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Little is known about physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) among nursing home residents although PA is known as a health promoter. This study examined PA, SB, and their predictors among nursing home residents (n = 63). Dependent variables were accelerometry-based PA and SB. Predictor variables included in a path analysis were age, sex, body mass index, Barthel Index, cognitive status (Mini-Mental State Examination), physical performance (hand grip strength and habitual walking speed), and well-being (World Health Organization-5 well-being index). PA was very low (M steps per day = 2,433) and SB was high (M percentage of sedentary time = 89.4%). PA was significantly predicted by age (β = −0.27, p =.008), body mass index (β = −0.29, p =.002), Barthel Index (β = 0.24, p =.040), and hand grip strength (β = 0.30, p =.048). SB was significantly predicted by body mass index (β = 0.27, p =.008) and Barthel Index (β = −0.30, p =.012). Results might be helpful for everyday practice to identify individuals at high risk for low PA and high SB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslipidemia is a major contributor to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Despite high level of physical activity, athletes are not immune from dyslipidemia, but longitudinal data on the variation of lipids are currently lacking. We sought to assess lipid profile changes over time in Olympic athletes practicing different sports disciplines (power, skills, endurance, and mixed). We enrolled 957 consecutive athletes evaluated from London 2012 to Beijing 2022 Olympic Games. Dyslipidemia was defined as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ≥115 mg/dl, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) <40 mg/dl for males, or HDL <50 mg/dl for females. Hypertriglyceridemia was defined as triglycerides >150 mg/dl. At the follow-up, a variation of ±40 mg/dl for LDL, ±6 mg/dl for HDL, and ±50 mg/dl for triglycerides was considered relevant. Athletes with follow-up <10 months or taking lower lipid agents were excluded. Follow-up was completed in 717 athletes (74.9%), with a mean duration of 55.6 months. Mean age was 27.2 ± 4.8 years old, 54.6% were male (n = 392). Overall, 19.8% (n = 142) athletes were dyslipidemic at both blood tests, being older, practicing nonendurance sports, and predominantly male. In 69.3% (n = 129) of those with elevated LDL at t0, altered values were confirmed at follow-up, while the same occurred in 36.5% (n = 15) with hypo-HDL and 5.3% (n = 1) in those with elevated triglycerides. Weight and fat mass percentage modifications did not affect lipid profile variation. LDL hypercholesterolemia tends to persist over time especially among male, older, and nonendurance athletes. LDL hypercholesterolemia detection in athletes should prompt early preventive intervention to reduce the risk of future development of atherosclerotic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Loss of muscle power has a significant impact on mobility in geriatric populations, so this study sought to determine the extent and time course of performance decline in power-centric events throughout the life span via retrospective analyses of masters and elite track-and-field data. Methods: Four track-and-field events were selected based on maximal power output: the 100-m dash, long jump, high jump, and triple jump. Elite and masters athlete data were gathered from the World Masters Outdoor Championships and the International Amateur Athletic Federation World Athletics Championships (17,945 individual results). Data were analyzed by fitting individual and group results to quadratic and linear models. Results: Average age of peak performance in all events was 27.8 (0.8) years for men and 28.3 (0.8) years for women. Athlete performance decline best matched a linear model for the 5 years following peak performance (mean R2 =.68 [.20]) and for ages 35–60, but best matched a quadratic model for ages 60–90 and 35–90 (mean R2 =.75 [.12]). The average rate of decline for the masters data ages 35–60 ranged from 0.55% per year for men's 100-m dash to 1.04% per year for women's long jump. A significant age × sex interaction existed between men and women, with men declining faster throughout life in all events except the 100-m dash. Conclusions: Performance decline begins in the early 30s and is linear through middle age. This pattern of decline provides a basis for further research on power-decline pathophysiology and preventive measures starting in the 30s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: This study investigated adherence to physical activity (PA) guidelines and associated sociodemographic factors among older Koreans from 2011 to 2020. Methods: Utilizing four public data sets from the National Survey of Older Koreans, the study included the data on 40,993 older adults 65 years and older in South Korea, collected between 2011 and 2020. Adherence to PA guidelines and sociodemographic factors were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. The data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests. Results: Overall adherence increased from 39.1% in 2011 to 48.2% in 2017, then decreased to 37.6% in 2020 (p <.001). Men had higher adherence than women (p <.001). Age-related adherence peaked in the young-older group (65–74 years old) and was lowest in the oldest-old group (85+ years old) (p <.001). Marital status, education, and income were also significantly related to PA adherence (p <.001) across the years. Conclusion: Although continuous increase in adherence to PA among Koreans 65 years and older was observed, the decline in PA levels during the COVID era underscored the need for targeted interventions and well-informed health care policies to address demographic challenges. Still, considering that data were collected during the recommended social distancing period, a cautions interpretation of these findings is warranted. Significance/Implications: Health policies aiming to improve adherence to PA guidelines should prioritize Korean older adults who are female, belong to the oldest-old group, are single, and have low education and income levels, with the goal of enhancing health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to (1) provide a comparison of peak changes in indirect markers of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in youths versus adults and (2) determine if the involved limb moderated this effect. Method: Studies were eligible for inclusion if they (1) provided a human youth versus adult comparison; (2) provided data on muscle strength, soreness, or creatine kinase markers beyond ≥24 hours; and (3) did not provide a recovery treatment. Effect sizes (ES) were presented alongside 95% confidence intervals. Results: EIMD exhibited larger effects on adults than in youths for muscle strength (ES = −2.01; P <.001), muscle soreness (ES = −1.52; P <.001), and creatine kinase (ES = −1.98; P <.001). The random effects meta-regression indicated that the effects of upper- and lower-limb exercise in youths and adults were significant for muscle soreness (coefficient estimate = 1.11; P <.001) but not for muscle strength or creatine kinase (P >.05). As such, the between-group effects for muscle soreness (ES = −2.10 vs −1.03; P <.05) were greater in the upper than lower limbs. Conclusion: The magnitude of EIMD in youths is substantially less than in their adult counterparts, and this effect is greater in upper than lower limbs for muscle soreness. These findings help guide practitioners who may be concerned about the potential impact of EIMD when training youth athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with intellectual disabilities often face unique challenges in physical capabilities, making traditional training methods less effective for their specific needs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of combining balance, plyometric, and strength (CBPS) training with sprint training on physical performance in male athletes with intellectual disabilities. Twenty-seven participants were randomly assigned to either a CBPS group or a control group that only maintained their regular sprint training. Participants underwent pre- and posttraining tests, including measures of balance, jumping, agility, and sprinting ability. The results showed that the CBPS group demonstrated significant improvements (p <.05) in one-leg stance, crossover-hop jump, squat jump, countermovement jump, and 10- and 30-m sprint at posttraining compared with pretraining. CBPS training combined with sprinting significantly improves physical performance in male athletes with intellectual disabilities, suggesting implications for tailored training programs to enhance their physical fitness and overall health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the level of physical activity and its relation to fatigue and frailty during the COVID-19 pandemic in community-dwelling older adults aged 80 years and over. Three hundred and ninety-one older adults (aged 86.5 ± 3.00) completed a survey including physical activity, the Mobility Tiredness scale, and the FRAIL scale. Linear regression analysis was conducted to assess whether the variables age, sex, and physical activity (independent factors) were significantly related to fatigue and frailty. Respectively, 30.5% and 24.7% of the participants reported a decrease in walking and in energy-intensive activities; 25.4% reported increased sedentary behavior. A lower level of physical activity was associated with higher levels of fatigue and increased frailty risk (p <.05), independently from psychological symptoms. These results are important because participants with lower levels of physical activity and more sedentary behavior are more likely to feel fatigued and have higher risk to be frail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asynchronous video interviews (AVIs) are a form of one‐way, technology‐mediated selection interview that can help streamline and increase flexibility in the hiring process and are used to hire millions of applicants per year. Although applicant reactions to AVIs in general tend to be more negative than with traditional interview modalities, AVIs can differ widely in how they are designed. For instance, applicants can be provided with more or less preparation time, response length, rerecording options, or rely on different question formats. This study examines how AVI design features impact applicant reactions, as well as the moderating role played by applicant age and gender. Data from 27,809 real job applicant's AVI experiences were collected in 11 countries (69.3% English‐speaking) from 33 companies and relating to 72 types of positions. Data were fitted with linear mixed‐effects models to account for nesting. Results showed that allowing more preparation time and offering the opportunity to rerecord responses were related to more favorable reactions, while including more questions was related to more negative reactions. Applicants above the age of 31 reacted especially negatively to AVIs with more questions while those below the age of 30 preferred being allocated longer maximum response lengths. Women reacted more positively to increased preparation time. These findings might help both AVI vendors and hiring organizations design AVIs that facilitate a positive applicant experience. Our research also expands knowledge on applicant reactions to interviews, highlights crucial differences from traditional formats, and calls for integrating applicant characteristics into current theoretical frameworks on applicant reactions to AVIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is mixed evidence on the role that biological sex plays in shoulder biomechanics despite known differences in musculoskeletal disorder prevalence between males and females. Additionally, advancing age may contribute to shoulder kinematic changes. The purpose of this study was to determine if sex and age influenced scapular and thoracohumeral kinematics during a range of functional tasks. Sixty healthy participants aged 19–63 years (30 males; 30 females) completed a functional task protocol while their upper limb motion was recorded. Scapular and humeral angles were calculated and compared with multiple linear regressions to assess the interaction effects of sex and age. Shoulder kinematics were not different between sex and age groups for many of the functional tasks. However, females had lower humeral external rotation in the overhead lift task (15°, P <.001), and less scapular anterior tilt angles in the forward transfer task (6°, P <.001) than males. Age was positively associated with humeral elevation (R2 =.330, P <.001) and scapular rotation (R2 =.299, P <.001) in the Wash Axilla task. There exist some kinematic differences between sex and with advancing age for select functional tasks, which should be considered for musculoskeletal disorder development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to clarify the development of motor unit (MU) firing properties and the association between those neural properties and force steadiness (FS)/neurological tests in 6- to 12-year-old children. Fifty-eight school-aged children performed maximal voluntary knee extension contraction, a submaximal FS test at 10% of maximal voluntary knee extension contraction, knee extension reaction time to light stimulus test, and single-leg standing test, and data from 38 children who passed the criteria were subject to analysis. During the FS test, high-density surface electromyography was recorded from the vastus lateralis muscle to identify individual MU firing activity. FS was improved with an increase in age (r = −.540, P <.001). The MU firing rate (MUFR) was significantly decreased with an increase in age (r = −.343, P =.035). MUFR variability was not associated with age. Although there was no significant correlation between FS and MUFR, FS was significantly correlated with MUFR variability even after adjustment for the effect of age (r =.551, P =.002). Neither the reaction time nor the single-leg standing test was correlated with any MU firing properties. These findings suggest that MUFR variability makes an important contribution to precise force control in children but does not naturally develop with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the diversity literature by probing whether diversity papers are cited as frequently as nondiversity papers in management and industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology journals. Based on the stigma‐by‐association theory, I argue that as a result of their association with minority groups, diversity papers may be devalued and thus "othered" by scholars. Using a citation analysis of 46,930 papers published in 29 peer‐reviewed management and I/O psychology journals, I present empirical evidence in Study 1 that diversity papers were cited significantly less frequently than nondiversity papers. The authors' gender and institutional prestige, journal tier and domain, and year of publication were not moderators. In Study 2, I used a scenario experiment to demonstrate the stigma‐by‐association effect. The authors' gender demonstrated a significant moderating effect in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study aimed to establish differences in load–velocity profiling, active drag (AD), and drag coefficient (Cd) between 3 age groups of female swimmers. Methods: Thirty-three swimmers (11, 13, or 16 y old) were recruited. The individual load–velocity profile was determined for the 4 competitive swimming strokes. The maximal velocity (V0), maximal load (L0), L0 normalized to the body mass, AD, and Cd were compared between the groups. A 2-way analysis of variance and correlation analysis were conducted. Results: Compared with their younger counterparts, 16-year-old swimmers generally had larger V0, L0, and AD, which was particularly evident when comparing them with 11-year-old swimmers (P ≤.052). The exception was breaststroke, where no differences were observed in L0 and AD and Cd was smaller in the 16-year-old group than the 11-year-old group (P =.03). There was a negative correlation between Cd and V0 for all groups in backstroke (P ≤.038) and for the 11-year-old group and 13-year-old group in breaststroke (P ≤.022) and front crawl (P ≤.010). For the 16-year-old group, large correlations with V0 were observed for L0, L0 normalized to the body mass, and AD (P ≤.010) in breaststroke and for L0 and AD with V0 in front crawl (P ≤.042). In butterfly, large negative correlations with V0 were observed in the 13-year-old group for all parameters (P ≤.027). Conclusions: Greater propulsive force is likely the factor that differentiates the oldest age group from the younger groups, except for breaststroke, where a lower Cd (implying a better technique) is evident in the oldest group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior work, primarily focusing on habitual gait velocity, has demonstrated a cost while walking when coupled with a cognitive task. The cost of dual-task walking is exacerbated with age and complexity of the cognitive or motor task. However, few studies have examined the dual-task cost associated with maximal gait velocity. Thus, this cross-sectional study examined age-related changes in dual-task (serial subtraction) walking at two velocities. Participants were classified by age: young-old (45–64 years), middle-old (65–79 years), and oldest-old (≥80 years). They completed single- and dual-task walking trials for each velocity: habitual (N = 217) and maximal (N = 194). While no significant Group × Condition interactions existed for habitual or maximal gait velocities, the main effects for both condition and age groups were significant (p <.01). Maximal dual-task cost (p =.01) was significantly greater in the oldest-old group. With age, both dual-task velocities decreased. Maximal dual-task cost was greatest for the oldest-old group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To develop age-specific reference intervals for physical performance test outcomes relevant to male youth Middle Eastern football players. Methods: We analyzed mixed-longitudinal data (observations range: 1751–1943 assessments) from a sample of 441 male youth outfield football players (chronological age range: 11.7–18.4 y) as part of the Qatar Football Association and Aspire Academy development program over 14 competitive seasons. Semiparametric generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape estimated age-specific reference centiles for 10-m sprinting, 40-m sprinting, countermovement jump height, and maximal aerobic speed variables. Results: The estimated reference intervals indicated that the distribution of the physical performance test scores increased monotonically and nonlinearly with advancing chronological age for sprinting and countermovement jump outcome measures, reaching a plateau after 16 years common to each of these performance variables. The maximal aerobic speed median score increased substantially until ∼14.5 years, with the nonlinear trend flattening off toward relatively older chronological ages. Conclusions: We developed age-related reference intervals for physical performance test outcomes relevant to youth Qatari football players. Country-wide age-specific reference intervals can assist in the longitudinal tracking of the individual players' progress over time against benchmark values derived from the reference population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the feasibility and utility of the Fitbit Charge HR to estimate physical activity among ambulatory children and youth with disabilities. Method: Participants (4–17 y old) with disabilities were recruited and asked to wear a Fitbit for 28 days. Feasibility was assessed as the number of participants who adhered to the 28-day protocol. Heat maps were generated to visually examine variability in step count by age, gender, and disability group. Between-group differences for wear time and step counts by age, gender, and disability type were assessed by independent sample t tests for gender and disability group, and a 1-way analysis of variance for age group. Results: Participants (N = 157; median age = 10 y; 71% boys; 71% nonphysical disabilities) averaged 21 valid days of wear time. Wear time was higher in girls than boys (mean difference = 18.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.8 to 29.1), and in preadolescents (mean difference = 27.6; 95% CI, 15.5 to 39.7) and adolescents (mean difference = −21.2; 95% CI, −33.6 to −8.7) than children. More daily steps were taken by boys than girls (mean difference = −1040; 95% CI, −1465 to −615) and individuals with a nonphysical disability than a physical disability (mean difference = −1120; 95% CI, −1474 to −765). The heat maps showed peaks in physical activity on weekdays before school, at recess, lunchtime, and after school. Conclusion: The Fitbit is a feasible tool for monitoring physical activity among ambulatory children and youth with disabilities and may be useful for population-level surveillance and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Resilience is associated with mental and somatic health benefits. Given the social, physical, and mental health toll of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we examined whether the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with population-level changes in resilience among pregnant people. Study Design Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort of nulliparous pregnant people <20 weeks' gestation from a single hospital. Participants completed baseline assessments of resilience characteristics, including dispositional optimism (DO), mindfulness, and proactive coping. For this analysis, participants recruited before the COVID-19 pandemic were compared with those recruited during the pandemic. The primary outcome was DO, assessed as a continuous score on the validated Revised Life Orientation Test. Secondary outcomes included continuous scores on mindfulness and proactive coping assessments. Bivariable analyses were completed using chi-squared and Mann–Whitney U tests. Multivariable linear regression compared resilience scores by recruitment time frame, controlling for confounders selected a priori: maternal age, education, and marital status. Results Of the 300 participants, 152 (50.7%) were recruited prior to the pandemic. Demographic and pregnancy characteristics differed between groups: the during-pandemic group was older, had higher levels of education, and were more likely to be married/partnered. There were no significant differences in any of the resilience characteristics before versus during the pandemic in bivariable or multivariable analyses. Conclusion In this cohort, there were no differences in early pregnancy resilience characteristics before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic. This affirms that on a population level, resilience is a stable metric, even in the setting of a global pandemic. Key Points Resilience is associated with mental and somatic health benefits. No difference in early-pregnancy resilience in those recruited before versus during the pandemic. Consistent with conceptualization of resilience as an innate characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The ability to discriminate natural soundscapes recorded in a temperate terrestrial biome was measured in 15 hearing-impaired (HI) listeners with bilateral, mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss and 15 normal-hearing (NH) controls. Design: Soundscape discrimination was measured using a three-interval oddity paradigm and the method of constant stimuli. On each trial, sequences of 2-second recordings varying the habitat, season and period of the day were presented diotically at a nominal SPL of 60 or 80 dB. Results: Discrimination scores were above chance level for both groups, but they were poorer for HI than NH listeners. On average, the scores of HI listeners were relatively well accounted for by those of NH listeners tested with stimuli spectrally-shaped to match the frequency-dependent reduction in audibility of individual HI listeners. However, the scores of HI listeners were not significantly correlated with pure-tone audiometric thresholds and age. Conclusions: These results indicate that the ability to discriminate natural soundscapes associated with changes in habitat, season and period of the day is disrupted but it is not abolished. The deficits of the HI listeners are partly accounted for by reduced audibility. Supra-threshold auditory deficits and individual listening strategies may also explain differences between NH and HI listeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior studies have established an association between a history of abuse and more severe migraine presentation. Objectives: This cross‐sectional, observational study of a clinic‐based migraine population used validated measures to elucidate migraine‐specific and migraine‐related burdens among patients with a history of abuse. Methods: Patients with migraine (n = 866) from the American Registry for Migraine Research self‐reported if they had a history of emotional, physical, and/or sexual abuse and completed questionnaires assessing migraine‐related burden: Migraine Disability Assessment, Subjective Cognitive Impairment Scale for Migraine Attacks, Work Productivity and Activity Impairment, Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pain Interference, Patient Health Questionnaire‐2, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7. Migraine‐related burden in patients with versus without a history of abuse was compared. Subsequently, a mediation analysis evaluated the impact of depression and anxiety symptoms in the relationship between abuse history and migraine burden. Results: A history of abuse was reported by 36.5% (n = 316/866) of participants. After controlling for patient age, sex, years lived with headache, and headache frequency, a history of abuse was significantly associated with more severe migraine‐related disability. The combined burden of depression and anxiety symptoms mediated the relationship. Conclusion: A history of abuse is associated with greater migraine‐related disability. Future studies should determine if identification and management of the psychological and physical sequelae of abuse reduce migraine burden. Plain Language Summary: In this study, we found that patients with migraine who participated in the American Registry for Migraine Research and self‐reported a history of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse had worse migraine‐related burden than patients with migraine without a history of abuse. For example, patients who are survivors of abuse described a greater impact of migraine on their work, day‐to‐day living, and cognition. This increased migraine burden may be because of depression and anxiety, and we wonder if treating the underlying causes of these mental health difficulties might reduce their migraine burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking prevalence remains high in Europe and widening socioeconomic group differences are driving health inequalities. While plain packaging policies disrupt tobacco industry tactics that sustain smoking, evidence of their equity impact is sparse. This study evaluated the implementation of plain packaging in Ireland in 2018 on consumer responses, overall and by the socioeconomic group. Consecutive nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (2018, n  = 7701 and 2019, n  = 7382) measured changes in 13 consumer responses among respondents who smoked across three domains: product appeal, health warnings effectiveness, and perceived harmfulness of smoking. Multiple logistic regression-derived adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals to compare responses post- versus pre-implementation adjusting for age, gender, educational level, and heaviness of smoking. A stratified analysis examined changes by socioeconomic group indexed using educational level. There were statistically significant changes in consumer responses to plain packaging policy implementation across 7/13 outcomes studied. Five changes were aligned with expected policy impacts (2/6 product appeal outcomes and 3/4 health warning effectiveness outcomes). Two responses were also observed which were not expected policy impacts (1 appeal-related and 1 perceived harm-related outcome). There was no change in five outcomes. Differences in consumer responses between educational groups were generally small, mixed in nature, and indistinguishable when interval estimates of effect were compared. Implementation of plain packaging in Ireland had intended impacts on consumer responses. Including plain packaging requirements in revising the European Union's legislative frameworks for tobacco control will help build progress towards a Tobacco-Free Europe without exacerbating smoking inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) decrease COVID-19 transmission. Reliability and validity of adherence to NPIs in accordance with normalization process theory (NPT) in coherent and convenient social subgroups using reflective measurement model assessment has not been evaluated. Methods In February 2021, a sample of medical students and people with substance use disorders in treatment as coherent (based on continuous probability distribution) vs. convenient groups (based on convenience, not equal probability) composed of travellers and COVID-19 suspected persons from Split-Dalmatia County (SDC) (n  = 656) in the Mediterranean completed self-administered surveys. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to measure reflective model assessment of adherence to NPIs according to NPT. Results PLS-SEM reflective model assessment provided two-group specific factors in inverse relationships which determined adherence to NPIs with excellent goodness-of-fit [ χ 2 = 1.292, df = 1; P  = 0.297, CFI = 1, TLI = 0.997, RMSEA = 0.011 (90% CI 0–0.105), RMSEA P  = 0.604, SRMR = 0.008, Hoelter CN (α = 0.05) = 2322.757]. Significant negative factors covariance estimate (−0.716) revealed an inverse relationship between first (adherence to NPIs and internal locus of control (LoC) (0.640)) and second factor; young adulthood age (≤25) and highest level of education (1362). As the first factor increased the second tended to decrease. LoC is expected potential mechanism by which sex (MLsex = −0.017, SE = 0.007, P  < 0.016) and belonging to coherent subgroups (MLgroup = −0.008, SE = 0.003, P  = 0.015) can produce indirect effect of adherence to NPIs. Conclusions Coherent subgroups had a more pronounced tendency toward integration of NPIs in everyday life. Group factors that facilitate the normalization were higher educated younger adults with a tendency toward external LoC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Consumption of alcohol is a risk factor for non-communicable and infectious diseases, mental health problems, and can lead injuries and violence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of alcohol-involved deaths among decedents who died of external causes and underwent autopsy in Lithuania. Methods Study includes age persons of any age (from 0 to 110 years) who died and were autopsied in Lithuania from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2020. Data were obtained from the Lithuanian State Register of Deaths and Their Causes. Results Among external causes of death, the presence of alcohol was detected in 55.0% of cases. Male decedents had a significantly higher number of positive BAC level recorded, at 46.6%, compared with female decedents (32.1%; P  < 0.001). The highest incidence of deaths where the alcohol was detected in the deceased's blood was found when the decedent was listed as being in the victims of assault group (71.5%, 95% CI 65.4–77.2). However, the highest median BAC score was found for those in the accidents group (59.7%, 95% CI: 58.2–61.2, BAC 2.42 ‰, IQR 1.86). Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that alcohol use may be a contributing factor in a wide range of fatal incidents, including accidents, injuries, and cases of violent intent. Inequalities between males and females were identified, with a higher proportion of males with alcohol detected in blood at the time of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The aim of this study was to describe the mortality rate and associated comorbidities in a nationwide population-based cohort of persons living with HIV (PLWHIV) and to compare it with mortality in an age and gender-matched cohort of non-HIV individuals in France. Methods Using data from the French national health data system, we identified and included 173 712 PLWHIV (66.5% men) and 173 712 non-HIV participants (66.5% men) matched for age and gender. PLHIV were identified based on ICD-10 HIV diagnoses, HIV-specific laboratory tests, and/or prescriptions for antiretroviral therapy specific to HIV. Hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality were assessed using multiple Cox regression models. Results During the 13 years of follow-up (2006–18), we observed 20 018 deaths among PLWHIV compared with 6262 deaths among non-HIV participants (11.52% vs. 3.60%, P  < 0.001). The over-mortality of PLWHIV was expressed by univariable HR = 2.135 (2.072–2.199), which remained significant after adjustment for region, Complementary Universal Health Insurance and AME, with multivariable HR = 2.182 (2.118–2.248). The results remained significant after adjusting for comorbidities, including infectious diseases [HR = 1.587 (1.538–1.638)]. Notably, PLWHIV were more importantly associated with mortality in women [HR = 2.966 (2.767–3.180)], compared in men [HR = 1.961 (1.898–2.027)]. Conclusion Although the life expectancy of PLWHIV has globally increased, the causes of death should be prioritized in prevention policies and care management. Gender-specific policies should be highlighted, as we observed a higher impact of HIV mortality in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Alcohol consumption has decreased in England in recent decades, while alcohol‐specific death rates have remained relatively stable. Age–period–cohort (APC) models offer the potential for understanding these paradoxical trends. This study aimed to use an APC model approach to measure long‐term trends in alcohol abstention and consumption in England from 2001 to 2019. Design, setting and participants: The study used grouped and proxy‐variable APC models of repeat cross‐sectional survey data, set in England (2001–19). Participants were residents in England aged 13 years or over who took part in the Health Survey for England. Measurements: Outcome variables were alcohol abstention and consumption in units. We created nine age groups (13–15, 16–17, 18–24, 25–34, until 65–74 and 75+, reference 45–54 years), four periods (2001–04, 2005–09, 2010–14 to 2015–19, reference 2005–09) and 18 5‐year birth cohorts (1915–19 to 2000–04, reference 1960–64). We proxied age effects (systolic and diastolic blood pressure), period effects (alcohol affordability, internet usage and household alcohol expenditure) and birth cohort effects (prevalence of smoking and prevalence of overweight). Findings The odds of abstaining were considerably larger at young ages, 13–15 years [odds ratio (OR) = 5.38; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.50–6.43], were lowest during the first period, 2001–04 (OR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.79–0.86) and had a U‐shaped pattern by birth cohort. For units of alcohol, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) increased until age 18–24 years (IRR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.34–1.48) and decreased afterwards, were highest during the first period, 2001–04 (IRR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.05–1.08) and showed an inverted J‐shape by birth cohort. Our proxy variable approach revealed that using blood pressure measures, alcohol affordability and prevalence of overweight as proxies resulted in APC effects that differed from our base‐case model. However, internet usage, household expenditure on alcohol and smoking prevalence resulted in APC effects similar to our base‐case model. Conclusions: The discrepancy between decreasing alcohol consumption and increasing alcohol‐related deaths observed in England from 2001 to 2019 may, in part, be explained by the halt in abstention trends since 2010 and a slight consumption decline since 2001. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The rate of mental health services provided to children and young people is increasing worldwide, including in Australia. The aim of this study was to describe patterns of hospital and ambulatory mental health service use among a large population cohort of adolescents followed from birth, with consideration of variation by age, sex and diagnosis. Methods: Characteristics of services provided for children with mental disorder diagnoses between birth and age 17.5 years were ascertained for a population cohort of 85,642 children (52.0% male) born between 2002 and 2005, from 'Admitted Patients', 'Emergency Department' and 'Mental Health Ambulatory' records provided by the New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory Health Departments. Results: A total of 11,205 (~13.1%) children received at least one hospital or ambulatory health occasion of service for a mental health condition in the observation period. More than two-fifths of children with mental disorders had diagnoses spanning multiple categories of disorder over time. Ambulatory services were the most heavily used and the most common point of first contact. The rate of mental health service contact increased with age across all services, and for most categories of mental disorder. Girls were more likely to receive services for mental disorders than boys, but boys generally had an earlier age of first service contact. Finally, 3.1% of children presenting to mental health services experienced involuntary psychiatric inpatient admission. Conclusions: The extent of hospital and ambulatory-based mental healthcare service among children emphasises the need for primary prevention and early intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Women living with mental health conditions have lower cervical cancer screening rates and higher mortality. More evidence is needed to target health system improvement efforts. We describe overall and age-specific cervical cancer screening rates in mental health service users in New South Wales. Methods: Cervical cancer screening registers were linked to New South Wales hospital and community mental health service data. Two-year cervical screening rates were calculated for New South Wales mental health service users aged 20–69 years (n = 114,022) and other New South Wales women (n = 2,110,127). Rate ratios were compared for strata of age, socio-economic disadvantage and rural location, and overall rates compared after direct standardisation. Results: Only 40.3% of mental health service users participated in screening, compared with 54.3% of other New South Wales women (incidence rate ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval = [0.74, 0.75]). Differences in age, social disadvantage or rural location did not explain screening gaps. Screening rates were highest in mental health service users aged <35 years (incidence rate ratios between 0.90 and 0.95), but only 15% of mental health service users aged >65 years participated in screening (incidence rate ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = [0.24, 0.29]). Conclusion: Women who use mental health services are less likely to participate in cervical cancer screening. Rates diverged from population rates in service users aged ⩾35 years and were very low for women aged >65 years. Intervention is needed to bridge these gaps. New screening approaches such as self-testing may assist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analyze the early clinical features of coronary artery lesion (CAL) in Kawasaki disease (KD), evaluate systemic inflammation indicators, and enhance early recognition of CAL in the acute phase of KD. A total of 314 children with KD were divided into those with CAL (CAL group) and without CAL (NCAL group) using echocardiographic results, and their clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. For KD patients, male, children aged 3 to 9 years, and those with fever longer than 6 days before intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) use were more likely to have CAL. There were significant differences in sex, age, and fever time (P <.05). Moreover, some laboratory indicator test results revealed there was a significant difference between N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the CAL (P <.05). This study has certain guiding significance for early clinical evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its competitive nature, youth sports may provide an environment that invites the display of negative parenting behavior and exposes children to adults outside of their own household. This study aimed to quantify the frequency of negative parent and spectator behavior at youth sporting events and compare incidences across different sports and age ranges. Investigators attended baseball, basketball, soccer, and football events in Central Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi for children ages 6 to 10 years. Recorded spectator behaviors included alcohol use, smoking, swearing, and negative language (such as threats and violent language). Negative behaviors were reported at a majority (68%) of events. The 95% confidence intervals of the means (95% CIM) for all negative behaviors observed were overlapping, and we were not able to demonstrate statistically significant differences between the 4 sports. The lack of significance between sports may be due to the younger-player-age group, small sample size, and time of events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared lower extremity (LE) muscular strength by 3 groups of female athletes using chronological age and consideration of age of peak height velocity (PHV). Isometric quadriceps, hamstrings, and hip abductors strength were assessed from physically active, pediatric females. The body mass normalized isometric strength (N m/kg) was compared by the 3 age groups. There were 388 young female athletes (<10 years [14.2%], 11-14 years [48.7%], and 15-18 years [37.1%]). The body mass normalized LE strength was lower in 11-14 years compared with <10 years (quadriceps [ P =.001], hamstrings [ P =.001], and hip abductors [ P =.037]) as well as in 15-18 years relative to <10 years in quadriceps (P =.001) and hamstrings (P =.001). The analysis results were consistent with both chronological age alone and incorporating effects of age of PHV. In short, body mass normalized LE strength (quadriceps, hamstrings, and hip abductors) of 11-14 years females was lower than <10 years females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autoinflammatory disease which may cause endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. In this study, we evaluated patients with FMF in terms of arterial stiffness indicators and investigated whether there was any difference according to colchicine response. This is a single-center, prospective, case-control study conducted on pediatric patients with FMF. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: patients on colchicine monotherapy (group 1) and patients who used anti-interleukin-1 (IL-1) plus colchicine (group 2). Patient age, mutations in the MEFV gene, overall duration of treatments, and general characteristics of symptoms were recorded. Laboratory values in an attack-free period were noted. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured in all patients. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, nocturnal hypertension, and PWV were higher in group 2. Arterial stiffness develops due to subclinical inflammation in patients with FMF. It is more pronounced in colchicine-resistant patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Key predictors of three trajectory group membership of potentially preventable hospitalisations were age, the number of comorbidities, the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart failure, and frailty risk at the occurrence of hip fracture. These predictors of their trajectory group could be used in targeting prevention strategies. Purpose: Although older adults with hip fracture have a higher risk of multiple readmissions after index hospitalisation, little is known about potentially preventable hospitalisations (PPH) after discharge. This study examined group-based trajectories of PPH during a five-year period after a hip fracture among older adults and identified factors predictive of their trajectory group membership. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted using linked hospitalisation and mortality data in New South Wales, Australia, between 2013 and 2021. Patients aged ≥ 65 years who were admitted after a hip fracture and discharged between 2014 and 2016 were identified. Group-based trajectory models were derived based on the number of subsequent PPH following the index hospitalisation. Multinominal logistic regression examined factors predictive of trajectory group membership. Results: Three PPH trajectory groups were revealed among 17,591 patients: no PPH (89.5%), low PPH (10.0%), and high PPH (0.4%). Key predictors of PPH trajectory group membership were age, number of comorbidities, dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), congestive heart failure (CHF), frailty risk, place of incident, surgery, rehabilitation, and length of hospital stay. The high PPH had a higher proportion of patients with ≥ 2 comorbidities (OR: 1.86, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–3.32) and COPD (OR: 2.97, 95%CIs: 1.76–5.04) than the low PPH, and the low and high PPHs were more likely to have CHF and high frailty risk as well as ≥ 2 comorbidities and COPD than the no PPH. Conclusions: Identifying trajectories of PPH after a hip fracture and factors predictive of trajectory group membership could be used to target strategies to reduce multiple readmissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the leadership culture within the Czech Republic, using a survey of 389 participants to examine factors that influence leader behavior preferences. The study addresses the gap in specific research on Czech leadership, seeking to reveal employee preferences in leadership behaviors and how these may be connected to national cultural values. It tests hypotheses related to the influence of culture, region, age, gender, education, and organizational type on preferred leadership behaviors. Findings indicate notable regional differences in leadership preferences, with more subtle variations observed across gender, educational background, and types of organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore experiences of parenting a child with CP and pain. Method: Fourteen mothers and one father of children (9–16) with CP were included. All children had pain regularly, but the frequency and intensity of their pain experiences varied. Their motor function varied from GMFCS level I to V. Cognitive abilities varied from normal to moderate cognitive deficits. All children could express themselves verbally. Semi structured individual interviews were carried out, and results were developed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in the main theme "My child's pain is just one piece of a complex jigsaw puzzle". The main theme was developed by four mutually exclusive, but related themes: "My child's struggle burdens me", "Pain and CP direct our everyday life", "I want to be in control, but cannot always be" and "We are the only ones who understand the complexity". Conclusion: Parents of children with CP experience pain as one aspect of a bigger picture. They need help and support to cope with their child's pain, and professional helpers need to address the complexity pain is a part of. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP) experience their child's pain as one piece in a jigsaw puzzle, and counseling needs to address the complexity rather than the separate parts of the picture. Health professionals should support parents in evaluation and management of their child's pain, as a feeling of competence in pain management is important to reduce parental stress. Health professionals should inform themselves about the life situation of parents whose child with CP has pain, and encourage them to seek practical support and apply for relevant support schemes that can make their everyday life easier. Parents of children with CP should be encouraged to take part in a diagnosis-specific support group, where they can meet with others in a similar situation, in order to reduce their feeling of being alone with their challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare delivery, especially for people with chronic disease. We investigated telehealth use by persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) during the COVID-19 pandemic and their suggestions to improve their telehealth experience. Methods: From persons with MS, we collected data on demographic, disease-related and social determinants of health, telehealth use during the COVID-19 pandemic, satisfaction with telehealth, and suggestions to improve telehealth. We conducted univariate log-binomial regression to establish factors associated with telehealth use versus no use, summarised experiences and suggestions for improvement with frequency tables, and conducted thematic analysis on free-text suggestions for improvement. Results: Of 1,485 participants, 69.8% used telehealth during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Only small differences were observed for demographic, disease and social health determinants between telehealth users and non-users. Most participants who used telehealth had good or very good experiences (new providers:74.3%; existing providers:78.6%). The most common suggestion for improving telehealth experience was "guidance on preparing for telehealth sessions." Participants also wanted expansion in telehealth availability and utility. Conclusion: Persons with MS in Australia commonly used telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic and were generally satisfied with their experiences. Implementing the suggested improvements will help optimise telehealth for persons with MS. Registration: N/A. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION: Australians with multiple sclerosis (MS) had good or very good experiences of telehealth during the first year of the pandemic. Telehealth is a useful consultation tool for many rehabilitation professions and may be appropriate for use across the whole MS population. To improve the delivery of rehabilitation through telehealth, provision of better guidance on preparing for telehealth consultations and provision of digital equipment to monitor their health is wanted by persons with MS. Rehabilitation professionals and researchers should take opportunities to identify if proficiency in the English language and cultural background may influence experiences with telehealth in persons with MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To date, there are no caregiver-reported screening measures of oral behaviors related to feeding. The goal of this study was to develop such a measure. Method: Caregivers of 803 children referred to a feeding clinic and 188 comparison children reported their children's frequency of nine oral behaviors. These data were used to develop an Oral Behavior Screener (OBS). Both the psychometrics of the OBS and the relations between the OBS and child demographics were examined. Results: As expected, the clinical sample demonstrated more deficits in oral behaviors than the comparison sample. We also found special needs status and age were linked to the OBS summary score. Discussion: The OBS is a brief screener that can be used by clinicians to examine the need for further assessment, possible targets for intervention, oral behaviors often associated with feeding problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent loneliness is prevalent and has serious adverse impacts on mental and physical health outcomes. This study aimed at examining factors associated with loneliness among school-going adolescents. The country of interest is a low-income country, Timor-Leste, where empirical studies are lacking. Data from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey Timor-Leste 2015 (n = 3455) were used for secondary analyses. An ordered probit model was utilized to assess demographic, lifestyle, social, and parental factors correlated with different levels of loneliness (no loneliness, moderate loneliness, and severe loneliness). Approximately 46.3% of adolescents felt moderately lonely and about 13.5% felt severely lonely. Older adolescents were more likely to experience severe and moderate loneliness than younger adolescents. Going hungry and being bullied were associated with an increased likelihood of being severely and moderately lonely. Adolescents had a higher probability of experiencing moderate and severe loneliness if they had sleep difficulties and were physically active. Having understanding parents was positively associated with the likelihood of severe loneliness. In conclusion, a large proportion of adolescents in Timor-Leste have feelings of loneliness, which have been found to be associated with demographic, lifestyle, social, and parental factors. Policymakers should recognize the correlated factors of loneliness in order to formulate a more effective intervention strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context.--The distinction between well-differentiated epithelial favorable-histology Wilms tumor (EFHWT) and metanephric adenoma (MA) in children has historically been determined by the required absence of both a fibrous pseudocapsule and mitotic activity in MA. More recently these features have been allowed in adult MA. Mutations in exon 15 of the BRAF gene are reported in up to 88% of MAs but have not been reported in EFHWTs in children lacking MA features. Objective.--To clarify the pathologic and molecular features used to distinguish between pediatric MA and EFHWT. Design.--Stage I epithelial tumors classified as EFHWT on central review (36 patients) were identified from the Children's Oncology Group AREN03B2 study. Thirteen tumors had morphologic features overlapping those of MA and 23 lacked such features; 35 of 36 had tissue available for sequencing of BRAF. Results.--Patients with EFHWTs with MA features (13) were older (mean, 8.4 versus 1.9 years; P < .001), had smaller tumor diameters (mean, 6.0 versus 9.7 cm; P < .001), and had fewer mitoses (mean, 1 versus 48 mitoses per 10 high-power fields; P < .001) than patients with EFHWT lacking MA features (23). All EFHWTs with MA features contained at least a partial fibrous pseudocapsule; 7 of 12 (58%) had a BRAF exon 15 mutation. No BRAF exon 15 mutations were identified in 23 EFHWTs lacking MA features. None of the 13 EFHWT patients with MA features have experienced relapse (median follow-up 5.9 years). Conclusions.--Pediatric epithelial neoplasms with features of MA that show partial encapsulation and/or modest mitotic activity may be classified as MAs. Although BRAF mutation supports the diagnosis of MA, it is not required for the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a lifelong treatment that improves health and better outcomes are associated with follow‐up. However, there is lack of access or high attrition to aftercare. This potentially contributes to sub‐optimal dietary intake and a lack of evidence for nutrition interventions. The present study assessed the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a nutrition intervention to improve diet quality in Australian adults living with a SG. Methods: Adults (n = 96) post‐SG were recruited into a cross‐sectional diet quality study, with 68 eligible for randomisation to an intervention or wait‐list control group. Over 10 weeks, a Facebook group was used to post daily nutrition education. Feasibility outcomes included participant recruitment, engagement, retention and acceptability. Preliminary efficacy was assessed using change in Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). Linear mixed models were used to measure differences in mean outcome between the experimental groups over time. Results: Sixty‐eight participants (97% female) aged 48.2 ± 9.8 years, body mass index 33.1 ± 5.8 kg/m2, and mean ± SD ARFS 39 ± 9 points were randomised to the intervention, with 66% retention at 10 weeks. At follow‐up, diet quality increased for the intervention group (mean ARFS, 95% confidence interval = 0.2 [−1.5 to 1.9]) and decreased for the control group (mean ARFS, 95% confidence interval= −2.0 [−5.2 to 1.2]) with no between group difference (p = 0.2). Participants (n = 30) rated the intervention positively. Conclusions: Recruiting and retaining adults post‐SG into a nutrition intervention is feasible. Low‐cost recruitment attracted strong interest from women to identify greater support to know what to eat following SG. A future fully powered trial to assess intervention efficacy is warranted. Highlights: An online nutrition education intervention for Australian adults' post‐sleeve gastrectomy has been found to be effective and feasibleThe interventions attracted strong interest, especially from women, who were looking for greater support in understanding what to eat after a sleeve gastrectomy.Researchers recommend conducting a fully powered trial to assess the efficacy of this intervention further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To verify whether shorter telomere length is associated with anorexia of ageing in community‐dwelling older people. Methods: Conducted as a cross‐sectional investigation, the study enrolled 448 participants residing in an urban area of a municipality in Brazil. Relative telomere length in blood samples was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), whereas the presence of anorexia of ageing was determined using the Simplified Appetite Nutritional Questionnaire. Data analysis employed multiple logistic regression. Results: Among the 448 older individuals surveyed, 70.69% were female, and the predominant age bracket ranged from 60 to 69 years (45.08%). Approximately 25% exhibited the shortest telomeric length, with a corresponding anorexia of ageing prevalence of 41.16%. Older individuals with diminished telomere lengths displayed an increased likelihood of experiencing anorexia of ageing (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12–3.29), independent of factors such as gender, age group, depressive symptoms, pain and performance in basic daily life activities. Conclusions: The observed association between anorexia of ageing and a telomeric biomarker underscores the imperative to meticulously evaluate the nutritional dimensions of older people, with a view to implementing interventions that may enhance their overall health status. Highlights: Older people with shorter telomere length are more likely to have anorexia of ageing.The association between shorter telomere length and anorexia of ageing is independent of sex, age group, depressive symptoms, pain and performance in basic activities of daily living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive mechanisms underpinning categorization development are still debated, either resulting from knowledge accretion or an increase in cognitive control. To disentangle the respective influence of accumulated factual knowledge and executive functions (inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) on (a) the development of categorization abilities in the food domain and (b) differences in this development by child characteristics (i.e., food neophobia), we conducted two experiments. The first experiment assessed 4−6-year-old children's (n = 122) ability to taxonomically categorize food at the superordinate level of categorization. The second experiment tested 3−6-year-old children's (n = 100) ability to cross-categorize the same food according to two different relationships alternatively (i.e., taxonomic and thematic). Results indicate that accumulated factual knowledge and executive functions mediated both the effect of age and the effect of food neophobia on categorization performance. Notably, the specific executive functions involved may vary depending on the categorization abilities tested, whereas world knowledge was always a prerequisite. Overall, this research highlights the complex interplay between accumulated factual knowledge, executive functions, and child characteristics in shaping the development of categorization abilities. Public Significance Statement: During development, children learn to categorize objects by identifying relevant features that distinguish them from others. Categorization becomes increasingly flexible, allowing children to categorize the same entity into different categories depending on the context. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying this development and reveals that while knowledge is essential for accurate categorization, it is not enough. Children also need sufficiently developed executive functions to effectively apply their knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People see some impossible events as more impossible than others. For example, walking through a solid wall seems more impossible if it is made of stone rather than wood. Across four experiments, we investigated how children and adults assess the relative impossibility of events, contrasting two kinds of information they may use: perceptual information and causal knowledge. In each experiment, participants were told about a wizard who could magically transform target objects into other things. Participants then assessed which of the two transformation spells would be easier or harder, a spell transforming a target object into a perceptual match (i.e., a similar-looking thing) or one transforming it into a causal match (e.g., an item made of similar materials). In Experiments 1–3, children aged 4–7 mainly thought that transformations into the perceptual match would be easier, though this tendency varied with age. Adults were overall split when choosing which spell would be easier. In Experiment 1, this was because of variations in their judgments across different pairs of spells; in Experiments 2 and 4, the split resulted because different subsets of adults preferred either the perceptual or causal match. Overall, these findings show that children, and many adults, use perceptual reasoning to assess relative impossibility. Public Significance Statement: Besides differentiating possible events from ones that are impossible, people see some events as more impossible than others. We investigated how children and adults make these judgments by asking them about magical transformations. One way that people might assess the relative impossibility of magic is by drawing on their causal knowledge. However, we find that young children, and even many adults, instead make these judgments using shallow perceptual information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When presented with surprising claims, older children investigate such claims more often than younger children. The present study tests whether older children (6–7-year-olds) are more skeptical than younger children (4–5-year-olds) about surprising claims that lack supporting evidence because they expect informants to provide evidence for them. To test this hypothesis, we presented 140 4–7-year-old children (47–96 months, 46.4% girls, 53.6% boys, 86.4% with at least one parent who completed a BA degree, 50% parents with income above median) with a series of vignettes. In each vignette, the protagonist wanted to accomplish a task and needed to select the most appropriate object for that task. Before deciding which object to use, the protagonist heard a surprising claim about one of the object's properties, presented with or without supporting evidence. For example, in the supporting explanation condition, the informant stated that the smallest object was the heaviest and that they knew because they had lifted the objects. Children were then asked whether the protagonist knew which object to use and why. Contrary to expectation, children across all ages typically indicated that the protagonist had sufficient knowledge, regardless of whether an informant provided supporting evidence or not. However, with increasing age, children became more skeptical of both supported and unsupported surprising claims and increasingly stated that the protagonist should not select the object suggested by the informant. Finally, when asked to justify this judgment, older children were more likely than younger to express skepticism toward the claims, especially when presented without supporting evidence. Public Significance Statement: The results of this study show that with age, children become increasingly skeptical of surprising claims, whether unsupported or not, as well as increasingly likely to express this skepticism. By generating new knowledge on children's capacity to reason about uncertainty and their emerging critical stance toward surprising claims, later research may build on this work to develop educational tools for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smartphone addiction adversely affects adolescent psychological wellbeing. However, little is known about the role of academic procrastination and school burnout in this relationship. The main objective of the current study was to examine the associations between smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing, a multiple mediation analysis that included academic procrastination and school burnout. The participants consisted of 409 adolescents whose ages ranged between 13 and 19 years (Mage = 16.024, SD = 1.674). Analyses revealed the serial mediating role of academic procrastination and school burnout between smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing was accepted. Overall, these results suggested that the smartphone addiction is a risk factor for adolescents' psychological wellbeing and that academic procrastination and school burnout also increase this risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration-related risk factors may impact the association between coping strategies, resilience, and identity development, one of the fundamental developmental tasks in adolescence. We examined the relationship between resilience and coping strategies in immigrant and non-immigrant adolescents' identity development. On a sample of Turkish adolescents (n = 399, 50.9% girls), we conducted six hierarchical regression models to predict identity dimensions from resilience and coping strategies. For both immigrants and non-immigrants, seeking social support predicted a more mature and successful identity while avoidance predicted less reconsideration of commitment. For non-immigrants, seeking social support and avoidance was associated with in-depth exploration whereas for immigrants, only seeking social support was linked to in-depth exploration. Additionally, resilience predicted a successful identity for immigrants. Results were discussed considering migration-related difficulties [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been documented that older adults' memory deficits can be reduced for information depicted as personally and socially important (e.g., Hargis & Castel, 2017 [Younger and older adults' associative memory for social information: The role of information importance. Psychology and Aging, 32(4), 325–330]). The current study aimed to further assess the effects of both arbitrarily assigned and self-perceived importance in younger and older adults' memory for names (low in schematic support) and occupations (high in schematic support) associated with faces. Participants studied the same 16 face-name-occupation triplets (with neutral facial expressions) across four blocks, each including a free recall of names and occupations. At the end, they completed a cued recall of names and occupations. The faces were arbitrarily cued as socially important (i.e., with an orange frame) or unimportant (e.g., without a frame). The perceived social importance was assessed by rating all the triplets based on a 10-point Likert Scale (1 = least and 10 = most important) at the end. The results showed that age-related memory deficits were reduced or even eliminated for occupations (high in schematic support) relative to names (low in schematic support), especially in the free recall of faces self-perceived as important. In other words, the combination of schematic support and self-perceived importance can effectively mitigate older adults' memory deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : Hip arthroplasty, including hemiarthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty is a common surgical procedure for patients suffering from hip joint disorders with an aim of complication free early return to activities of daily living. Various minimally invasive surgical approaches have been described to achieve this aim including a relatively new SPAIRE approach. This case series shows our technique of hip arthroplasty using the SPAIRE technique with the help of conventional instruments in an Indian Scenario at a tertiary care center in Eastern India along with our short-term functional outcomes till a follow up period of 6 months. Materials and method : This was the prospective observational study done between May 2022 to Oct 2023 in Tata Main hospital, Jamshedpur. Total 35 patients were operated by this technique. Data including age, gender, time to return orthotic assisted mobility, Harris hip score at 2 months & any complications till the follow up of 6 months were recorded for each patient who underwent Hemiarthroplasty or Total Hip arthroplasty using the SPAIRE technique with conventional instruments for hip arthroplasty (performed by single surgeon – the senior author) in our tertiary care center. Results : 35 patients were operated during this span by using the SPAIRE technique. There were 30 cases of hip hemiarthroplasty and 5 cases of total hip arthroplasty (1 bilateral). 5 patients were lost to follow up during the period of 6 months. Harris hip score was measured for each patient at 2 months and mean Harris hip score was 83.16. Out of 35 patients, 9 patients had excellent outcome, 14 patients had good outcome and 7 patients had fair outcome. No patient had complications such as infection, delayed wound healing, periprosthetic fractures or sciatic nerve injury. One patient reported dislocation at 3 months following a fall. Mean time to return to orthotic assisted ambulation was 1.5 days for all 35 patients. Conclusion : SPAIRE technique is one of the safe surgical approaches for primary hip arthroplasties. This minimally invasive tendon sparing approach which preserves quadricep coxa provides excellent hip stability, early return to preinjury activities. It also reduces postoperative complications such as dislocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaping is popular among adolescents and emerging adults; however, little is known about regular vaping patterns in older adolescents and emerging adults. Objective: The current study explored whether gender and age are associated with nicotine-based vaping frequency to ascertain ascertaining which subgroups of youth are most at-risk for frequent use. Methods: In a cross-sectional survey, participants using nicotine-based vaping devices (N=535, age range 16-24) reported frequency measured as vaping days in a week, number of episodes during which participants vaped, and puff numbers for each episode. A two-way multivariate analysis of variance was used to test the effects and interactions of gender and age groups on the three frequency outcomes. Results: Emerging adults and males vaped more frequently than their older adolescent and female counterparts, respectively. Specifically, emerging adults vaped more days per week in comparison to older adolescents, whereas males vaped more days per week and had more vaping episodes per day relative to females. Further, emerging adult males had more vaping episodes in comparison to other subgroups, and adolescent females as well as emerging adult males took more puffs per episode in comparison to emerging adult females. Conclusion: Vaping differences among subgroups suggests the need for policies to reduce regular nicotine vaping targeted toward specific gender and age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The sit-to-stand test provides insight into age-related functional capacity; however, there are various variants of sit-to-stand, and we do not know which of these better discriminates against age-related functional capacity. Our study aimed to compare the age-related functional capacity in older people by evaluating sit-to-stand power variants, using young individuals as a reference. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 102 adults (57 women) aged 60–80 and 105 adults (54 women) aged 20–30. Participants performed five times sit-to-stand (5 sit-to-stand), 30-second sit-to-stand, and 1-min sit-to-stand. Z scores were obtained for each sit-to-stand variant using power (W), relative (W/kg), and allometric (W/m2 ) normalization methods. A mixed repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed the interactions among the sit-to-stand variants, normalization methods, sex, physical activity, and tobacco history. A significant interaction between sit-to-stand variants, normalization methods, and sex (P = 0.002) was found. The mean effect of sit-to-stand variants revealed that the 1-min sit-to-stand had the lowest Z score (P < 0.05). Significant variations were observed between sit-to-stand variants in all normalization methods for women (P < 0.001). However, in men, only the difference between 5 sit-to stand and 1-min sit-to-stand remained consistent across normalization methods (P < 0.05). Our findings highlight the efficacy of 1-min sit to-stand in distinguishing age-related functional capacity over the other sit-to-stand tests, especially in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze how farmworkers are represented in stock photos available in commercial libraries for use in agricultural health and safety education materials. Methods: We searched for images in five commercial stock photo libraries using the terms "farmworkers" and "women farmworkers" in April 2022. We used quantitative content analysis. We coded each image for containing a visible face, age, gender, skin tone, work activity, mechanization, presence of hazards, technology use, and protective equipment/clothing after establishing inter-coder reliability. We used descriptive statistics to characterize the available stock photos. Results: We identified stock photos (n = 127) in three databases (Adobe Stock Images, Canva, and Getty Images). Two databases (Microsoft Office Image Library and Pixabay) had no relevant images at the time of the search. Only half of the photos analyzed contained a face. Light skin tones and young or middle-aged adults were more common. A majority of farming activities represented in photos were manual tasks (e.g., harvesting) with few depictions of equipment, hazards, and protective equipment/clothing. Conclusions: Health and safety professionals tasked with developing materials for education in agricultural settings face a severe lack of imagery pertinent to the realistic conditions of farmworkers in the United States. In the databases we reviewed, photos displaying human faces, photos showing a range of skin tones and ages, and photos displaying an array of different farm hazards are likely not sufficient for material development. Health and safety professionals may benefit from sharing photos from their own work with other professionals and allocating resources for professional photo shoots in their material development projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite generating huge employment opportunities and profitable business, fishing is considered a dangerous occupation due to challenging weather conditions and exposure to unhealthy occupational factors and lifestyles, which contribute to various health issues. However, few studies have examined the health status of shrimp cultivators. Consequently, this study aims to estimate the age group-wise burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among shrimp cultivators. Methods: Simple random sampling was employed for collecting data. The sample size was 357 shrimp cultivators. Disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and relative risk (RR) methods were used to measure the burden of NCDs among shrimp cultivators. This study reported the burden of NCDs per 100,000 shrimp cultivators. Results: The top five prevalence of NCDs per 100,000 shrimp cultivators were mental disorders (85,434), musculoskeletal diseases (26,325), digestive diseases (9,803), diabetes (5,882), and cardiovascular diseases (4,481). DALY per 100,000 shrimp cultivators was 33,407.59, while at the national level, it was 24,775.99 per 100,000 people across all age groups. The RR of NCDs among shrimp cultivators in terms of DALY was 1.35, indicating a 0.35 times higher burden of NCDs among shrimp cultivators than at the national level. The largest RR of NCDs was found among shrimp cultivators aged 15–49 years (1.85), followed by 50–69 years (1.09). The highest percentage changes in the burden of NCDs among shrimp cultivators, resulting from changes in the methods of estimating DALY, was observed in the age group of 70 years and above (−48.36%) followed by 15–49 years (−46.08%) and 50–69 years (−40.33%) when compared to the baseline method of estimating DALY without utilizing age weightage and discount rate. Conclusions: Focus should be given to improving the lifestyle and occupational factors of shrimp cultivators to mitigate the burden of NCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore how air pollution and green space influence ICE recurrence and whether they might interact with each other. A case-cross design was used in this study, which was carried out in Tianjin, China. A total of 8306 patients with recurrent ICE were collected from 2019 to 2020. The maximum effects of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO were 1.012 (95%CI: 1.004, 1.019), 1.010 (95%CI: 1.004, 1.016), 1.035 (95%CI: 0.982, 1.091), 1.067 (95%CI: 1.043, 1.091) and 1.012 (95%CI: 1.004, 1.021) , respectively, and the risk was higher in males and in the 50–60 age group. In the stratification of greening, it was found that air pollution except O3 had the highest risk of ICE recurrence for those with lower green space. Our study found that air pollution (except O3) can increase the risk of ICE recurrence, and this risk can be reduced by increasing green space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]