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The groundwater system in the strata within 800 m of Dezhou city, which is located in the North China Plain (NCP), China, includes four aquifer groups (labeled AgI to AgIV from top to bottom). The exploitation of deep groundwater from AgIII and AgIV is generally considered the primary reason for land subsidence in Dezhou. Although the deep groundwater exploitation volume has decreased significantly, the annual land subsidence has been accelerating in the central area of Dezhou since 2012. The factors resulting in the acceleration of land subsidence are discussed. Presently, AgII and AgIII between 60 and 500 m below the ground surface are the two main layers contributing to land subsidence, the settlement of which accounted for 74% of the total subsidence value. The increasing settlement of AgIII may be due to the soil creep caused by the continuous release of groundwater from AgIII. AgII is characterized by high compressibility, the deformation of which is susceptible to a decrease in the groundwater level. Since AgII is not the historical groundwater exploitation layer, the decrease in the groundwater level of AgII may be caused by the downward leaking recharge to AgIII and lateral recharge to the surrounding cities in the NCP. The study of the deformation mechanism of AgII is essential for subsidence control in Dezhou. Geological investigation and groundwater-level monitoring of AgII and joint control of regional groundwater overexploitation in the NCP should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and the ocean is a source of NMHCs in the atmosphere. Here, we investigated the annual variations of NMHCs concentrations and fluxes (i.e., ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, and isoprene) in the semi‐enclosed shallow waters of Jiaozhou Bay from September 2016 to August 2017. Ethylene is the most abundant NMHCs, with an annual average concentration of 487.7 ± 239.3 pmol L−1. The concentrations of other NMHCs were lower; the average concentrations for ethane, propane, propylene, and isoprene were 87.0 ± 49.0, 65.7 ± 22.9, 127.4 ± 77.8, and 60.5 ± 47.1 pmol L−1, respectively. NMHCs concentrations varied largely between seasons and higher abundance were observed in summer. The correlations between NMHCs and environmental variables such as chlorophyll a (Chl‐a), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were ambiguous, and principal component analysis (PCA) suggested nutrients contributed significantly to total variation. These results indicated that the control of NMHCs could be more complex in dynamic and anthropogenically impacted estuarine systems, which could be a result of multiple processes involving phytoplankton release, photochemical production, riverine input, and so forth. The average annual sea‐to‐air fluxes of ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, and isoprene were 105.9–298.3, 583.5–1,337.0, 36.7–95.2, 85.2–389.6, and 25.2–182.4 nmol m−2 d−1, respectively. Although coastal and estuarine environments only account for a minor fraction of the global ocean (0.26%–0.39%), NMHC emissions from these areas could influence regional atmospheric chemistry and may be relatively important for global budgets (ethane, 1.70%; ethylene, 1.54%; propane, 1.29%; propylene, 0.87%; isoprene, 3.17%). Plain Language Summary: Non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are abundant volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere and play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The emissions of NMHCs from marine waters are a significant source in the atmosphere. We investigated the annual concentrations and fluxes of five NMHCs in Jiaozhou Bay, a typical anthropogenically impacted estuary on the east coast of North China. NMHCs concentrations and fluxes varied largely between seasons. Multiple processes including phytoplankton release, photochemical production, riverine input might contribute to this variability. The absence of correlations between NMHCs and environmental variables also suggested that the control of NMHCs could be more complex in estuarine systems. Based on our extrapolation, the contribution of coastal and estuarine environments to marine NMHCs emission budgets could be disproportionately high in comparison to their size, despite only accounting for a minor fraction of the global ocean. Given the strong variability of NMHCs emission to the atmosphere, it is necessary to consider the seasonality for better estimation of marine NMHCs budget. Key Points: NMHCs concentrations varied largely between seasons and higher abundance occurred in summerLack of proportionality between NMHCs and environmental variables suggested the complex control of NMHCs in estuarine systemsThe sea‐to‐air fluxes of NHMCs exhibited seasonal variations, and the emission of NMHCs was a source of atmospheric NMHCs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative analysis of human behavior and social development is becoming a hot spot of some interdisciplinary studies. A statistical analysis on the population and GDP of 150 cities in China from 1990 to 2013 is conducted. The result indicates the cumulative probability distribution of the populations and that of the GDPs obeying the shifted power law, respectively. In order to understand these characteristics, a generalized Langevin equation describing variation of population is proposed, which is based on the correlations between population and GDP as well as the random fluctuations of the related factors. The equation is transformed into the Fokker-Plank equation to express the evolution of population distribution. The general solution demonstrates a transition of the distribution from the normal Gaussian distribution to a shifted power law, which suggests a critical point of time at which the transition takes place. The shifted power law distribution in the supercritical situation is qualitatively in accordance with the practical result. The distribution of the GDPs is derived from the well-known Cobb-Douglas production function. The result presents a change, in supercritical situation, from a shifted power law to the Gaussian distribution. This is a surprising result-the regional GDP distribution of our world will be the Gaussian distribution one day in the future. The discussions based on the changing trend of economic growth suggest it will be true. Therefore, these theoretical attempts may draw a historical picture of our society in the aspects of population and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manual reading of all the product reviews to find a satisfying item is not only labor-intensive, but also tedious for the consumers. In this paper, we propose a feature-opinion mining approach to automatically summarize the reviews, which is based on dependency parsing. Specifically, in our approach we first utilize a regression model to generate sentiment word, including phrase and its sentiment weight, and then we extract the feature based on the dependency relationship between feature word and sentiment word, finally we assign a score to the feature according to the dependency relationship. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach can effectively mine the feature-opinion from reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes respiratory tract infection, particularly acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI), in early childhood. The RSV fusion protein (F protein) is an important surface protein, and it is the target of both cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and neutralizing antibodies; thus, it may be useful as a candidate for vaccine research. This study investigated the genetic diversity of the RSV F protein. To this end, a total of 1800 nasopharyngeal aspirates from hospitalized children with ALRTI were collected for virus isolation between June 2009 and March 2012. There were 333 RSV-positive cases (277 cases of RSV A, 55 of RSV B, and 1 with both RSV A and RSV B), accounting for 18.5 % of the total cases. Next, 130 clinical strains (107 of RSV A, 23 of RSV B) were selected for F gene sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the F gene sequence is highly conserved, with significant amino acid changes at residues 16, 25, 45, 102, 122, 124, 209, and 447. Mutations in human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-restricted CTL epitopes were also observed. Variations in RSV A F protein at the palivizumab binding site 276 (N→S) increased between 2009 and 2012 and became predominant. Western blot analysis and microneutralization data showed a substitution at residue 276 (N→S) in RSV A that did not cause resistance to palivizumab. In conclusion, the RSV F gene is geographically and temporally conserved, but limited genetic variations were still observed. These data could be helpful for the development of vaccines against RSV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fuzzy matter-element model, combined with the entropy weight of an index, has been used as an evaluation method to achieve a comprehensive assessment and analysis of the operational efficiency of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The feasibility of the method had been validated based on actual operational data and instance from eight WWTPs located in a city in Northern China. According to the results of the comprehensive evaluation, the operational efficiency of the WWTP using an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process was generally better than other wastewater treating technologies. And especially, the removal efficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants were much higher for the process, which suits well the actual operational situation of Chinese WWTPs. Total nitrogen (TN) removal rate and the productive quantity of the excess sludge cake were identified as important factors in the evaluation of the operational efficiency for a WWTP. So the operation level of WWTP could be improved by increasing the TN removal rate and decreasing the excess sludge cake quantity. The developed method can evaluate and analyze the operational efficiency scientifically and objectively, and the evaluation results can be used to guide the construction, operation and management of WWTPs in The Three Gorge reservoir district of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper performs a development accounting analysis to investigate the sources of China's interprovincial income inequality over the period 1982–2005. We estimate a Cobb–Douglas aggregate production function with various specifications. Using the estimated parameters, we conduct a development accounting analysis as well as a variance decomposition. Our results suggest that differences in physical capital intensity and in total factor productivity are both important sources of cross-province income differences, each accounting for roughly half of the variation in income levels. Differences in human capital explain only a small amount of income differences across provinces. The results are robust to whether or not the assumption of constant returns to scale is imposed. The interaction between factor accumulation and total factor productivity is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainfed agriculture is crucial for global food security, with plastic film mulching a widely adopted practice in this domain. However, the impact of plastic film mulching varies significantly across different crop species. This study conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to evaluate the overall effects of plastic film mulching on the yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) of 13 different crop species. Plastic film mulching significantly enhanced crop yield (26%), WUE (33%), and NPFP (26%) compared to non-mulched conditions. However, the promotional effects varied significantly among different crop species, with noteworthy improvements observed in soybean (44%, 41%, and 45%, respectively) and millet (42%, 57%, and 39%, respectively). For China's major staple crops, plastic film mulching improved the yield, WUE, and NPFP of wheat (29%, 23%, and 27%, respectively), rice (12%, 36%, and 12%, respectively), maize (25%, 29%, and 26%, respectively), and potato (27%, 29%, and 27%, respectively). Regional suitability for plastic film mulching varied among different crops, with rice, maize, soybean, sunflower, linseed, and millet showing increased benefits in cold, semi-arid and arid areas (mean annual temperature (MAT) ≤ 10°C, mean annual precipitation (MAP) < 450 mm, and aridity index (AI) < 0.5). Conversely, peanut and wheat performed better in warm, moist and semi-humid regions (MAT > 10°C, MAP > 450 mm, and AI > 0.5). Moreover, nitrogen fertilizer application influenced the efficacy of plastic film mulching. For soybean, linseed, and millet, the optimal outcome of plastic mulching was observed under low nitrogen application (<110 kg ha–1). For sorghum, sunflower, sweet potato, rice, peanut, potato, and wheat, the optimal outcome of plastic mulching was found under moderate nitrogen application (110–220 kg ha–1). As for maize, cotton, and oilseed rape, the optimal outcome of plastic mulching was observed under high nitrogen application (>220 kg ha–1), but there was no significant difference between moderate and high nitrogen application. A tailored approach considering specific crop requirements and nitrogen application rates is essential for maximizing the benefits of plastic film mulching across diverse local conditions. This study offers valuable insights into optimizing crop productivity under plastic film mulching management systems. [Display omitted] • Plastic film mulching (PFM) enhanced the yield, WUE, and NPFP of all 13 crops. • PFM improved soybean and millet yields the most among the 13 crops. • Most crops exhibited heightened promotional effects under PFM in cold, semi-arid and arid regions. • Peanut and wheat performed better under PFM in warm, moist and semi-humid regions. • Nitrogen fertilizer application can be reduced when using PFM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on the deviations caused by different resolutions is relevant to the study of spatial scale effects. In 2018, spatial interpolations were performed using the removal ratios of the TN, NH 4 -N, and NO 3 -N of the layers of different resolutions, respectively. Based on the mean and the standard deviation, the area, shape, and position were obtained for four levels related to the removal ratios of the three nitrogen forms. The linear and 6th function fitting methods were used to reveal the differences in nitrogen removal in wetland water at different spatial resolutions. The results showed that a resolution of 25 times the original was the key scale of the spatial effects. Due to the fact that 52 of the 72 functions did not reach a significant level (P < 0.05), the spatial scale effect of the nitrogen removal was mainly characterized by disorderly fluctuations. The results have a certain extrapolation value for the analysis of spatial scale effects. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The resolution difference was not sufficient to change the spatial pattern of the geographic phenomena. The resolution of 25 times the original was the important scale for determining spatial effects. When studying the spatial scale effects caused by differences in resolution, it was necessary to comprehensively consider various resolutions., (© 2024 Water Environment Federation.)

Ionic rare earth ores are now commonly mined using the ammonium sulfate in situ leaching method, causing soil acidification in tailings. To evaluate the degree of soil acidification in tailings and the influence of mining activities on acidification, we selected an ionic rare earth tailing and a nearby unmined area in Southeast China. This tailing had been closed for 12 years. We sampled the soil from the surface to the bedrock in layers and determined soil properties related to soil acidification. The results showed that the average soil pH was 5.0 in the unmined area and 4.5 in the mined area (tailing area). Rare earth mining led to a decrease in soil pH of 0.47 units per 10 years, which was 2-5 times higher than that of other land uses. The shallow soil acidification in the mined area is not affected by mining. Deep soils were significantly acidified and the H + concentration in the soil solution was approximately nine times that of the unmined area soil. Deep soil acidification is influenced very little by natural factors. The average soil ammonium‑nitrogen (NH 4 + -N) and nitrate‑nitrogen contents in the mined area were 58.34 mg kg -1 and 8.19 mg kg -1 , respectively, 84 times and 21 times that of the unmined area. There were large amounts of NH 4 + , NO 3 - , and H + in the soil of the mined area, indicating that soil acidification is closely related to exogenous NH 4 + -N input and nitrogen transformation. Nitrification is the most important driver of soil acidification in mining areas. Continued nitrification of excess NH 4 + -N will continue to produce H + and migrate with water, which will cause long-term harm to the soil and surrounding environment in the mining area. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the enriched NH 4 + -N in tailings soil to avoid further soil acidification., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The nationwide COVID-19 epidemic ended in 2020, a few months after its outbreak in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019. Most COVID-19 cases occurred in Hubei Province, with a few local outbreaks in other provinces of China. A few studies have reported the early SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in several large cities or provinces of China. However, information regarding the early epidemics in small and medium-sized cities, where there are still traditionally large families and community culture is more strongly maintained and thus, transmission profiles may differ, is limited. In this study, we characterized 60 newly sequenced SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Anyang as a representative of small and medium-sized Chinese cities, compared them with more than 400 reference genomes from the early outbreak, and studied the SARS-CoV-2 transmission profiles. Genomic epidemiology revealed multiple SARS-CoV-2 introductions in Anyang and a large-scale expansion of the epidemic because of the large family size. Moreover, our study revealed two transmission patterns in a single outbreak, which were attributed to different social activities. We observed the complete dynamic process of single-nucleotide polymorphism development during community transmission and found that intrahost variant analysis was an effective approach to studying cluster infections. In summary, our study provided new SARS-CoV-2 transmission profiles representative of small and medium-sized Chinese cities as well as information on the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 strains during the early COVID-19 epidemic in China., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Meloxicam is an enolate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. This trial investigated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and bioequivalence of single oral doses of Aomei meloxicam (15 mg) and Mobic meloxicam (15 mg) in healthy volunteers under fasting and fed conditions. A single-site, single-dose, randomized, open, 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover bioequivalence study was performed: 24 healthy volunteers were enrolled in each of the fasting and fed arms. Each HV was randomly assigned to receive the Aomei drug (test) in one period and the Mobic drug (reference) in the other period. The concentration of meloxicam in plasma was detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The primary pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental model. In the fasting arm, the 90% confidence interval of the geometric mean ratios of maximum plasma concentration, area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last measurable plasma concentration, and area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity between the test and reference products were 99.5% to 111.7%, 101.2% to 106.8%, and 101.8% to 108.3%, respectively. In the fed arm, the 3 parameters were 94.1% to 102.4%, 97.6% to 103.0%, and 97.5% to 103.7%, respectively. These parameters were in the range of 80% to 125%, and the 2 products were considered bioequivalent in both the fasting and fed states and were well tolerated. The severity of all adverse events was mild. Aomei meloxicam tablets and Mobic meloxicam tablets were bioequivalent in healthy Chinese volunteers., (© 2021, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

Allisartan isoproxil (AI) is a blocker of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. We evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of single- and multiple-dose AI in healthy Chinese individuals. Participants were assigned to receive AI or placebo. Plasma concentration of EXP3174 (carboxylic acid derivative) was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental methods. Twelve subjects were enrolled, and the ratio of men to women was 5:1. Main pharmacokinetic parameters of EXP3174 after single and multiple doses of AI were a mean maximum concentration in plasma (C max ) of 2242 ± 1037 ng/mL and median time to reach C max (T max ) of 3.5 hours (2.5-8 hours). The median T max, at steady state was 4.0 hours (1.5-8 hours). The mean C max at steady state (C max, SS ) was 2047 ± 1050 ng/mL. In terms of EXP3174, there was no significant difference in the C max, SS , area under the curve from time zero to 24 hours of quantifiable concentration at steady state (AUC 0-24 SS ), and AUC 0-72 after multiple doses of AI. Serious adverse events did not occur. These data suggest that AI is safe and well tolerated in healthy Chinese individuals at a single dose of 480 or 480 mg once daily for 7 days., (© 2021, The American College of Clinical Pharmacology.)

Without an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the build-up of herd immunity through natural infection has been suggested as a means to control COVID-19. Although population immunity is typically estimated by the serological investigation of recovered patients, humoral immunity in asymptomatic subjects has not been well studied, although they represent a large proportion of all SARS-CoV-2 infection cases. In this study, we conducted a serosurvey of asymptomatic infections among food workers and performed serological and cellular response analyses of asymptomatic subjects in Wuhan, the original epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak. Our data showed that up to 5.91% of the food workers carried SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies asymptomatically; however, in 90.4% of them, the antibody level declined over a 2-week period. IgM and IgG antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies, were significantly lower in asymptomatic subjects than in recovered symptomatic patients with similar disease courses. Furthermore, the asymptomatic subjects showed lymphopenia and a prominent decrease in the B-cell population, as well as a low frequency of antibody-secreting cells and a low cytokine response. These factors probably contributed to the low and unsustained antibody levels in asymptomatic subjects. Our results show that asymptomatic subjects are likely to be vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, and neither the proportion of population immunity nor the breadth of immune responses is sufficient for herd immunity.

The frequency of harmful algal blooms caused by eutrophication is increasing globally, posing serious threats to human health and economic development. Reservoir bays, affected by water environment and local watershed landscape, are more prone to eutrophication and algal blooms. The chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration is an important indicator for the degree of eutrophication and algal bloom. Exploring the complex relationships between water environment and landscape background, and Chl a concentration in the reservoir bays are crucial for ensuring high-quality drinking water from reservoirs. In this study, we monitored Chl a concentrations of 66 bays in Danjiangkou Reservoir and the related water quality parameters (e.g., water temperature, turbidity, nutrients) in waterbodies of these reservoir bays in the storage and discharge periods from 2015 to 2018. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to quantify the relationship between water environmental factors and watershed landscapes, and Chl a concentrations in reservoir bays. The results showed that mean Chl a concentration was higher in storage period than that in discharge period. Two optimal PLS-SEMs explained 66.8% and 53.6% of Chl a concentration variation in the storage and discharge periods, respectively. The net effect of water chemistry on Chl a concentration was more pronounced during the discharge period (total effect = 0.61, 37% of the total effect on Chl a), while the net effect of land-use composition on Chl a concentration was more significant during the storage period (total effect = 0.57, 30% of the total effect on Chl a). The landscape pattern had significant indirect effects on Chl a concentration, especially during the discharge period (indirect effect = -0.31, 19% of the total effect on Chl a). Our results provide valuable information for managers to make rational decisions, thereby contributing to the prevention of eutrophication and algal blooms in reservoir bays., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, we confirm the content of this manuscript has not been published in a refereed journal, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats 1-4 . Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans 5-7 . Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor-angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)-as SARS-CoV.

The human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) parvovirus causes respiratory disease and primarily affects children. Despite its worldwide prevalence, the mechanisms of HBoV1 replication and pathogenesis remain largely undefined. In this study of 846 children hospitalized at the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University in China for respiratory tract infection between June 2009 and May 2011, HBoV1 was detected in 112 (13.2%) by real-time quantitative PCR. The median age of HBoV1-positive patients was 10 months old. Forty-five (40.2%) of the HBoV1 cases were monoinfections, and 67 (59.8%) were viral co-infections. Genotyping of all 112 HBoV1-positive cases yielded 27 full HBoV1 sequences, as well as two NS1 gene sequences, 15 NP1 gene sequences and 10 VP1/VP2 gene sequences harbouring 24, 10 and 43 mutations, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no relationship between genetic mutations and clinical manifestations of HBoV1-positive patients. However, the viral loads were significantly lower in samples with mutations G236A or A447G in NP1, or G1461A in VP1/VP2, than in samples with wild-type HBoV1. Future studies should investigate whether these mutations in the HBoV1 gene may represent useful markers of disease pathogenesis.

In this study, water sampling was carried out extensively through collection of natural rainfall and municipal surface runoff water samples in the southeast region of Beijing Municipality during the period of June 2002 to July 2004. Chemical tests and measurements of collected water samples were conducted in the laboratory in order to evaluate rainwater quality and to analyze chemical stability of rainwater. The test results show that the collected rainfall water and surface runoff water were soft water and belonged to bicarbonate-calcium Type-I water category. The results also show that their pH levels were closely related to the strength of alkaline constituents in the rainwater. Water quality analysis indicated that the rainwater collected from the study region had been contaminated to a certain degree by nitrogen and organic compounds from intensive human activities. Water stability analysis focuses mainly on the potential of precipitation-dissolution of carbonate calcium (CaCO3). The results show that only the rainwater samples collected from traffic roads were oversaturated with respect to CaCO3 and had a tendency to precipitate, while other rainwater samples were unsaturated with respect to CaCO3 and had the potential to keep dissolving CaCO3 into rainwater. The results obtained in this study may help to develop better rainwater utilization strategies for alleviating the growing water shortage pressure faced by the City of Beijing.