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In 1557, the Danish Queen Dorothea, wife of King Christian III, gave a large bridal jewel of gilt-silver with stones, enamel and pearls to the city of Copenhagen for daughters of mayors and councillors to borrow for their wedding celebrations at the town-hall. The jewel, created to be used either as a brooch or a pendant, is made of multiple components. The central pelican has a tail that had, at some stage, been extended to hold a setting with an enamelled shield plaque featuring the year 1557, the year of the gift, and also the coat-of-arms of Sachsen-Lauenburg, belonging to Dorothea and her ancestors. In 1986 the Museum of Copenhagen gained funding for scientific analysis of individual parts of the piece. Analysis of the backpanel and the scroll-work of its framing proved it to be of fine silver but other parts of the jewel are of lesser quality. This study of the bridal jewel found it to be composed of components of different materials and different standards of workmanship. It is proposed that these components were brought together, probably in 1557, and that the frame and back-panel could have originated from a small pax/reliquary. The other parts may be reused from items in the queen's jewellery box or outdated costume jewellery. This paper presents the historical background to the creation of this jewel, as several issues seem relevant to the royal couple's situation and interests: Christian had come to power after a civil war, forcing the entire state to convert from Catholicism to Lutheranism. He and Dorothea had for several years to 'make ends meet' and present an exemplary Lutheran face while maintaining royal dignity. Dorothea is known to have re-used parts of her coronation crown in a hat ornament for her husband, so it would not be surprising that she re-used other items to create this jewel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the end of the 16th century, finger rings in reverse glass painting technique became increasingly popular in Europe. Often, they are used in the context of signet rings with the monogram together with the coat of arms of its beholder depicted on the glass bezel. The following paper concentrates on nine finger rings of this group. Instead of an actual coat of arms though, these finger rings carry the device V(G)MN or FGMN (for-get-me-not) accompanied by a depiction of little blue forget-me-not flowers as the coat of arms. By collecting and describing the so far existing material, the paper aims to contextualize the use and function of the finger rings with the symbol of the forget-me-not flower in the fields of love, friendship and faith. Furthermore, it links the symbol of the for-get-me-not on finger rings and the imperative power of the written letters V(G)MN or FGMN to its tradition in German literature and texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important artillery manuals of the 15th century is the Feuerwerkbuch. The treatise was one of the first European didactic technical texts, intended for both artillerymen and their employers. After circulating in manuscript copies for over a hundred years, the text was first printed in 1529. By 1619 it had been published thirteen times in total, making it exceptional among military manuals published in Central Europe at that time. The content of the work has been studied by various medievalists and codicologists to date, but they were not usually concerned with later transformations of the publication. The aim of this paper is to characterise the changes in this work between the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the Thirty Years' War and to trace its publication history and its publication relationship to other educational texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rasprave Instituta za Hrvatski Jezik i Jezikoslovlje is the property of Institute of Croatian Language & Linguistics / Institut za Hrvatski Jezik i Jezikoslovlje and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta is the property of Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Wallachian monasteries are very well documented in the 16th century, but the life of nuns or monks after joining the monastery is a lesser-known aspect. Various details can be found in the life of a noblewoman (taking the name of Mușa), who decided to become a nun (Magdalina) during the first years of the 16th century. Mușa's life before entering the monastery is not very well known. Although many researchers tried to link her to the Craiovescu family, one of the most influential families in Wallachia at that time, this paper argues against this opinion. The historical sources describe her as a relative of a Wallachian nobleman, Cârjeu, and as the wife of Hamza, another important nobleman from the first decades of the 16th century. Mușa took vows in the monastery, which she built, and even after she became a nun, she preserved some of her former habits. Thus, the nun Magdalina kept in her possession villages and Roma families, which she donated to different monasteries, a widespread situation in the Byzantine monasticism. Although the sources did not describe her everyday life as a nun, they documented her relations with the political and ecclesiastical elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dispersal of Bananas (Musaspp.) to the Americas in the Sixteenth Century. So far, studies on the spread of banana cultivation in the Americas during the first century of American colonization have given rise to several hypotheses that are not very well supported. In this paper we use different methodologies—ethnobotany, history, and linguistics—to explain how this process occurred and to resolve the doubts that have arisen about the presence of bananas in the Americas before the arrival of the Spanish and Portuguese. To do so, we used philological databases comprising 7,850 documents, produced between 1492 and 1600. This work shows how the speed of the spread of banana cultivation and the presence of foreign varieties in the Americas can be perfectly explained in the light of the historical and ethnobotanical analysis of the accounts written by the inhabitants of the continents in the 16th century. Expansión del plátano (Musa spp.) en América durante el siglo XVI. Hasta el momento, los estudios realizados sobre la dispersión del cultivo del plátano en las Américas durante el primer siglo de colonización americana han dado lugar a varias hipótesis poco contrastadas. En el presente trabajo utilizamos diferentes metodologías, etnobotánica, histórica y lingüística, para explicar cómo sucedió este proceso y resolver las dudas aparecidas sobre la presencia de plátanos en las Américas antes de la llegada de españoles y portugueses. Para ello empleamos bases de datos filológicas integradas por 7.850 documentos, realizados entre 1492 y 1600. Este trabajo muestra cómo la velocidad de propagación del cultivo del plátano y la presencia de variedades extrañas en el ámbito americano pueden explicarse perfectamente a la luz del análisis histórico y etnobotánico de los relatos escritos por los habitantes del continente en el siglo XVI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vital scenarios in the old Jewish quarter of Seville (Spain) in the 16th Century are analyzed. The objectives of this paper are first, to gather up a brief history of the property of some houses of Conversos (Jews who converted to Christianity in the face of the Inquisition); secondly, to study their layout and their construction relating them to emotions in architecture in a transversal way; thirdly, to make hypothetical plans and elevations (including some digital reconstructions); and, finally, to report their current state of preservation. For these purposes, documents have been consulted in Sevillian archives. To analyze these buildings, it was essential to consult the little-known texts called apeos, which were official documents drawn up by the master builders (alarifes) that the owners requested in order to know the conservation of the buildings. An innovative methodology of translating written descriptions into graphics has been developed. Likewise, among the characteristic spaces of the Sevillian houses, more singular ones, such as the reception courtyards, the main rooms, and the women's quarters, have been thoroughly analyzed. The alteration of the entrance of one of the houses due to the historical and emotional context and the importance of the women's quarters (as a religious and vital refuge) are also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indiana (03418642) is the property of Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, Preussischer Kulturbesitz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the visual representations of St. Mark of Ephesus, under-researched in previous scholarship, which have survived in several monuments of post-Byzantine wall painting in the Balkans. These depictions are analyzed as visual testimonies of the veneration of Mark of Ephesus in the period under consideration, i.e. as important indicators of the presence, continuity and dissemination of his cult a long time before his official canonization in the 18th century. The paper also offers an overview of the different iconographic versions of the images of St. Mark of Ephesus. Finally, it examines the possible reasons for the emergence of images representing this famed anti-Unionist metropolitan in the discussed monuments. In this context, the images of Mark of Ephesus are considered through the prism of their placement in a given iconographic program; wherever possible, the role of the ktetor and artist in their creation is examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an introduction and overview for this special issue's collection of important new work in the history of celebrity. It sets the scene by explaining the main difficulties that have beset the development of a historiography of the very contemporaneous phenomenon of celebrity. A key issue is how one understands the historical emergence of the "public sphere," and how confident one should be that the historical narrative concerning the public sphere and celebrity should begin in the 18th century, rather than in earlier periods. It outlines what is particularly significant and innovative about the contributions to this special issue, and draws out their implications for the ever-expanding scope of the history of celebrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews documentary and pictorial evidence from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries concerning the wearing of plaids by men. Initially, sixteenth-century sources that specifically use the term 'plaid' are examined, in order to build a working definition, and this is then applied to earlier sources in languages other than Gaelic, where the terminology is uncertain. The early sources provide insight regarding the origins of traditions associated with plaid wearing. It is suggested that the origins of Highland military dress lie in the west Highlands and Islands in the mid-sixteenth century with the adoption of tartan plaids by local warriors. The article also draws attention to an apparent long running belief that plaids were derived from ancient Greek or Roman dress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Spanish expulsion, the Jewish exiles sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire, Western Europe, and North Africa. Among the North African countries, Morocco harbored the largest number of refugees, many of them settled in Fez. The arrival of the Spanish exiles introduced a new wave of intellectual activity to the local Jewish community in Fez. While previous studies have shown their contribution in the fields of halakhah, poetry, and historiography, this paper demonstrates that a new chapter began in the realm of Jewish thought as well. The works composed by the exiles who settled in Fez were diverse, comprised of the literary genres that had once proliferated in Spain, mostly sermons and commentary. A review of their writings reveals that they were preoccupied with the central theological subjects discussed in the Middle Ages, yet they did not compose their own original philosophical or theological works. They were heavily influenced by the writings of earlier and contemporary Sephardic thinkers; it appears that it was philosophy and astrology in their moderate version that had shaped their worldview. At the same time, they had a strong affinity for ancient rabbinical aggadah, and likewise to the zoharic and kabbalistic literature. Sephardic Jewish thought tradition continued to exist after the expulsion, not only in the Ottoman Diaspora and European Sephardic communities, as is has been claimed in previous research, but in Morocco as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TEME: Casopis za Društvene Nauke is the property of TEME: Casopis za Drustvene Nauke and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is dedicated to the study of the dissemination of Spanish books—books written in Spanish—during the 16th century in Brussels. This study is based on an inventory of the bookseller-printer Michiel van Hamont made in 1569, at the request of the authorities searching for heretical books. This is the first survey conducted on this subject. Spanish books that have effectively circulated within the Southern Netherlands, have generally been neglected by scholars. They mainly focused their attention on local production (which books were printed by whom) and export to the Iberian World (Kingdom of Spain and Americas). They studied the rise of Antwerp as a major centre of Spanish vernacular editions and its role in the dissemination of Spanish books. The first findings in this paper show that the distribution of Spanish books in Brussels in the mid-sixteenth century is merely a marginal phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study of the construction of 13 wool stockings dated to the 16th century, which are held by the Museum of London. Although knitted garments, especially stockings, became very common in later 16th century England, there has been little study of their construction in this period. Each of the stockings was examined in detail, including wale and course counts, leg shaping and heel and toe construction. Other knitted items from the same period in the collection were also examined to compare construction details. The light that these examinations shed on the construction of knitted stockings is discussed in detail, including leg shaping, toe shaping, and an unusual method of heel construction. The paper will also discuss the insights this study provides on knitted stocking construction in this period, including support for archival evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper resulted from research conducted in various libraries of the Republic of Poland within the exchange programme between the Polish and Croatian Academies of Sciences in the period 2008-2013 and during my participation in the international HERA research project MusMig (Music migrations in early Modern Age: the meeting of European East, West and South) from 2013 to 2016.1 The works under consideration were found in 20 Polish libraries in 11 cities in the form and range of 24 titles written by 10 authors and they exist in several dozens of copies. They form part of a much broader spectrum of all titles written by Croatian authors and published between the 16th and 18th centuries kept in Polish libraries in almost 300 copies in all.2 In this paper I will briefly describe the authors and their works containing musical topics as well as the Polish book collections in which they have been preserved, with some remarks on both the possible origins of these titles and on the question of how they came to be purchased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

22 C. E. Lutz, I Essays on Manuscripts and Rare Books i (Connecticut, 1975); M. D. Reeve "Manuscripts copied from printed books", in J. B. Trapp (ed.), I Manuscripts in the Fifty Years after the Invention of Printing i (London, 1983), 12-23; David McKitterick, I Print, Manuscript and the Search for Order, 1450-1830 i (Cambridge, 2003). Manuscript versions of this text include BnF fr. 5750 and fr. 14116; BL, Stowe 582; Cambridge, Magdalene College, Pepys Library, ms 1491; Paris, École national supérieure des Beaux-Arts, ms 491; and Blois, Musée du château, inv 73.7.90. Keywords: Scotland; France; 16th century; diplomacy; Morgan Library & Museum; MS M. 42 EN Scotland France 16th century diplomacy Morgan Library & Museum MS M. 42 109 128 20 04/02/21 20210401 NES 210401 This paper examines a manuscript (New York, The Morgan Library & Museum, MS M.42) which was produced in France for a member of the Scottish royal family. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Folia Toruniensia is the property of Nicolus Copernicus Public Provincial Library in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue that is the main focus of this paper has not been of great interest to bibliology scholars. Even though one version of the Brest Bible, marked as B, was described quite thoroughly by Feliks Bentkowski already two hundred years ago, the catalogue descriptions have until today been based upon the scheme formulated by Karol Estreicher (senior). He identified three versions of the Brest Bible, which differ only in the title page. The fact is that there are only two versions, A and B, in existence, which differ in the first gathering (*) or (very rarely) in the first two gatherings (*, **). The gatherings of version B were established to have been printed in the 1580s or 1590s in Jan Karcan’s press in Vilnius. Apparently, a certain number of the Old Testament gatherings A–Y were typeset and printed in Brest in 1563. There is only one extant complete copy of it with the newly printed gatherings, whereas in the remaining dozen or so copies that have survived it is only one, or rarely, two gatherings, and sometimes only single leaves. The search for versions of the Bible also made it possible to compile a list of 135 copies of the Brest Bible stored today in public, monastic and church collections in Europe and North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The upsurge of cosmographical and geographical literature can be seen in humanist circles from the 14th century onwards. Beside chorography, the encomium of towns and cities was also a popular genre; some elements of ethnography, natural, economic and political geography were also built into the histography. A century later, this tendency reached Hungary and the social aspiration to presentation of the country appeared in Hungary too. Owing to these factors, chorography of Hungary was written by Miklós Oláh; humanist historians (for instance Antonio Bonfini) also incorporeted geographical digression into their work. Not only descriptions of Hungary, but some geographical descriptions of Transilvania were made in the second half of the 16th century; one of these was written by a 16th century Viennese humanist polyhistor, Wolfgang Lazius. The purpose of this paper is to provide a description of the three textual variants of the manuscript of the Transylvania-description by Lazius, to explore their relationship to each other, and to establish their order of composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By the end of the 16th century, finger rings in reverse glass painting technique became increasingly popular in Europe. Often, they are used in the context of signet rings with the monogram together with the coat of arms of its beholder depicted on the glass bezel. The following paper concentrates on nine finger rings of this group. Instead of an actual coat of arms though, these finger rings carry the device V(G)MN or FGMN (for-get-me-not) accompanied by a depiction of little blue forget-me-not flowers as the coat of arms. By collecting and describing the so far existing material, the paper aims to contextualize the use and function of the finger rings with the symbol of the forget-me-not flower in the fields of love, friendship and faith. Furthermore, it links the symbol of the for-get-me-not on finger rings and the imperative power of the written letters V(G)MN or FGMN to its tradition in German literature and texts.

Documenting and understanding long‐term biodiversity change is limited by the availability of historical data, particularly from periods preceding major anthropogenic changes associated with the Industrial Revolution. We mined the information of a standardized historical survey developed in 628 localities across Spain between 1574 and 1582 (Relaciones Topográficas de Felipe II) with the goal of producing a general characterization of Spanish settlements, including, though not limited to, natural resources. From this survey, we were able to gather 7309 records for 75 wild plant taxa, 89 wild animal taxa, and 60 crop and domestic animal taxa. These data can be used to reconstruct historical land use and habitat cover, and model historical distributions of many species, including emblematic ones such as wolf and bear, which can establish reference distributions to assess range and niche expansion, contraction, and shifts. Data are provided under a Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC‐BY‐NC) 4.0 License. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications. The authors are open to collaborate in projects based on this dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brādōst Kurdish emirate, ruling over Rawāndiz and adjoining areas including parts of Urmīya, is one of the numerous Kurdish ruling families of Kurdistan, which succumbed to the conquering Ottoman and Safavid arms in the 16th-century. While Ardalān, Ḥakkārī, Chamīšgazak, and many other Kurdish emirates were yielded to the several recent studies, Brādōst remained a neglected Kurdish emirate. By analyzing written documents produced during the 16th-century — from both Ottoman and Safavid sources — a better understanding can be had of what political interactions were possible at this emirate in Ottoman-Safavid frontier history. This paper critically contributes to scholarly discussions of 16th-century political history of Brādōst and Ottoman-Safavid borderlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Histriae is the property of Historical Society of Southern Primorska of Koper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Codrul Cosminului is the property of Codrul Cosminului and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sharaf Khān, author of the Sharaf-nāma, is the most energetic early modern champion of Kurdish history. One problem with the standard account of Sharaf Khān is that it organizes Kurdish history according to the author's own classifications, rather than according to the administrative entities of the overlord empires, the Ottomans and Safavids; and that Sharaf Khān had access only to certain sources which are specific to the principalities. This indicates that one must be careful to use all claims of Sharaf Khān about particular Kurdish emirs, because not all that pertains to the understanding of 16th-century Kurdish emirs is included in the Sharaf-nāma. One way of resolving this inconsistency is to refer to the Ottoman archives. What we want to emphasize in this paper is the importance of the ruus registers for Kurdish history, which, we think, is less widely recognized. In what follows, we shall deal with the Kurdish materials given in the ruus registers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteenth-century discourse is filled with criticisms about the ambition of women and the proletariat. This article explores the connection between gender, ambition, authority, reputation, and the language of condemnation at the Jacobean court. It argues that the prevailing rhetoric vilifying female ambition reflects contemporaneous anxieties about female dominance and authority. In turn, male invective, libel, and slander, directed toward politically active elite women, represent men's attempts to re-exert their authority over women perceived to be subverting established hierarchies of power. By tracing the use of invective in letters, court poetry, and moral essays, this paper reveals the ways in which abusive language was used to damage women's reputations in order to establish and maintain male authority over women and other men in the court of James VI/I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an excavation carried out in 1968 four headdresses dating from the early to first half of the 16th century were discovered in a crypt in the parish church of Lienz in East Tyrol (Austria). All four headdresses are remarkably well preserved and two of them reveal techniques that are surprising considering the early date. A hairnet with macramé knots and a coif adorned with bobbin lace most likely date before 1509 making them the earliest extant examples of macramé and bobbin lace to date. This paper gives an account of the finds and considers the implications these headdresses might have on the history of lace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining 16th-century Kurdish politics, particularly in the frontier districts between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, aptly serves as a starting point for understanding Kurdish regional semi-autonomy. This paper, dedicated to the activities of Kurdish individuals involved in information-gathering on behalf of both the Ottoman and the Safavid Empires, is the first of its kind. The findings presented here are the result of close exploration in the Ottoman archives as well as detailed reading of a number of materials from Ottoman and Safavid chronicles. The paper discusses three main subjects. The introductory section briefly explains the methods and potentials of Kurdish spying as well as some of the particulars of Ottoman-Safavid espionage. The second section provides an overview of two famous Kurdish intellectual historians and the role each played in information-gathering. The third section discusses cases of espionage throughout the political careers of several Kurdish frontier emirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the study of the use of first names in the oldest parish register of the Cathedral of Seville (Iglesia del Sagrario). The baptismal certificates —of newborns and also non-Christian slaves— contained in the Libro de los baptizados en esta Santa Iglesia de Sevilla are dated between January 1, 1515 and the March 3, 1524. The study focuses on the relative frequency of the names of newborns and slaves, but is also trying to find out the reasons for the choice of the names (geographical origin, social status). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Istorijski časopis is the property of Istorijski Institut and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study focuses on a particular aspect of votive portraits in Moldavia, namely, on a group of founders' representations of the late-15th - early-17th centuries, where ktetors are depicted either holding scrolls with prayers or being accompanied by patron saints holding such scrolls. It examines some artistic and rhetorical techniques applied in the creation of these images, in order to shed light on the interaction between the depicted personages and their beholders, and to understand the role of characters' placing and postures, as well as of texts in medieval votive compositions. The paper also publishes a corpus of Slavic inscriptions included into these compositions. Finally, it deals with two main aspects of such representations, namely, with the texts of prayers written on the scrolls and the iconographic motif of scrolls held by founders or by the saints accompanying them. For a better understanding of the function of these texts and images, the study considers possible sources and comparative material for both, the texts and iconographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Considered some of the most fascinating examples of Mannerist gardens in Italy, Villa Lante at Bagnaia and Villa Orsini at Bomarzo, were conceived in the late 16th century as a kind of landscape and architectural expressions of the Man's quest for the Lost Paradise. Although they were designed roughly in the same period of time, they differ completely in almost every sence, but, in the same time, they complete each other in many ways. The following paper aims to compare the architectural layouts, planting designs and allegorical programmes of both gardens as to emphasize the way Paradise was seen in the late 16th century in Western Europe and to show two different landscape design mechanisms that try to mimic the quest for the (re)descovery of Eden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topics of "othering" and "orientalisation", similar to those described by Edward Said in his Orientalism, can be found in many texts written by Polish-Lithuanian authors involved in the Moscovite-Lithuanian and Polish-Moscovite Wars at the end of the sixteenth and in the first two decades of the seventeenth century (especially 1577-1582 and 1605-1618). A good example of an epideictic text from the area of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth showing the Grand Duchy of Moscow from a "colonial" and "oriental" perspective is Panegyrica Apostrophe by Helias Pilgrimovius (Pol. Pielgrzymowski) published in 1583 in Krakow. The aim of this paper is to present the rhetorical structure of Pilgrimovius' text and to discuss the place of the mechanisms of "othering" in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine astrolabes were a simplification of the existing Islamic calculating devices and were used during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to measure the height of the sun at noon on sailing ships. With this value and the proper tables, sea captains could calculate the latitude and estimate the position of their ships during the long oceanic voyages that characterized the first age of globalization. This paper presents an inventory of all marine astrolabes known to exist, and proposes a taxonomy and chronology of their styles, based on the available data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of the well-known collection Portugaliae Monumenta Cartographica hinted at connections between two anonymous portolan charts from the beginning of the sixteenth century, namely the portolan chart at the Bibliothèque Municipale of Dijon and a fragment of a chart kept in Lisbon in the Archive at Torre do Tombo. Later, they also mentioned affinities between those two charts and the famous chart known as Kunstmann III. However, they did not pursue these observations further. The present paper proceeds from where those researchers stopped investigating and proposes a fresh look on this cartographic material by combining a traditional historical approach with modern digital techniques. First, a comparative study of the toponomy of a common area of the charts will be presented. Later, each chart will be examined with the help of cartometric methods to access their implicit geometry. The advancements on the study of correlations between these charts will be shown, thus confirming that the combination of traditional and digital methods of investigation open very promising perspectives to the study of unsolved questions in the History of Cartography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) in the history of the Ottoman Hungary has been blank till the recent past. The rediscovery of the archives of the Republic of Ragusa by the Hungarians expanded the substance of knowledge to a large extent gained from the Roman archives, especially from the archives of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide and the Roman Inquisition. The Republic of Ragusa and the Balkan trade routes played a determining role in the maintenance of Catholic church structures in the European half of the Ottoman Empire. It was the archbishop of Ragusa who first mediated between the Apostolic See and the Balkan missions. The beginning of his role in the Balkan missions can be fully grasped from the documents of the volume that mainly preserved the correspondence of the late sixteenth century and is found in the archives of the Congregation of Propaganda Fide. The report of Archbishop Girolamo Matteucci published in this paper, dated in 1581, is outstanding, with the help of which the outward forms of the Ragusan intellectuals' missionary zeal in the Balkans during the sixteenth century are palpable. The report of the archbishop relied on the information of Tommaso Nadali, Ragusan physician who was active at the Polish and Ottoman court as well as in the Balkan Peninsula. He became a unique advocate of the papal anti-Ottoman policy at the end of the sixteenth century. Furthermore, Matteucci's report clearly reveals the struggle of the people of Ragusa against Protestantism in Ottoman Hungary. On the basis of other Ragusan sources as well as the reports of the Protestant reformers, it becomes apparent that the merchants of the city-state were considered to be the most serious enemies of the new Protestant doctrines in the territory of Hungary under Ottoman rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper briefly characterizes the Jesuit education in the Polish- Lituanian Commonwealth in 16th century and the first Latin grammar book by Emmanuel Alvarez SJ used in colleges. The reader is presented with a brief description of the Grammatica of Alvarez and its editions in Poland till the end of the 16th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper aims to offer a a wide view over trade in painters' materials in the Spanish peninsula in the sixteenth century, from their production to their import and export. Factors such as their presence in sources or their availability are also considered in establishing their multiple relationships in the contextual framework of growing globalization. Although they constituted uncategorized products in a very heterogeneous market, they have been grouped in pigments and colorants. Generally, their main uses had nothing to do with painting; some of them were would have fallen under the definition of dyes, others were used as medicines, and others were basic products for the glass and ceramic industries. This paper explores the presence and role of many of those substances in the development of Renaissance painting.

This paper aims to provide the urban-sociological context for the significant proliferation of the topic of Christ Cleansing the Temple in 16th-century painting. Widely accepted interpretations of this phenomenon consider it exclusively in the context of the Counter-Reformation, i.e. the Catholic Revival, considering the topic to be a symbol of the rejection of Protestant dogma or, otherwise, the Church's struggle against the demoralization of its clerics. The Counter-Reformation context is indisputably significant. However, certain socioeconomic processes that mark the 16th century, such as the development of protocapitalism in Italy, i.e. the establishment of year-round trade in the city and the emergence of a new, politically and economically dominant class of merchants and bankers, also emerge as an aspect worth examining. French sociologist Henri Lefebvre considered the 16th century to be a turning point in the development of urban forms and pointed out the connection between this biblical story and the disdain for the restructuring of the city which was due to those changes. Owing to his theses on the production of space, we will observe a dual involvement of the Church in the motions of inhibition and initiation of processes which, by producing a new type of space, disrupt the balance that ensured its material and symbolic power.

Resumen: En este trabajo se analiza la obra Lumbre del alma articulando tres dimensiones. Una será la cognitivo-intelectual, que insertará la obra en su contexto teológico-filosófico y en la historia de la literatura espiritual castellana del XVI. La otra, la social, atenderá a la historia del texto así como a las implicaciones sociales del mismo. En tercer lugar, la dimensión personal, que se ocupa de la trayectoria vital desde la que emana. Así, se abordará el análisis de los temas fundamentales de la obra de Cazalla, que fueron el libre albedrío y el amor, cuya elección y tratamiento reproduce la línea moderna de un pensamiento de raíz franciscana, afronta debates cruciales de su tiempo y permite leer un afán de mundanizar la santidad, hecho inaceptable a ojos de la autoridad inquisitorial, o a los guardianes de un canon ortodoxo. Résumé : Dans ce travail, l’oeuvre Lumbre del alma sera analysée en articulant trois dimensions. La première sera la dimension cognitivo-intellectuelle pour insérer l’oeuvre dans son contexte theólogique et philosophique, et plus concrètement, dans l’histoire de la littérature spirituelle castillane du XVIe siècle. Une autre dimension sera la dimension sociale ou matérielle, qui traitera de l’histoire du texte et ses implications sociales. En troisième lieu, la dimension personnelle ou émotionnelle, qui explique la trajectoire vitale dont elle émane. C’est ainsi que l’on abordera l’analyse des thèmes fondamentaux de l’œuvre de Cazalla, qui sont ceux du libre arbitre et de l’amour. Leur choix et leur traitement reproduisent la ligne moderne d’une pensée d’origine franciscaine et affrontent des débats cruciaux de leur temps en nous permettant de lire un désir de mondaniser la sainteté, un fait inacceptable aux yeux d’une autorité inquisitoriale ou pour les gardiens de l’orthodoxie. Abstract: This paper will analyse the work Lumbre del alma (Light of the soul) bringing together three dimensions. First, using the cognitive-intellectual aspect, the paper will pay attention to the theological and philosophical context of the work, and, more specifically, to its place in 16th century Spanish spiritual literature. Secondly, the social or material dimension will deal with the history of the text as well as its social implications. In the third place, the personal or emotional dimension will be about the life story that gave rise to this work. Therefore, the analysis of the main topics in Cazalla’s work (that were free will and love) will be addressed. The way that the author choices and treats these themes reminds us a modern line of thought of Franciscan origin, as well as addresses crucial debates of his age and also makes a patent effort to turn holiness into a profane matter, something obviously unacceptable to inquisitorial authority or to guardians of an orthodox canon.