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In the present study we investigated the expression and the functional role of mechanosensitive polycystins in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In 115 RCC patients we evaluated the protein expression of polycystin-1 (PC1), polycystin-2 (PC2), VEGF and protein components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which have been implicated both in RCC and polycystic kidney disease. PC1 and PC2 demonstrated reduced expression throughout the RCC tissue compared to the adjacent normal tissue. PC1 and PC2 revealed high expression when they were associated with higher grade and decreased 5-year survival respectively. PC1 and PC2 were positively correlated with p110γ subunit of PI3K and high PC1 expressing cells tended to display activation/phosphorylation of Akt. There was also a positive association between PC1 and VEGF expression, whereas PC1 augmented the tumor's microvascular network in stage IV carcinomas. In human RCC cells, functional inhibition of PC1 resulted in upregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, enhanced cell proliferation and led to inhibition of cell migration. Conclusively, aberrant PC1 regulation is associated with increased angiogenesis and features of advanced disease in RCC tissues. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.

Objectives: Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease caused by periodontopathogens, such as Filifactor alocis. This study sought to examine the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 synthesis by monocytic and fibroblastic cells in response to F. alocis and to unravel the underlying cellular mechanisms. Material and methods: Gingival biopsies from periodontally healthy and periodontitis individuals were analyzed for the presence of F. alocis and MMP-1 by RT-PCR. Human gingival fibroblastic (HGF-1) and monocytic (THP-1) cells were stimulated with F. alocis in the presence and absence of a blocking toll-like receptor (TLR)2 antibody or specific inhibitors against MAPKs. MMP-1 expression and protein levels were studied by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Results: F. alocis was highly prevalent in biopsies from periodontitis patients but barely present in the healthy gingiva. Significantly higher MMP-1 expression levels were found in the inflamed gingiva as compared with healthy biopsies. F. alocis caused a significant and dose-dependent MMP-1 upregulation in both cells. The stimulatory effect of F. alocis on MMP-1 was TLR2- and MAPK-dependent and more pronounced on THP-1 cells as compared with HGF-1 cells. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that F. alocis and MMP-1 are more prevalent at periodontitis sites. Additionally, our study provides original evidence that F. alocis can stimulate MMP-1 production by fibroblastic and monocytic cells, suggesting that F. alocis may contribute to periodontal breakdown through MMP-1. Clinical relevance: F. alocis and MMP-1 are linked to each other and key players in periodontitis, which may have significant implications for future diagnostic and treatment strategies. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Advanced glycation end products accumulate in the ovarian granulosa-cell layer of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Taken that the MAPK/ERK-pathway is a key regulator of oocyte maturation and function, consisting the main pathway used by the gonadotrophic hormones (luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone) to control ovulation, the present study aims to assess advanced glycation end products' interference into luteinizing hormone-and follicle stimulating hormone-signaling via the MAPK/ERK-pathway in the human granulosa KGN cell line. KGN cells were treated with luteinizing hormone or follicle stimulating hormone in the absence or presence of human glycated albumin. The specific activation of the main components of the MAPK/ERK1/2-pathway (namely c-Raf, MEK and ERK1/2) was assessed. Treatment of KGN cells with an MEK1/2-inhibitor or a blocking anti-RAGE-antibody was also performed to shed further light on the mechanism of the involvement of advanced glycation end products in luteinizing hormone and/or follicle stimulating hormone-related signaling pathways. Luteinizing hormone treatment increased p-ERK1/2 levels in human granulosa cells, while the combined treatment of luteinizing hormone and human glycated albumin provoked a decrease of p-ERK1/2 levels. A similar reducing effect was also observed for the upstream molecule phospho-cRaf upon combined treatment, while treatment with an MEK-inhibitor confirmed that the phenomenon is MAPK/ERK-pathway-dependent. Similarly, follicle stimulating hormone treatment increased p-ERK1/2 and p-MEK1/2 levels, while the combined treatment of follicle stimulating hormone and human glycated albumin downregulated their levels. Advanced glycation end products reduce the luteinizing hormone- and follicle stimulating hormone-induced ERK1/2 activation that is critical for granulosa cell mitogenesis and proliferation. Inappropriate activation of ERK1/2 in granulosa cells may block the granulosa cell differentiation pathway and/or impair follicular responses to hormones, potentially leading to ovulation failure that characterizes polycystic ovarian syndrome. © 2017, © 2017 by the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

Mechanotransduction is a key process by which cells perceive extracellular mechanical cues/intercellular physical interactions and transform them into intracellular biochemical signals. This physiological process is crucial during bone development and bone remodeling throughout childhood and adult life, whereas several aberrations during this process have emerged as a distinct pathogenic molecular entity in bone maladies and tumor formation. The present review focuses on recent advances regarding the mechanobiology of osteosarcoma, the most common type of bone cancer. Special emphasis is given on the mechano-responsive signal transduction pathways underlying osteosarcoma pathology and on specific mechanosensitive molecules engaged in osteosarcoma development. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 232–236, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Polycystin-1 (PC1) has been proposed as a chief mechanosensing molecule implicated in skeletogenesis and bone remodeling. Mechanotransduction via PC1 involves proteolytic cleavage of its cytoplasmic tail (CT) and interaction with intracellular pathways and transcription factors to regulate cell function. Here we demonstrate the interaction of PC1-CT with JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis in mechanically stimulated human osteoblastic cells, leading to transcriptional induction of Runx2 gene, a master regulator of osteoblastic differentiation. Primary osteoblast-like PC1-expressing cells subjected to mechanical-stretching exhibited a PC1-dependent increase of the phosphorylated(p)/active form of JAK2. Specific interaction of PC1-CT with pJAK2 was observed after stretching while pre-treatment of cells with PC1 (anti-IgPKD1) and JAK2 inhibitors abolished JAK2 activation. Consistently, mechanostimulation triggered PC1-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3. The nuclear phosphorylated(p)/DNA-binding competent pSTAT3 levels were augmented after stretching followed by elevated DNA-binding activity. Pre-treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor either alone or in combination with anti-IgPKD1 abrogated this effect. Moreover, PC1-mediated mechanostimulation induced elevation of Runx2 mRNA levels. ChIP assays revealed direct regulation of Runx2 promoter activity by STAT3/Runx2 after mechanical-stretching that was PC1-dependent. Our findings show that mechanical load upregulates expression of Runx2 gene via potentiation of PC1–JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis, culminating to possibly control osteoblastic differentiation and ultimately bone formation. © 2016, Springer International Publishing.

The actions of estrogens are mediated by estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. Recent genomic landscaping of ERα- and ERβ-binding sites has revealed important distinctions regarding their transcriptional activity. ERβ and its isoforms have been correlated with endocrine treatment responsiveness in breast tumors, while post-translational modifications, receptor dimerization patterns, and subcellular localization are increasingly recognized as crucial modulators in prostate carcinogenesis. Androgen receptor (AR) is essential for the development and progression of prostate cancer as well as of certain breast cancer types. The balance between the activity of these two hormone receptors and their molecular interactions in different clinical settings is influenced by several coregulators. This comprises a dynamic regulatory network enhancing or limiting the activity of AR-directed treatments in breast and prostate tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the molecular background regarding the therapeutic targeting of androgen/estrogen receptor crosstalk in breast and prostate cancer. © 2015 Elsevier Inc.

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent type of primary bone tumors among children and adolescents. During the past years, little progress has been made regarding prognosis of osteosarcoma patients, especially for those with metastatic disease. Genomic instability and gene alterations are common, but current data do not reveal a consistent and repeatable pattern of osteosarcoma development, thus paralleling the tumor's high heterogeneity. Critical signal transduction pathways have been implicated in osteosarcoma pathobiology and are being evaluated as therapeutic targets, including receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (RANK), Wnt, Notch, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, and mechanotransduction pathways. Herein, we recapitulate and discuss recent advances in the context of molecular mechanisms and signaling networks that contribute to osteosarcoma progression and metastasis, towards patient-tailored and novel-targeted treatments. © 2016, © 2016 by the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor RAGE emerge as important pathogenic contributors in colorectal carcinogenesis. However, their relationship to the detoxification enzyme Glyoxalase (GLO)-I and Adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1, AdipoR2) in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is currently understudied. In the present study, we investigated the expression levels of the above molecules in CRC compared to adjacent non-tumoral tissue and their potential correlation with clinicopathological characteristics and patients' survival. Methods: We analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of AGE, RAGE, GLO-1, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in 133 primary CRC cases, focusing on GLO-I. The tumour MSI status was further assessed in mucinous carcinomas. Western immunoblotting was employed for validation of immunohistochemical data in normal and tumoral tissues as well in three CRC cell lines. An independent set of 55 patients was also used to validate the results of univariate survival analysis regarding GLO-I. Results: CRC tissue showed higher intensity of both AGE and RAGE expression compared with normal colonic mucosa which was negative for GLO-I in most cases (78%). Western immunoblotting confirmed AGE, RAGE and GLO-I overexpression in tumoral tissue. GLO-I expression was directly related to RAGE and inversely related to AGE immunolabeling. There was a trend towards higher expression of all markers (except for RAGE) in the subgroup of mucinous carcinomas which, although of borderline significance, seemed to be more prominent for AdipoR1 and AGE. Additionally, AGE, AdipoR1 and Adipo R2 expression was related to tumor grade, whereas GLO-1 and AdipoR1 to T-category. In survival analysis, AdipoR2 and GLO-I overexpression predicted shortened survival in the entire cohort and in early stage cases, an effect which for GLO-I was reproduced in the validation cohort. Moreover, GLO-I emerged as an independent prognosticator of adverse significance in the patients' cohort. Conclusions: We herein provide novel evidence regarding the possible interactions between the components of AGE-RAGE axis, GLO-I and adiponectin receptors in CRC. AGE and AdipoR1 are possibly involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, whereas AdipoR2 and GLO-I emerged as novel independent prognostic biomarkers of adverse significance for patients with early disease stage. Further studies are warranted to extend our observations and investigate their potential therapeutic significance. © 2016 Sakellariou et al.

Human gliomas represent the most common type of intracranial tumors, with highest morbidity and mortality. They are characterized by excessive invasiveness and cell proliferation while their unclear boundaries predispose to tumor recurrence soon after conventional treatment. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms implicated in their development and/or treatment resistance is highly demanded. The high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, a highly conserved nuclear protein that functions as a chromatin-binding factor, facilitating nucleosome stabilization and regulating gene transcription, has been implicated in glioma formation and progression. Extracellular released HMGB1 binds to high-affinity receptors, including the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, and TLR-9. Upon receptor binding, HMGB1 triggers the activation of key signaling pathways and immune responses, involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, motility, and apoptosis. Based on the type of receptor and/or cell, HMGB1 is capable to promote oncogenesis or suppress tumor growth, thus affecting treatment efficacy. Herein, we discuss recent evidence implicating HMGB1 in glioma cell differentiation, proliferation, and metastasis with both clinical and prognostic significance. In addition, potential therapeutic approaches to target this protein in order to reduce chemoresistance of glioma cells are also addressed. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

ErbB family members, ErbB1/EGFR/HER-1, ErbB2/HER-2, ErbB3/HER-3 and ErbB4/HER-4, have been implicated in breast cancer (BC) tumorigenicity. Recently, crucial roles for RANK/RANKL signaling in addition to key downstream factor NF-κB have been demonstrated in mammary tumorigenesis. Here, we present the hypothesis of a novel association between ErbB and RANK pathways in promoting BC. The proposed model alludes to the cross-talk that might occur between RANK and ErbB receptors. This interplay might regulate RANK signaling and consequently, modulate carcinogenesis, mainly in ErbB2 over-expressing BC cells. Thus, we highlight the significance of the RANK/RANKL axis as a putative therapeutic target in this malignancy, and furthermore, suggest that the combination of ErbB and RANK/RANKL inhibitors may have therapeutic benefit for certain BC patients. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd

The potential role of AKT/mTOR signalling proteins and its association with the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway was investigated in hairy cell leukaemia (HCL). BRAFV600E expression and activated forms of AKT, mTOR, ERK1/2, p70S6k and 4E-BP1 were immunohistochemically assessed in 77 BM biopsies of HCL patients and correlated with clinicopathological and BM microvascular characteristics, as well as with c-Caspase-3 levels in hairy cells. Additionally, we tested rapamycin treatment response of BONNA-12 wild-Type cells or transfected with BRAFV600E. Most HCL cases expressed p-p70S6K and p-4E-BP1 but not p-mTOR, being accompanied by p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT. AKT/mTOR activation was evident in BONNA-12 cells irrespective of the presence of BRAFV600E mutation and was implicated in cell proliferation enhancement. In multivariate analysis p-AKT/p-mTOR/p-4E-BP1 overexpression was an adverse prognostic factor for time to next treatment conferring earlier relapse. When p-AKT, p-mTOR and p-4E-BP1 were examined separately only p-4E-BP1 remained significant. Our findings indicate that in HCL, critical proteins up-and downstream of mTOR are activated. Moreover, the strong associations with Raf-MEK-ERK signalling imply a possible biologic interaction between these pathways. Most importantly, expression of p-4E-BP1 alone or combined with p-AKT and p-mTOR is of prognostic value in patients with HCL.

Normal extension and skull expansion is a synchronized process that prevails along the osteogenic intersections of the cranial sutures. Cranial sutures operate as bone growth sites allowing swift bone generation at the edges of the bone fronts while they remain patent. Premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures can trigger craniosynostosis, a birth defect characterized by dramatic manifestations in appearance and functional impairment. Up until today, surgical correction is the only restorative measure for craniosynostosis associated with considerable mortality. Clinical studies have identified several genes implicated in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis syndromes with useful insights into the underlying molecular signaling events that determine suture fate. In this review, we exploit the intracellular signal transduction pathways implicated in suture pathobiology, in an attempt to identify key signaling molecules for therapeutic targeting. © 2016 The Authors

Endothelial dysfunction involves deregulation of the key extracellular matrix (ECM) enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) and the vasoconstrictor protein, endothelin-1 (ET-1), whose gene expression can be modulated by the transcriptional activators nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) present an aggravating factor of endothelial dysfunction which upon engagement to their receptor RAGE induce upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), leading to NF-κB and AP-1 potentiation. We hypothesized that AGEs could induce NF-κΒ- and AP-1-dependent regulation of LOX and ET-1 expression via the AGE/RAGE/MAPK signaling axis. Western blot, real-time qRT-PCR, FACS analysis and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays were employed in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) following treatment with AGE-bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) to investigate the signaling pathway towards this hypothesis. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of AGEs, RAGE, LOX and ET-1 expression was conducted in aortic endothelium of a rat experimental model exposed to high- or low-AGE content diet. HAECs exposed to AGE-BSA for various time points exhibited upregulation of LOX and ET-1 mRNA levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Exposure of HAECs to AGE-BSA also showed specific elevation of phospho(p)-ERK1/2 and p-JNK levels in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. AGE administration significantly increased NF-κΒ- and AP-1-binding activity to both LOX and ET-1 cognate promoter regions. Moreover, LOX and ET-1 overexpression in rat aortic endothelium upon high-AGE content diet confirmed the functional interrelation of these molecules. Our findings demonstrate that AGEs trigger NF-κΒ- and AP-1-mediated upregulation of LOX and ET-1 via the AGE/RAGE/MAPK signaling cascade in human endothelial cells, thus contributing to distorted endothelial homeostasis by impairing endothelial barrier function, altering ECM biomechanical properties and cell proliferation. © 2015 Springer International Publishing.

Emerging evidence indicates that accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in human tissues may contribute to cell injury, inflammation and apoptosis through induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Human metabolism relies on ER homeostasis for the coordinated response of all metabolic organs by controlling the synthesis and catabolism of various nutrients. In vitro studies have demonstrated AGE-induced enhancement of unfolded protein response (UPR) in different cell types including endothelial, neuronal, pancreatic cells and podocytes, suggesting this crosstalk as an underlying pathological mechanism that contributes to metabolic diseases. In this minireview, we describe in vivo studies undertaken by our group and others that demonstrate the diverse systemic effects of AGEs in ER stress induction in major metabolic tissues such as brain, kidney, liver and pancreas of normal mice. Administration of high-AGEs content diet to normal mice for the period of 4 weeks upergulates the mRNA and protein levels of ER chaperone Bip (GRP78) indicative of UPR initiation in all major metabolic organs and induces activation of the pivotal transcription factor XBP1 that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, animals with genetic ablation of UPR-activated transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein CHOP allocated in high-AGEs diet, exhibited relative resistance to UPR induction (BiP levels) and XBP1 activation in major metabolic organs. Since CHOP presents a critical mediator that links accumulation and aggregation of unfolded proteins with induction of oxidative stress and ER stress-related apoptosis, it is revealed as an important molecular target for the management of metabolic diseases. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Although epigenetic alterations play an essential role in gliomagenesis, the relevance of aberrant histone modifications and the respective enzymes has not been clarified. Experimental data implicates histone H3 lysine (K) methyltransferases SETDB1 and SUV39H1 into glioma pathobiology, whereas linker histone variant H1.0 and H4K20me3 reportedly affect prognosis. We investigated the expression of H3K9me3 and its methyltransferases along with H4K20me3 and H1x in 101 astrocytic tumors with regard to clinicopathological characteristics and survival. The effect of SUV39H1 inhibition by chaetocin on the proliferation, colony formation and migration of T98G cells was also examined. SETDB1 and cytoplasmic SUV39H1 levels increased from normal brain through low-grade to high-grade tumors, nuclear SUV39H1 correlating inversely with grade. H3K9me3 immunoreactivity was higher in normal brain showing no association with grade, whereas H1x and H4K20me3 expression was higher in grade 2 than in normal brain or high grades. These expression patterns of H1x, H4K20me3 and H3K9me3 were verified by Western immunoblotting. Chaetocin treatment significantly reduced proliferation, clonogenic potential and migratory ability of T98G cells. H1x was an independent favorable prognosticator in glioblastomas, this effect being validated in an independent set of 66 patients. Diminished nuclear SUV39H1 expression adversely affected survival in univariate analysis. In conclusion, H4K20me3 and H3K9 methyltransferases are differentially implicated in astroglial tumor progression. Deregulation of H1x emerges as a prognostic biomarker. © 2015 Sepsa et al.

Estrogen receptors mediate numerous favorable effects on cells and molecules implicated in vascular inflammation and atherogenic process. However, harmful effects have also been suggested. Actually, premenopausal women have a significantly lower risk for cardiovascular disease compared to postmenopausal women or age matched males while the incidence of cardiovascular disease is greater in postmenopausal than premenopausal women of the same age. The balance between the expression of ER subtypes may play an important role in the paradoxical characterization of estrogens as both beneficial and harmful. The activation of the newly discovered estrogen receptor GPR30 appears to be of great potential as therapeutic target in coronary heart disease, though the signaling mechanisms mediated GPR30 function still have not fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the role of each estrogen receptor subtype in mediating the direct estrogen actions on different cellular components that participate in the atherosclerotic inflammatory process. We hope this knowledge will shed some light on the cause of the paradoxical characterization of estrogens as both beneficial and harmful, and advance the research in the development of specific ERagonists/ antagonists with improved benefit/risk ratio. © 2015 Bentham Science Publishers.

Objective: To investigate the impact of dietary intervention on Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) intake on the hormonal and metabolic profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Methods: After baseline evaluation, 23 women with PCOS [mean±SD, age: 23.4±5.7 years; body mass index (BMI): 26±5.7 kg/m2] underwent the following consecutive 2-month dietary regimens: a hypocaloric diet with ad-libitum AGEs content (Hypo), an isocaloric diet with high AGEs (HA) and an isocaloric diet with low AGEs (LA). Metabolic, hormonal and oxidative stress status was assessed and AGEs levels were determined in all subjects after the completion of each dietary intervention. Results: Serum levels of AGEs, testosterone, oxidative stress, insulin and HOMA-IR index were significantly increased on the HA compared to the Hypo diet and subsequently decreased on the LA diet (compared to HA) (p

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the final products of the Maillard reaction, have been shown to impair endothelial proliferation and function, thus contributing to endothelial cell injury present in diabetes, inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress triggered under hyperglycemic, hypoxic and oxidative conditions has been implicated in endothelial dysfunction through activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The present study investigates the role of AGEs in ER stress induction in human aortic endothelial cells exposed to variable AGE treatments. Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were treated with increasing concentrations (100, 200 μg/mL) of AGE-bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) at different time-points (24, 48, 72 h). The induction of ER stress and the involved UPR components were investigated on mRNA and protein levels. Apoptosis was quantitatively determined by flow cytometry detecting propidium iodide expression and annexin V binding simultaneously. Results: AGEs administration significantly reduced HAEC proliferation in a time-and dose-dependent manner. An immediate induction of the ER chaperones GRP78, GRP94 and the transcriptional activator, XBP-1 was observed at 24 h and 48 h. A later induction of the phospho-elF2á and proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP was observed at 48 h and 72 h, being correlated with elevated early apoptotic cell numbers at the same time-points. Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that AGEs directly induce ER stress in human aortic endothelial cells, playing an important role in endothelial cell apoptosis. Targeting AGEs signaling pathways in order to alleviate ER stress may prove of therapeutic potential to endothelial dysfunction-related disorders. © 2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston.

Background:Sox11 is a transcription factor expressed in foetal and neoplastic brain tissue, including gliomas. It has been shown to suppress the tumourigenicity of glioma stem cells in vivo, thereby being hypothesised to function as a tumour suppressor.Methods:We investigated the expression of Sox11 in 132 diffuse astrocytomas in relation to the regulator cell marker nestin, c-Met and IDH1-R132H, which have shown to be differentially expressed among the molecular subgroups of malignant gliomas, as well as to an inducer of astrocytic differentiation, that is, signal transducer and activator of transcription (p-STAT-3), clinicopathological features and survival.Results:Sox11 immunoreactivity was identified in all tumours irrespective of grade, but being correlated with p-STAT-3. Three out of seven cases showed partial Sox11 promoter methylation. In >50% of our cases neoplastic cells coexpressed Sox11 and nestin, a finding further confirmed in primary glioblastoma cell cultures. Furthermore, nestin, c-Met and IDH1-R132H expression differed among grade categories. Cluster analysis identified four groups of patients according to c-Met, nestin and IDH1-R132H expression. The c-Met/nestin high-expressor group displayed a higher Sox11 expression. Sox11 expression was an indicator of favourable prognosis in glioblastomas, which remained in multivariate analysis and validated in an independent set of 72 cases. The c-Met/nestin high-expressor group was marginally with shorter survival in univariate analysis.Conclusions: We highlight the importance of Sox11 expression as a favourable prognosticator in glioblastomas. c-Met/nestin/IDH1-R132H expression phenotypes recapitulate the molecular subgroups of malignant glioma. © 2013 Cancer Research UK. All rights reserved.

Brain tumors encompass a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors with variable histopathology, aggressiveness, clinical outcome and prognosis. Current gene expression profiling studies indicate interplay of genetic and epigenetic alterations in their pathobiology. A central molecular event underlying epigenetics is the alteration of chromatin structure by post-translational modifications of DNA and histones as well as nucleosome repositioning. Dynamic remodeling of the fundamental nucleosomal structure of chromatin or covalent histone marks located in core histones regulate main cellular processes including DNA methylation, replication, DNA-damage repair as well as gene expression. Deregulation of these processes has been linked to tumor suppressor gene silencing, cancer initiation and progression. The reversible nature of deregulated chromatin structure by DNA methylation and histone deacetylation inhibitors, leading to re-expression of tumor suppressor genes, makes chromatin-remodeling pathways as promising therapeutic targets. In fact, a considerable number of these inhibitors are being tested today either alone or in combination with other agents or conventional treatments in the management of brain tumors with considerable success. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms underpinning deregulated chromatin remodeling in brain tumors, discuss their potential clinical implications and highlight the advances toward new therapeutic strategies. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Objective: To study oxidative stress (OS) markers on neonates. The specific aim was to evaluate advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) serum levels along with the hormonal/metabolic profile and their possible relationship in a cohort of polycystic ovary syndrome PCOS(N) and gestational diabetes GDM(N) neonates and their mothers PCOS(M) and GDM(M). Design: Prospective controlled study. Setting: Academic medical center. Patient(s): The study population comprised 151 mother/neonate pairs. Intervention(s): Diet and/or insulin administration in GDM(M). Main Outcome Measure(s): Anthropometric, metabolic, hormonal parameters, and OS markers. Result(s): The AGEs and AOPPs were higher in PCOS(M) and GDM(M) compared with controls (M). The same significant difference was observed in the corresponding groups of neonates. A strong relationship between mothers and neonates regarding AGEs (r = 0.605) and AOPPs levels (r = 0.735) was disclosed. Analogous findings were observed regarding androgens and insulin resistance in mothers and neonates, respectively. Conclusion(s): The present study demonstrated that in PCOS(N), the OS status was similar to that of GDM(N) and strongly associated with their mothers' oxidative status. These findings may have clinical implications, as exposure of PCOS(N) to high OS levels during pregnancy could affect several health issues of neonates. ©2013 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

Context: Advanced glycation, the major posttranslational modification of proteins, DNA, and lipids, is accelerated under conditions of increased oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and hypoxia contributing to a variety of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, inflammation, polycystic ovarian syndrome, ischemic cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. The potential role of advanced glycation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is largely unknown. Evidence Acquisition: Basic and clinical peer-reviewed articles on advanced glycation and ER stress related to metabolic regulation were searched in PubMed from 2000-2011. The resulting articles as well as relevant cited references were reviewed. Evidence Synthesis: Recent evidence indicates that hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and oxidative stress, apart of triggering advanced glycation, can also adversely affect ER function, leading to pathogenic ER stress, followed by the unfolded protein response. The concomitant presence of advanced glycation in the same conditions with ER stress suggests their crosstalk in the progression of diseases associated with hypoxic and oxidative stress. Conclusion: Current data support the direct or indirect induction of ER stress response by advanced glycation end products or advanced glycation end product precursors in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. Inhibitors of advanced glycation acting as potent ER stress modulators with beneficial effects in restoring ER homeostasis and adjusting physiological unfolded protein response level present an emerging therapeutic approach with significant applications, especially in the context of metabolic dysfunction. Copyright © 2012 by The Endocrine Society.

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression has provided colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis with an additional trait during the past decade. In particular, histone post-translational modifications set up a major component of this process dictating chromatin status and recruiting non-histone proteins in complexes formed to "handle DNA". In CRC, histone marks of aberrant acetylation and methylation levels on specific residues have been revealed, along with a plethora of deregulated enzymes that catalyze these reactions. Mutations, deletions or altered expression patterns transform the function of several histone-modifying proteins, further supporting the crucial role of epigenetic effectors in CRC oncogenesis, being closely associated to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Elucidation of the biochemical basis of these new tumorigenic mechanisms allows novel potential prognostic factors to come into play. Moreover, the detection of these changes even in early stages of the multistep CRC process, along with the reversible nature of these mechanisms and the technical capability to detect such alterations in cancer cells, places this group of covalent modifications as a further potential asset for clinical diagnosis or treatment of CRC. This review underlines the biochemistry of histone modifications and the potential regulatory role of histone-modifying proteins in CRC pathogenesis, to date. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of the emerging epigenetic interplay along with the chemical compounds that are candidates for clinical use are discussed, offering new insights for further investigation of key histone enzymes and new therapeutic targets. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aims: To investigate the significance of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in astrocytic tumours, published information in this context being limited, especially regarding phosphorylated 4E-binding protein (p-4E-BP) 1. Methods and results: Paraffin-embedded tissue from 111 patients with astroglial tumours (grades II-IV) was investigated for the association of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) signalling components with phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) expression, clinicopathological features, angiogenesis, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1)-R132H, and survival. Expression was also quantified by western blot analysis in 12 cases and in three primary glioma cell cultures following rapamycin treatment. p-mTOR expression correlated with p-4E-BP1 expression and marginally with p-p70S6K expression. p-4E-BP1 expression increased with tumour grade. Rapamycin induced a decline in phosphorylation levels of all three proteins. Nuclear p-AKT and cytoplasmic p-ERK1/2 immunoexpression correlated with p-4E-BP1 expression, whereas cytoplasmic p-AKT expression correlated with p-p70S6K expression. All three proteins were associated with increased angiogenesis but not with IDH1-R132H expression status. p-mTOR adversely affected overall and disease-free survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate survival analysis, the presence of p-4E-BP1 predicted shortened overall survival in the entire cohort and glioblastomas. Conclusions: mTOR signalling components are differentially involved in the acquisition of a more aggressive and angiogenic phenotype in astrocytic tumours. Moreover, p-4E-BP1 emerges as a novel prognostic marker, which might aid in the selection of patients who are more likely to benefit from therapy with mTOR inhibitors. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Astrocytomas, the most common type of gliomas, and especially grade IV glioblastomas are "endowed" with strong proliferation and invasion potentials, high recurrence rate, and poor patients' prognosis. Aberrant signaling of AKT-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) has been implicated in carcinogenesis. This paper is focused on the impact of deregulated AKT-mTOR signaling components in the clinical outcome and prognosis of human astrocytomas. Current therapeutic targeting of astrocytomas with AKT-mTOR inhibitors in preclinical and clinical stage is also discussed, including future perspectives regarding the management of these devastating tumors. © 2012 Elias A. El Habr et al.

Glioblastomas, the most frequent primary brain tumors in adults, are characterized by a highly aggressive, inflammatory and angiogenic phenotype. Methylation of CpG islands in cancer-related genes may serve as an epigenetic biomarker for glioblastoma diagnosis and prognosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the methylation status of four critical tumor-associated genes (MGMT, RARβ, RASSF1A, CDH13), and investigate possible links with inflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8) and angiogenic mediators (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], cyclooxygenase [COX]-2) and clinical outcome in 23 glioma samples (6 grade II astrocytomas, 17 grade IV glioblastomas). RARβ and MGMT genes were more frequently methylated in 70.58% and 58.8% of glioblastomas, respectively. RASSF1A and CDH13 displayed a similar methylation frequency (23.52%) in glioblastomas. No gene methylation was observed in grade II astrocytomas. Tumor grade correlated positively with MGMTand RARβ methylation ( P = 0.005 and P = 0.019, respectively) and the extent of necrosis (P = 0.001 and P = 0.003). Interestingly, the marker of chronic inflammation, IL-6, was positively associated with methylation of MGMT (P = 0.004), RARβ (P = 0.002), and RASSF1A (P = 0.0081) as well as the total number of methylated genes (P < 0.0001), indicating the important role of IL-6 in maintaining promoter methylation of these genes. VEGF expression correlated positively with MGMTand RARβ methylation although these relationships were of marginal significance (P = 0.0679 and P = 0.0757). Kaplan-Meier univariate survival analysis indicated an unfavorable survival period in patients with MGMT methylation compared with those without methylation (P = 0.0474). Our study highlights the implication of MGMT and RARβ methylation in the aggressive phenotype of primary glioblastomas. The association of MGMT methylation with clinical outcome indicates its potential prognostic value. © 2010 The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research.

Hypertension is a risk factor for heart failure and stroke. However, the effect of hypertension on stroke in patients with heart failure has not been well studied. In the Digitalis Investigation Group trial, 3,674 (47%) of the 7,788 patients had a history of hypertension. Probability or propensity scores for a history of hypertension were calculated for each patient through use of a multivariable logistic regression model and were then used to match 2,386 pairs of patients with and without a history of hypertension. Kaplan-Meier and matched Cox regression analyses were used to estimate associations of a history of hypertension hospitalization for stroke during 37 months of median follow-up. After matching, patients without and with a history of hypertension had a mean systolic blood pressure of 127 mm Hg. Hospitalization for stroke occurred in 90 patients (rate, 129/10,000 person-years of follow-up) without a history of hypertension and 121 patients (rate, 178/10,000 person-years of follow-up) with a history of hypertension (hazard ratio when hypertension was compared with no hypertension = 1.52; 95% confidence interval = 1.11 to 2.08; p = 0.010). This association was also observed among patients with baseline systolic blood pressure