chandregowda, Chioma Igwenagu, Vinod Jacob, Gil Won Kim, Catriona A. Macdonald, Belinda E. Medlyn, Ben D. Moore, Elise Pendall, Jonathan M. Plett, Alison K. Post, Jeff R. Powell, David T. Tissue, Mark G. Tjoelker, and Sally A. Power
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climate warming ,seasonal drought ,plant functional groups ,grassland ,rangeland ,aboveground production ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Shifts in the timing, intensity and/or frequency of climate extremes, such as severe drought and heatwaves, can generate sustained shifts in ecosystem function with important ecological and economic impacts for rangelands and managed pastures. The Pastures and Climate Extremes experiment (PACE) in Southeast Australia was designed to investigate the impacts of a severe winter/spring drought (60% rainfall reduction) and, for a subset of species, a factorial combination of drought and elevated temperature (ambient +3°C) on pasture productivity. The experiment included nine common pasture and Australian rangeland species from three plant functional groups (C3 grasses, C4 grasses and legumes) planted in monoculture. Winter/spring drought resulted in productivity declines of 45% on average and up to 74% for the most affected species (Digitaria eriantha) during the 6-month treatment period, with eight of the nine species exhibiting significant yield reductions. Despite considerable variation in species’ sensitivity to drought, C4 grasses were more strongly affected by this treatment than C3 grasses or legumes. Warming also had negative effects on cool-season productivity, associated at least partially with exceedance of optimum growth temperatures in spring and indirect effects on soil water content. The combination of winter/spring drought and year-round warming resulted in the greatest yield reductions. We identified responses that were either additive (Festuca), or less-than-additive (Medicago), where warming reduced the magnitude of drought effects. Results from this study highlight the sensitivity of diverse pasture species to increases in winter and spring drought severity similar to those predicted for this region, and that anticipated benefits of cool-season warming are unlikely to be realized. Overall, the substantial negative impacts on productivity suggest that future, warmer, drier climates will result in shortfalls in cool-season forage availability, with profound implications for the livestock industry and natural grazer communities.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The partitioning of gross primary production for young Eucalyptus tereticornis trees under experimental warming and altered water availability
- Author
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Drake, John E., Tjoelker, Mark G., Aspinwall, Michael J., Reich, Peter B., Pfautsch, Sebastian, and Barton, Craig V. M.
- Published
- 2019
4. Climate warming and tree carbon use efficiency in a whole-tree 13 CO₂ tracer study
- Author
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Drake, John E., Furze, Morgan E., Tjoelker, Mark G., Carrillo, Yolima, Barton, Craig V. M., and Pendall, Elise
- Published
- 2019
5. The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment
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Jiang, Mingkai, Medlyn, Belinda E., Drake, John E., Duursma, Remko A., Anderson, Ian C., Barton, Craig V. M., and Boer, Matthias M.
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Atmospheric carbon dioxide -- Supply and demand -- Forecasts and trends ,Old growth forests -- Forecasts and trends -- Environmental aspects -- Australia ,Forest carbon -- Analysis -- Forecasts and trends -- Environmental aspects ,Carbon fixation -- Analysis -- Forecasts and trends -- Environmental aspects ,Market trend/market analysis ,Environmental issues ,Science and technology ,Zoology and wildlife conservation - Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO.sub.2) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth.sup.1-5, thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO.sub.2 concentration.sup.6. Although evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO.sub.2 fertilization effect on biomass growth.sup.3-5, it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO.sub.2 in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands.sup.7-10, photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO.sub.2 without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO.sub.2 unclear.sup.4,5,7-11. Here using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO.sub.2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responded to four years of eCO.sub.2 exposure. We show that, although the eCO.sub.2 treatment of +150 parts per million (+38 per cent) above ambient levels induced a 12 per cent (+247 grams of carbon per square metre per year) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone accounting for half of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO.sub.2, and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on ubiquitous CO.sub.2 fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in global forests. Carbon dioxide enrichment of a mature forest resulted in the emission of the excess carbon back into the atmosphere via enhanced ecosystem respiration, suggesting that mature forests may be limited in their capacity to mitigate climate change., Author(s): Mingkai Jiang [sup.1] , Belinda E. Medlyn [sup.1] , John E. Drake [sup.1] [sup.2] , Remko A. Duursma [sup.1] , Ian C. Anderson [sup.1] , Craig V. M. Barton [...]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations promote ant tending of aphids
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Kremer, Jenni M. M., Nooten, Sabine S., Cook, James M., Ryalls, James M. W., Barton, Craig V. M., and Johnson, Scott N.
- Published
- 2018
7. Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on growth and physiology of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.)
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Barton, Craig V. M.
- Subjects
571.2 - Abstract
The aim of this thesis is defined by the title, and two experimental approaches were used to investigate different aspects of the effect of elevated [CO2] on Sitka spruce; firstly the long term effect on mature tissue using branch bags and secondly, the interaction between [CO2] and nutrient supply rate on the growth and physiology of seedling trees. Six branches of six 16 year-old Sitka spruce trees were continuously exposed to elevated [CO2] (700 μmol mol-1) for four years. Branch growth, shoot numbers, needle size, stomatal density, nutrient and carbohydrate concentration, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were measured throughout the experiment. There was no effect of elevated [CO2] on the growth of the branches or needles, or on the nutrient or carbohydrate concentrations of needles. Neither was there evidence for an acclimation of photosynthesis or stomatal conductance to growth in elevated [CO2] in current year needles. However, there was some down-regulation of photosynthesis in one-year old needles coincident with an increase in soluble carbohydrate concentration. In a second experiment one-year old seedlings were re-potted into sand and grown for eight months in open-top chambers in either ambient or 700 μmol mol-1 [CO2]. They were supplied with nutrients at two rates: a high rate designed to permit maximum growth rate, and a low rate 1/10 the high rate. Growth was measured each week and six harvests were made during the experiment. A purpose built whole-tree gas exchange system was used to measure independently above and below ground CO2 fluxes over 24 hours. Shoot photosynthesis responses to [CO2] and needle nutrient and carbohydrate concentrations were also measured. Elevated [CO2] enhanced growth and increased allocation to roots at both high and low nutrient supply rates, but growth enhancement was larger at the high nutrient supply rate.
- Published
- 1997
8. Elevated atmospheric CO2 suppresses silicon accumulation and exacerbates endophyte reductions in plant phosphorus.
- Author
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Johnson, Scott N., Barton, Craig V. M., Biru, Fikadu N., Islam, Tarikul, Mace, Wade J., Rowe, Rhiannon C., and Cibils–Stewart, Ximena
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ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide , *ENDOPHYTIC fungi , *PHOSPHORUS , *PHOTOSYNTHETIC rates , *PLANT productivity , *TALL fescue , *GRASSES - Abstract
Many temperate grasses are both hyper‐accumulators of silicon (Si) and hosts of Epichloë fungal endophytes, functional traits which may alleviate environmental stresses such as herbivore attack. Si accumulation and endophyte infection may operate synergistically, but this has not been tested in a field setting, nor in the context of changing environmental conditions. Predicted increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations can affect both Si accumulation and endophyte function, but these have not been studied in combination.We investigated how elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), Si supplementation, endophyte‐presence and insect herbivory impacted plant growth, stoichiometry (C, N, P and Si), leaf gas exchange (rates of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates) and endophyte production of anti‐herbivore defences (alkaloids) of an important pasture grass (tall fescue; Lolium arundinaceum) in the field.eCO2 and Si supplementation increased shoot biomass (+52% and +31%, respectively), whereas herbivory reduced shoot biomass by at least 35% and induced Si accumulation by 24%. Shoot Si concentrations, in contrast, decreased by 17%–21% under eCO2. Si supplementation and herbivory reduced shoot C concentrations. eCO2 reduced shoot N concentrations which led to increased shoot C:N ratios. Overall, shoot P concentrations were 26% lower in endophytic plants compared to non‐endophytic plants, potentially due to decreased mass flow (i.e. observed reductions in stomatal conductance and transpiration). Alkaloid production was not discernibly affected by any experimental treatment. The negative impacts of endophytes on P uptake were particularly strong under eCO2.We show that eCO2 and insect herbivory reduce and promote Si accumulation, respectively, incorporating some field conditions for the first time. This indicates that these drivers operate in a more realistic ecological context than previously demonstrated. Reduced uptake of P in endophytic plants may adversely affect plant productivity in the future, particularly if increased demand for P due to improved plant growth under eCO2 cannot be met. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Optimal stomatal theory predicts CO2 responses of stomatal conductance in both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees.
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Gardner, Anna, Jiang, Mingkai, Ellsworth, David S., MacKenzie, A. Robert, Pritchard, Jeremy, Bader, Martin Karl‐Friedrich, Barton, Craig V. M., Bernacchi, Carl, Calfapietra, Carlo, Crous, Kristine Y., Dusenge, Mirindi Eric, Gimeno, Teresa E., Hall, Marianne, Lamba, Shubhangi, Leuzinger, Sebastian, Uddling, Johan, Warren, Jeffrey, Wallin, Göran, and Medlyn, Belinda E.
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STOMATA ,ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide ,WATER efficiency ,GYMNOSPERMS ,WEATHER - Abstract
Summary: Optimal stomatal theory predicts that stomata operate to maximise photosynthesis (Anet) and minimise transpirational water loss to achieve optimal intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE). We tested whether this theory can predict stomatal responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2), and whether it can capture differences in responsiveness among woody plant functional types (PFTs).We conducted a meta‐analysis of tree studies of the effect of eCO2 on iWUE and its components Anet and stomatal conductance (gs). We compared three PFTs, using the unified stomatal optimisation (USO) model to account for confounding effects of leaf–air vapour pressure difference (D). We expected smaller gs, but greater Anet, responses to eCO2 in gymnosperms compared with angiosperm PFTs.We found that iWUE increased in proportion to increasing eCO2 in all PFTs, and that increases in Anet had stronger effects than reductions in gs. The USO model correctly captured stomatal behaviour with eCO2 across most datasets. The chief difference among PFTs was a lower stomatal slope parameter (g1) for the gymnosperm, compared with angiosperm, species.Land surface models can use the USO model to describe stomatal behaviour under changing atmospheric CO2 conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
10. Advances in remote sensing of plant stress
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Barton, Craig V. M.
- Published
- 2012
11. Forest-scale sap flux responses to rainfall in a dryland eucalyptus plantation
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Morgan, Huw D. and Barton, Craig V. M.
- Published
- 2008
12. ERRATUM: Forest-scale sap flux responses to rainfall in a dryland eucalyptus plantation
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Morgan, Huw D. and Barton, Craig V. M.
- Published
- 2008
13. Increasing aridity will not offset CO$_{2}$ fertilization in fast-growing eucalypts with access to deep soil water
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Nadal-Sala, Daniel, Medlyn, Belinda E., Ruehr, Nadine K., Barton, Craig V. M., Ellsworth, David S., Gracia, Carles, Tissue, David T., Tjoelker, Mark G., and Sabat��, Santi
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Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Abstract
Rising atmospheric [CO$_{2}$] (C$_{a}$) generally enhances tree growth if nutrients are not limiting. However, reduced water availability and elevated evaporative demand may offset such fertilization. Trees with access to deep soil water may be able to mitigate such stresses and respond more positively to C$_{a}$. Here, we sought to evaluate how increased vapor pressure deficit and reduced precipitation are likely to modify the impact of elevated C$_{a}$ (eC$_{a}$) on tree productivity in an Australian Eucalyptus saligna Sm. plantation with access to deep soil water. We parameterized a forest growth simulation model (GOTILWA+) using data from two field experiments on E. saligna: a 2���year whole���tree chamber experiment with factorial C$_{a}$ (ambient =380, elevated =620 ��mol mol$^{-1}$) and watering treatments, and a 10���year stand���scale irrigation experiment. Model evaluation showed that GOTILWA+ can capture the responses of canopy C uptake to (1) rising vapor pressure deficit (D) under both C$_{a}$ treatments; (2) alterations in tree water uptake from shallow and deep soil layers during soil dry���down; and (3) the impact of irrigation on tree growth. Simulations suggest that increasing C$_{a}$ up to 700 ��mol mol$^{-1}$ alone would result in a 33% increase in annual gross primary production (GPP) and a 62% increase in biomass over 10 years. However, a combined 48% increase in D and a 20% reduction in precipitation would halve these values. Our simulations identify high D conditions as a key limiting factor for GPP. They also suggest that rising Ca will compensate for increasing aridity limitations in E. saligna trees with access to deep soil water under non���nutrient limiting conditions, thereby reducing the negative impacts of global warming upon this eucalypt species. Simulation models not accounting for water sources available to deep���rooting trees are likely to overestimate aridity impacts on forest productivity and C stocks.
- Published
- 2021
14. High safety margins to drought‐induced hydraulic failure found in five pasture grasses.
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Jacob, Vinod, Choat, Brendan, Churchill, Amber C., Zhang, Haiyang, Barton, Craig V. M., Krishnananthaselvan, Arjunan, Post, Alison K., Power, Sally A., Medlyn, Belinda E., and Tissue, David T.
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PASTURES ,XYLEM ,DROUGHT management ,CAVITATION ,EMBOLISMS ,STOMATA ,GRASSES - Abstract
Determining the relationship between reductions in stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf water transport during dehydration is key to understanding plant drought responses. While numerous studies have analysed the hydraulic function of woody species, minimal research has been conducted on grasses. Here, we sought to characterize hydraulic vulnerability in five widely‐occurring pasture grasses (including both C3 and C4 grasses) and determine whether reductions in gs and leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) during dehydration could be attributed to xylem embolism. Using the optical vulnerability (OV) technique, we found that all species were highly resistant to xylem embolism when compared to other herbaceous angiosperms, with 50% xylem embolism (PX50) occurring at xylem pressures ranging from −4.4 to −6.1 MPa. We observed similar reductions in gs and Kleaf under mild water stress for all species, occurring well before PX50. The onset of xylem embolism (PX12) occurred consistently after stomatal closure and 90% reduction of Kleaf. Our results suggest that factors other than xylem embolism are responsible for the majority of reductions in gs and Kleaf during drought and reductions in the productivity of pasture species under moderate drought may not be driven by embolism. Summary Statement: Pasture grasses are highly resistant to xylem cavitation, with cavitation occurring consistently after significant reductions in stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf). Our results suggest that factors other than xylem cavitation are responsible for reductions in gs and Kleaf during moderate drought with cavitation only occurring under extreme drought conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment
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Belinda E. Medlyn, Kristine Y. Crous, Sally A. Power, Peter B. Reich, Teresa E. Gimeno, Catriona A. Macdonald, Bruna Marques dos Santos, Scott N. Johnson, Brajesh K. Singh, David S. Ellsworth, Riikka Rinnan, Elise Pendall, Luke Collins, Andrew N. Gherlenda, Jinyan Yang, Yolima Carrillo, Elizabeth H.J. Neilson, Ian C. Anderson, Mark G. Tjoelker, Laura Castañeda-Gómez, Sönke Zaehle, Uffe N. Nielsen, John E. Drake, K. Mahmud, Sarah L. Facey, Raúl Ochoa-Hueso, Craig V. M. Barton, Agnieszka Wujeska-Klause, Benjamin Smith, Remko A. Duursma, Jeff R. Powell, Paul D. Rymer, Matthias M. Boer, Jennifer K. M. Walker, Kathryn M. Emmerson, Nam Jin Noh, Loïc Nazaries, Shun Hasegawa, Juan Piñeiro, Johanna Pihlblad, Varsha S. Pathare, Martin G. De Kauwe, Roberto L. Salomón, Ülo Niinemets, Mingkai Jiang, Markus Riegler, Alexandre A. Renchon, Astrid Kännaste, and Ben D. Moore
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0106 biological sciences ,Carbon Sequestration ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Forests ,Carbon sequestration ,Global Warming ,Models, Biological ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Trees ,Carbon cycle ,Soil respiration ,Soil ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biomass ,Photosynthesis ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Eucalyptus ,Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere ,Multidisciplinary ,Atmosphere ,Carbon sink ,Carbon Dioxide ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,Carbon dioxide ,Environmental science ,New South Wales ,Ecosystem respiration ,Carbon - Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO2) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth1–5, thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration6. Although evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO2 fertilization effect on biomass growth3–5, it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO2 in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands7–10, photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO2 without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO2 unclear4,5,7–11. Here using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responded to four years of eCO2 exposure. We show that, although the eCO2 treatment of +150 parts per million (+38 per cent) above ambient levels induced a 12 per cent (+247 grams of carbon per square metre per year) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone accounting for half of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO2, and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on ubiquitous CO2 fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in global forests. Carbon dioxide enrichment of a mature forest resulted in the emission of the excess carbon back into the atmosphere via enhanced ecosystem respiration, suggesting that mature forests may be limited in their capacity to mitigate climate change.
- Published
- 2020
16. Upside-down fluxes Down Under: CO2 net sink in winter and net source in summer in a temperate evergreen broadleaf forest
- Author
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Renchon, Alexandre A., Griebel, Anne, Metzen, Daniel, Williams, Christopher A., Medlyn, Belinda E., Duursma, Remko A., Barton, Craig V. M., Maier, Chelsea, Boer, Matthias M., Isaac, Peter, Tissue, David T., Resco de Dios, Víctor, and Pendall, Elise
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lcsh:Geology ,lcsh:QH501-531 ,lcsh:QH540-549.5 ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,lcsh:Life ,lcsh:Ecology - Abstract
Predicting the seasonal dynamics of ecosystem carbon fluxes is challenging in broadleaved evergreen forests because of their moderate climates and subtle changes in canopy phenology. We assessed the climatic and biotic drivers of the seasonality of net ecosystem–atmosphere CO2 exchange (NEE) of a eucalyptus-dominated forest near Sydney, Australia, using the eddy covariance method. The climate is characterised by a mean annual precipitation of 800 mm and a mean annual temperature of 18 ∘C, hot summers and mild winters, with highly variable precipitation. In the 4-year study, the ecosystem was a sink each year (−225 g C m−2 yr−1 on average, with a standard deviation of 108 g C m−2 yr−1); inter-annual variations were not related to meteorological conditions. Daily net C uptake was always detected during the cooler, drier winter months (June through August), while net C loss occurred during the warmer, wetter summer months (December through February). Gross primary productivity (GPP) seasonality was low, despite longer days with higher light intensity in summer, because vapour pressure deficit (D) and air temperature (Ta) restricted surface conductance during summer while winter temperatures were still high enough to support photosynthesis. Maximum GPP during ideal environmental conditions was significantly correlated with remotely sensed enhanced vegetation index (EVI; r2 = 0.46) and with canopy leaf area index (LAI; r2 = 0.29), which increased rapidly after mid-summer rainfall events. Ecosystem respiration (ER) was highest during summer in wet soils and lowest during winter months. ER had larger seasonal amplitude compared to GPP, and therefore drove the seasonal variation of NEE. Because summer carbon uptake may become increasingly limited by atmospheric demand and high temperature, and because ecosystem respiration could be enhanced by rising temperatures, our results suggest the potential for large-scale seasonal shifts in NEE in sclerophyll vegetation under climate change.
- Published
- 2018
17. Pastures and Climate Extremes: Impacts of Cool Season Warming and Drought on the Productivity of Key Pasture Species in a Field Experiment.
- Author
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Churchill, Amber C., Zhang, Haiyang, Fuller, Kathryn J., Amiji, Burhan, Anderson, Ian C., Barton, Craig V. M., Carrillo, Yolima, Catunda, Karen L. M., Chandregowda, Manjunatha H., Igwenagu, Chioma, Jacob, Vinod, Kim, Gil Won, Macdonald, Catriona A., Medlyn, Belinda E., Moore, Ben D., Pendall, Elise, Plett, Jonathan M., Post, Alison K., Powell, Jeff R., and Tissue, David T.
- Subjects
DROUGHT management ,CLIMATE extremes ,DROUGHTS ,RANGELANDS ,PASTURES ,SOIL moisture ,SPECIES ,ANIMAL industry - Abstract
Shifts in the timing, intensity and/or frequency of climate extremes, such as severe drought and heatwaves, can generate sustained shifts in ecosystem function with important ecological and economic impacts for rangelands and managed pastures. The Pastures and Climate Extremes experiment (PACE) in Southeast Australia was designed to investigate the impacts of a severe winter/spring drought (60% rainfall reduction) and, for a subset of species, a factorial combination of drought and elevated temperature (ambient +3°C) on pasture productivity. The experiment included nine common pasture and Australian rangeland species from three plant functional groups (C
3 grasses, C4 grasses and legumes) planted in monoculture. Winter/spring drought resulted in productivity declines of 45% on average and up to 74% for the most affected species (Digitaria eriantha) during the 6-month treatment period, with eight of the nine species exhibiting significant yield reductions. Despite considerable variation in species' sensitivity to drought, C4 grasses were more strongly affected by this treatment than C3 grasses or legumes. Warming also had negative effects on cool-season productivity, associated at least partially with exceedance of optimum growth temperatures in spring and indirect effects on soil water content. The combination of winter/spring drought and year-round warming resulted in the greatest yield reductions. We identified responses that were either additive (Festuca), or less-than-additive (Medicago), where warming reduced the magnitude of drought effects. Results from this study highlight the sensitivity of diverse pasture species to increases in winter and spring drought severity similar to those predicted for this region, and that anticipated benefits of cool-season warming are unlikely to be realized. Overall, the substantial negative impacts on productivity suggest that future, warmer, drier climates will result in shortfalls in cool-season forage availability, with profound implications for the livestock industry and natural grazer communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Tapping into the physiological responses to mistletoe infection during heat and drought stress.
- Author
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Griebel, Anne, Peters, Jennifer M R, Metzen, Daniel, Maier, Chelsea, Barton, Craig V M, Speckman, Heather N, Boer, Matthias M, Nolan, Rachael H, Choat, Brendan, and Pendall, Elise
- Subjects
EUCALYPTUS ,DROUGHTS ,MISTLETOES ,TEMPERATE forests ,SOIL moisture ,TREE mortality ,VAPOR pressure - Abstract
Mistletoes are important co-contributors to tree mortality globally, particularly during droughts. In Australia, mistletoe distributions are expanding in temperate woodlands, while their hosts have experienced unprecedented heat and drought stress in recent years. We investigated whether the excessive water use of mistletoes increased the probability of xylem emboli in a mature woodland during the recent record drought that was compounded by multiple heatwaves. We continuously recorded transpiration (|$T_{SLA}$|) of infected and uninfected branches from two eucalypt species over two summers, monitored stem and leaf water potentials (|$\Psi $|) and used hydraulic vulnerability curves to estimate percent loss in conductivity (PLC) for each species. Variations in weather (vapor pressure deficit, photosynthetically active radiation, soil water content), host species and % mistletoe foliage explained 78% of hourly |$T_{SLA}$|. While mistletoe acted as an uncontrollable sink for water in the host even during typical summer days, daily |$T_{SLA}$| increased up to 4-fold in infected branches on hot days, highlighting the previously overlooked importance of temperature stress in amplifying water loss in mistletoes. The increased water use of mistletoes resulted in significantly decreased host |$\Psi _{\rm{leaf}}$| and |$\Psi _{\rm{trunk}}$|. It further translated to an estimated increase of up to 11% PLC for infected hosts, confirming greater hydraulic dysfunction of infected trees that place them at higher risk of hydraulic failure. However, uninfected branches of Eucalyptus fibrosa F.Muell. had much tighter controls on water loss than uninfected branches of Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb. which shifted the risk of hydraulic failure towards an increased risk of carbon starvation for E. fibrosa. The contrasting mechanistic responses to heat and drought stress between both co-occurring species demonstrates the complexity of host–parasite interactions and highlights the challenge in predicting species-specific responses to biotic agents in a warmer and drier climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment
- Author
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Benjamin Smith, David S. Ellsworth, Jinyan Yang, Mark G. Tjoelker, Teresa E. Gimeno, Ben D. Moore, John E. Drake, Belinda E. Medlyn, Matthias M. Boer, Kristine Y. Crous, Sally A. Power, Ian C. Anderson, Brajesh K. Singh, Jeff R. Powell, Roberto L. Salomón, Peter B. Reich, Paul D. Rymer, Jennifer K. M. Walker, Remko A. Duursma, Kathryn M. Emmerson, Craig V. M. Barton, Yolima Carrillo, Agnieszka Wujeska-Klause, Nam Jin Noh, Sönke Zaehle, Juan Piñeiro, Varsha S. Pathare, Andrew N. Gherlenda, K. Mahmud, Markus Riegler, Laura Castañeda-Gómez, Martin G. De Kauwe, Catriona A. Macdonald, Sarah L. Facey, Elise Pendall, Raúl Ochoa-Hueso, Shun Hasegawa, Loïc Nazaries, Mingkai Jiang, Alexandre A. Renchon, Luke Collins, Uffe N. Nielsen, and Scott N. Johnson
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0303 health sciences ,Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere ,Primary production ,Carbon sink ,Biomass ,chemistry.chemical_element ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,Carbon sequestration ,Soil respiration ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Environmental chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Carbon ,030304 developmental biology - Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment (eCO2) can enhance plant carbon uptake and growth1,2,3,4,5, thereby providing an important negative feedback to climate change by slowing the rate of increase of the atmospheric CO2concentration6. While evidence gathered from young aggrading forests has generally indicated a strong CO2fertilization effect on biomass growth3,4,5, it is unclear whether mature forests respond to eCO2in a similar way. In mature trees and forest stands7,8,9,10, photosynthetic uptake has been found to increase under eCO2without any apparent accompanying growth response, leaving an open question about the fate of additional carbon fixed under eCO24, 5, 7,8,9,10,11. Here, using data from the first ecosystem-scale Free-Air CO2Enrichment (FACE) experiment in a mature forest, we constructed a comprehensive ecosystem carbon budget to track the fate of carbon as the forest responds to four years of eCO2exposure. We show that, although the eCO2treatment of ambient +150 ppm (+38%) induced a 12% (+247 gCm-2yr-1) increase in carbon uptake through gross primary production, this additional carbon uptake did not lead to increased carbon sequestration at the ecosystem level. Instead, the majority of the extra carbon was emitted back into the atmosphere via several respiratory fluxes, with increased soil respiration alone contributing ∼50% of the total uptake surplus. Our results call into question the predominant thinking that the capacity of forests to act as carbon sinks will be generally enhanced under eCO2, and challenge the efficacy of climate mitigation strategies that rely on CO2fertilization as a driver of increased carbon sinks in standing forests and afforestation projects.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Increasing aridity will not offset CO2 fertilization in fast‐growing eucalypts with access to deep soil water.
- Author
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Nadal‐Sala, Daniel, Medlyn, Belinda E., Ruehr, Nadine K., Barton, Craig V. M., Ellsworth, David S., Gracia, Carles, Tissue, David T., Tjoelker, Mark G., and Sabaté, Santi
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EUCALYPTUS ,SOIL moisture ,VAPOR pressure ,FOREST productivity ,TREE growth ,WATER supply - Abstract
Rising atmospheric [CO2] (Ca) generally enhances tree growth if nutrients are not limiting. However, reduced water availability and elevated evaporative demand may offset such fertilization. Trees with access to deep soil water may be able to mitigate such stresses and respond more positively to Ca. Here, we sought to evaluate how increased vapor pressure deficit and reduced precipitation are likely to modify the impact of elevated Ca (eCa) on tree productivity in an Australian Eucalyptus saligna Sm. plantation with access to deep soil water. We parameterized a forest growth simulation model (GOTILWA+) using data from two field experiments on E. saligna: a 2‐year whole‐tree chamber experiment with factorial Ca (ambient =380, elevated =620 μmol mol−1) and watering treatments, and a 10‐year stand‐scale irrigation experiment. Model evaluation showed that GOTILWA+ can capture the responses of canopy C uptake to (1) rising vapor pressure deficit (D) under both Ca treatments; (2) alterations in tree water uptake from shallow and deep soil layers during soil dry‐down; and (3) the impact of irrigation on tree growth. Simulations suggest that increasing Ca up to 700 μmol mol−1 alone would result in a 33% increase in annual gross primary production (GPP) and a 62% increase in biomass over 10 years. However, a combined 48% increase in D and a 20% reduction in precipitation would halve these values. Our simulations identify high D conditions as a key limiting factor for GPP. They also suggest that rising Ca will compensate for increasing aridity limitations in E. saligna trees with access to deep soil water under non‐nutrient limiting conditions, thereby reducing the negative impacts of global warming upon this eucalypt species. Simulation models not accounting for water sources available to deep‐rooting trees are likely to overestimate aridity impacts on forest productivity and C stocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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21. Tree size and climatic water deficit control root to shoot ratio in individual trees globally
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Ayalsew Zerihun, Alicia Ledo, Jennifer Carter, Jérôme Chave, Christian Wirth, Stan Sochacki, David F. R. P. Burslem, Michael Battaglia, Kim Brooksbank, Elizabeth A. Pinkard, Alison Specht, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Maurizio Mencuccini, Daniel Wildy, John J. Ewel, Jacqueline R. England, Craig V. M. Barton, Anthony Fitzgerald, Gregorio Montero, Kelvin D. Montagu, Casey M. Ryan, Tron Eid, Justin Jonson, Wilson A. Mugasha, Stephen H. Roxburgh, Keryn I. Paul, Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, Dept Silviculture & Forest Management, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Fondation pour la recherche sur la Biodiversité (FRB), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
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0106 biological sciences ,Physiology ,Climate ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,Water ,Plant Science ,15. Life on land ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Plant Roots ,Water deficit ,Trees ,Agronomy ,Shoot ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Environmental science ,Tree (set theory) ,Aboveground biomass ,Plant Shoots ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience
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- 2018
22. Trees tolerate an extreme heatwave via sustained transpirational cooling and increased leaf thermal tolerance
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Peter B. Reich, John E. Drake, Dushan Kumarathunge, Angelica Vårhammar, Chris J. Blackman, Rosana López, Owen K. Atkin, Kristine Y. Crous, Brendan Choat, Belinda E. Medlyn, Remko A. Duursma, Sebastian Pfautsch, Martin G. De Kauwe, Adrienne B. Nicotra, Craig V. M. Barton, Michael J. Aspinwall, David T. Tissue, Mingkai Jiang, Mark G. Tjoelker, Andrea Leigh, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry (SUNY-ESF), State University of New York (SUNY), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of North Florida [Jacksonville] (UNF), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Australian National University (ANU), Australian Research Council Discovery DP140103415, and New South Wales Climate Action Grant NSW T07/CAG/016
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0106 biological sciences ,Canopy ,Irrigation ,Hot Temperature ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,warming ,Climate Change ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Climate change ,Forests ,Photosynthesis ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,thermal tolerance ,Trees ,heatwave ,Environmental Chemistry ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Transpiration ,Eucalyptus parramattensis ,Global and Planetary Change ,Eucalyptus ,photosynthesis ,Ecology ,Global warming ,temperature ,Plant Transpiration ,Vegetation ,15. Life on land ,Plant Leaves ,climate change ,13. Climate action ,latent cooling ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,Environmental science ,Climate model ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; Heatwaves are likely to increase in frequency and intensity with climate change, which may impair tree function and forest C uptake. However, we have little information regarding the impact of extreme heatwaves on the physiological performance of large trees in the field. Here, we grew Eucalyptus parramattensis trees for 1 year with experimental warming (+ 3 degrees C) in a field setting, until they were greater than 6 m tall. We withheld irrigation for 1 month to dry the surface soils and then implemented an extreme heatwave treatment of 4 consecutive days with air temperatures exceeding 43 degrees C, while monitoring whole-canopy exchange of CO2 and H2O, leaf temperatures, leaf thermal tolerance, and leaf and branch hydraulic status. The heatwave reduced midday canopy photosynthesis to near zero but transpiration persisted, maintaining canopy cooling. A standard photosynthetic model was unable to capture the observed decoupling between photosynthesis and transpiration at high temperatures, suggesting that climate models may underestimate a moderating feedback of vegetation on heatwave intensity. The heatwave also triggered a rapid increase in leaf thermal tolerance, such that leaf temperatures observed during the heatwave were maintained within the thermal limits of leaf function. All responses were equivalent for trees with a prior history of ambient and warmed (+ 3 degrees C) temperatures, indicating that climate warming conferred no added tolerance of heatwaves expected in the future. This coordinated physiological response utilizing latent cooling and adjustment of thermal thresholds has implications for tree tolerance of future climate extremes as well as model predictions of future heatwave intensity at landscape and global scales.
- Published
- 2018
23. Ecotrons: Powerful and versatile ecosystem analysers for ecology, agronomy and environmental science.
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Roy, Jacques, Rineau, François, De Boeck, Hans J., Nijs, Ivan, Pütz, Thomas, Abiven, Samuel, Arnone, John A., Barton, Craig V. M., Beenaerts, Natalie, Brüggemann, Nicolas, Dainese, Matteo, Domisch, Timo, Eisenhauer, Nico, Garré, Sarah, Gebler, Alban, Ghirardo, Andrea, Jasoni, Richard L., Kowalchuk, George, Landais, Damien, and Larsen, Stuart H.
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ENVIRONMENTAL sciences ,STABLE isotope tracers ,ECOLOGICAL integrity ,RHEOLOGY ,ECOSYSTEMS ,URBAN agriculture ,BIOSPHERE - Abstract
Ecosystems integrity and services are threatened by anthropogenic global changes. Mitigating and adapting to these changes require knowledge of ecosystem functioning in the expected novel environments, informed in large part through experimentation and modelling. This paper describes 13 advanced controlled environment facilities for experimental ecosystem studies, herein termed ecotrons, open to the international community. Ecotrons enable simulation of a wide range of natural environmental conditions in replicated and independent experimental units while measuring various ecosystem processes. This capacity to realistically control ecosystem environments is used to emulate a variety of climatic scenarios and soil conditions, in natural sunlight or through broad‐spectrum lighting. The use of large ecosystem samples, intact or reconstructed, minimizes border effects and increases biological and physical complexity. Measurements of concentrations of greenhouse trace gases as well as their net exchange between the ecosystem and the atmosphere are performed in most ecotrons, often quasi continuously. The flow of matter is often tracked with the use of stable isotope tracers of carbon and other elements. Equipment is available for measurements of soil water status as well as root and canopy growth. The experiments ran so far emphasize the diversity of the hosted research. Half of them concern global changes, often with a manipulation of more than one driver. About a quarter deal with the impact of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning and one quarter with ecosystem or plant physiology. We discuss how the methodology for environmental simulation and process measurements, especially in soil, can be improved and stress the need to establish stronger links with modelling in future projects. These developments will enable further improvements in mechanistic understanding and predictive capacity of ecotron research which will play, in complementarity with field experimentation and monitoring, a crucial role in exploring the ecosystem consequences of environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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24. No evidence of homeostatic regulation of leaf temperature in Eucalyptus parramattensis trees: integration of CO2 flux and oxygen isotope methodologies.
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Drake, John E., Harwood, Richard, Vårhammar, Angelica, Barbour, Margaret M., Reich, Peter B., Barton, Craig V. M., and Tjoelker, Mark G.
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LEAF temperature ,TEMPERATURE control ,OXYGEN isotopes ,EUCALYPTUS ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,VAPOR pressure - Abstract
Summary: Thermoregulation of leaf temperature (Tleaf) may foster metabolic homeostasis in plants, but the degree to which Tleaf is moderated, and under what environmental contexts, is a topic of debate. Isotopic studies inferred the temperature of photosynthetic carbon assimilation to be a constant value of c. 20°C; by contrast, leaf biophysical theory suggests a strong dependence of Tleaf on environmental drivers. Can this apparent disparity be reconciled?We continuously measured Tleaf and whole‐crown net CO2 uptake for Eucalyptus parramattensis trees growing in field conditions in whole‐tree chambers under ambient and +3°C warming conditions, and calculated assimilation‐weighted leaf temperature (TL‐AW) across 265 d, varying in air temperature (Tair) from −1 to 45°C. We compared these data to TL‐AW derived from wood cellulose δ18O.Tleaf exhibited substantial variation driven by Tair, light intensity, and vapor pressure deficit, and Tleaf was strongly linearly correlated with Tair with a slope of c. 1.0. TL‐AW values calculated from cellulose δ18O vs crown fluxes were remarkably consistent; both varied seasonally and in response to the warming treatment, tracking variation in Tair.The leaves studied here were nearly poikilothermic, with no evidence of thermoregulation of Tleaf towards a homeostatic value. Importantly, this work supports the use of cellulose δ18O to infer TL‐AW, but does not support the concept of strong homeothermic regulation of Tleaf See also the Commentary on this article by Cavaleri, 228: 1455–1457. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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25. Does root respiration in Australian rainforest tree seedlings acclimate to experimental warming?
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Noh, Nam Jin, Crous, Kristine Y, Li, Jinquan, Choury, Zineb, Barton, Craig V M, Arndt, Stefan K, Reich, Peter B, Tjoelker, Mark G, and Pendall, Elise
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TREE seedlings ,RAIN forests ,SOIL respiration ,SPECIFIC heat ,RESPIRATION ,HIGH temperatures - Abstract
Plant respiration can acclimate to changing environmental conditions and vary between species as well as biome types, although belowground respiration responses to ongoing climate warming are not well understood. Understanding the thermal acclimation capacity of root respiration (R
root ) in relation to increasing temperatures is therefore critical in elucidating a key uncertainty in plant function in response to warming. However, the degree of temperature acclimation of Rroot in rainforest trees and how root chemical and morphological traits are related to acclimation is unknown. Here we investigated the extent to which respiration of fine roots (≤2 mm) of four tropical and four warm-temperate rainforest tree seedlings differed in response to warmer growth temperatures (control and +6 °C), including temperature sensitivity (Q10 ) and the degree of acclimation of Rroot . Regardless of biome type, we found no consistent pattern in the short-term temperature responses of Rroot to elevated growth temperature: a significant reduction in the temperature response of Rroot to +6 °C treatment was only observed for a tropical species, Cryptocarya mackinnoniana , whereas the other seven species had either some stimulation or no alteration. Across species, Rroot was positively correlated with root tissue nitrogen concentration (mg g−1 ), while Q10 was positively correlated with root tissue density (g cm−3 ). Warming increased root tissue density by 20.8% but did not alter root nitrogen across species. We conclude that thermal acclimation capacity of Rroot to warming is species-specific and suggest that root tissue density is a useful predictor of Rroot and its thermal responses in rainforest tree seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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26. Optimal stomatal behaviour around the world
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Pasi Kolari, Jesse B. Nippert, Norma Salinas, Derek Eamus, Oula Ghannoum, Johan Uddling, Qingmin Han, Belinda E. Medlyn, Wei Sun, Joana Zaragoza-Castells, Maj-Lena Linderson, Yusuke Onoda, Yan-Shih Lin, Teresa E. Gimeno, M. S. J. Broadmeadow, Sofia Baig, Sabine Tausz-Posch, Lindsay B. Hutley, Patrick Meir, John E. Drake, Göran Wallin, Markus Löw, Lasse Tarvainen, Lucy Rowland, Kouki Hikosaka, David S. Ellsworth, Samantha A. Setterfield, Antonio Carlos Lola da Costa, Han Wang, Craig V. M. Barton, Jonathan Bennie, Alexandre Bosc, Michael Freeman, Kohei Koyama, Troy W. Ocheltree, Teis Nørgaard Mikkelsen, Maarten Op de Beeck, Lisa Wingate, Ana Rey, I. Colin Prentice, Víctor Resco de Dios, Jeff W. G. Kelly, Remko A. Duursma, Cate Macinins-Ng, Jean-Marc Limousin, Damien Bonal, Lucas A. Cernusak, Patrick J. Mitchell, Paolo De Angelis, Nicolas Martin-StPaul, Alistair Rogers, Jeffrey M. Warren, David T. Tissue, Kihachiro Kikuzawa, Macquarie University, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment [Richmond] (HIE), Western Sydney University (UWS), Imperial College London, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Universitat de Lleida, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Universiteit Antwerpen [Antwerpen], University of Gothenburg (GU), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Lund University [Lund], James Cook University (JCU), Kansas State University, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton] (BNL), Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Tohoku University [Sendai], Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Kyoto University [Kyoto], College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), INRA Villenave d'Ornon, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), University of Melbourne, University of Auckland [Auckland], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), University of Edinburgh, Charles Darwin University, Forestry Commission, Ishikawa National College of Technology, University of Helsinki, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para - Universidade Federal do Para [Belem - Brésil], Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), School of Geography and the Environment [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Northeast Normal University, Western Sydney University, Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), School of Geography and the Environment [Oxford] (SoGE), and AXA Research Fund
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0106 biological sciences ,Stomatal conductance ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Environmental Studies ,Biome ,Climate change ,Environmental Sciences & Ecology ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Carbon cycle ,LEAF ,Evapotranspiration ,CONVERGENCE ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,Ecosystem ,Biology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Transpiration ,Science & Technology ,Ecology ,Physics ,Global change ,MODEL ,Chemistry ,Physical Sciences ,Environmental science ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,Environmental Sciences ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Yan-Shih Lin [et al.].- Received 16 August 2014, Accepted 16 January 2015, Published online 02 March 2015, Stomatal conductance (gs) is a key land-surface attribute as it links transpiration, the dominant component of global land evapotranspiration, and photosynthesis, the driving force of the global carbon cycle. Despite the pivotal role of gs in predictions of global water and carbon cycle changes, a global-scale database and an associated globally applicable model of gs that allow predictions of stomatal behaviour are lacking. Here, we present a database of globally distributed gs obtained in the field for a wide range of plant functional types (PFTs) and biomes. We find that stomatal behaviour differs among PFTs according to their marginal carbon cost of water use, as predicted by the theory underpinning the optimal stomatal model1 and the leaf and wood economics spectrum2, 3. We also demonstrate a global relationship with climate. These findings provide a robust theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the behaviour of gs across biomes and across PFTs that can be applied to regional, continental and global-scale modelling of ecosystem productivity, energy balance and ecohydrological processes in a future changing climate.
- Published
- 2015
27. Climate warming and tree carbon use efficiency in a whole‐tree 13CO2 tracer study.
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Drake, John E., Furze, Morgan E., Tjoelker, Mark G., Carrillo, Yolima, Barton, Craig V. M., and Pendall, Elise
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GLOBAL warming ,CARBON ,CARBON dioxide ,CARBON sequestration ,BIOMASS - Abstract
Summary: Autotrophic respiration is a major driver of the global C cycle and may contribute a positive climate warming feedback through increased atmospheric concentrations of CO2. The extent of this feedback depends on plants' ability to acclimate respiration to maintain a constant carbon use efficiency (CUE).We quantified respiratory partitioning of gross primary production (GPP) and CUE of field‐grown trees in a long‐term warming experiment (+3°C). We delivered a 13C–CO2 pulse to whole tree crowns and chased that pulse in the respiration of leaves, whole crowns, roots, and soil. We also measured the isotopic composition of soil microbial biomass and the respiration rates of leaves and whole crowns.We documented homeostatic respiratory acclimation of foliar and whole‐crown respiration rates; the trees adjusted to experimental warming such that leaf‐level respiration rates were not increased. Experimental warming had no detectable impact on respiratory partitioning or mean residence times. Of the 13C label acquired by the trees, aboveground respiration consumed 10%, belowground respiration consumed 40%, and the remaining 50% was retained.Experimental warming of +3°C did not alter respiratory partitioning at the scale of entire trees, suggesting that complete acclimation of respiration to warming is likely to dampen a positive climate warming feedback. See also the Commentary on this article by Ryan & Asao, 222: 1167–1170. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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28. Climate warming and plant biomechanical defences: Silicon addition contributes to herbivore suppression in a pasture grass.
- Author
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Johnson, Scott N., Ryalls, James M. W., Barton, Craig V. M., Tjoelker, Mark G., Wright, Ian J., Moore, Ben D., and Rasmann, Sergio
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TUNDRAS ,PLANT defenses ,PASTURES ,SOIL moisture ,HERBIVORES ,HELICOVERPA armigera ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature - Abstract
Plants, notably the Poaceae, often accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si) from the soil. Si has multiple functional roles, particularly for alleviating abiotic and biotic stresses (e.g., defence against herbivores). Recent evidence suggests that environmental change, including temperature changes, can diminish Si accumulation which could affect functions such as herbivore defence.Using a field warming experiment, we grew a pasture grass (Phalaris aquatica) that was either supplemented or untreated with Si (+Si and −Si, respectively) under ambient and elevated (+2.8°C above ambient) air temperatures. We quantified soil water, plant growth rates, Si accumulation, leaf biomechanical properties and in situ relative growth rates of a herbivorous global insect pest (Helicoverpa armigera).Si supplementation promoted shoot and root biomass by c. 48% and 61%, respectively under ambient temperatures, but these gains were not apparent under warmed conditions.Warmer temperatures reduced Si uptake by −Si plants by c. 17%, potentially due to the lower levels of soil water content in warmed plots. Si supplementation, however, increased Si accumulation in leaves by c. 24% in warmed plots restoring Si levels to those seen under ambient temperatures.Si supplementation enhanced biomechanical properties in the leaves, but this was only statistically significant under ambient temperatures; leaves of +Si plants required 42% more force to fracture and were 30% tougher at the midrib than leaves of −Si plants. The relative growth rates of H. armigera declined by 56% when feeding on +Si plants under ambient temperatures, and while Si supplementation caused a trend towards declining herbivore growth rates under warmer conditions, this was not statistically significant.We conclude that climate warming may mitigate the beneficial effects of Si on Phalaris aquatica in the short term, potentially by reducing Si uptake. While Si uptake can be restored with Si supplementation, Si‐enhanced biomechanical defences against a global pest may not be fully restored under warmer temperatures. A plain language summary is available for this article. Plain Language Summary [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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29. Upside-down fluxes Down Under: CO2 net sink in winter and net source in summer in a temperate evergreen broadleaf forest.
- Author
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Renchon, Alexandre A., Griebel, Anne, Metzen, Daniel, Williams, Christopher A., Medlyn, Belinda, Duursma, Remko A., Barton, Craig V. M., Maier, Chelsea, Boer, Matthias M., Isaac, Peter, Tissue, David, Resco de Dios, Victor, and Pendall, Elise
- Subjects
BROADLEAF forests ,PLANT phenology ,PLANT communities ,PHOTOSYNTHESIS ,CLIMATE change - Abstract
Predicting the seasonal dynamics of ecosystem carbon fluxes is challenging in broadleaved evergreen forests because of their moderate climates and subtle changes in canopy phenology. We assessed the climatic and biotic drivers of the seasonality of net ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange (NEE) of a eucalyptus-dominated forest near Sydney, Australia, using the eddy covariance method. The climate is characterised by a mean annual precipitation of 800mm and a mean annual temperature of 18°C, hot summers and mild winters, with highly variable precipitation. In the 4-year study, the ecosystem was a sink each year (-225gCm
-2 yr-1 on average, with a standard deviation of 108gCm-2 yr-1 ); inter-annual variations were not related to meteorological conditions. Daily net C uptake was always detected during the cooler, drier winter months (June through August), while net C loss occurred during the warmer, wetter summer months (December through February). Gross primary productivity (GPP) seasonality was low, despite longer days with higher light intensity in summer, because vapour pressure deficit (D) and air temperature (Ta ) restricted surface conductance during summer while winter temperatures were still high enough to support photosynthesis. Maximum GPP during ideal environmental conditions was significantly correlated with remotely sensed enhanced vegetation index (EVI; r2 =0.46) and with canopy leaf area index (LAI; r2 =0.29), which increased rapidly after mid-summer rainfall events. Ecosystem respiration (ER) was highest during summer in wet soils and lowest during winter months. ER had larger seasonal amplitude compared to GPP, and therefore drove the seasonal variation of NEE. Because summer carbon uptake may become increasingly limited by atmospheric demand and high temperature, and because ecosystem respiration could be enhanced by rising temperatures, our results suggest the potential for large-scale seasonal shifts in NEE in sclerophyll vegetation under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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30. Trees tolerate an extreme heatwave via sustained transpirational cooling and increased leaf thermal tolerance.
- Author
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Drake, John E., Tjoelker, Mark G., Vårhammar, Angelica, Medlyn, Belinda E., Reich, Peter B., Leigh, Andrea, Pfautsch, Sebastian, Blackman, Chris J., López, Rosana, Aspinwall, Michael J., Crous, Kristine Y., Duursma, Remko A., Kumarathunge, Dushan, De Kauwe, Martin G., Jiang, Mingkai, Nicotra, Adrienne B., Tissue, David T., Choat, Brendan, Atkin, Owen K., and Barton, Craig V. M.
- Subjects
VEGETATION & climate ,CARBON sequestration ,PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of heat ,GLOBAL temperature changes ,PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Abstract
Heatwaves are likely to increase in frequency and intensity with climate change, which may impair tree function and forest C uptake. However, we have little information regarding the impact of extreme heatwaves on the physiological performance of large trees in the field. Here, we grew Eucalyptus parramattensis trees for 1 year with experimental warming (+3°C) in a field setting, until they were greater than 6 m tall. We withheld irrigation for 1 month to dry the surface soils and then implemented an extreme heatwave treatment of 4 consecutive days with air temperatures exceeding 43°C, while monitoring whole-canopy exchange of CO2 and H2O, leaf temperatures, leaf thermal tolerance, and leaf and branch hydraulic status. The heatwave reduced midday canopy photosynthesis to near zero but transpiration persisted, maintaining canopy cooling. A standard photosynthetic model was unable to capture the observed decoupling between photosynthesis and transpiration at high temperatures, suggesting that climate models may underestimate a moderating feedback of vegetation on heatwave intensity. The heatwave also triggered a rapid increase in leaf thermal tolerance, such that leaf temperatures observed during the heatwave were maintained within the thermal limits of leaf function. All responses were equivalent for trees with a prior history of ambient and warmed (+3°C) temperatures, indicating that climate warming conferred no added tolerance of heatwaves expected in the future. This coordinated physiological response utilizing latent cooling and adjustment of thermal thresholds has implications for tree tolerance of future climate extremes as well as model predictions of future heatwave intensity at landscape and global scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Effects of elevated atmospheric [<tex>CO_{2}$</tex>] on instantaneous transpiration efficiency at leaf and canopy scales in **Eucalyptus saligna**
- Author
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David S. Ellsworth, Belinda E. Medlyn, Sune Linder, Jann P Conroy, Ross E. McMurtrie, Remko A. Duursma, David T. Tissue, Derek Eamus, Mark A. Adams, Craig V. M. Barton, Kristine Y. Crous, Marion Liberloo, and Markus Löw
- Subjects
Canopy ,Global and Planetary Change ,Stomatal conductance ,Eucalyptus saligna ,Ecology ,biology ,Vapour Pressure Deficit ,education ,biology.organism_classification ,Photosynthesis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemistry ,Animal science ,chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,Botany ,Environmental Chemistry ,Water-use efficiency ,Biology ,General Environmental Science ,Transpiration - Abstract
Rising atmospheric concentrations of CO2 (Ca) can reduce stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in trees, but the magnitude of this effect varies considerably among experiments. The theory of optimal stomatal behaviour predicts that the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration (instantaneous transpiration efficiency, ITE) should increase in proportion to Ca. We hypothesized that plants regulate stomatal conductance optimally in response to rising Ca. We tested this hypothesis with data from young Eucalyptus saligna Sm. trees grown in 12 climate-controlled whole-tree chambers for 2 years at ambient and elevated Ca. Elevated Ca was ambient + 240 ppm, 60% higher than ambient Ca. Leaf-scale gas exchange was measured throughout the second year of the study and leaf-scale ITE increased by 60% under elevated Ca, as predicted. Values of leaf-scale ITE depended strongly on vapour pressure deficit (D) in both CO2 treatments. Whole-canopy CO2 and H2O fluxes were also monitored continuously for each chamber throughout the second year. There were small differences in D between Ca treatments, which had important effects on values of canopy-scale ITE. However, when Ca treatments were compared at the same D, canopy-scale ITE was consistently increased by 60%, again as predicted. Importantly, leaf and canopy-scale ITE were not significantly different, indicating that ITE was not scale-dependent. Observed changes in transpiration rate could be explained on the basis that ITE increased in proportion to Ca. The effect of elevated Ca on photosynthesis increased with rising D. At high D, Ca had a large effect on photosynthesis and a small effect on transpiration rate. At low D, in contrast, there was a small effect of Ca on photosynthesis, but a much larger effect on transpiration rate. If shown to be a general response, the proportionality of ITE with Ca will allow us to predict the effects of Ca on transpiration rate.
- Published
- 2012
32. Why is plant growth response to elevated CO2 amplified when water is limiting, but reduced when nitrogen is limiting? A growth-optimisation hypothesis
- Author
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Peter B. Reich, Richard J. Norby, David A. Pepper, Belinda E. Medlyn, Ross E. McMurtrie, Craig V. M. Barton, Roderick C. Dewar, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Environmental Sciences Division [Oak Ridge], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-UT-Battelle, LLC, School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Forest Resources Research, and Partenaires INRAE
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Ecophysiology ,Stomatal conductance ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,[SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Photosynthesis ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,CARBON–NITROGEN–WATER ECONOMY ,[SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology ,Leaf area index ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,2. Zero hunger ,15. Life on land ,Nitrogen ,Deciduous ,chemistry ,Agronomy ,FOREST MODEL ,Carbon dioxide ,CO2 ENRICHMENT ,Annual plant ,LEAF AREA INDEX ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,INDICE FOLIAIRE ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; Experimental evidence indicates that the stomatal conductance and nitrogen concentration ([N]) of foliage decline under CO2 enrichment, and that the percentage growth response to elevated CO2 is amplified under water limitation, but reduced under nitrogen limitation. We advance simple explanations for these responses based on an optimisation hypothesis applied to a simple model of the annual carbon-nitrogen-water economy of trees growing at a CO2-enrichment experiment at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. The model is shown to have an optimum for leaf [N], stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI), where annual plant productivity is maximised. The optimisation is represented in terms of a trade-off between LAI and stomatal conductance, constrained by water supply, and between LAI and leaf [N], constrained by N supply. At elevated CO2 the optimum shifts to reduced stomatal conductance and leaf [N] and enhanced LAI. The model is applied to years with contrasting rainfall and N uptake. The predicted growth response to elevated CO2 is greatest in a dry, high-N year and is reduced in a wet, low-N year. The underlying physiological explanation for this contrast in the effects of water versus nitrogen limitation is that leaf photosynthesis is more sensitive to CO2 concentration ([CO2]) at lower stomatal conductance and is less sensitive to [CO2] at lower leaf [N].
- Published
- 2008
33. Does physiological acclimation to climate warming stabilize the ratio of canopy respiration to photosynthesis?
- Author
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Drake, John E., Tjoelker, Mark G., Aspinwall, Michael J., Reich, Peter B., Barton, Craig V. M., Medlyn, Belinda E., and Duursma, Remko A.
- Subjects
ACCLIMATIZATION ,FUNGI respiration ,CARBON cycle ,CLIMATE change ,EUCALYPTUS tereticornis ,PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Abstract
Given the contrasting short-term temperature dependences of gross primary production (GPP) and autotrophic respiration, the fraction of GPP respired by trees is predicted to increase with warming, providing a positive feedback to climate change. However, physiological acclimation may dampen or eliminate this response., We measured the fluxes of aboveground respiration ( R
a ), GPP and their ratio ( Ra /GPP) in large, field-grown Eucalyptus tereticornis trees exposed to ambient or warmed air temperatures (+3°C). We report continuous measurements of whole-canopy CO2 exchange, direct temperature response curves of leaf and canopy respiration, leaf and branch wood respiration, and diurnal photosynthetic measurements., Warming reduced photosynthesis, whereas physiological acclimation prevented a coincident increase in Ra . Ambient and warmed trees had a common nonlinear relationship between the fraction of GPP that was respired above ground ( Ra /GPP) and the mean daily temperature. Thus, warming significantly increased Ra /GPP by moving plants to higher positions on the shared Ra /GPP vs daily temperature relationship, but this effect was modest and only notable during hot conditions., Despite the physiological acclimation of autotrophic respiration to warming, increases in temperature and the frequency of heat waves may modestly increase tree Ra /GPP, contributing to a positive feedback between climate warming and atmospheric CO2 accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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34. Optimal stomatal behaviour around the world.
- Author
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Lin, Yan-Shih, Medlyn, Belinda E., Wang, Han, Baig, Sofia, Kelly, Jeff W., Linderson, Maj-Lena, Cernusak, Lucas A., Nippert, Jesse B., Ocheltree, Troy W., Martin-StPaul, Nicolas K., Rogers, Alistair, Warren, Jeff M., De Angelis, Paolo, Hikosaka, Kouki, Han, Qingmin, Duursma, Remko A., Ellsworth, David S., Tissue, David T., Gimeno, Teresa E., and Barton, Craig V. M.
- Subjects
CLIMATE change ,STOMATA ,EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ,CARBON cycle ,PHOTOSYNTHESIS - Abstract
Stomatal conductance (g
s ) is a key land-surface attribute as it links transpiration, the dominant component of global land evapotranspiration, and photosynthesis, the driving force of the global carbon cycle. Despite the pivotal role of gs in predictions of global water and carbon cycle changes, a global-scale database and an associated globally applicable model of gs that allow predictions of stomatal behaviour are lacking. Here, we present a database of globally distributed gs obtained in the field for a wide range of plant functional types (PFTs) and biomes. We find that stomatal behaviour differs among PFTs according to their marginal carbon cost of water use, as predicted by the theory underpinning the optimal stomatal model and the leaf and wood economics spectrum. We also demonstrate a global relationship with climate. These findings provide a robust theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the behaviour of gs across biomes and across PFTs that can be applied to regional, continental and global-scale modelling of ecosystem productivity, energy balance and ecohydrological processes in a future changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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35. Photosynthesis of temperate Eucalyptus globulus trees outside their native range has limited adjustment to elevated CO2 and climate warming.
- Author
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Crous, Kristine Y., Quentin, Audrey G., Lin, Yan‐Shih, Medlyn, Belinda E., Williams, David G., Barton, Craig V. M., and Ellsworth, David S.
- Subjects
EUCALYPTUS globulus ,PHOTOSYNTHESIS ,GLOBAL warming ,CARBON dioxide analysis ,PLANT productivity ,ELECTRON transport - Abstract
Eucalyptus species are grown widely outside of their native ranges in plantations on all vegetated continents of the world. We predicted that such a plantation species would show high potential for acclimation of photosynthetic traits across a wide range of growth conditions, including elevated [ CO
2 ] and climate warming. To test this prediction, we planted temperate Eucalyptus globulus Labill. seedlings in climate-controlled chambers in the field located >700 km closer to the equator than the nearest natural occurrence of this species. Trees were grown in a complete factorial combination of elevated CO2 concentration ( eC; ambient [ CO2 ] +240 ppm) and air warming treatments ( eT; ambient +3 °C) for 15 months until they reached ca. 10 m height. There was little acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to eC and hence the CO2 -induced photosynthetic enhancement was large (ca. 50%) in this treatment during summer. The warming treatment significantly increased rates of both carboxylation capacity ( Vcmax ) and electron transport ( Jmax ) (measured at a common temperature of 25 °C) during winter, but decreased them significantly by 20-30% in summer. The photosynthetic CO2 compensation point in the absence of dark respiration ( Γ*) was relatively less sensitive to temperature in this temperate eucalypt species than for warm-season tobacco. The temperature optima for photosynthesis and Jmax significantly changed by about 6 °C between winter and summer, but without further adjustment from early to late summer. These results suggest that there is an upper limit for the photosynthetic capacity of E. globulus ssp. globulus outside its native range to acclimate to growth temperatures above 25 °C. Limitations to temperature acclimation of photosynthesis in summer may be one factor that defines climate zones where E. globulus plantation productivity can be sustained under anticipated global environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
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36. Woody clockworks: circadian regulation of night-time water use in Eucalyptus globulus.
- Author
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Resco de Dios, Víctor, Díaz‐Sierra, Rubén, Goulden, Michael L., Barton, Craig V. M., Boer, Matthias M., Gessler, Arthur, Ferrio, Juan Pedro, Pfautsch, Sebastian, and Tissue, David T.
- Subjects
EUCALYPTUS globulus ,WATER use ,TEMPERATURE ,ECOSYSTEMS ,GAS exchange in plants ,PLANT metabolism - Abstract
The role of the circadian clock in controlling the metabolism of entire trees has seldom been considered. We tested whether the clock influences nocturnal whole-tree water use., Whole-tree chambers allowed the control of environmental variables (temperature, relative humidity). Night-time stomatal conductance ( g
s ) and sap flow ( Q) were monitored in 6- to 8-m-tall Eucalyptus globulus trees during nights when environmental variables were kept constant, and also when conditions varied with time. Artificial neural networks were used to quantify the relative importance of circadian regulation of gs and Q., Under a constant environment, gs and Q declined from 0 to 6 h after dusk, but increased from 6 to 12 h after dusk. While the initial decline could be attributed to multiple processes, the subsequent increase is most consistent with circadian regulation of gs and Q., We conclude that endogenous regulation of gs is an important driver of night-time Q under natural environmental variability. The proportion of nocturnal Q variation associated with circadian regulation (23-56%) was comparable to that attributed to vapor pressure deficit variation (25-58%). This study contributes to our understanding of the linkages between molecular and cellular processes related to circadian regulation, and whole-tree processes related to ecosystem gas exchange in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
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37. Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance.
- Author
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Medlyn, Belinda E., Duursma, Remko A., Eamus, Derek, Ellsworth, David S., Prentice, I. Colin, Barton, Craig V. M., Crous, Kristine Y., De Angelis, Paolo, Freeman, Michael, and Ingate, Lisa
- Subjects
PLANT ecophysiology ,EFFECT of temperature on plants ,PHOTOSYNTHESIS ,PLANT transpiration ,EFFECT of carbon on plants ,PLANT anatomy ,ECOLOGICAL disturbances ,WATER analysis ,ACCLIMATIZATION (Plants) - Abstract
Models of vegetation function are widely used to predict the effects of climate change on carbon, water and nutrient cycles of terrestrial ecosystems, and their feedbacks to climate. Stomatal conductance, the process that governs plant water use and carbon uptake, is fundamental to such models. In this paper, we reconcile two long-standing theories of stomatal conductance. The empirical approach, which is most commonly used in vegetation models, is phenomenological, based on experimental observations of stomatal behaviour in response to environmental conditions. The optimal approach is based on the theoretical argument that stomata should act to minimize the amount of water used per unit carbon gained. We reconcile these two approaches by showing that the theory of optimal stomatal conductance can be used to derive a model of stomatal conductance that is closely analogous to the empirical models. Consequently, we obtain a unified stomatal model which has a similar form to existing empirical models, but which now provides a theoretical interpretation for model parameter values. The key model parameter, g, is predicted to increase with growth temperature and with the marginal water cost of carbon gain. The new model is fitted to a range of datasets ranging from tropical to boreal trees. The parameter g is shown to vary with growth temperature, as predicted, and also with plant functional type. The model is shown to correctly capture responses of stomatal conductance to changing atmospheric CO, and thus can be used to test for stomatal acclimation to elevated CO. The reconciliation of the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance is important for global change biology because it provides a simple theoretical framework for analyzing, and simulating, the coupling between carbon and water cycles under environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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38. Seasonal acclimation of leaf respiration in Eucalyptus saligna trees: impacts of elevated atmospheric CO.
- Author
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CROUS, KRISTINE Y., ZARAGOZA-CASTELLS, JOANA, LÖW, MARKUS, ELLSWORTH, DAVID S., TISSUE, DAVID T., TJOELKER, MARK G., BARTON, CRAIG V. M., GIMENO, TERESA E., and ATKIN, OWEN K.
- Subjects
EUCALYPTUS saligna ,ACCLIMATIZATION ,DROUGHTS ,HOMEOSTASIS ,CARBON dioxide ,WATER shortages ,PHYSIOLOGICAL control systems ,ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide - Abstract
Understanding the impacts of atmospheric [CO] and drought on leaf respiration ( R) and its response to changes in temperature is critical to improve predictions of plant carbon-exchange with the atmosphere, especially at higher temperatures. We quantified the effects of [CO]-enrichment (+240 ppm) on seasonal shifts in the diel temperature response of R during a moderate summer drought in Eucalyptus saligna growing in whole-tree chambers in SE Australia. Seasonal temperature acclimation of R was marked, as illustrated by: (1) a downward shift in daily temperature response curves of R in summer (relative to spring); (2)≈60% lower R measured at 20C ( R) in summer compared with spring; and (3) homeostasis over 12 months of R measured at prevailing nighttime temperatures. R, measured during the day, was on average 30-40% higher under elevated [CO] compared with ambient [CO] across both watered and droughted trees. Drought reduced R by≈30% in both [CO] treatments resulting in additive treatment effects. Although [CO] had no effect on seasonal acclimation, summer drought exacerbated the seasonal downward shift in temperature response curves of R. Overall, these results highlight the importance of seasonal acclimation of leaf R in trees grown under ambient- and elevated [CO] as well as under moderate drought. Hence, respiration rates may be overestimated if seasonal changes in temperature and drought are not considered when predicting future rates of forest net CO exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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- View/download PDF
39. Why is plant-growth response to elevated CO2 amplified when water is limiting, but reduced when nitrogen is limiting? A growth-optimisation hypothesis.
- Author
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Ross E. McMurtrie, Richard J. Norby, Belinda E. Medlyn, Roderick C. Dewar, David A. Pepper, Peter B. Reich, and Craig V. M. Barton
- Subjects
PLANT growth ,CARBON dioxide ,WATER ,NITROGEN ,LEAF area index ,PLANT products - Abstract
Experimental evidence indicates that the stomatal conductance and nitrogen concentration ([N]) of foliage decline under CO2 enrichment, and that the percentage growth response to elevated CO2 is amplified under water limitation, but reduced under nitrogen limitation. We advance simple explanations for these responses based on an optimisation hypothesis applied to a simple model of the annual carbon–nitrogen–water economy of trees growing at a CO2-enrichment experiment at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. The model is shown to have an optimum for leaf [N], stomatal conductance and leaf area index (LAI), where annual plant productivity is maximised. The optimisation is represented in terms of a trade-off between LAI and stomatal conductance, constrained by water supply, and between LAI and leaf [N], constrained by N supply. At elevated CO2 the optimum shifts to reduced stomatal conductance and leaf [N] and enhanced LAI. The model is applied to years with contrasting rainfall and N uptake. The predicted growth response to elevated CO2 is greatest in a dry, high-N year and is reduced in a wet, low-N year. The underlying physiological explanation for this contrast in the effects of water versus nitrogen limitation is that leaf photosynthesis is more sensitive to CO2 concentration ([CO2]) at lower stomatal conductance and is less sensitive to [CO2] at lower leaf [N]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Detection of tree roots and determination of root diameters by ground penetrating radar under optimal conditions.
- Author
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Craig V. M. Barton
- Subjects
PLANT roots ,BIOMASS ,GROUND penetrating radar ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
A tree’s root system accounts for between 10 and 65% of its total biomass, yet our understanding of the factors that cause this proportion to vary is limited because of the difficulty encountered when studying tree root systems. There is a need to develop new sampling and measuring techniques for tree root systems. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) offers the potential for direct nondestructive measurements of tree root biomass and root distributions to be made. We tested the ability of GPR, with 500 MHz, 800 MHz and 1 GHz antennas, to detect tree roots and determine root size by burying roots in a 32 m
3 pit containing damp sand. Within this test bed, tree roots were buried in two configurations: (1) roots of various diameters (1–10 cm) were buried at a single depth (50 cm); and (2) roots of similar diameter (about 5 cm) were buried at various depths (15–155 cm). Radar antennas were drawn along transects perpendicular to the buried roots. Radar profile normalization, filtration and migration were undertaken based on standard algorithms. All antennas produced characteristic reflection hyperbolas on the radar profiles allowing visual identification of most root locations. The 800 MHz antenna resulted in the clearest radar profiles. An unsupervised, maximum-convexity migration algorithm was used to focus information contained in the hyperbolas back to a point. This resulted in a significant gain in clarity with roots appearing as discrete shapes, thereby reducing confusion due to overlapping of hyperbolas when many roots are detected. More importantly, parameters extracted from the resultant waveform through the center of a root correlated well with root diameter for the 500 MHz antenna, but not for the other two antennas. A multiple regression model based on the extracted parameters was calibrated on half of the data (R2 = 0.89) and produced good predictions when tested on the remaining data. Root diameters were predicted with a root mean squared error of 0.6 cm, allowing detection and quantification of roots as small as 1 cm in diameter. An advantage of this processing technique is that it produces results independently of signal strength. These waveform parameters represent a major advance in the processing of GPR profiles for estimating root diameters. We conclude that enhanced data analysis routines combined with improvements in GPR hardware design could make GPR a valuable tool for studying tree root systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2004
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- View/download PDF
41. A theoretical analysis of the influence of heterogeneity in chlorophyll distribution on leaf reflectance.
- Author
-
Barton, Craig V. M.
- Subjects
CHLOROPHYLL ,LEAVES ,REFLECTANCE ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,CHLOROSIS (Plants) ,RADIATIVE transfer - Abstract
Attempts to determine the vitality of vegetation and to detect vegetation stress from remotely sensed data have focused on chlorophyll concentration, because it influences the reflectance of vegetation and tends to correlate with vegetation health and stress. Pollution, pathogens and pests can cause localized regions of chlorosis and necrosis across a leaf surface, but the extent to which these patches influence the overall reflectance and spectral signature of the leaf and canopy has not been tested.A conifer leaf model (LIBERTY), which simulates the influence of leaf biochemical concentrations of chlorophyll, water, lignin, cellulose and protein on the reflectance of leaves from 400 to 2500 nm, was used to determine the effect of patches of chlorosis on leaf reflectance. A fraction of the leaf f is assumed to be chlorotic with a chlorophyll concentration C1. The remainder of the leaf has chlorophyll concentration C2 such that mean leaf chlorophyll concentration, Cmean = fC1 + (1 – f)C2, is constant for a range of f and C1 values. LIBERTY can be used to estimate the reflectance of a leaf with a particular chlorophyll concentration at a particular wavelength Rλ,C (assuming other leaf properties remain constant), thus we can estimate the reflectance of the chlorotic leaf as fRλ,C1 + (1 – f)Rλ,C2.The model indicated that small areas of chlorosis have a disproportionately large influence on overall leaf reflectance. For example, a leaf with 25% of its area chlorotic can have the same reflectance (400–700 nm) as a homogeneous leaf with 60% less chlorophyll. Thus, determination of chlorophyll concentration from remotely sensed data is prone to underestimation when chlorophyll is nonuniformly distributed. Hence, attempts to model leaf and canopy reflectance using radiative transfer models will need to consider how to incorporate nonuniform chlorophyll distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Mesophyll conductance measured at the whole-tree canopy level does not respond to elevated temperature.
- Author
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Gimeno, Teresa E., Campany, Courtney E., Barton, Craig M. V., and Marshall, John D.
- Published
- 2019
43. Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance.
- Author
-
Medlyn, Belinda E., Duursma, Remko A., Eamus, Derek, Ellsworth, David S., Colin Prentice, I., Barton, Craig V. M., Crous, Kristine Y., Angelis, Paolo, Freeman, Michael, and Wingate, Lisa
- Subjects
PUBLISHED errata ,JOURNALISTIC errors ,WATER vapor - Abstract
A correction to the article "Reconciling the optimal and empirical approaches to modelling stomatal conductance" that was published in the 2011 issue is presented.
- Published
- 2012
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44. Isotopic steady state or non-steady state transpiration? Insights from whole tree chambers.
- Author
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Harwood R, Cernusak LA, Drake JE, Barton CVM, Tjoelker MG, and Barbour MM
- Abstract
Unravelling the complexities of transpiration can be assisted by understanding the oxygen isotope composition of transpired water vapour (δE). It is often assumed that δE is at steady state, thereby mirroring the oxygen isotope composition of source water (δsource), but this assumption has never been tested at the whole-tree scale. This study utilised the unique infrastructure of 12 whole-tree chambers (WTC) enclosing Eucalyptus parramattensis trees to measure δE along with concurrent temperature and gas exchange data. Six chambers tracked ambient air temperature and six were exposed to an ambient +3 °C warming treatment. Day-time means for δE were within 1.2‰ of δsource (-3.3‰) but varied considerably throughout the day. Our observations show that Eucalyptus parramattensis trees are seldom transpiring at isotopic steady state over a diel period, but transpiration approaches source water isotopic composition over longer time periods., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Optimal stomatal theory predicts CO 2 responses of stomatal conductance in both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees.
- Author
-
Gardner A, Jiang M, Ellsworth DS, MacKenzie AR, Pritchard J, Bader MK, Barton CVM, Bernacchi C, Calfapietra C, Crous KY, Dusenge ME, Gimeno TE, Hall M, Lamba S, Leuzinger S, Uddling J, Warren J, Wallin G, and Medlyn BE
- Subjects
- Carbon Dioxide pharmacology, Cycadopsida, Plant Leaves physiology, Photosynthesis physiology, Water physiology, Plant Stomata physiology, Trees physiology, Magnoliopsida
- Abstract
Optimal stomatal theory predicts that stomata operate to maximise photosynthesis (A
net ) and minimise transpirational water loss to achieve optimal intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). We tested whether this theory can predict stomatal responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2 ), and whether it can capture differences in responsiveness among woody plant functional types (PFTs). We conducted a meta-analysis of tree studies of the effect of eCO2 on iWUE and its components Anet and stomatal conductance (gs ). We compared three PFTs, using the unified stomatal optimisation (USO) model to account for confounding effects of leaf-air vapour pressure difference (D). We expected smaller gs , but greater Anet , responses to eCO2 in gymnosperms compared with angiosperm PFTs. We found that iWUE increased in proportion to increasing eCO2 in all PFTs, and that increases in Anet had stronger effects than reductions in gs . The USO model correctly captured stomatal behaviour with eCO2 across most datasets. The chief difference among PFTs was a lower stomatal slope parameter (g1 ) for the gymnosperm, compared with angiosperm, species. Land surface models can use the USO model to describe stomatal behaviour under changing atmospheric CO2 conditions., (© 2022 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2022 New Phytologist Foundation.)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Increasing aridity will not offset CO 2 fertilization in fast-growing eucalypts with access to deep soil water.
- Author
-
Nadal-Sala D, Medlyn BE, Ruehr NK, Barton CVM, Ellsworth DS, Gracia C, Tissue DT, Tjoelker MG, and Sabaté S
- Subjects
- Australia, Carbon Dioxide, Fertilization, Plant Leaves, Trees, Soil, Water
- Abstract
Rising atmospheric [CO
2 ] (Ca ) generally enhances tree growth if nutrients are not limiting. However, reduced water availability and elevated evaporative demand may offset such fertilization. Trees with access to deep soil water may be able to mitigate such stresses and respond more positively to Ca . Here, we sought to evaluate how increased vapor pressure deficit and reduced precipitation are likely to modify the impact of elevated Ca (eCa ) on tree productivity in an Australian Eucalyptus saligna Sm. plantation with access to deep soil water. We parameterized a forest growth simulation model (GOTILWA+) using data from two field experiments on E. saligna: a 2-year whole-tree chamber experiment with factorial Ca (ambient =380, elevated =620 μmol mol-1 ) and watering treatments, and a 10-year stand-scale irrigation experiment. Model evaluation showed that GOTILWA+ can capture the responses of canopy C uptake to (1) rising vapor pressure deficit (D) under both Ca treatments; (2) alterations in tree water uptake from shallow and deep soil layers during soil dry-down; and (3) the impact of irrigation on tree growth. Simulations suggest that increasing Ca up to 700 μmol mol-1 alone would result in a 33% increase in annual gross primary production (GPP) and a 62% increase in biomass over 10 years. However, a combined 48% increase in D and a 20% reduction in precipitation would halve these values. Our simulations identify high D conditions as a key limiting factor for GPP. They also suggest that rising Ca will compensate for increasing aridity limitations in E. saligna trees with access to deep soil water under non-nutrient limiting conditions, thereby reducing the negative impacts of global warming upon this eucalypt species. Simulation models not accounting for water sources available to deep-rooting trees are likely to overestimate aridity impacts on forest productivity and C stocks., (© 2021 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)- Published
- 2021
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- View/download PDF
47. Whole-tree mesophyll conductance reconciles isotopic and gas-exchange estimates of water-use efficiency.
- Author
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Gimeno TE, Campany CE, Drake JE, Barton CVM, Tjoelker MG, Ubierna N, and Marshall JD
- Subjects
- Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Isotopes, Mesophyll Cells, Photosynthesis, Plant Leaves, Trees, Water
- Abstract
Photosynthetic water-use efficiency (WUE) describes the link between terrestrial carbon (C) and water cycles. Estimates of intrinsic WUE (iWUE) from gas exchange and C isotopic composition (δ
13 C) differ due to an internal conductance in the leaf mesophyll (gm ) that is variable and seldom computed. We present the first direct estimates of whole-tree gm , together with iWUE from whole-tree gas exchange and δ13 C of the phloem (δ13 Cph ). We measured gas exchange, online13 C-discrimination, and δ13 Cph monthly throughout spring, summer, and autumn in Eucalyptus tereticornis grown in large whole-tree chambers. Six trees were grown at ambient temperatures and six at a 3°C warmer air temperature; a late-summer drought was also imposed. Drought reduced whole-tree gm . Warming had few direct effects, but amplified drought-induced reductions in whole-tree gm . Whole-tree gm was similar to leaf gm for these same trees. iWUE estimates from δ13 Cph agreed with iWUE from gas exchange, but only after incorporating gm . δ13 Cph was also correlated with whole-tree13 C-discrimination, but offset by -2.5 ± 0.7‰, presumably due to post-photosynthetic fractionations. We conclude that δ13 Cph is a good proxy for whole-tree iWUE, with the caveats that post-photosynthetic fractionations and intrinsic variability of gm should be incorporated to provide reliable estimates of this trait in response to abiotic stress., (© 2020 The Authors New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist Foundation.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. No evidence of homeostatic regulation of leaf temperature in Eucalyptus parramattensis trees: integration of CO 2 flux and oxygen isotope methodologies.
- Author
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Drake JE, Harwood R, Vårhammar A, Barbour MM, Reich PB, Barton CVM, and Tjoelker MG
- Subjects
- Homeostasis, Oxygen Isotopes, Photosynthesis, Plant Leaves, Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, Eucalyptus, Trees
- Abstract
Thermoregulation of leaf temperature (T
leaf ) may foster metabolic homeostasis in plants, but the degree to which Tleaf is moderated, and under what environmental contexts, is a topic of debate. Isotopic studies inferred the temperature of photosynthetic carbon assimilation to be a constant value of c. 20°C; by contrast, leaf biophysical theory suggests a strong dependence of Tleaf on environmental drivers. Can this apparent disparity be reconciled? We continuously measured Tleaf and whole-crown net CO2 uptake for Eucalyptus parramattensis trees growing in field conditions in whole-tree chambers under ambient and +3°C warming conditions, and calculated assimilation-weighted leaf temperature (TL-AW ) across 265 d, varying in air temperature (Tair ) from -1 to 45°C. We compared these data to TL-AW derived from wood cellulose δ18 O. Tleaf exhibited substantial variation driven by Tair , light intensity, and vapor pressure deficit, and Tleaf was strongly linearly correlated with Tair with a slope of c. 1.0. TL-AW values calculated from cellulose δ18 O vs crown fluxes were remarkably consistent; both varied seasonally and in response to the warming treatment, tracking variation in Tair . The leaves studied here were nearly poikilothermic, with no evidence of thermoregulation of Tleaf towards a homeostatic value. Importantly, this work supports the use of cellulose δ18 O to infer TL-AW , but does not support the concept of strong homeothermic regulation of Tleaf ., (© 2020 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2020 New Phytologist Foundation.)- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
49. Using a paired tower approach and remote sensing to assess carbon sequestration and energy distribution in a heterogeneous sclerophyll forest.
- Author
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Griebel A, Metzen D, Boer MM, Barton CVM, Renchon AA, Andrews HM, and Pendall E
- Subjects
- Australia, Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Monitoring methods, Forests, Remote Sensing Technology
- Abstract
The critically endangered Cumberland Plain woodland within the greater Sydney metropolitan area hosts a dwindling refuge for melaleuca trees, an integral part of Australia's native vegetation. Despite their high carbon stocks, melaleucas have not explicitly been targeted for studies assessing their carbon sequestration potential, and especially little is known about their energy cycling or their response to increasing climate stress, precluding a holistic assessment of the resilience of Australia's forests to climate change. To improve our understanding of the role of melaleuca forest responses to climate stress, we combined forest inventory and airborne LiDAR data to identify species distribution and associated variations in forest structure, and deployed flux towers in a melaleuca-dominated (AU-Mel) and in a eucalypt-dominated (AU-Cum) stand to simultaneously monitor carbon and energy fluxes under typical growing conditions, as well as during periods with high atmospheric demand and low soil water content. We discovered that the species distribution at our study site affected the vertical vegetation structure, leading to differences in canopy coverage (75% at AU-Cum vs. 84% at AU-Mel) and plant area index (2.1 m
2 m-2 at AU-Cum vs. 2.6 m2 m-2 at AU-Mel) that resulted in a heterogeneous forest landscape. Furthermore, we identified that both stands had comparable net daytime carbon exchange and sensible heat flux, whereas daytime latent heat flux (115.8 W m-2 at AU-Cum vs 119.4 W m-2 at AU-Mel, respectively) was higher at the melaleuca stand, contributing to a 0.3 °C decrease in air temperature and reduced vapor pressure deficit above the melaleuca canopy. However, increased canopy conductance and higher latent heat flux during moderate VPD or when soil moisture was low indicated a lack of water preservation at the melaleuca stand, highlighting the potential for increased vulnerability of melaleucas to projected hotter and drier future climates., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
50. Climate warming and tree carbon use efficiency in a whole-tree 13 CO 2 tracer study.
- Author
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Drake JE, Furze ME, Tjoelker MG, Carrillo Y, Barton CVM, and Pendall E
- Subjects
- Cell Respiration, Isotope Labeling, Plant Leaves metabolism, Plant Roots metabolism, Soil chemistry, Carbon Dioxide metabolism, Carbon Isotopes metabolism, Global Warming, Trees metabolism
- Abstract
Autotrophic respiration is a major driver of the global C cycle and may contribute a positive climate warming feedback through increased atmospheric concentrations of CO
2 . The extent of this feedback depends on plants' ability to acclimate respiration to maintain a constant carbon use efficiency (CUE). We quantified respiratory partitioning of gross primary production (GPP) and CUE of field-grown trees in a long-term warming experiment (+3°C). We delivered a13 C-CO2 pulse to whole tree crowns and chased that pulse in the respiration of leaves, whole crowns, roots, and soil. We also measured the isotopic composition of soil microbial biomass and the respiration rates of leaves and whole crowns. We documented homeostatic respiratory acclimation of foliar and whole-crown respiration rates; the trees adjusted to experimental warming such that leaf-level respiration rates were not increased. Experimental warming had no detectable impact on respiratory partitioning or mean residence times. Of the13 C label acquired by the trees, aboveground respiration consumed 10%, belowground respiration consumed 40%, and the remaining 50% was retained. Experimental warming of +3°C did not alter respiratory partitioning at the scale of entire trees, suggesting that complete acclimation of respiration to warming is likely to dampen a positive climate warming feedback., (© 2019 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2019 New Phytologist Trust.)- Published
- 2019
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