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This article aims to explore the links between the structural organisation of the television industry and the wellbeing of the ordinary people who take part in its productions. Following a series of high-profile suicides, calls have been made for broadcasters to reconsider their duty of care. New regulations have been initiated in the UK, emphasising the need to risk-assess vulnerable contributors and provide them with psychological support. But these changes have been driven by moral outrage and media criticism rather than empirical research, and a lack of attention has been paid to understanding the views of the participants themselves. Based on in-depth interviews with a sample of 30 documentary contributors and producers, this article will seek to contextualise their experiences within the political economy of TV production, focussing on the impact of five recent developments in relation to working practices, jobs functions, narrative norms, marketing strategies, and the wider media ecology. My argument is that the wellbeing of contributors, producers, and the production environment are all intrinsically connected, and have been fundamentally reshaped by the neo-liberal reorganisation of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the use of novelty instruments in British concerts between 1750 and 1800. The author argues that these instruments were primarily used as a form of self-promotion by performers and were often associated with immigrant musicians in Britain. The article discusses the marketing strategies employed during this time, the concept of novelty in music, and the different types of novelty instruments that were used. It concludes that these instruments were primarily used as promotional tools in public performances and were not intended for domestic music-making. The article also highlights the role of immigrant musicians in this phenomenon and emphasizes the cultural and social factors that influenced the use of novelty instruments during this period. [Extracted from the article]

The use of big data by large food retailers is increasing their bargaining power against the agri-food cooperative sector. The aim of this study was to determine the social media behaviour of food retailers in Spain and the UK, and to identify significant changes pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic. The study analysed Twitter data collected from 16 food retailers; a total of 102,200 valid tweets were extracted from their official Twitter accounts. A term frequency analysis and a social network analysis of food retailers' Twitter behaviour were carried out. The results obtained show differences for both UK and Spanish retailers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. For agri-food cooperatives with little bargaining power in the supply chain of fresh produce, data analysis is a key factor in improving their competitive positioning. These findings should be of value to data scientists as well as managers responsible for forming strategies in agri-food firms that have large food retailers as clients. Finally, the study also confirms that, for agri-food cooperatives, analysing tweet content is a cheap and useful tool for understanding customer behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the UK and other countries in the world, the volume of gambling advertisements is increasing, as is the popularity of online sports betting. While there is increasing research examining the content of such advertising, there is little research examining what gamblers themselves think about such advertising. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to firstly, explore the attitudes and opinions of sports bettors in response to marketing techniques used by the gambling industry and secondly, explore the perceived impact advertising has on their sports betting behavior. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 19 UK sports bettors aged between 21 and 32 years old. Thematic analysis (TA) was used to analyze the transcripts. The analysis identified three main themes: (i) "temptation to gamble," (ii) "promotion characteristics of gambling," and (iii) "regulating gambling advertising." Each theme consisted of two or three subthemes that illustrated the underlying factors that were perceived to be important aspects that contributed to the opinions and attitudes towards the advertising. Findings indicate that specific inducements including enhanced odds and "request-a-bet" promotions were perceived to increase feelings of control and reduce feelings of risk, in some cases resulting in the placing of impulsive bets. According to the participants, social media marketing was found to be intrusive and the frequency of gambling advertising contributed to the normalization of betting. The present study highlights the need for further research into the efficacy of current advertising regulations in the UK, with the end goal of minimizing gambling-related harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the figurational dynamics and cultural significance of the emergence of American football on the landscape of English sports culture. To do this, it is necessary to place this development within the context of the more general debate concerning the Americanization of British culture. It is also necessary to examine how such changes in sports culture are intertwined with broader cultural changes. The substantive section focuses on the network of interdependencies involved in the making of American football in England in the 1980s. Attention is paid to the crucial role played by the marketing strategies of the NFL, Anheuser-Busch, and a British television company in promoting the game of American football in English society. An attempt is made to highlight the interweaving of interests of media and multinational corporations in the creation of a market not simply for the game of American football but also for the merchandising, sponsorship, and endorsement operations associated with it. The paper concludes with a consideration of Americanization, sport, and cultural change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In March 2022 we ran a pipeline for advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). • 12 of these ATMPs were already marketed in the EU and UK. • 482 unique ATMPs for various indications were identified in 583 clinical trials. • These ATMPs have both similarities with and differences to currently marketed ATMPs. Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are innovative biological products categorised as either gene, somatic cell, tissue-engineered or combined therapies. As of March 2022, 12 ATMPs are marketed in the EU and UK. We identified 482 unique ATMPs within 616 technology records from the National Institute for Health and Care Research Innovation Observatory database, 4 of which are currently marketed. These 482 ATMPs were identified in 583 clinical trials. Of the 616 records, 57.1% were for gene therapies and 1.6% were for combined therapies. Records covered various indications, including 130 haematological malignancies and 60 genetic disorders. Marketing authorisation intelligence was included in 14% of records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the background, creation and reception of a prominent cigarette advertising campaign from the early 1960s. The advertisements featured young couples falling in love as they shared Player's Medium cigarettes together. As such, the advertisements reflected the central place of the teenager within post-war British consumer culture. The campaign was built upon the insights of market research, particularly that carried out by Mark Abrams and his research organization Research Services Limited. Historians have played down the significance of Abrams's work, but it is argued here that the studies and reports Abrams produced rendered the teenage consumer knowable in a powerful way. Advertisers and manufacturers now had detailed knowledge about young people's consumption habits and their motivations. Such research helped the British tobacco industry formulate a controversial marketing strategy--the need to 'recruit' young people to the smoking habit--and the People Love Player's campaign was created with this in mind. The representations of love and gender included in the advertisements gave the campaign an emotional pull which was designed to resonate with young people. The advertisements were widely criticized and this drove the British tobacco industry to remove from its advertising appeals which might influence the young, such as love. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UK National Student Survey gathers student feedback on a variety of different university and course experiences. But it does not ask which, if any, matter most to students. Yorke and Vaughan (2012) acknowledge a lack of research into Creative and Media organisational pedagogies. How can we know what is truly important to students? What do they really care about? A pilot study, utilising UK NSS qualitative open text box comments, has supplied the data for my forthcoming research project, signposting areas within student experience that deserve further attention. A phenomenological approach was used and Q methodology afforded a systematic analysis of students’ ‘insider’ views. The study's aim was to explore students’ individual subjective beliefs and reveal any shared or contradictory opinions. Thirteen students took part in Q sorts generating a unique insight into each student's own subjective experience. Three distinct factors, or viewpoints, emerged, identifying those students holding similar views. Innovative yet small and in its infancy, findings from the pilot study may have significant applications – particularly for course organisation and marketing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal branding refers to an organization’s attempts to persuade its staff to buy-in to the organization’s brand value and transform it into a reality. Drawing from self-determination theory and leadership theory, we seek to develop a deeper understanding of the process of internal branding in the nonprofit sector. More specifically, we propose and examine the mediating effects of the staff’s emotional brand attachment, staff service involvement, and the moderating effect of charismatic leadership on the brand orientation behavior–organizational performance relationship using data obtained from the representatives of 301 nonprofit organizations in the United Kingdom. On a general level, the findings suggest that staff emotional brand attachment and staff service involvement are linked to brand orientation and organizational performance. Moreover, charismatic leadership increases the strength of this linkage. All of these findings extend the literature on internal branding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose:As part of service infusion, manufacturers use services to differentiate their products and provide growth. Although several attempts have been made to classify manufacturers' service strategies and offerings, most have been based on small purposive samples. The purpose of this article is to create a generic typology of manufacturers' service strategies. Methodology/approach:The unit of analysis was the manufacturer or strategic business unit. The data collection was based on a survey of 145 B2B manufacturers in the United Kingdom. Findings:Three categories of service offerings were identified: product-attached services, operations services on own products, and vendor independent operations services. These categories are used to specify three generic service strategies: Services Doubters, for whom services are not a strong differentiator with no focus on any category of service offerings; Services Pragmatists, for whom product-attached services are a key differentiator; Services Enthusiasts, for whom services are both a product differentiator and an enabler of growth, with all three categories of service offerings important. Research implications:Whereas prior studies tend to use the concepts of service strategies and categories of service offerings interchangeably, we find empirical support for the importance of making a clear distinction between the two concepts. Practical implications:Manufacturers can be classified according to their services strategies. For Services Doubters service infusion is unlikely to be an appropriate approach to creating differentiation. For Services Pragmatists services play a crucial role in creating product differentiation. Services Enthusiasts use services to both differentiate their own products and also develop services-led growth. Originality/value/contribution:The paper exposes an ambiguity in the extant literature, with a manufacturer's categories of service offerings used as proxies for service strategies. A new typology of service strategies is presented based on categories of service offerings, which provides insight into how manufacturers infuse services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the methodologies for assessing nuclear energy technologies. It states that re-entry of the Great Britain into nuclear field after a two decade gap has a potential first tranche of reactor build selected by market drivers, rather than any overall technological strategy in Great Britain. Information on suitability of a reactor system is also offered.

Purpose:This article is to test the proposition that the 3 conceptually related constructs of trust, reliance, and dependence are distinct from each other and to test the proposition that the quality of business relationships can be measured with a formative index incorporating trust and reliance. Methodology/Approach:The authors' propositions are tested with a survey sample of 221 firms in the U.K. construction industry. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses are used to analyze the survey data. Findings:The independence of the 3 focal constructs of trust, reliance, and dependence is confirmed. The formative index is found suitable for evaluating the level of relationship quality in which reliance carries more significant weight than trust. Research Implications:The separation of the overall construct of “trust” into trust at interpersonal level and reliance at interorganizational level, as found in this study, overcomes the problem existing in past studies that researchers rarely specify at which level trust operates. The clear conceptual distinction between reliance and dependence as found in this study implies that although both operate at the organizational level, they do not have overlapping boundaries. The finding that reliance is a more important impact factor than trust in constructing the formative index supports the notions that reliance is a necessary and sufficient condition for developing sustainable business relationships, and trust is an insufficient condition to sustain an ongoing business relationship. Practical Implications:Reliance sets the keynote of the business relationship. In contrast, trust as the interpersonal variable only acts as the facilitator to create a favorable social environment. Nevertheless, both trust and reliance have a significant and positive weight in the relationship quality index formed. This means that a business relationship with high levels of both trust and reliance is particularly resilient and stable and is the most successful and desirable one which is frequently oriented toward the long run. Originality/Value/Contribution:The confirmation of the difference between trust and reliance makes an important contribution to the study of trust in business to business marketing by showing that what has traditionally been treated as theoverall construct of trust can and should be regarded as being made up of two separate constructs: interpersonal trust and interorganizational reliance. The difference between reliance and dependence as an additional finding makes another important contribution by providing conceptual clarity of the two constructs and confirming that there is no overlapping boundary between them. The formative index and the relative importance of its components are another important contribution of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprise is a hybrid form of profit- and social benefit–seeking organization whereby traditional nonprofit organizations pursue both their social mission and business opportunities. To embrace this new strategic direction shift, the nonprofit organizations need to develop new competences that will enable them to respond to the changes in the business model. The article investigates the learning mechanisms through which social enterprises develop a marketing capability to deploy their resources in the marketplace as the drivers of competitive advantage in their commercial practice. We study eight cases of U.K.-based charity retailers to address the role of knowledge accumulation, articulation, and codification process in the evolution of marketing capability development. We identify, among other things, that the critical process of organizational learning for social enterprise is to transfer the experience into organization-specific knowledge under the social aspects of constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Crave It! conjoint research studies on dairy products (cheese, ice cream, yogurt) were conducted in 2004 in France, Germany, and the UK. Milk, chocolate milk, soy, and other milk substitutes were studied in other years and other locations. In each study, consumers were provided with 36 elements (different types of communication/information), combined into short concepts, presented over the Internet. Here we report on yogurt research conducted in France, Germany, and UK. Consumers rated each test concept. Individual respondent models of the part-worth contribution of each concept element to interest were created. Segmentation showed two groups of consumers, present in about 2:1 ratios in all three countries: taste/fruit seekers and health/wellness seekers, with a slightly higher proportion of health seekers present in Germany. Slight differences in geodemographics, attitude profiles, and self-reported body state suggest that marketing efforts to reach the segments have to be fine-tuned to address product-specific issues, not lifestyle-specific issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth and popularity of the microblogging service Twitter has been one of the most recent phenomena of the Internet, which opens up opportunities for businesses in general and publishers in particular to do marketing in a dialogue- and consumer-oriented way. This survey analysed UK trade publishers' use of Twitter with the specific objective of finding out what influence a publisher's size has on its Twitter adoption, patterns of use and the content of its Tweets. Overall, the results suggest that a publisher's size primarily affects its general Twitter use, while being less influential regarding its patterns of use and the tweeted content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tobacco displays at the point of sale (PoS) are an important means for the tobacco industry to communicate with consumers. With regulations prohibiting PoS displays recently having come into force in Ireland, passed into law in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and some Australian states, and being considered in New Zealand, Finland and Brazil, this is an increasingly important issue. This study explores the nature of displays, the extent to which they are tobacco industry funded, and the relation between the tobacco companies and retailers. METHODS: Three areas were chosen to gain a snapshot of PoS displays in England. Over 100 retailers were visited, with interviews taking place on site. Information was gathered on the type and size of tobacco display, who was paying for the display, requirements and incentives, and visits by industry representatives. RESULTS: The majority of retailers had gantries provided by tobacco companies. A minority of these were fitted with automated dispensers called retail vending machines. Attractive lighting and colour were often used to highlight particular products. Most retailers were being visited by industry representatives who checked displays. Some retailers also reported incentives offered to them for displaying products. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the tobacco industry presence and control in the retail environment is significant. Tobacco companies overwhelmingly provided tobacco gantries in the shops surveyed and influenced displays through a combination of requirements and incentives. The extensive involvement of tobacco companies in providing and monitoring retail displays suggests the importance of implementing policies to end this form of advertising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes national and regional processes, and the evidence base developed from a series of engagement and involvement events across the NHS, to develop an effective marketing campaign and a framework for regional strategies to recruit and retain nurses. The consultation and engagement process was also designed to ensure that the campaign would be supported by the workforce. It will be of interest to the independent and voluntary sectors and, while relating to English strategy and policy, it is pertinent to the whole of the UK and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms devote increasing funds and resources to cause-related marketing (CRM). This report seeks to uncover some of the factors that explain how firms choose between competing social causes in the development of their CRM strategy. The behavior of firms traded on the London Stock Exchange is analyzed, by highlighting regularities and patterns in CRMactivities. The rationales for the observed patterns are investigated through semistructured interviews with managers employed by UK-based nonprofit organizations, financial services, and retail firms. The authors identify, among other things, differences in the nature of the "selected" social causes, the length and geographical scope of the social campaigns, and the (CRM) strategies used to implement them. It is argued that these variations may reflect differences in the organizational legitimacy pressures experienced by firms in the retail and financial services sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A review of the websites of 43 UK-based agencies that are recruiting teachers in South Africa and other countries finds that important information about what to expect often is missing. An analysis of the marketing strategies shows that agencies overall are promising schools thorough vetting of candidates and low fees, are promising prospective teachers good pay while inviting them to imagine an exciting life outside the classroom, and are assuring both that the agency can make the “right” match. The article concludes with a list of recommendations for candidates and for agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses two questions. The first is a question in fact: do ‘consumer contracts’ still represent the central and privileged category they used to be in European contract law? A tentative answer is given, by pointing out the increasing number of contract regulations where the party given protection against a dominant business is not (necessarily) a consumer, but is a (weaker) business himself (unbalanced business-to-business contracts), or more often a client purchasing goods or services in the market (supplier-to-customer contracts). Evidence of this is taken from a number of Directives and Regulations, as well as from the DCFR and PECL, and also from national regulatory experiences, such as that relating to the reform of unfair terms legislation in the UK. The conclusion is that European legislator is more and more focusing on asymmetric contracts rather than on consumer contracts, whereby asymmetric contracts are all contract relationships between a dominant business and another market player (be he a consumer or a non-consumer) who suffers inequality of bargaining power depending on his objective market position. The category of consumer contracts tends therefore to lose its traditional centrality and predominance in the frame of European contract law. The second question implies evaluations as to whether such process is desirable or not. The author argues that it is desirable both politically and technically: from the political standpoint, it broadens the scope of market regulation oriented to justice and efficiency goals; from the technical standpoint, it may help the contract law system to face the increasing risk of fragmentation induced by the special regime of consumer contracts, and recover unity and coherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a research paper which explores small-medium sized enterprises (SMEs) market orientation in Great Britain. It aims at to developing and enhancing organizational capability through learning within a small firm context. It brings together literature from organizational learning, market orientation and research methodology, to provide new insights on an established area of research, offering useful insight for clarifying past discrepancies. It provides a framework for better understanding disparities between past studies on market orientation.

According to the thesis of the agenda setting function, both the media and the political parties influence what people think about, if not what they think. Newspaper and television editors make judgements of news priorities, the judgements of one editor influence the views of another, and the result is a media consensus that affects the public's sense of the importance of various issues. Parties' formulation of preferences and priorities through their manifestos aims at promoting each party's proprietary issues and downgrading other issues; this clearly turns the electorate's attention to specific topics. This paper explores the extent to which voters, political parties, and media in Britain share the same issue concerns and reveals which of the two--parties or media--is better at influencing what the public is talking about. Content analyses of party manifestos and press coverage of the 2001 election campaign identify the issues most strongly emphasized by the parties and the press, respectively. Analysis of survey data from the British Election Study 2001/2002 identifies the issues voters are mostly concerned with and enables public opinion's issue concerns to be related to both party manifestos and the press coverage of the campaign. The paper also tests whether the political priorities of British parties are adopted by their own supporters, it explores the extent to which voters are concerned with issues that are not emphasized by the party they vote for, and finally, it explores which party's issues dominated the public agenda in 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The market reduction approach is a crime reduction strategy that aims to reduce and disrupt stolen goods markets, in addition to reducing theft levels by making it more risky for thieves to sell stolen property. Initially, the concept has shown promise in England with regard to reducing traditional forms of property-related crime as well as disrupting certain types of stolen goods markets. Additionally, strides have been made using property as a unit of analysis rather than traditional foci of attention when examining crime patterns and designing tactical responses. In line with the 2005 United Nations program of work on transnational and organized crime, this article uses the specific example of the illegal trade of endangered flora and fauna to explore how the market reduction approach can be expanded beyond its current use into the realm of nontraditional types of property crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 430 UK consumers chose biscuits containing a conventional or an upcycled ingredient. • Nutritional and environmental information of the upcycled ingredient were provided to consumers. • Nutritional and environmental information similarly increased consumers' WTP. • Implications for upcycled food businesses and policy makers were provided. This study was the first to use a ranking experiment to estimate the effect of nutritional and environmental information on UK consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for biscuits containing an upcycled ingredient, namely, defatted sunflower cake flour. Informing consumers about the nutritional and/or environmental benefits of the upcycled ingredient resulted in a significant increase in their WTP for this new food. Moreover, we found that nutritional and/or environmental information similarly affected individual WTP distributions for the upcycled ingredient towards more positive values. Our findings have important implications for product development and marketing strategies of upcycled food businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supermarkets such as Asda (owned by Wal-Mart) have responded to the growth in direct marketing and alternative agri-food networks by promoting local produce ranges, and increasingly sourcing organic produce from the UK. Thus consumers now have a choice of outlets for local and organic produce. This paper examines the implications of that choice for direct marketing in particular, and sustainable consumption in general. The paper tests the hypothesis that consumers make a conscious choice to engage in an alternative food network when they purchase through direct marketing channels, and that they are deliberately avoiding mainstream supermarkets. Research findings are presented from a survey of customers of a local organic food cooperative in Norfolk, UK which examines consumer motivations and perceptions of alternative and mainstream food provisioning. The hypothesis is confirmed: consumers expressed wide-ranging preferences for participation in the alternative food system, though there is some concern that the convenience and accessibility of supermarket provision of local and organic food threaten to erode the wider social and community benefits achieved by direct marketing initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the emergence and development of Asian magicians in Great Britain. It presents an historical analysis of this phenomenon by charting the arrival of the first recorded Indian magician on the British stage in the early nineteenth century to internationally renowned magician P.C. Sorcar in the mid-twentieth century. Both East and West recognized and adopted the other's modes of performance and marketing strategies to suit their needs and satisfy public demand.

Objectives: This paper is the result of exploratory research forming part of ongoing study into the value and relevance of market orientation as a strategic option for library managers. The aim of the study is to gain an understanding of the concept of market orientation relative to the health library sector. Methodology: A focus group was used to gather data from health librarians working at different levels in the sector. The data was coded and categorized by an expert panel and analysed using a taxonomic map developed during the study. Results: Health library professionals define and understand market orientation in the same way as the concept is defined in the management literature. Their understanding of the concept is developing. A greater emphasis is given to some aspects of market orientation than others. Conclusions: There are implications for further research. Methods used to measure market orientation in other domains are likely to be relevant for libraries. Research should be extended to different sectors to explore any cross-sector differences. Fostering an organizational culture that supports market orientation has implications for service management and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines some of the issues and argues surrounding electoral participation in Great Britain from a political marketing perspective. It reviews the present literature and details some of the output of primary research into non-voter behaviors and investigates the opinions and motivations of the electorate. It also analyzes the role of the Electoral Commission and the effects of all-postal voting. It also challenges and supports arguments regarding political issues and voting.

This article reviews the introduction and development of business planning in Great Britain's National Health Service. It presents a guideline for writing a business case for service development that would form part of a pathology business. Appropriate discussion with managers in either service development or planning may identify a way of targeting a business case to an appropriate source of funding. Business planning and the development of a successful business case in pathology present a challenge to all those working in that service. Time needs to be taken to prepare well, collect accurate information, and gain support from colleagues for any plan to be successful.

Reports on the development of foundry model in Great Britain. Growth of outsourcing IC manufacturing to foundries; Essence of the foundry model; Introduction of marketing strategies.

The article discusses the use of packaging as a means of promotion for tobacco products in Great Britain. Due to restrictions under the Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Act between 2003 and 2005, the British tobacco industry has focused on the packaging as its primary marketing tool. Strategies include value packaging, image packaging and innovation packaging. Example of cigarette brands which use packaging as promotion include Mayfair, Dunhill, and Benson and Hedges.

The article presents author's views on arrival of new drugs in the market and the marketing strategy for the new drugs. He discusses the arrival of dapoxetine in the market of Great Britain. He feels that it is important to find what drugs become available and by which route they reach the patient. He also discusses the marketing strategy for over the counter drugs.

The article focuses on the issue of key opinion leaders in medicine in Great Britain. It explains that the doctors are paid by the medical industry for their advice on marketing and sales of medicines. The amount of money key opinion leaders are paid for their advice is discussed and comments from a former drug company sales representative are included. The processes by which drug companies employ, train, and pay opinion leaders are examined, including the existence of databases which contain information about opinion leaders and their views. Ways to effectively manage opinion leaders and their compensation are also explored.

Roy Lilley reflects on the latest marketing techniques influencing public health care within the NHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides tips on launching various products in Great Britain. Expansion of the niche market; Awareness on the needs of the customers; Use of effective marketing strategies.