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As part of a larger prospective longitudinal research project to track parents as they navigate the family court system in Canada's two largest provinces, this paper reports on the mixed methodology results at Time 1 as parents came into contact with the family courts. Data was collected by using in-person surveys at seven family court sites in Ontario and five family court sites in Quebec. A total of n = 1,539 litigants in Ontario (n = 865) and Quebec (n = 674) were recruited for Time 1. Reflecting differences in eligibility for Legal Aid, significantly more Quebec (86%) litigants had a lawyer than in Ontario (37%). Only a minority of those who attended government supported mediation found it helpful. Those who were unrepresented generally expected a worse outcome and slower resolution because they did not have a lawyer. Implications for parents accessing family court services are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether daddy quotas – non-transferable paternity leave policies – mitigate motherhood penalties women face in the labour market. Using the introduction of a daddy quota in Quebec, Canada as a natural experiment, we employ labour force survey data to conduct a difference-in-difference estimation of the policy's impact on a range of mothers' career outcomes, using mothers in the neighbouring province of Ontario as a comparison group. The results suggest Quebec mothers exposed to the policy are 5 percentage points more likely to participate in the labour force and to work full time, 5 percentage points less likely to work part time, and 4 percentage points less likely to be unemployed than they would have been in the absence of the policy. Our results are robust to an alternative semi-parametric difference-in-difference methodology and to a battery of placebo and sensitivity tests. However, we find that the policy's effects are largest 2 to 3 years post-reform, reducing in size and significance thereafter, raising questions about the durability of such effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the literature on black students and racial disparities in high school completion in Canada and makes original use of the 2006 Census to analyze the educational attainment of 18- to 19-year-olds in Ontario and Quebec. Results of a logistic regression indicate that in both provinces, black/white disparities in graduation rates disappear when income, family structure, language, gender, and place of residence are taken into account. Higher rates of socioeconomic disadvantage among black children pose challenges for high school completion. These findings do not imply that racism has no impact; indeed, the paper concludes that high school completion may not be the outcome most suitable for evaluating the effects of racism on educational attainment. Future studies should examine the causes of racial disparities in intermediate outcomes of school success (i.e., grades, special education placement, academic tracking, and disciplinary sanctions), and their effects on the graduation rates and postsecondary pathways of black students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each of the antiretroviral drugs that are currently used to stop the progression of HIV infection causes its own specific side effects. Despite the expansion, multiplication, and simplification of treatment options over the past decade, side effects continue to affect people living with HIV. Yet, we see a clear disconnect between the way side effects are normalized, routinized, and framed in clinical practice and the way they are experienced by people living with HIV. This paper builds on the premise that new approaches are needed to understand side effects in a manner that is more reflective of the subjective accounts of people living with HIV. Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari, it offers an original application of the theory of 'assemblage'. This theory offers a new way of theorizing side effects, and ultimately the relationship between the body and antiretroviral drugs (as technologies). Combining theory with examples derived from empirical data, we examine the multiple ways in which the body connects not only to the drugs but also to people, things, and systems. Our objective is to illustrate how this theory dares us to think differently about side effects and allows us to originally (re)think the experience of taking antiretroviral drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper aims to detect trends in mean flow and total precipitation data over southern parts of Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The main purpose of the trend assessment is to find out what time scales are affecting the trends observed in the datasets used. In this study, a new trend detection method for hydrological studies is explored, which involves the use of wavelet transforms (WTs) in order to separate the rapidly and slowly changing events contained in a time series. More specifically, this study co-utilizes the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) technique and the Mann–Kendall (MK) trend tests to analyze and detect trends in monthly, seasonally-based, and annual data from eight flow stations and seven meteorological stations in southern Ontario and Quebec during 1954–2008. The combination of the DWT and MK test in analyzing trends has not been extensively explored to date, especially in detecting trends in Canadian flow and precipitation time series. The mother wavelet type and the extension border used in the wavelet transform, as well as the number of decomposition levels, were determined based on two criteria. The first criterion is the mean relative error of the wavelet approximation series and the original time series. In addition, a new criterion is proposed and explored in this study, which is based on the relative error of the MK Z-values of the approximation component and the original time series. Sequential Mann–Kendall analysis on the different wavelet detail components (with their approximation component added) that result from the time series decomposition was also used and found to be helpful because it depicts how harmonious each of the detail components (plus approximation) is with respect to the original data. This study found that most of the trends are positive and started during the mid-1960s to early 1970s. The results from the wavelet analysis and Mann–Kendall tests on the different data types (using the 5% significance level) reveal that in general, intra- and inter-annual events (up to 4years) are more influential in affecting the observed trends. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Archean Blake River Group (BRG) of Ontario and Quebec is dominated by submarine mafic to intermediate lavas, with more restricted felsic volcanic rocks. Given the good quality of outcrop, and high level of preservation of some BRG rocks, the mafic to intermediate lavas were used in the 1970s and 1980s to better understand the evolution of massive and pillowed submarine flows, and their associated fragmental facies (pillow breccias, hyaloclastite). Potentially, the BRG could also represent a useful volcanic succession for the study of explosive submarine eruption products in the ancient record. Before this is possible, however, a regional inventory of the mafic to intermediate volcaniclastic units is needed to clarify their characteristics and origins. In this paper, we compare and contrast volcaniclastic rocks from three areas within the same formation of the northern BRG in Quebec: the Monsabrais area, the Lac Duparquet area, and the D'Alembert tuff area. Close examination reveals pronounced differences in terms of lateral continuity, thickness, grading, bedding, clast shapes, textures, etc. in the volcaniclastic rocks. These differences are interpreted to reflect vastly different emplacement processes, ranging from hyaloclastite generation as a result of self-fragmentation and lava contact with water (dominant in the Monsabrais and Lac Duparquet areas) to aqueous density currents likely fed directly by explosive submarine eruptions (dominant in the D'Alembert tuff). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Archean Blake River Group, mafic to intermediate fragmental units have controversially been proposed to have formed during the collapse of a giant submarine caldera. This paper describes and interprets these rocks, summarizing their physical characteristics, inferred origins, age relationships, and geochemical signatures. The widespread Stadacona member, south of Rouyn-Noranda, consists of several hundred metres of bedded volcaniclastic rocks interpreted to have been mostly deposited from aqueous density currents fed directly by explosive eruptions. The magmas involved in these eruptions were plagioclase-phyric, tholeiitic to transitional basalts. The similarly widespread D'Alembert tuff, in the northern part of the Blake River Group, shares many physical characteristics with the Stadacona member and is thought to have a similar origin. However, the D'Alembert tuff is approximately six million years younger than the Stadacona member. It is composed mostly of transitional to calc-alkaline andesites and basaltic andesites with very distinct trace element profiles. Volcaniclastic rocks from other areas, such as Tannahill Township in Ontario and the Monsabrais area in Quebec, are interpreted to represent mostly in situ to remobilized hyaloclastite, with no explosive eruptions involved in their genesis. Our observations and interpretations are not compatible with models in which the volcaniclastic units are emplaced during a catastrophic event in relation with the collapse of a giant caldera. Instead, the fragmental rocks were produced by various mechanisms at many distinct times during the evolution of the Blake River Group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canada’s book trade is fascinating not only because it really consists of two book trades—the Anglophone and the Francophone—but also because it is a site of intense and sustained policy interventions designed to foster greater domestic control. Examining the country’s book policies, Statistics Canada data, trade association membership rosters and trade directories, this paper reveals that Canada’s contemporary book trade is characterized by three features: circa 40 years of government interventions in response to foreign dominance; the central role of foreign firms despite these interventions; and the dominance of Toronto and Montreal as domestic sites of book production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work sheds new light on the problems of interpreting the historical and cultural aspects of Iroquoian-like pottery in the Canadian Shield. Within this region, the Lake Abitibi case is unusual because the archaeological sites of the area exhibit an unusually high frequency of Iroquoian-like ceramic vessels compared to other areas of the shield. For this reason, it has attracted the attention of archaeologists since research began in the Abitibi area in the 1950s. A corpus of 143 vessel equivalents, all relating to the Ontario Iroquois tradition and coming from six sites plus one private collection from lake Abitibi were analysed in the course of this research. The main result of this work as well as its implication for the understanding of the nature of this ceramic manifestation at lake Abitibi, and the development of the possible relationship between the Algonkians of the area and the Iroquoians of southern Ontario are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Italian North Americans have two kitchens in their homes: one on the first floor, and a second in the basement. While this set-up is pervasive in cities across North America, homes with two kitchens are uncommon in Italy. This article explores the significance of the basement kitchen in first-generation Italian homes in Canada and the United States. Examining homes of various typologies in and around Toronto, Montreal and New York, purchased by Italian immigrants between 1950 and 1980, this paper argues that for Italian women the basement kitchen is a liberating space, free from the constraints of formality and traditional room divisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The audience for a grammatical description is an important consideration for anyone involved in descriptive linguistics. Potential grammar users include linguists, the interested public, and members of the communities in which the language is spoken. An awareness of the target audiences is necessary in shaping the grammar to meet varying needs. It might, for example, affect the choice of topics to be discussed, the organization and style of the presentation, the depth of detail to include, the use of technical terminology, and the nature of exemplification. It is not yet clear whether one grammar can serve all potential audiences and purposes. Whether it can or not, however, there is a good chance that any grammar will eventually be pressed into service for more than one. This paper offers some suggestions based on the author's experience with Mohawk communities situated in Quebec, Ontario, and New York State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un des principaux objectifs de la réforme de la loi sur la faillite, au Canada, en 1992, était d'accroître le nombre de propositions de réorganisation de compagnies commerciales. Cet article a pour but d'analyser le nombre de propositions de réorganisation déposéés par des compagnies de Toronto et de Montréal, avant et après la réforme de la loi sur la faillite, afin de déterminer si cette réforme a produit les effets escomptés. En considérant une variété de facteurs macroéconomiques et politiques qui influencent aussi le nombre de propositions de réorganisation, nous constatons que la réforme de la loi sur la faillite a considérablement accru le nombre de propositions de réorganisation déposées par des sociétés de Toronto et de Montreal. One of the major aims of the 1992 reform to bankruptcy law in Canada was to increase the number of commercial reorganization proposals. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the number of reorganization proposals filed by companies in Toronto and Montreal before and after bankruptcy reform to see whether the reform has had its intended effect. Controlling for a variety of macroeconomic and policy factors that also influence the number of reorganization proposals, we find that bankruptcy reform has significantly increased the number of corporate reorganization proposals filed in Toronto and Montreal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TEACHERS HAVE BEEN left out of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century labour history just as they have been ignored, as workers, in the history of education. This paper investigates themes in the history of elementary public school teachers' work in Quebec and Ontario during the period when state school systems were being put in place and public teaching forces were becoming predominantly female. During this period teachers contended with the introduction of new subjects and methods, the introduction of increasing amounts of paperwork, and a growing insistence on discipline and uniformity in increasingly hierarchical work places. In addition they had to deal with unhealthy working conditions and conflicts over who was responsible for the upkeep and physical improvement of schools. Although, by the turn of the century, increasing workloads, difficult working conditions, and low pay had pushed urban women teachers to form single-sex protective associations, most schoolmistresses failed to identify with other organized workers. Neither self-identified workers, nor the professionals they aspired to be, they began to understand one major source of their problematic status when they perceived that this derived, in large part, from their Status as women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As in most parts of the developed world, Canada has experienced a considerable expansion in specialized services for the treatment of alcohol and drug abuse since the 1960s. This paper contrasts the addiction treatment system within two of Canada's largest provinces — Ontario and Quebec. Within the limitations of descriptive survey data, some of the similarities and differences between these treatment networks during the mid-1980s are discussed. For example, the Quebec system was characterized by more private fee-for-service programs and larger facilities that provided a range of services along the continuum of care. In Ontario, there were more separate programs, but they tended to be smaller and more specialized within the treatment continuum. Quebec had a higher rate of participation in outpatient, day treatment and short-term residential programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]