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In this research work, a real case of failed ASTM A860 WPHY 65 long elbow pipe coated with inorganic zinc ethyl silicate primer is collected from a treatment facility to investigate the root causes of its failure, which was reported after approximately 28 months of use. The failure was investigated using visual observations, metallurgical analysis using optical emission spectroscopy, mechanical testing, X‐ray diffraction of corrosion product, chemical analysis of sewage and corrosion rate test of the elbow using a three‐electrode potential technique, fractographic analysis using scanning electron microscope along with computational analysis to confirm the results. Through the testing, it was observed that severe depletion in the strength can be attributed to erosion–corrosion caused by various impurities present in the sewage, leading to the generation of corrosion pits and turbulent eddies and stresses generated due to sudden changes in fluid flow direction along with gases present in sewage reacting with a base metal. Various failure mechanisms that have led to pipe failure are discussed in this paper, along with a listing of preventive measures to delay it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHighlightsThe calcium ferrite nanoparticles were made by the sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, and UV–vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the material. There is an orthorhombic phase in the space group Pnma. There were four techniques used to calculate the average crystallite size. Using ImageJ software, the particles were aggregated and their size was ascertained. Using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the composition of the material was ascertained. 2.29 eV was determined to be the band gap. Vibrating test magnetometer (VSM) provided an explanation for the materials’ magnetic property. A decreased band gap energy is responsible for the 90% degradation of malachite green dye at a concentration of 15 mg/L in 150 min, with a four-cycle reusability.Calcium ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol–gel assisted combustion method using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea as fuel.To the best of the author’s knowledge, no such case study that reports the synthesis of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea is previously reported in academic literature.The method is cost-effective and convenient without the use of any chemical fuel agents.The synthesized prepared material efficiently removes malachite green dye, commonly used in industries for dyeing silk and nylon, from the solution.More than 90 % removal efficiency for MB.The material displayed excellent stability and reusability for dyes adsorption.Results were validated with pseudo-first-order kinetic model.Calcium ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol–gel assisted combustion method using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea as fuel.To the best of the author’s knowledge, no such case study that reports the synthesis of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea is previously reported in academic literature.The method is cost-effective and convenient without the use of any chemical fuel agents.The synthesized prepared material efficiently removes malachite green dye, commonly used in industries for dyeing silk and nylon, from the solution.More than 90 % removal efficiency for MB.The material displayed excellent stability and reusability for dyes adsorption.Results were validated with pseudo-first-order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the gas sensing properties of ZnS/Porous silicon heterostructures have been investigated. . Zinc sulfide(ZnS) with high gas sensing performance is successfully synthesized over the Porous silicon substrate by the spray pyrolysis method. The properties of the as-prepared samples were characterized X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform spectrum (FTIR) and optical properties. The results reveal that the properties of the ZnS/Porous silicon heterostructures enhanced when the when the ZnS concentration is increased. The performance ZnS/Porous silicon as a gas-sensing show that the maximum sensitivity is found to be 5.11 at ZnS concentration of 0.5 M and etching time of 15 min compared to the other sensitivities. The ZnS-PSi heterojunction based gas sensor may be used for UV-light photo-detectors due to a valuable properties such as high sensitivity and fast response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Researchers, prompted by the toxicity and side effects associated with cisplatin, are exploring alternative approaches for developing transition metal-based anticancer agents. Employing a green biochemical approach, we transformed Nickel pyridine dicarboxylic acid compounds into the nanoscale using the aqueous extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram). Results: Characterization of the biosynthesized nanoparticles involved electronic and IR spectroscopy. A scanning electron microscope revealed a predominant spherical shape for most Nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs), with XRD patterns indicating particle sizes ranging from approximately 30–150 nm. The nanoparticles were evaluated for their free radical scavenging efficiency and in vitro anti-malignant properties against HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. Numerical optimization of the DPPH and MTT assays was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM), focusing on the effects of 3,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (ML1), 2,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (ML2), nickel nanoparticles concentration, and temperature. In this investigation, the incorporation of Horse Gram seed extract (Macrotyloma uniflorum) has unveiled its abundance in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, widely acknowledged for their robust antioxidant activity in the existing literature. Conclusion: The present study highlights the potential for refining the bio-toxicity and biochemical attributes of Ni-NPs to pave the way for a new generation of versatile anticancer agents with clinically established efficacy. Notably, the anticipated data closely corresponds with experimental outcomes, reinforcing the trustworthiness and validity of the RSM model for examining anticancer and antioxidant properties in this context. ML2 exhibited heightened antioxidant and anticancer activities in comparison to ML1 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study demonstrates the effect of Ni-substitution on the structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of Ba0.90Sr0.10Ti1-xNixO3 (where x = 0.000, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.025) ceramics, synthesized by solid-state reaction approach. A pure perovskite phase with tetragonal structure has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed change in microstructure. The dielectric behavior of the prepared ceramics was investigated as a function of temperature (30–150°C) at different frequencies. The results indicate that there is an increase in dielectric constant (ϵRT) and low dielectric loss (tanδRT) were obtained at room temperature by substitution of Ni2+ ions in BST ceramics, offering a promising material for capacitor applications at room temperature. Room temperature P-E loops were recorded at different applied electric fields and typical hysteresis loops were obtained. Improvement in the values of Pr and Pmax was observed by substitution of Ni2+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic spray pyrolysis process were used to prepare Zinc oxide thin films. Ahigh - quality thin film is obtained by optimizing factors that include concentration, flow rate, nozzle to substrate distance. The temperature is differed between 350°C to 450°C. The structural and optical qualities were studied through physical investigation. According to XRD, the films have a hexagonal crystal structure. A scanning electron microscope reveals the material's uniform deposition &adhesion across a glass substrate. A direct band gap of about 2.4 to 2.6 eV was obtained for different temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this work is to comparatively reveal the effect of fibre type, length and content on compressive strength and microstructure of structural geopolymer concrete (GPC) produced under constant mixture and curing parameters in order to address the significant gap in present literature. Firstly, GPCs with different NaOH concentrations (i.e., 6, 9, 12 and 15 M) and activator solution/binder (a/b) ratios (i.e., 0.45 and 0.55) were produced in ambient curing condition, and optimum production parameters were determined based on the preliminary evaluations. Then, glass and polypropylene fibres in 6‐mm length (GS6 and PP6) and polyamide and polypropylene fibres in 12‐mm length (PY12 and PP12) were included in GPCs at ratio of 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% (by volume). Compressive strength, apparent porosity, bulk density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of GPC samples were carried out comparatively. The inclusion of GS6 fibre enhanced the compressive strength thanks to fibre surface being covered by geopolymer gel and the strong adhesion between GS fibre and geopolymer matrix. SEM images of fibre reinforced GPC (FRGPC) also confirmed the experimental findings, which were attributed to improvement in compressive strength. Regardless of the fibre type, the maximum compressive value strength was obtained from GPC specimens with 0.4% fibre and then decreased. Higher fibre inclusions led to poor compaction, workability issues and inhomogeneous fibre dispersions. A very good relation (R2 = 0.98) was acquired between UPV and compressive strength values of GPC/FRGPC samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulphur is rapidly being recognized as the fourth key nutrient for plants after nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. It functions in several critical metabolic and physiological processes, such as Chlorophyll synthesis, Protein synthesis, Activation of enzymes, Stress tolerance and Seed production. In this background, an attempt was made to synthesize nano sulphur fertilizers for slow release using the reverse microemulsion (water-in-oil microemulsion) technique. Cyclohexane was used as oil phase. Tween-80 and ethanol were used as surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. Hydrochloric acid and sodium polysulfide solution acted as an aqueous phase. This technique resulted in the successful synthesis of nano sulphur fertilizer. The sulphur nano fertilizer was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD pattern revealed the orthorhombic nature of nano sulphur and the lattice face-centred. The FTIR spectra at 1406 cm-1 confirmed the sulphur vibrations. The microemulsion method yielded stable, uniform, spherical nano sulphur particles with dimensions ranging from 25 to 47 nm. The thermal disintegration between 117°C to 122°C in TGA graph was attributed to the sublimation of sulphur in orthorhombic crystalline form, indicating the successful synthesis of nano sulphur. A laboratory study on nano sulphur fertilizer and conventional sulphur fertilizer was studied with a Percolator reaction system to evaluate the slow release of sulphur from both fertilizers at ambient temperature. Percolation reactor experiment indicated that sulphate release from nano sulphur was longer for 42 days than gypsum amended soil which exhausted within 35 days. Hence, synthesized nano sulphur fertilizer maximizes nutrient retention, eliminates environmental nutrient loses and decreases fertilizer requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers derived from cellulose and ligno-celluloses materials have many advantages, such as being renewable, low density, inexhaustible, and cheap rather than synthetic fibers. Researchers and scientists are searching for a new fiber source that can be processed environmentally sustainable. The aim is to produce an organic and Eco-friendly product. The present investigation aims to extract and characterize ligno-cellulosic fiber from the seedpod of Wrightia tinctoria (WT) and Cebia pentandra (CP) plants. The extraction of WT fibers (WTFs) and CP fibers (CPFs) was carried out using the hand-stripping method. The structural and functional Characterization of WTFs and CPFs were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), and the thermal behavior of fibers determined by using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results indicated that WTFs composed of 75% cellulose, 14% lignin, and 0.55% wax content were, as the CPFs were composed of 38% cellulose, 15% lignin, and wax content of 2.34%. The SEM micrograph confirms that both fibers were hollow structures with thin cell walls and luminous because of the wax content presence on the surface of the fiber. The crystallinity percentage of WTFs and CPFs was calculated from XRD studies and is valued at 62% and 52%. Thermo gravimetric analysis revealed that WTFs and CPFs were thermally stable up to 460°C and 350°C. The above characterization results confirm that WTFs and CPFs have a wide scope in textile and polymer composite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel Bi-Mg-O composite nano-catalyst was prepared by using Bi(NO3)3 and nano-MgO. Prepared catalyst was characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique which confirms its nano-crystalline nature and composition. The synthesized novel catalyst Bi-Mg-O was found to be competent catalyst for the synthesis of spirooxindole derivatives by multicomponent reaction of isatin, dimedone, malononitrile and 4H-pyran derivatives by reaction of dimedone, aryl aldehydes and malononitrile using ethanol as solvent at room temperature. The nanocatalyst proved to be recyclable as it is recycled and recovered for three runs without notable loss in catalytic activity. All synthesized derivatives were obtained in exemplary yields. Novel recyclable nanocatalyst, good yields of products, and benign reaction conditions are the noteworthy aspects of the present protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloride ions play an important role in the corrosion of bronze through their active reactivity to copper alloys. The corrosion behavior of bronze alloys in NaCl solution was investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electrochemical tests, with a special emphasis on the corrosion resistance of the α and δ phases in Cu-20 wt%Sn bronze alloys. The experimental results show that the corrosion current density of Cu-20 wt%Sn bronze alloys increases from 1.1 × 10−7 A/cm2 to 2.7 × 10−6 A/cm2 with the increase in the chloride ion concentration from 10−3 mol/L to 1 mol/L. After a soaking duration of 30 days, the matrix corrosion depth reaches 50 μm. The α phase of the alloys is easily corroded in NaCl solution, while the δ phase with high Sn content has strong corrosion resistance. This study provides relevant data for the analysis and protection of ancient bronze alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance storage capacity and prevent electrical short circuits in electrochemical storage devices, it is essential and challenging to design and build Lithium ion batteries with flexible solid polymer electrolyte possessing strong ionic conductivity. This study details the use of solution-cast technique to create nano composite doped lithium solid polymer electrolytes (n-LSPEs), from polymer complex of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP), polyethylene oxide (PEO), and Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3), with nano ZrO2 (n-ZrO2). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was utilised to describe the ionic conductivity values in presence of alternating fields. The ionic conductivity of n-LSPEs are enhanced nearly four times (1.54 × 10─1 mS/cm to 5.996 × 10─1 mS/cm) due to addition of n-ZrO2. By incorporating chronoamperometry (CA) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), we were able to analyse the transference number, ionic strength, and the accumulation of charge carriers in optimized n-LSPE membrane. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of n-LSPE membranes reveal a structure that is consistent with interconnecting pores between the polymer complex and the nano filler. The stable monoclinic phase of n-ZrO2 interaction with polymer segmental motion was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). By examining Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we performed a quick analysis of the complexation of functional group investigations, bond length and force constant calculations, interaction of functional groups of n-LSPE films. Our FESD's discharge characteristics were investigated at 4.8 mA average discharge current for 25 hours, as indicated by a 0.04C rating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contact surface corrosion of friction high-strength bolt (FHSB) joints was analyzed to examine the characteristics of corrosion products and influence factors in steel bridges. Samples were selected from the Dongying Shengli Yellow River Bridge, which has been in service for 33 years. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were utilized to analyze the microscopic morphology and chemical composition of the corroded surface of the samples. The study identifies that construction quality issues accelerate corrosion of the contact surface and that the contact surface of the aluminum spraying layer transforms from rugged and dense to smooth and porous as corrosion increases. The findings also suggest that the friction coefficient of the FHSB connection node initially decreases and then increases as the corroded surface changes. Corrosion products contained S, Cl, Mn, Si, FeS, and their oxides, indicating that atmospheric, industrial, and Yellow River soil environments contribute to joint corrosion. The study proposes sandblasting and coating the corroded contact surface and deck steel plate with inorganic zinc-rich paint to prevent media penetration and delay substrate corrosion. Adopting ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) as the deck structure is also recommended to reduce top plate tensile stress, deck cracking, and media invasion. This study provides insights into the characteristics and mechanisms of FHSB joint corrosion to aid the maintenance, repair, and protection of steel bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In construction Industries, superior fresh and hardened concrete qualities play a significant role in which self-compacting concrete (SCC) is widely introduced. On the other hand, considering the depletion of river sand, manufactured sand (M-sand), created by crushing rock deposits, has been recognized as viable. However, still, there is a lack of understanding of the strength aspect of SCC with M-sand replacement along with admixtures such as Alccofine and silica fume. Therefore, experimental investigations are conducted in SCC by partially and completely replacing river sand with M-sand. Furthermore, to reduce the negative impacts of cement, such as energy consumption and environmental pollution, 10% and 12% pozzolanic materials were added, such as silica fumes and alccofine. Moreover, to examine the impacts on rheological and mechanical properties, EFNARC guidelines were used and measured the compressive strength, impact resistance, bond strength, and flexural and splitting tensile strengths. The test results indicate that incorporating the M-sand as a full replacement in the mix increased the compressive strength by 6.82% for M50 grades of concrete compared to reference SCC after a 28-day curing period. Microstructural analyses such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), EDS (Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) techniques were also used to study the hydration phase of the M-sand SCC mix when compared to the conventional SCC mix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with WC-12Co coatings deposited by cold spraying on 13Cr4Ni steel hydraulic turbine blades. The coatings were deposited under different pressure conditions such as 25, 30, 40 bar at 800 °C, and 50 bar at 900 °C. The microstructural evolution under different pressure conditions and the effect of temperature variation were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). In addition, the microhardness analysis of the coatings showed that the WC-12Co coating deposited at 40 bar 800 °C had the highest (270 HV) hardness which was a good attribute for anti-wear applications in hydraulic turbine blades according to most tribological theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanosized metal oxide dispersed polymer nanocomposites constitute a new class of polymeric materials finds enhanced properties and applications. The present work aims to prepare MgO dispersed polyaniline nanocomposite (MgO/PANI) and also its properties. Insitu chemical oxidative polymerisation method with ammonium per sulphate as an oxidising agent is used for the preparation of PANI/MgO nanocomposites. The reaction was catalysed by hydrochloric acid and also different weight percentage of MgO is maintained with same PANI for different nanocomposites. Structural characterisation of the said composites was carried out by X-ray diffraction tool and the morphology by Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) respectively. AC electrical conductivity of PANI/MgO nanocomposites were well studied and deliberate with the help of equivalent hotness. Further, it demonstrates an corroboration for the transport property of PANI / MgO nanocomposite. Sensor study for the composite is also undertaken with different gases to know its sensing behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To obtain ZrO2 and ZrO2+N2 thin films was used magnetron sputtering in radio frequency mode in a 10-6 mbar high vacuum deposition chamber. Silicon and carbon substrates measuring 12x15mm were used for deposition. The used magnetron system was composed of a single water-cooled cathode, provided with one circular targets of ZrO2 (2 mm thick and 50 mm in diameter) of high purity (99.95%). TDS Analysis of the films was performed. The desorbed species were observed with a QMG 220 Mass spectrometer provided with a W filament. It can be observed that in the case of the ZnO2 film, nitrogen desorption registers two maxima with signal intensity of 9.7x10-12 and 9.0x10-12, reached after 2000s and 4900s respectively. In the case of ZrO2+N2 film, nitrogen desorption shows a pronounced maximum with a signal intensity of 2.4x10-11 reached after 6000s. The topology the ZrO2 and ZrO2+N2 samples deposited on Si substrates have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using a FEI Inspect S scanning electron microscope (Hillsboro, Oregon, OR, USA) in high-vacuum modes. For the ZrO2 deposition, the surface appears to have grain-like topology, with a mean dimension of around 150 nm. These structures do not appear for the ZrO2+N2 deposition. Instead, for the ZrO2+N2 sample, small blisters (between 300 nm and 1.000nm) have formed on the surface, as a consequence of injecting N2 during the deposition. Cross-section measurements were also performed to establish the layer thickness. The ZrO2 sample has a measured thickness of 1950nm, while the introduction of N2 gas for the ZrO2+N2 sample had a poisoning effect on the magnetron target that led to a decrease (5 times) in deposition rate, giving this sample a final thickness of 365nm (compared to 1950nm) for the same deposition The crystalline structure was investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method. The experimental set-up was composed of a diffractometer equipped with a Cu-Kα X-ray sourse, with a specific wavelength of 0.154nm, in a Bragg-Bretano type geometry. In this way, a crystalline phase corresponding to ZrO2 with a group symmetry Fm-3m (225)-face centered cubic was identified. At the same time, it is observed that the films deposited in the reactive atmosphere show a pronounced amorphization, this most likely being due to the retention of nitrogen which leads to the modification of the network parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, hydrothermal synthesis of NiO nanoparticles in aqueous solutions at higher temperatures was used. An investigation of its optical and electrical capabilities might be done in many ways. As a result, the size and structure of NiO nanoparticles were characterised using a scanning electron microscope. A powder X-ray diffractometer was used to measure experimentally the crystallite grain size and dislocation density, which were computed using the Scherer formula. The functional groups of the title nanoparticles were easily distinguishable in the FTIR spectrum. After optical absorption analyses, NiO nanoparticles were shown to have optimised UV-Visible transmittance. The density functional theory (B3LYP) was used to compute the bonding of molecular properties of NiO in the ground state using the basis sets 6-311+G (d, p) and 6-311++G (d, p). There is evidence of charge transfer in molecules based on the computed molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), Thermodynamic properties, HOMO and LUMO energies determined. The scientific applications of this NiO nanomaterial would be well served by this material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of tin oxide (SnO2) doped with iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) and Europium oxide (Eu2O3) were synthesized through the solid-state synthesis method. The phase analysis confirms the tetragonal rutile phase for all samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The luminescence intensity and expansion of lattice depend on doping percentage, which validates the successful blending of Fe and Eu in SnO2 lattice. The lattice dislocation and strain are calculated using the Williamson–Hall (WH) parcel, which also supports the development of the grain boundary in the doped samples. An increase in a large number of recombination centers leads to quenching in optical spectra by using the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum, and the shift in the band gap estimated from UV–visible absorption spectra confirms the impact of the grain boundary. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) under the physical properties measurement system (PPMS) confirms room temperature ferromagnetism RTFM, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed clear images of grain boundaries. Conductivity studies show an increase in resistance to Fe/Eu doping. Among all the tailored samples, Sn(1−x)Fex/EuO2, for x = 0.04 wt. % and 0.02 wt. % proved as a potential candidate for magneto-opto-electronic, i.e., spintronics device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiber officinale (known as ginger), a natural flowering plant of Zingiberaceae family, was taken to investigate its possible utilization in a textile material. Zingiber officinale fibers (ZOFs) were obtained from the plant root. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of ZOFs were determined. Elemental analysis of ZOFs was carried out with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) instrument. Surface morphology of fibers was investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) instrument. The chemical functional groups of ZOFs were confirmed with Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The crystalline structure of ZOFs was analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), and then the crystallinity index was calculated as 78.81%. In addition to this, mechanical properties of ZOFs were investigated with Shimadzu Ag-X machine. The EDX and FT-IR results show that ZOFs have cellulosic structure. Furthermore, it was obtained that ZOFs have rough surface structure and the thickness is approximately 155 µm. The physical properties of ZOFs are substantial enough for its usage as a textile fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate scaffolds of mixed polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) that can be considered as a candidate of synthetic graft materials for cleft palate. Polymethylmethacrylate-hydroxyapatite (PMMA-HA) scaffold was done by weighing PMMA granules and HA powder for a 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60 ratio, that mixed and moulded in 5 mm of diameter and 10 mm of height, then freeze dried before being analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) instruments. XRD analysis in 20:80, 30:70 and 40:60 ratio has a peak that represents HA and an amorphous peak that represents PMMA, with the best ratio is 30:70.FTIR analysis showed the existence of HA functional groups namely phosphate (PO43- ), calcium carbonate (CO32- ), and hydroxyl (OH- ) in all three samples, with 20:80 ratio as the optimal composition. SEM observation showed visible interconnected pores and roughness, also various pore sizes that averaged by 278.71µm; 312.3µm; 332.8µm, and 1.267µm; 1.716µm; 1.951µm, that showed by 50x and 5000x magnification, with 20:80 ratio as the ideal environment. EDX analysis showed Calsium (Ca), Oxygen (O), Phosphate (P), Silicate (Si), and Aluminium (Al) contained in the PMMA-HA sample, with 20:80 ratio as the highest potention to osteoblast regeneration. PMMA-HA scaffold with 20:80 ratio considered as the best ratio to be a candidate of synthetic graft materials for cleft palate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to investigate the structure, physical properties, and antifungal activity of ZnTe single-layer, ZnTe/Cu/ZnTe (ZCZ), and ZnTe/Ag/ZnTe (ZAZ) multilayer films. The ZAZ multilayer had the greatest antifungal efficacy, with ZCZ and ZnTe following in descending order of effectiveness. We observed that ZCZ had a MIC of 0.30 mol/ML and that ZAZ had a MIC of 20 mol/L. An X-ray diffraction (XRD) test confirmed a cubic crystal structure for all films, indicating that the crystals were mainly arranged along the (111) plane. For ZnTe films, the average size of crystallites was estimated to be roughly 15 nm, while for ZAZ and ZCZ films, it remained relatively constant at around 14.2 nm and 14.1 nm, respectively. We determined the particle size of ZnTe, ZCZ, and ZAZ using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ImageJ analysis. The obtained sizes were 98 nm, 200 nm, and 81 nm for ZnTe, ZCZ, and ZAZ, respectively. We used Swanepoel method and the Cauchy equation to determine the refractive index (n), film thickness (d), and refractive index as a function of wavelength. We used the Tauc equation to find that the optical band gaps (E g) of the films were 1.67 eV for ZnTe, 1.5 eV for ZCZ, and 1.55 eV for ZAZ. We analyzed six new frequency bands found through FTIR analysis. These bands showed important information about the chemical structure of the films. [Display omitted] • ZAZ films have superior antifungal activity. • The Ag middle layer boosts ZAZ composite efficacy. • Enhanced understanding of ZnTe multilayer's antifungal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to investigate laser irradiation effects on the surface, structural, and mechanical properties of iron samples. The prepared samples have been treated for multiple exposure times using continuous-wave diode laser with a wavelength of 532 nm in a laboratory environment. The structural as well as surface modifications of laser exposed targets are explored via scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The SEM analysis revealed micrometer grain size, exfoliational sputtering, and crater formation, while XRD patterns were used to investigate d-spacing, and grain size of laser exposed samples. The mechanical characteristics of laser-ablated materials were examined using a micro Vickers hardness-tester, and microhardness has been explored as a function of increasing laser exposure time. It has been observed that grain size reduces while hardness of polycrystalline iron increases with increase in exposure time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of a large volume of agricultural residue during the processing of fruits has resulted in environmental problems. Therefore, the production of bioactive compounds from agricultural residue will provide a direction to overcome these issues. These residues are a potential source of many bioactive compounds, such as pectin. The present study deals with the extraction and characterization of pectin from the Bael pulp residue produced during the processing of Bael fruit. Pectin was extracted by using hot acid extraction methods and evaluated for its physicochemical properties by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and the values of moisture content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, total anhydrouronic acid content, and degree of esterification. The results were compared with those of commercial pectin. Bael pulp residue yielded 24.02 ± 0.63% of pectin by using HCl and 22.1 ± 0.7% by using H2SO4. The physicochemical characterization of extracted pectin, such as equivalent weight (852.32 ± 8.43), methoxyl content (8.28 ± 0.35%), total anhydrouronic acid (67.69 ± 0.35%), and degree of esterification (69.39 ± 0.57%), was within the acceptable range and comparable with the commercial pectin. The values of moisture content (4.62 ± 1.14%) and ash content (5.22 ± 0.66%) indicated that the extracted pectin was in pure form. SEM and XRD patterns observed the rough and amorphous nature of extracted pectin. The antioxidant activity of pectin and total phenolic content were also observed. The IC50 value was found to be 15.74 µg/mL, showing an adequate amount of antioxidant activity in isolated pectin with a total phenolic content of 58.5 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g. Additionally, the prebiotic potential of extracted pectin was confirmed by the viability assay of two probiotics (Bacillus clausii and Saccharomyces boulardii). Based on these results, Bael pulp residue could be a good alternative source of high-value pectin that could be used to make health products and other biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from Aloe barbadensis Miller leaf extract using the green synthesis method at room temperature. The biosynthesized NPs are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The XRD pattern has revealed the hexagonal wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 16 nm for synthesized ZnO NPs. The FTIR results display the formation of ZnO NPs and the presence of other functional groups. The UV–vis absorption spectrum shows an absorption band at 347 nm and the value of the bandgap is found to be 3.75 eV. The surface morphology of synthesized NPs is visualized by SEM images, it is observed that most of the NPs are needle in shape. Further, these NPs will find applications in biosensing and photocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried sandstone slurry (DSS) is generated during mining and processing of stone and is accounted as man-made hazardous waste material, contaminating the environment in nearby areas. The use of DSS in self-compacting concrete (SCC) was studied by partially substituting pozzolana Portland cement at different percentages. This represents the recycling element of the 3 R's of the environment (reduce, reuse and recycle). Mechanical and permeability properties were evaluated and the microstructure of SCC analysed with respect to a control mixture which is without sandstone slurry. Mechanical and permeability parameters were found to relate each other. With increased replacement of DSS, the porosity and hence the sorptivity coefficient of SCC also increased and its compressive strength decreased. The higher porosity caused a significant increment in the depth of carbonation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed decreased calcium-silicate-hydrate (C–S–H) gel formation as the replacement percentage of DSS increased. This, along with the increased porosity and permeability, degraded the mechanical properties of SCC. The rapidly developing construction sector in India must meet the following indispensable criteria: low environmental impact at improved structural performance, economy and speed of construction. Utilization of sandstone waste is highly recommended from the above viewpoint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario, the searching for novel plant fibers able to be used as reinforcement of polymer composites is highly appreciable. This study deals with extraction and characterization of Eleusine indica grass fibers extracted from its stem by manual retting process. From this study, it was found that the Eleusine indica has higher cellulose of 61.3 wt% content, density of 1143 kg/m3, average tensile strength and Young's modulus equal to 22 MPa and 10.75 GPa, respectively. From the XRD studies, it was noted that the Crystallinity Index (CI) of Eleusine indica was 45%. The surface morphology of Eleusine indica grass was examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Chemical functional group were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The thermal stability of EIF was evaluated using TG and DTG curves from Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. The characterization results confirmed that Eleusine indica grass could be used for the production of sustainable fiber-reinforced polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic steels are one of the most important in fuel cladding materials for 4th Generation nuclear reactors because of their excellent mechanical properties such as irradiation resistance, swelling resistance, and elevated temperature tensile/compressive strength. Mechanical alloying (MA) is one of the most promising routes for developing nanocrystalline ferritic ODS steel materials. For the production of nanocrystalline ferritic ODS steel powders, the most influencing factor is the milling speed and milling time during the mechanical alloying process. With the improper selection of milling time and speed, the final milled powders become an amorphous structure consisting of high impurity inclusions in the microstructure, and strength was also affected. In order to overcome these drawbacks, the present investigation was taken into account for the selection of appropriate mechanical milling speed and time, which was optimized through Taguchi analysis followed by the MA process. The optimized mechanical milling speed and time of milled powders were characterized through X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diminution of the natural sources in the form of dredging the riverbanks and blasting the mountain ranges has always dented the balance of the ecosystem which in turn results in disasters as well at times. This alarming situation accelerates the global warming, threatens the biota life in riverbanks, diminishes the ground water level, harms the aquatic life, and affects the growth of agriculture. This study is an attempt to synthesis fine aggregates from the industrial byproducts, namely, fly ash and GGBS through the process of geopolymerization. This enables the formation of aluminosilicate networks upon the addition of the alkaline activator solution (Na2 SiO3 + NaOH) into the byproducts. The dry mix is then allowed for oven drying as well as air drying to accelerate the geopolymerization process. The fly ash-geopolymerized fine aggregate (F-GFA) and the GGBS-geopolymerized fine aggregate (G-GFA) were noted to exhibit adequate physiochemical and mechanical properties in par with the natural sand. The production of GFA is considered eco-friendly process since it ceases the extensive usage of river sand and incorporates the effective usage of industrial byproducts (fly ash and GGBS), thereby minimizing the land pollution and its consequent harmful hazards. Though the F-GFA and G-GFA showcased higher water absorption ratio than the natural sand due to the presence of unreacted fly ash and GGBS particles, the complete replacement of fine aggregate with geopolymerized sand initiated the adequate compressive strength attainment up to 90% of natural sand, by reacting with the lime expelled out of the hydration process of cement in the mortar specimens developed in this experimental study. The geopolymer itself is hydrophilic in nature, and it will also aid for the higher water absorption ratio of the polymer sand. The microstructure of the samples was further examined through optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction analysis in order to corroborate the experimental results of this study. The results thus obtained strongly recommend the potential of the F-GFA and G-GFA as an ideal replacement material for natural sand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M-type Hexa-ferrites powders of chemical composition Ba 0.5 Sr 0.1 Zn 0.4 Fe 12 O 19 was prepared by the use of the co-precipitation technique. The heat treatment of this ferrite composition was done at various temperatures (700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C) for 6 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of all the prepared powder samples confirmed the emergence of a hexagonal structure. The high-intensity peaks of the samples were indexed and showed a single phase. The size of crystallite was obtained within the range of 21–42 nm. The surface morphology was carried out with a Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The grain size showed the hexagonal shape, and average grain sizes were in the range of ~ 211 nm. Spectral information was found using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to confirm the phase of M-type hexaferrite. The dielectric parameters were measured within the high-frequency range of 5 MHz - 3 GHz. The dielectric constant was increased with an increase in temperature. The dielectric studies were found by the establishment of space charge polarization as per the two-layer model provided by Maxwell-Wagner and the study of phenomena of Koop's theory. The magnetic characteristics including coercivity (HcB) and retentivity (Br) were measured from BH/JH hysteresis loops. The enhancement of coercivity was observed from 1.23 × 10+3 Oe to 1.50 × 10+3 Oe, while the retentivity increased from 1.334 × 10+3 G to 1.598 × 10+3 G with an increase in temperature. Outstanding properties of synthesized materials suggested their use in large-frequency applications, including recording media and permanent magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, MgSrAl10O17:xDy³ nanophosphors were fabricated by combustion method for different concentrations (x = 0, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02) of Dysprosium (Dy). The synthesised nanophosphors were characterised by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, PL, and TL. The XRD (X-ray diffraction) showed crystalline hexagonal structure with preferred orientation of (107) plane. SEM (Scanning electron microscope) result shows the formation of nanosheets in an irregular shape. TEM (transmission electron microscope) study revealed the nanoparticles an average diameter of 30 nm. TL (Thermo-luminance) properties included TL glow curves and TL response for different concentrations of Dy after exposure to 700 Gy gamma rays. LiMgBO3 shows the major TL glow peak at 100oC. TL intensity was found to increase with an increase in the dopant Dy concentration and was found to show the best result for x = 0.02. Further, PL (Photoluminescence) characterisation of MgSrAl10O17:0.02 Dy3+ phosphor exhibits two main emission peaks at 484 and 575 nm due to Dy3+ ion, when excited with 350 nm wavelength. So, emission of the Dy3+ luminescence is close to the white region, and hence MgSrAl10O17:xDy3+ phosphor can be a good candidate in solid-state lighting for white light emission. In kinetic parameters: activation energy (E) and order of kinetics (b), are calculated using the Chen's Peak Shape method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-Fe-W electrodeposited magnetic thin film properties were studied to identify the possible applications in different area. The film was prepared using the electrodeposition method with different current densities, in order to get the uniform deposition with different thickness. A vibrating sample magnetometer studies provide the value of magnetic saturation (Ms=0.112emu), retentivity (Mr=0.020emu) and coercivity (Hc=88.95Oe). The prepared film is (45min, thickness is 3.10µm) more suitable to develop tiny integrated memory devices. X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) confirm the cubic crystalline nature of the prepared thin films. Surface morphology analysis clearly shows the uniform thickness (0.2 µm) of the thin film [scanning electron microscope (SEM)]. The highest percentage of Co, Fe and W composition in the thin films were obtained by using energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The maximum hardness value is 212/7.5 mAcm-2 for 45min and best adhesion with desirable magnetic properties have been reported in the present communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work includes the synthesis of zinc selenium telluride ZnSe1-xTex (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) ternary compound and its deposition in the form of thin films having thickness 200nm using thermal evaporation technique under high vacuum. The synthesized material ZnSe1-xTex thin films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-VIS-NIR, and Raman spectroscopic measurements. The structural measurements reveal that the deposited thin films of ZnSe1-xTex material are polycrystalline, whose crystallinity decreases with concentration of tellurium material in thin films. The morphology measurement of films shows that the surface of films is smooth and particles are approximately spherical. The optical band gap estimated from the optical transmission spectra of the films is found to decrease with tellurium concentration. Peak shift is found towards red region with tellurium concentration in the films in Raman spectroscopic measurements. The obtained results are analyzed for application of ZnSe1-xTex thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zirconium was one of the rare earth materials. In this paper, the effect of Zr additions in the microstructure, mechanical and in vitro properties were investigated. The phases present in the alloy were identified by X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of the added alloying elements was confirmed with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface morphology and the proper mixing of the element were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. The mechanical proopeties were analyzed and show that the material has good compressive strength and tensile strength. The hardness of the material increases due to Zr additions. The alloys show improved and slow degradation of the material in simulated body fluid analyzed using a potentiostat. The alloy can be suggested for biomedical implants due to its higher mechanical properties and slower degradation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(p-phenylenediamine- co–o-aminophenol) nanostructure thin film [PpPDoAP]TF was synthesized and prepared as a thin film with ≅ 100 ± 2 nm using the spin-coating method. Different characterization techniques for [PpPDoAP]TF like FTIR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and optical properties have been studied. The resulted x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) data have been employed to study interface composites. Density function theory (DFT) was used for optimization by DMol3 and CASTEP. Spectroscopic and structural characteristics for the thin film have confirmed the chemical composition and XRD observations revealed the same crystal structure. Combined between experimental and TDD-DFT data, the average crystallite size and composite interface are 71.87 nm and orthorhombic symmetry (a = 7.38(2); b = 18.09(6); c = 26.09(4) Å and α = β = γ = 90°) with space group (Pmcn) for the thin film. It is found that the calculated energy gap by DFT and experimental method are 2.523 and 2.504 eV, respectively. The electronic transition of [PpPDoAP]TF has direct allowed transition. Besides, the optoelectrical parameters have been calculated for the film like n(λ), k(λ), dielectric constant, and optical conductivity. CASTEP simulated values are consistent with the experimental values for optical parameters of [PpPDoAP]TF. The fabricated thin film can be used as a candidate material for optoelectronic devices and solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The geopolymer concrete comprising fly ash and fluid catalytic cracking residue could be applied for producing eco-friendly precast concrete products in Vietnam, which are precast wall, panel, or brick. The use of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) by-products as aluminosilicate precursors in geopolymer binders has attracted significant interest from researchers in recent years owing to their high alumina and silica contents. Introduced in this study is the use of geopolymer concrete comprising FCC residue combined with fly ash as the requisite source of aluminosilicate. Fly ash was replaced with various FCC residue contents ranging from 0–100% by mass of binder. Results from standard testing methods showed that geopolymer concrete rheological properties such as yield stress and plastic viscosity as well as mechanical properties including compressive strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus were affected significantly by the FCC residue content. With alkali liquid to geopolymer solid ratios (AL:GS) of 0.4 and 0.5, a reduction in compressive and flexural strength was observed in the case of geopolymer concrete with increasing FCC residue content. On the contrary, geopolymer concrete with increasing FCC residue content exhibited improved strength with an AL:GS ratio of 0.65. Relationships enabling estimation of geopolymer elastic modulus based on compressive strength were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that the final product from the geopolymerization process consisting of FCC residue was similar to fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. These observations highlight the potential of FCC residue as an aluminosilicate source for geopolymer products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the long-term working performance of recycled concrete (RC) members, there is a need to compensate for the performance deficiencies of RC. In this study, the mechanical properties of RC were improved by two different modification methods, and the reinforcement effects of RC modified by Silane Coupling Agent (KH560)/Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and RC modified by EVA alone were compared and analyzed. The effects of separate modification and co-modification on RC were analyzed through multi-scale methods in terms of macro-mechanical properties, microstructure, chemical composition and molecular mechanism, respectively. The results of macroscopic mechanical experiments showed that the compressive and shear strength of EVA/KH560 synergistic modification is higher than that of EVA alone. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) data showed that the surface density of the old and new concrete interfaces was higher under EVA/KH560 co-modification. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data showed that more cement gel will be produced under EVA/KH560 synergistic modification. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations show that EVA single modification can produce hydrogen and ionic bonds at the interface of old and new concrete, while EVA/KH560 synergistic modification not only produces them, but also forms a stable Si-O-Si chemical bond. [Display omitted] • Compared with EVA modification, EVA/KH560 synergistic modification has better effect. • EVA/KH560 produces a large number of reticulated cement gel at the weak interface. • The stable Si KH560 -O KH560 -Si CSH is formed between KH560 and cement. • EVA/KH560 enhance the interfacial adhesion by the stable hydrogen and chemical bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, a simple spray pyrolysis method was employed to synthesized gadolinium (Gd) doped titanium oxide (TiO2) thin film. The crystal structure and morphology of the sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). According to XRD measurements, no apparent crystal peak was observed. The thickness of the prepared film was found to be 228 nm from SEM observation. The optical transmittance and bandgap energy of the synthesized thin film was investigated by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The high transmission of the thin film was found in the visible region. The optical bandgap energy of the prepared film was found to be 2.85 eV. The photocatalytic degradation of malachite green solution was studied. As a result of the photocatalytic experiment, the thin film could be used as an effective photocatalyst for malachite green dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors reported the data found by FT-IR spectroscopy, ultrasonic velocities, DTA investigations of 5Al2O3 – 25Li2O – (70 − x) P2O5 – x TiO2, (0 ≤ x ≤ 25 mol%) of the prepared glass samples. From FT-IR spectroscopy has been indicated the titanate doped phosphate glasses increase the produce of non-bridging oxygens. By ultrasonic velocities has been indicated that these velocities are decreased as well as elastic-moduli and density by the concentration of titanate. This behaviour due to decreasing the density, cross-link density, and increase in molar volume. By DTA the values of (Tg), (Tc) and (Tp) decrease this is due to a decrease the bond strength. A parent glass–ceramics of these glasses have been prepared, and investigate by XRD and SEM. The parent glass–ceramic of these glasses have been prepared and investigate by XRD. Li2P2O6 (lithium orthophosphate) crystalline phase is showed in glasses-free titanate and transformed into LiPO3 in glasses containing titanate. The surface morphology of glass–ceramic has been checked by scanning electron microscope and showed a nearly unchanging surface in glasses-free titanate and large interstitial pores in glasses containing titanate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fe doped Mn2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by the microwave-assisted method and synthesized samples were further annealed at 5000C and the samples were subjected to analyze structural, optical and magnetic properties. The structural properties of the nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffractometry. XRD pattern revealed that the existence of Mn2O3 with cubic structure and Mn-doped Fe isa rhombohedral lattice structure. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of Fe-O stretching vibrations. The observed band positioned at 570cm-1 could be due to the stretching vibration of Fe-O bonds. Energy dispersive analysis (EDAX) spectroscopy confirmed the purity, chemical composition of the FeMn2O3 nanoparticles. The structural properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium oxide (MgO, pure) and zinc added MgO nanoparticles were synthesised by a simple microwave assisted solvothermal method. The concentrations of impurity used in the present work were 0.25 M and 0.50 M. All samples were annealed at 400°C for 1 h to improve the ordering. The prepared pure and zinc added magnesium oxide nanoparticles were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PXRD studies of pure and zinc added MgO nanoparticles showed that all samples belong to crystalline nature with cubic structure. The grain size of all samples were determined from the XRD results and it belongs to nanometre scale. The EDS confirmed the presence of zinc, magnesium and oxide elements in the respective prepared samples. The scanning electron microscope images confirmed that the prepared samples possess nanometer dimensions. The electrical properties such as AC conductivity, dielectric constant and dielectric loss were measured at different temperatures in the different frequency range by involving the impedance analyser of all the prepared samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass samples with the compositions xFe2O3-35SiO2-35B2O3-10Al2O3-(20 − x) Na2O (0 ≤ x ≤ 1 mol.%) were designed and assembled by melting quenching technique. These samples were investigated by XRD, optical, mechanical, thermal, and FT-IR spectroscopy studies. FT-IR spectra reveal that these glasses are built up of BO3, BO4, and octahedral [FeO6]. The present glasses exhibited the increase in density, thermal parameter values, ultrasonic velocities, elastic moduli, optical band gap (Eopt), and refractive index of the prepared glasses. The corresponding glass-ceramic of these glasses was prepared by controlling heat treatment and investigated with XRD, mechanical, SEM, and TEM. The present glass-ceramics exhibited the increase in density, ultrasonic velocities, and elastic moduli; these values are larger than those of the parent glasses. XRD exhibited the crystalline phases of selected glass-ceramics samples. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) exhibited the grain size of glass-ceramics in nano-size and range between 63.9 and 165 nm. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) exhibited backscattered electron images of the produced glass-ceramics. It is observed that crystalline texture contains relatively large interstitial pores, demonstrating the residual glassy matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, we have focused on the effect of cobalt substitution in the nickel aluminate system. The aluminate samples were synthesized by the chemical precipitation method. The structural and optical properties of the NiAl2O4, CoAl2O4, and Ni0.5Co0.5Al2O4 samples were studied through X-ray diffraction and UV-DRS absorbance spectral analysis. The XRD pattern confirms the cubic phase with the space group of Fd-3 m through its analysis of the diffraction peaks. The UV absorption peaks around at 360, 480, 551, 580, and 621 nm extend the formation of NiAl2O4, CoAl2O4, and Ni0.5Co0.5Al2O4 system. The surface morphological images of the samples were scanned by using the scanning electron microscope. The room temperature magnetic nature of the aluminate samples was carried out using VSM, and the observed result reveals a weak ferromagnetic and super-paramagnetic nature for NiAl2O4 and Ni0.5Co0.5Al2O4, respectively. The temperature dependence impedance spectra and AC conductivity were measured using an impedance analyzer at selected temperatures, and that reveals the bulk resistance of the grain and the grain boundary region of the sample. The observed results were analyzed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Titanium carbon nitride (TiCN) thin films have been synthesized over Si (100) substrate using chemical vapour deposition (CVD) process under N 2 gas flow rate to study the suitability of CVD for the growth of TiCN coating over machine tools. The morphological, structural, corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of the coatings have been characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), corrosion test and Nano-indentation. SEM images revealed a smoother morphology of the TiCN coating surface without any pores. The AFM results revealed an increase in surface roughness from 40.88 nm to 48.25 nm. The particle size of TiCN thin film also found to be increasing with a higher N 2 flow rate. The XRD peaks of TiCN were observed in the range of 37°-38°. 44°-44.5° and 61°- 62° attributed to (111), (200) and (220) crystal plane. The XRD results also confirmed the presence of stress in the coatings. The polarization test indicates a reduction of corrosion resistance with a higher N 2 gas flow rate. The mechanical properties investigated by the nano-indentation method indicated an increase in Hardness (H) and Young's modulus (E) of the coating with a higher N 2 flow rate. The maximum H and E of the coatings were observed as 27.85 GPa and 486.22 GPa respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the effect of liquid polymer on the geotechnical properties and microstructure of two fine-grained soil. Commercially available liquid polymer was used to stabilize a commercially available soil (Soil I, type ML) and natural soil (Soil II, type CH). Various physical properties test has been conducted to characterize the soils. The liquid polymer was mixed at various percentages (i.e. 2, 3, 4, and 5%) on dry weight basis. The polymer-stabilized soil samples were cured for 7, 14, and 28 days under confined and open-air environment. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test were conducted to evaluate the strength of polymer-stabilized soil. The results show that with the addition of polymer; UCS value for ML samples prepared at its OMC increases up to 75% in open-air environment and up to 14% in confined air environment. CH soil samples prepared at its OMC shows cracks while curing in open-air environment and there is no significant change of strength in confined air environment. For CH soil UCS samples were prepared with reduced moisture contents and cured in open air environment shows increase in UCS strength up to 10%. CBR test results shows that there was marginal increase (i.e. 14%) in CBR value for CH soil but a significant increase (i.e. 340%) in CBR value for ML soil. X-ray diffraction test was conducted for ML and CH to determine the mineralogical composition of virgin and liquid polymer-stabilized soil. It was observed that, no new minerals were formed with the addition of polymer. Scanning electron microscope test was also conducted to analyze the microstructure of the virgin and polymer-stabilized soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper characterizes the sugarcane bagasse ash as a pozzolan and investigates its influence on the hardened properties of concrete. In Pakistan, the sugar industry recycles raw bagasse for power generation, and as a result, tonnes of bagasse ash are produced every year. For this study, the bagasse ash sample was obtained from one of the local sugar mills of Pakistan. The physical, chemical and mineralogical of bagasse ash were investigated by employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence and laser particle size techniques, while the microstructure was studied through scanning electron microscope. In addition, the evaluation of hardened properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and thermal conductivity was also carried out. Here, the concrete mixtures were prepared by replacing the cement with bagasse ash in the ratio of 5 to 30% (by weight). The chemical, physical and mineral results reveal that this local bagasse ash has all pozzolanic properties. The evidence of amorphous and crystalline phases was found in the XRD pattern, along with silicon dioxide (SiO2) which was recorded more than 70% in the ash. It was observed that the workability for bagasse ash-blended concrete mixtures increases with ash content. Furthermore, the bagasse ash mixtures with 10% substitution were found optimal for achieving higher compressive, flexural and tensile strength, while the thermal conductivity showed a consistent drop with higher ash content percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LiAlSiO 4 :Ce3+ (0–11 mol%) nanocomposites are synthesized by low temperature solution combustion method using aloe vera gel as a fuel. The prepared samples are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) to know the crystallite size, optical energy band gap by Kubelka-Munk (K-M) plot and surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis for elemental confirmation. The stretching frequency of all nanocomposites is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The Raman spectroscopy provides a structural fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. The current-voltage (I–V) characteristics showed that the prepared samples obey Ohm's law. DC conductivity is studied for temperature ranging from 30 - 450 οC and activation energy is calculated by Arrhenius plot. Further, the present method was reliable, environmental friendly and alternative to economical routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, doped ceria solid electrolyte materials Ce0.8M0.2O2-δ (M = Gd, Sm, and Nd) for intermediate temperature-solid oxide fuel cells were synthesized through citrate-nitrate auto combustion method. They were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) techniques. XRD results show that all the synthesized powders indicate a single-phase with cubic fluorite structure. Electrolytes with high density were obtained by sintering the samples at 1400 °C for 6 h. The mean crystallite sizes were calculated using the Scherrer formula. Surface morphologies of all the sintered electrolytes were obtained by using SEM. The total ionic conductivity of all electrolytes was measured from the impedance analysis in 300-700 °C temperature range. The ionic conductivities at 700 °C are in the order of Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-δ >Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-δ >Ce0.8Nd0.2O2-δ, and their corresponding activation energies are found to be 0.61, 0.62, and 0.67 eV, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of Zn1-xNixMn2O4 nanoparticles was prepared by a glycine assisted combustion method. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The magnetic properties of the prepared samples were measured by using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD, FTIR, EDX, TEM and SEM showed formation of ZnMn2O4 NiMn2O4, Zn1-xNixMn2O4 nanoparticles with Mn2O3 as a seconded phase. In addition, the as-synthesized manganites had a spinel system and a sponge crystal structure. The particles were polycrystalline in nature, and the average sizes of manganites ranged between 30 and 70 nm. The magnetic measurements indicated that the nanostructure obtained shows room temperature ferromagnetism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, a study of the wear mechanisms involved in the spinning ring and the traveler of textile industry are presented. These components, after surface processing with various coatings techniques, were analyzed on the test rig so as to analyze the wear mechanism. The objective was accomplished by comparing various plasma sprayed coatings on E52100 steel pins using a pin-on-disc machine. The surface morphology as well as mechanical properties of the deposited coatings, namely WC-Co- Cr, Al2O3+TiO2 (Alumina-Titania) and Cr3C2NiCr, as well as uncoated E52100, were comparatively studied. This study elucidates towards improving the working life of the ring in a textile mill in the spinning operation. An x-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to characterize the unworn and worn surfaces of the specimens. The study revealed that the wear rate of plasma sprayed thermal coatings enhanced with augmenting load. The plasma sprayed WC-Co-Cr, Cr3C2NiCr, Al2O3+13TiO2 coatings developed on workpiece pins exhibited a notable decrease in volume loss of the material as compared to uncoated E52100 substrate. WCCo- Cr coating turned out to be the best performer in terms of the lowest cumulative volume loss among all the variants of coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]