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Preterm and low birth weight infants require specific nutrition to overcome the accumulated growth deficit, and to prevent morbidities related to postnatal growth failure. In order to guarantee an adequate nutrient-intake, mother’s own milk, when available, or donor human milk, are usually fortified with additional nutrients, in particular proteins. Fortification with processed ingredients may result in additional intake in oxidative compounds, deriving from extensive heat treatments, that are applied during processing. The aim of the present work was to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity and oxidative compound content conveyed by different preterm infant foods and fortifiers, namely raw and pasteurized human milk, two different preterm infant formulas, three bovine milk-based fortifiers and two experimental donkey milk-based fortifiers. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the different products. The use of human milk minimizes the intake of dietary oxidative compound in comparison to infant formulas, irrespective of pasteurization or fortification, especially as far as malondialdehyde content is concerned. The addition of fortifiers to human milk increases its antioxidant capacity, and the choice of the protein source (hydrolysed vs. whole proteins) differently impacted the resulting total antioxidant capacity of the diet.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the cariogenicity of various fluids that are frequently fed to infants and toddlers. We chose to examine sucrose, cola drink, honey, human milk, cow milk, and water because some of these have been associated with development of early childhood caries, although direct experimental evidence is lacking. Methods. We used our desalivated rat model because the approach mimics the situation found in infants, whereby the flow of saliva is interrupted through mechanical effects of a nipple. The animals received basic nutrition by gavage, and the fluids being tested were available ad libitum. Thus, the only substances that came in contact with teeth were the test fluids. The investigation continued for 14 days. Results. Cola, sucrose, and honey were by far the most cariogenic. In addition, cola and honey induced considerable erosion. Human milk was significantly more cariogenic than cow milk probably because of its lower mineral content and higher level of lactose. Conclusions. Our data show that the use of honey, cola, and sucrose water in nursing bottles should be discouraged. Although human milk is more cariogenic than cow milk, it is no more cariogenic than are common infant formulas. Protracted exposure to human milk or formula through allowing an infant to sleep on the nipple should be discouraged, and the need for oral hygiene after tooth eruption should be emphasized. ABBREVIATION. ECC, early childhood caries., Despite enhanced awareness among professionals and the public, early childhood caries (ECC) continues to plague a significant proportion of the population. In ECC, cavities and overt demineralization occur extensively on [...]

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a rapid method for analysing polyphenols, which are potentially active antioxidants against neonatal oxidative stress, from small human milk (HM) volumes. Methods: Acid and alkaline extractions were compared using two dyes: Folin-Ciocalteu and Fast Blue BB. Linearity, sensitivity, recovery percentage, polyphenol content, precision, and stability were assessed in 14 HM samples and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H test (p0.96) up to 500 mg/L. All bicarbonate-based Folin-Ciocalteu methods assayed were stable and repeatable, whereas Fast Blue BB-based variants were not. HM polyphenols (mean=94.68 mg/L) positively correlated to the dietary intake of hydroxycinnamic acids, the most consumed polyphenolic family in this population. Conclusions: A bicarbonate-based Folin-Ciocalteu micromethod allowed the accurate determination of polyphenols in HM, which might be useful for translational research settings and HM banks.

The aim of this review is to highlight the significance of goat milk along with potential and prospects of dairy goat development in the country. India occupies the first position in goat milk production in the world. In the last few years, commercial dairy goat production in India gained momentum due to spread of knowledge about therapeutic, nutraceutical and medicinal benefits of goat milk and its product, and their export potential. India possesses vast caprine resources with 37 goat breeds distributed in different bio-climates with varied nutritive value, however, some goat breeds native to north and north-western region namely Beetal, Jamunapari, Jakhrana, Surti and Zalawadi are considered as Indian dairy breed with 150 to 500 litre milk yields. The reported milk yield of Indian dairy goat is far below their potential, since they are primarily raised for mutton and also due to energy-deficient diet. Attempts so far made were scarce and limited for milk improvement of dairy goats and in creating infrastructure for goat milk processing and marketing. Use of potential sire/semen and infrastructural support for a secured market for goat milk and products is necessary to enhance dairy goat productivity and profitability. To cater the demand for goat milk in southern, eastern and hilly regions, suitable dairy breeds need to be developed along with increasing the genetic potential of existing breeds. Development of the goat dairy sector will require focused efforts to encourage entrepreneurship to set as many as possible commercial dairy farms by involving private sector through appropriate policy support and incentives.

Objective: To verify the acidity titration and caloric profile of human milk pasteurized in a milk bank of the State of Pernambuco. Methodology: This is a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study of quantitative approach, developed in the Human Milk Bank of Hospital Barão de Lucena, in Recife-PE. The research used secondary data from the record sheets of the acidity and crematocrit tests in 2019. Results: A total of 1,411 acidity titration tests were performed, the milk with acidity standards above 8º Dornic, totaled 58 samples that were discarded. Of the total, 1,113 crematocrit tests were performed, of which 418 (37.5%) samples were considered hypocaloric, 516 (46.4%) normocaloric and 179 (16.1%) hypercaloric. The caloric value of the analyzed milks ranged from 357 kcal/L to 1,046 kcal/L, with a mean value of 618.7 kcal/L. Conclusion: Most of the milk has appropriate acidity values and calorie profile for consumption.

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to conduct a literature review on safety in breastfeeding in mothers with COVID-19. An integrative review of national and international literature was carried out. Methods The search took place in the SciELO, LILACS and MEDLINE® databases. Results A total of 25 scientific articles that specifically addressed the theme of breastfeeding and its risk and protective factors for infection by SARS-CoV-2 were selected. According to the studies analyzed, although the presence of viral RNA had already been detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in breast milk samples, there are still no proven cases of vertical transmission via human milk. Conclusion Breastfeeding appears to be safe if practiced according to precaution measures recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition, there is evidence of a potential for immunological protection by transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk. Breastfeeding should continue to be promoted even in cases of mothers with clinical suspicion or confirmation of COVID-19, as well as the provision of expressed breast milk in cases where there is no possibility of direct breastfeeding.

Mycotoxins, predominantly aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), require better quality control in infant formula milk (IFM). This study aims to use a systematic review study to estimate the amount and health risk assessment of AFM1 of IFM for infants less than one year old in the last two decades worldwide. For this purpose, a systematic search was conducted from June 27, 2000, to April 5, 2021. Two hundred and twelve articles and reports were obtained from various databases, and twenty of them were eventually chosen for the current study based on the study's selection criteria. Due to a lack of access to the raw data of the studies obtained, EXCEL re-simulated the data of each of these studies, keeping in mind the mean, standard deviation, and sample size of each study. The statistical analysis, health risk assessment, uncertainty analysis, and sensitivity analysis for AFM1 of IFM were then done on the simulated data by country, continent, and globally. Based on the compliance of AFM1 of IFM with the European Community (EC) standard (25 ng/kg), and also according to the results of health risk assessment, the quality of IFM provided to the market in most countries in the last two decades in terms of the AFM were at a high level and has been unauthorized. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to continuous monitoring and control measures for AFM1 in consumer IFM over all countries worldwide. Due to the limited current information about AFM1 of IFM in the world, further studies are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: O leite materno é um dos alimentos mais antigos que desde sempre acompanhou a evolução e o desenvolvimento da humanidade, quer seja ele para alimentar o recém-nascido quer mesmo na sua dependência para a sua sobrevivência. Atualmente, o leite materno é altamente reconhecido pela sua simplicidade e pela sua riqueza nutritiva em todo o mundo, sendo o mesmo defendido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, independentemente da nacionalidade, da cultura e religião. O leite materno para além de ser o alimento ideal e o mais saudável para todos os recém-nascidos saudáveis. Sendo cada vez mais preconizado e incentivado a ser o primeiro e o único alimento que o ser humano deve consumir desde seu nascimento até ao sexto mês de vida. Quando se aborda a temática de aleitamento materno ou simplesmente de leite materno abrange uma série de benefícios sejam eles para o lactente até mesmo para a lactante. Sabemos que a primeira regalia deste alimento é a sua capacidade de adaptação consoante as necessidades hídricas, nutritivas e até imunológicas para a criança, para além do processo de vinculação mãe-bebé, da promoção saudável do desenvolvimento infantil, a facilidade de manuseamento e preparação entre outras.Sendo aleitamento materno considaro algo simple e até fisiologico existem diversos fatores/causas que levam ao seu desmame precoce. Objetivo: Compreender quais os fatores/causas que levam a mulher a desistir da amamentação, bem como apresentar as competências do enfermeiro na promoção do aleitamento materno. Métodos: Revisão integrativa da literatura com recurso a bases de dados científicas eletrónicas, incidindo sobre estudos escritos em português, inglês e espanhol publicados entre 2014-2019 baseados nos descritores em ciências da saúde (DeCs) e Medical Subject Heading (MesH). Resultados: Na pesquisa nas bases de dados B-ON e Chorane surgiram 416 artigos não duplicados dos quais 10 foram selecionados, com aplicação dos critérios de inclusão. No final 10 artigos cumpriam os critérios da Checklist JBI. Conclusão: O enfermeiro além das suas competências especificas é o profissional de saúde que presta cuidados exclusivos e inerentes ao recém-nascido e a puérpera, desta forma torna-se um elemento importante e crucial na literacia do aleitamento materno, na sua desmitificação, bem como no seu seguimento e acompanhamento na promoção da amamentação preferencialmente, e sempre que seja possível e exclusiva desde do nascimento até aos seis meses de vida do lactente. Maximizando a promoção da saúde inerente a amamentação e relacionando-o com qualidade de vida para o ser humano, nota-se que existem inúmeros benefícios para ambas as partes.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the understanding of mothers about the donation of human milk. Methods: a qualitative and quantitative study with 13 potential milk donors who answered a sociodemographic and obstetric background questionnaire, as well as a semi-structured interview guide on milk donation. Mothers were approached in the hospital environment, after delivery and the visit of the milk bank. Data were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences 20.0 and NVivo 11 Starter. Results: the mean age was 24.62 ± 3.95 years; 84.6% had more than eleven years of formal education; 38.5% declared themselves housewives; 46.2% were in a stable union and 76.9% had an income of up to two minimum wages. Most of the mothers (69.2%) experienced previous pregnancy; 76.9% had 6 or more prenatal consultations and 62.5% had previously breastfed. The motivating factors of the donation were altruism; empathy with other mothers; recognition of the primacy of breast milk; the child's understanding of breast milk need; excess milk production and family support. Unawareness of the process, limited time available, and lack of transportation and collection points can make donation difficult. Conclusions: there was a desire for information and support for breastfeeding and donation, which made the donation act complex and distant from reality.

Human milk is the gold standard for newborn infants. Breast milk not only provides nutrients, it also contains bioactive components that guide the development of the infant's intestinal immune system, which can have a lifelong effect. The bioactive molecules in breast milk regulate microbiota development, immune maturation and gut barrier function. Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) are the most abundant bioactive molecules in human milk and have multiple beneficial functions such as support of growth of beneficial bacteria, anti-pathogenic effects, immune modulating effects, and stimulation of intestine barrier functions. Here we critically review the current insight into the benefits of bioactive molecules in mother milk that contribute to neonatal development and focus on current knowledge of hMO-functions on microbiota and the gastrointestinal immune barrier. hMOs produced via genetically engineered microorganisms are now applied in infant formulas to mimic the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible, and their prospects and scientific challenges are discussed in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The World Health Organization recommends deworming to reduce soil‐transmitted helminth (STH)‐attributable morbidity in women of reproductive age, including pregnant and lactating women, to reduce blood loss, iron deficiency anaemia and nutrient malabsorption. This study assessed the impact of maternal postpartum deworming with albendazole approximately 1 day after delivery on infant milk intake among a subset of 216 randomly selected mother–infant pairs recruited into a large trial in Peru. Infant milk intake was measured using the deuterium‐oxide method at 1‐ and 6‐month postpartum. Maternal STH infection was measured at 6‐month postpartum. At 1‐month postpartum, mean intake was 756 ± 16 and 774 ± 18 mL day−1 in the albendazole and placebo groups, respectively (mean difference: −18 mL day−1; 95% CI: −65, 30). At 6‐month postpartum, mean intake was 903 ± 16 and 908 ± 18 mL day−1 in the albendazole and placebo groups, respectively (mean difference: −5 mL day−1; 95% CI: −52, 43). There was no statistically significant difference in milk intake between groups at either time point. At 6‐month postpartum, mothers infected with Trichuris trichiura had infants with higher milk intakes (adjusted mean difference: 70 mL day−1; 95% CI: 20, 120) compared with uninfected mothers. However, there was no statistically significant difference in infant milk intake between mothers who had moderate‐and‐heavy intensity infection compared with the comparison group (mothers with no and light intensity infection). A lower prevalence and intensity of infection, and inclusion of uninfected mothers in both arms of the trial, resulting in effect dilution, may explain the null findings.

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia is standard of care for babies with moderate to severe hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy. There is limited evidence to inform provision of nutrition during hypothermia. Objectives: To assess the association during therapeutic hypothermia between (1) enteral feeding and outcomes, such as necrotising enterocolitis and (2) parenteral nutrition and outcomes, such as late-onset bloodstream infection. Design: A retrospective cohort study using data held in the National Neonatal Research Database and applying propensity score methodology to form matched groups for analysis. Setting: NHS neonatal units in England, Wales and Scotland. Participants: Babies born at ≥ 36 gestational weeks between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017 who received therapeutic hypothermia for 72 hours or who died during treatment. Interventions: Enteral feeding analysis – babies who were enterally fed during therapeutic hypothermia (intervention) compared with babies who received no enteral feeds during therapeutic hypothermia (control). Parenteral nutrition analysis – babies who received parenteral nutrition during therapeutic hypothermia (intervention) compared with babies who received no parenteral nutrition during therapeutic hypothermia (control). Outcome measures: Primary outcomes were severe and pragmatically defined necrotising enterocolitis (enteral feeding analysis) and late-onset bloodstream infection (parenteral nutrition analysis). Secondary outcomes were survival at neonatal discharge, length of neonatal stay, breastfeeding at discharge, onset of breastfeeding, time to first maternal breast milk, hypoglycaemia, number of days with a central line in situ, duration of parenteral nutrition, time to full enteral feeds and growth. Results: A total of 6030 babies received therapeutic hypothermia. Thirty-one per cent of babies received enteral feeds and 25% received parenteral nutrition. Seven babies (0.1%) were diagnosed with severe necrotising enterocolitis, and further comparative analyses were not conducted on this outcome. A total of 3236 babies were included in the matched enteral feeding analysis. Pragmatically defined necrotising enterocolitis was rare in both groups (0.5% vs. 1.1%) and was lower in babies who were fed during hypothermia (rate difference –0.5%, 95% confidence interval –1.0% to –0.1%; p = 0.03). Higher survival to discharge (96.0% vs. 90.8%, rate difference 5.2%, 95% confidence interval 3.9% to 6.6%; p

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the characteristics of women according to the reported number of benefits of breastfeeding and to verify its association with the duration of this practice until the sixth month of the child’s life. Methods: This was a qualitative and prospective observational study performed with postpartum mothers in two stages (n=78, and after six months n=62). Generalized linear models were used to identify the profile of the mothers as well as to determine the factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding until the sixth month of the child’s life. Results: The profile of women who reported fewer benefits (≤3) was: younger age (p=0.008), with lower schooling (p

Objective. To assess breastfeeding support practices and related barriers and facilitators in a large Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal (NICU) in Medellín, Colombia, as part of a broader quality improvement initiative to enhance breastfeeding support. Methods. A mixed-methods descriptive design was used to collect data on care practices and outcomes related to NICU breastfeeding support. Data sources included the Neo-BFHI’s self-assessment questionnaire of breastfeeding policies and practices, clinical observations, and a retrospective review of 51 patient charts. Results. Of the 51 charts reviewed, 98% of the infants received breastmilk during their hospitalization but the majority (84%) also received formula and only 8% of infants were exclusively breastfed at the time of NICU discharge. All NICU staff received education on mother and baby-friendly care, and the unit complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk substitutes. However, resources to support lactation (e.g., access to breastfeeding specialists, breast pumps, written teaching materials for parents) were limited, and infants were only allowed to consume milk expressed within the hospital. Mother-infant separation, as well as staff beliefs and care routines, also limited important breastfeeding support practices such as skin-to-skin care and early initiation of direct breastfeeding. Conclusion. The self-assessment questionnaire and observations revealed a high value for breastfeeding and a family-centered approach to care in the NICU. Key challenges to sustaining breastfeeding in the NICU included a lack of facilities for supporting parental presence, barriers to expression and provision of mother’s milk, and a high rate of bottle-feeding with formula.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of pasteurization on antioxidant and oxidant properties of human milk. Methods: 42 samples of milk before and after pasteurisation were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing capacity and by scavenging the 2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the concentration of malondialdehyde product using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and by the evaluation of advanced oxidation protein products. Results: No significant difference was observed in fresh human milk and after pasteurization in relation to antioxidant properties determined by the ferric reducing capacity (50.0±3.4% and 48.8±3.0%, respectively) and by scavenging the 2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical (28.9±1.5% and 31.2±1.3%, respectively). The results of malondialdehyde (62.6±4.1 and 64.3±3.6 µM/mg) and protein oxidation products (59.4±3.4 and 54.2±3.8 µM/L) of fresh and pasteurized milk, respectively, did not exhibited any significant difference. Conclusions: This data showed that human milk has an important antioxidant activity and that the pasteurizing process does not influence the antioxidant capacity, avoiding the peroxidation of breast milk lipids and the formation of advanced protein oxidation products.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the composition of macronutrients present in the milk of mothers of preterm newborn infants (PTNB) - protein, fat, carbohydrate, and calories - by gestational age (GA), chronological age (CA) and maternal variables. Methods: Longitudinal study that analyzed 215 milk samples from the 51 mothers of PTNB admitted in three Neonatal Intensive Care Units of Rio de Janeiro from May/2013-January/2014. Milk collection was performed by pickup pump, on a fixed day of each week until discharge. The spectrophotometric technique with Infrared Analysis (MilkoScan Minor 104) was used for the quantitative analysis. A sample of 7 mL of human milk was taken from the total volume of milk extracted by the mother. The data was grouped by GA (25-27, 28-31, 32-36, 37-40 weeks) and by CA (zero to 4, 5-8, 9-12, 13-16 weeks). Results: Protein, carbohydrate, fat and calories did not show any pattern of change, with no difference among groups of GA. When the macronutrients were analyzed by groups of CA, protein decreased, with significant difference between the first two groups of CA. Carbohydrates, fat and calories presented increasing values in all groups, without significant differences. Weight gain during pregnancy, maternal hypertension and maternal age were associated with changes in fat and calories in the first moment of the analysis of milk. Conclusions: There was a significant decrease in the levels of protein during the first eight weeks after birth. CA may be an important factor in the composition of human milk.

BackgroundIodine is an intrinsic element of thyroid hormone, which is essential for childhood growth and development. The Ideal Breast Milk (IBM) cohort study aims to evaluate the effects of maternal iodine status during pregnancy and lactation on maternal thyroid function, offspring growth and development, and offspring thyroid function.MethodsThe IBM cohort study recruited pregnant women from Seoul National University Hospital between June 2016 and August 2017, followed by enrollment of their offspring after delivery. For the maternal participants, iodine status is evaluated by urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and dietary records in the third trimester and at 3 to 4 weeks and 12 to 15 months postpartum. For the child participants, cord blood sampling and UIC measurements are performed at birth. At 3 to 4 weeks of age, UIC and breastmilk iodine concentrations are measured. At 12 to 15 months of age, growth and development are assessed and measurements of UIC, a thyroid function test, and ultrasonography are performed.ResultsA total of 198 pregnant women in their third trimester were recruited. Their mean age was 35.1±3.5 years, and 78 (39.4%) of them were pregnant with twins. Thirty-three (16.7%) of them had a previous history of thyroid disease.ConclusionKorea is an iodine-replete area. In particular, lactating women in Korea are commonly exposed to excess iodine due to the traditional practice of consuming brown seaweed soup postpartum. The study of the IBM cohort is expected to contribute to developing guidelines for optimal iodine nutrition in pregnant or lactating women.

Breast milk makes the world healthier and better. Deaths and suffering of thousands of children and mothers each year could be prevented through universal breastfeeding, along with enormous economic savings. The aim of this study was to examine the knowledge of breastfeeding and intention to breastfeed in third-year secondary school students from various high schools and to make a conclusion on the unique and structured education program on breastfeeding in secondary schools. A total of 252 third-year secondary school students from 4 high schools in Bjelovar, Kutina and Pakrac completed an online questionnaire on the knowledge and intention to breastfeed. The results were presented by descriptive statistics methods. Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted for intention scale and 2-test for questions about knowledge. Logistic regression was used to predict probabilities of a response. The results showed the responses of students from individual schools to be statistically significantly different in some questions of knowledge and some items of intention of breastfeeding. Insufficient breastfeeding information in schools does not provide a basis to third-year secondary school students to make an informed decision about breastfeeding in adulthood. We propose development and use of a unique structured educational program on breastfeeding for secondary school students.

Introduction: The WorldHealth Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) proposesthat complementary food must be given starting from the 6th month andbreastfeeding must continue until the age of 2. The objective of our study wasto assess dietary habits in children aged between 0 and 2 years and to assessthe knowledge level about nutrition in their mothers.Methods: 250mothers who have children between the age of 0 and 2 were included in thisdescriptive study. Questionnaires which evaluate sociodemographic factors,breastfeeding, complementary nutrition and the knowledge level of mothers aboutthese issues were given to the participants. Then length and weightmeasurements of infants were done. The data obtained from this study wereanalyzed using SPSS 16.0 statistical software. Descriptive analysis andchi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Statistical significancelevel was accepted as p lt;0.05.Results: 84.3% ofbabies were breastfed within the first hour. While 41.3% of them were breastfedbetween 3 and 6 months, breastfeeding was stopped in 16.5% of babies before6th months. 50.8% of infants were fed with Formula and 49.2% of infantswere fed with baby bottle. Supplementary food was started in the first sixmonths to the 25.6% of babies and to 51.2% of them supplementary food wasstarted after 6 months. Difference was found between training of mother and theknowledge about breastfeeding, knowledge about supplementary food, time forbreastfeeding stop and infant weightpercentile.Conclusion: Society’sknowledge level should increase and together with the increasing knowledgelevel of mothers on breast milk and complementary nutrition, a behaviororiented change would be observed.

This study was aimed at identifying and analyzing the value perceptions of health professionals working at the Human Milk Bank about their practices. A descriptive and qualitative study was undertaken. The participants were 24 health professionals working at a Human Milk Bank in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The data were collected between July 2012 and February 2013 through semistructured interviews. In the thematic content analysis of the testimonies, three categories emerged: The practice of guiding breastfeeding; Human milk donation, pasteurization and distribution: nutritional care; and Affection in breastfeeding as a facilitator of the mother-child bond. The interviewed professionals demonstrate satisfaction with their work and with the engagement in all activities relevant to the Human Milk Bank.

Introduction: Breastfeeding is considered the best nutrition for infants, including born preterm due to containing optimal ingredients for development and growth. Breast milk is a rich source of nutrients, it also contains diverse types of bacteria, which play a role in infant's gastrointestinal tract colonization and preserving mammary health. Composition of human milk varies depending on numerous maternal and infant factors. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to summarize the current knowledge about the content of nutrients, bioactive factors and microbiota diversity in human milk depending on various factors. Materials and methods: The work is a review of 26 mainly English-language scientific publications from 1989-2024 posted on the PubMed platform. Results: Milk composition changes in addition to several factors. Depending on postnatal age: preterm milk has higher content of protein, fat and immunological factors and lower concentration of lactose than term milk. Depending on milk maturity: Colostrum is higher in protein but lower in lactose, fat and energy than mature milk. Human milk is also a source of viable bacteria important for developing infant's gut microbiota, but the diversity of bacterial strains in milk may vary. Depending on mode of delivery: milk of mothers after spontaneous labour contents more probiotic vaginal- and enteric-associated bacteria, while milk of mothers after C-section has more skin-associated microbiota. Depending on mother's weight: milk of overweight mothers is lower in probiotic- and higher in pathogenic bacteria. Alcohol, nicotine, and some medications also have negative impact on produced milk. Conclusions: Human milk varies from woman to woman and its composition depends on several factors. Postnatal and gestational stage, delivery mode, mother's weight and certain substances have been found to be important factors influencing the constitution of breast milk, including nutrients, microbiota and volume of milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As an indigestible component of human breast milk, Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) play an important role as a substrate for the establishing microbiome of the newborn. They have further been shown to have beneficial effects on the immune system, lung and brain development. For preterm infants HMO composition of human breast milk may be of particular relevance since the establishment of a healthy microbiome is challenged by multiple disruptive factors associated with preterm birth, such as cesarean section, hospital environment and perinatal antibiotic exposure. In a previous study it has been proposed that maternal probiotic supplementation during late stages of pregnancy may change the HMO composition in human milk. However, there is currently no study on pregnancies which are threatened to preterm birth. Furthermore, HMO composition has not been investigated in association with clinically relevant outcomes of vulnerable infants including inflammation-mediated diseases such as sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or chronic lung disease. Main body: A randomized controlled intervention study (PROMO = probiotics for human milk oligosaccharides) has been designed to analyze changes in HMO composition of human breast milk after supplementation of probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis and Bifidobacterium infantis) in pregnancies at risk for preterm birth. The primary endpoint is HMO composition of 3-fucosyllactose and 3'-sialyllactose in expressed breast milk. We estimate that probiotic intervention will increase these two HMO levels by 50% according to the standardized mean difference between treatment and control groups. As secondary outcomes we will measure preterm infants' clinical outcomes (preterm birth, sepsis, weight gain growth, gastrointestinal complications) and effects on microbiome composition in the rectovaginal tract of mothers at delivery and in the gut of term and preterm infants by sequencing at high genomic resolution. Therefore, we will longitudinally collect bio samples in the first 4 weeks after birth as well as in follow-up investigations at 3 months, one year, and five years of age. Conclusions: We estimate that probiotic intervention will increase these two HMO levels by 50% according to the standardized mean difference between treatment and control groups. The PROMO study will gain insight into the microbiome-HMO interaction at the fetomaternal interface and its consequences for duration of pregnancy and outcome of infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of lipid‐bound (LB), protein‐bound (PB), oligosaccharides‐bound, and free sialic acids in milk was developed by using high‐performance liquid chromatography ‐triple quadrupole‐tandem mass spectrometer. The profile of free and bound sialic acids in milk (human, bovine, goat, and sheep) and infant formula (IF) was examined in the present study. Human milk contains only N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and was mainly present in the form of oligosaccharide‐bound. The content of total Neu5Ac (T‐Neu5Ac), free and bound Neu5Ac in human milk decreased with the prolongation of lactation. The most intriguing finding was the increase in the proportion of PB and LB sialic acids. The sialic acids in bovine and sheep milk were mainly PB and oligosaccharides‐bound Neu5Ac. T‐Neu5Ac in goat milk (GM) was 67.44–89.72 µg/mL and was mainly PB Neu5Ac, but total N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (T‐Neu5Gc) content of GM can be as high as 100.01 µg/mL. The concentration of T‐Neu5Gc in sheep and GM was significantly higher than that of bovine milk (BM). T‐Neu5Gc content of GM ‐based IF was 264.86 µg/g, whereas T‐Neu5Gc content of BM ‐based IF was less (2.26–17.01 µg/g). Additionally, our results found that there were also sialic acids in IF ingredients, which were mainly bound with protein and oligosaccharides, primarily derived from desalted whey powder and whey protein concentrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyoxometalate-based metal–organic frameworks (POMOFs) have emerged as a promising affinity material for separation and enrichment. In this work, zirconium-rich magnetic polyoxometalate-based metal–organic framework (Fe 3 O 4 @POMOF-Zr4+) was prepared and applied to selective enrichment of phosphopeptides. Fe 3 O 4 @POMOF-Zr4+ combined the advantages of metal–organic frameworks and polyoxometalate. By virtue of the strong binding affinity came from Fe–O clusters, V–O clusters, and rich zirconium ions, the novel affinity adsorbent was successfully applied to enrich phosphopetides from standard peptide mixtures. Fe 3 O 4 @POMOF-Zr4+ had good enrichment performance in non-fat milk, human saliva, serum, and lung cancer A549 cell lysate. [Display omitted] • V 10 O 28 -Zr4+ was filled into the pores of Fe 3 O 4 @MOF to construct magnetic POMOF. • Fe 3 O 4 @POMOF-Zr4+ combined the advantages of MOFs and POMs. • The material had high sensitivity, selectivity, and recovery for phosphopeptides. • The method showed high enrichment efficiency in A549 cell lysate. Polyoxometalate-based metal–organic frameworks (POMOFs) have become a promising affinity material for separation and enrichment. The analysis of protein phosphorylation represents a challenge for the development of efficient enrichment materials. Here, a novel zirconium-rich magnetic POMOF was successfully designed and prepared for the enrichment of phosphopeptides. The binding affinity of the nanomaterial partly came from Fe–O clusters in the MOF. The Lewis acid–base interactions between V–O clusters and zirconium ions in V 10 O 28 -Zr4+ and phosphate groups in phosphopeptides further strengthened the enrichment ability. The zirconium-rich magnetic POMOF was employed to capture phosphopeptides from non-fat milk, human saliva, and serum. Additionally, 748 unique phosphopeptide peaks were detected from the tryptic digests of lung cancer A549 cell proteins with a high specificity (86.9 %). POMOFs will become an active competitor for the design of protein affinity materials and will provide a new approach for phosphopeptide analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to characterize the behavior of human milk donation and to describe the informal social and formal institutional support, according to reports from women donors. It is an exploratory, cross-sectional, descriptive study using domicile interviews based on structured and semi-structured scripts. The participants were 36 women enrolled in two human milk banks of the public health system of the Federal District. Statistical analysis of quantitative data and categorical content analysis of qualitative data were performed. Categories of reasons that most influenced the frequency of expressing were: food, time availability, negative emotions and fluid intake. The manual expressing technique was reported as predominant. The use of breast shells was cited by almost a third of the donors. Most frequent suggestions for improving institutional support were more attention and support from the milk banks for the donor. The study may serve as a stimulus for the implementation of technical and political strategies to encourage this practice.El estudio objetivó caracterizar el comportamiento envuelto en la donación de leche humana y describir el apoyo social informal e institucional, según relatos de mujeres donadoras. Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con entrevista domiciliar basada en guiones estructurados y semiestructurados. Participaron 36 mujeres registradas en dos bancos de leche humana de la red pública de salud del Distrito Federal. Fue realizado el análisis estadístico descriptivo de los datos cuantitativos, y el categórico de contenido de los datos cualitativos. Las categorías de motivos que más influyeron en la frecuencia de la extracción de leche: alimentación, disponibilidad de tiempo, emociones negativas e ingestión de líquidos. La extracción de leche manual fue referida como técnica predominante. El uso de la “conchita” fue citado por casi un tercio de las donadoras. Sugerencias más frecuentes para mejorar el apoyo institucional fueron mayor atención y apoyo de los bancos de leche a las donadoras. El estudio podrá servir de estímulo para implementación de estrategias técnicas y políticas que favorezcan esa práctica.O estudo objetivou caracterizar o comportamento de doação de leite humano e descrever o apoio social informal e institucional, segundo relatos de mulheres doadoras. Trata-se de estudo exploratório, descritivo, de corte transversal, com entrevista domiciliar baseada em roteiros estruturado e semiestruturado. Participaram 36 mulheres cadastradas em dois bancos de leite humano da rede pública de saúde do Distrito Federal. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas de dados quantitativos e categorial de conteúdo dos dados qualitativos. Categorias de motivos que mais influenciaram na frequência da ordenha: alimentação, disponibilidade de tempo, emoções negativas e ingestão de líquidos. A ordenha manual foi referida como técnica predominante. O uso da “conchinha” foi citado por quase um terço das doadoras. Sugestões mais frequentes para melhorar o apoio institucional foram maior atenção e apoio dos bancos de leite às doadoras. O estudo poderá servir de estímulo para implementação de estratégias técnicas e políticas que favoreçam essa prática.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar a concentração de alfa-tocoferol no soro e colostro materno de puérperas adolescentes e adultas e verificar a adequação nutricional de vitamina E do colostro oferecido ao lactente. MÉTODOS: participaram do estudo 72 puérperas, sendo 25 adolescentes e 47 adultas. Foram coletados 5 mL de sangue e 2 mL de colostro em condição de jejum para análise dos níveis de alfa-tocoferol. As amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A adequação nutricional do colostro para a vitamina E foi calculada pelo produto do volume estimado de ingestão de leite com a concentração de alfa-tocoferol no colostro e por comparação direta desse produto com o valor de referência para ingestão do nutriente (4 mg/dia). RESULTADOS: os níveis de alfa-tocoferol no soro de puérperas adolescentes e adultas foram, respectivamente, 30,8±9,8 e 34,1±9,5 µmol/L (média±DP). No colostro, as adolescentes apresentaram concentração de alfa-tocoferol de 32,9±15,8 µmol/L e as adultas de 30,4 ± 18,0 µmol/L, não sendo encontrada diferença significativa entre as concentrações séricas, assim como no colostro dos grupos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: Tanto as puérperas adolescentes quanto as adultas apresentaram um estado nutricional satisfatório de vitamina E refletido no colostro cujos valores foram capazes de suprir o requerimento nutricional do lactente, sugerindo que a idade materna não influencia os níveis de alfa-tocoferol do colostro humano.PURPOSE: to assess the alpha-tocopherol concentration in the serum and colostrum of adolescent and adult mothers and to determine the nutritional adequacy of vitamin E in the colostrum offered to infants. METHODS: in total, 72 pregnant women participated in the study, 25 adolescents and 47 adults. An amount of 5 mL of blood and 2 mL of colostrum were collected under fasting conditions for the analysis of alpha-tocopherol levels. The samples were analyzed by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Nutritional adequacy of colostrum for vitamin E was calculated as the product of the estimated volume of milk intake by the concentration of alpha-tocopherol in colostrum and by direct comparison of this product with the reference value for nutrient intake (4 mg/day). RESULTS: the levels of alpha-tocopherol in the serum of adolescents and adults were 30.8±9.8 and 34.1±9.5 µmol/L (mean±SD), respectively, and in colostrum, the adolescents showed a concentration of 32.9±15.8 µmol/L and the adults, a concentration of 30.4±18.0 µmol/L. No significant difference was found between concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in serum or in colostrum between adolescents and adults. CONCLUSIONS: Both adolescents and adult women had a satisfactory vitamin E nutritional status reflected in the colostrum, whose values were able to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, suggesting that the maternal age does not influence the levels of alpha-tocopherol in human colostrum.

OBJETIVOS: avaliar os níveis de alfa-tocoferol no soro e leite materno em diferentes estágios de lactação de puérperas e verificar a adequação nutri cional de vitamina E do leite oferecido ao lactente. MÉTODOS: participaram do estudo 32 parturientes adultas com idade média de 25 anos. Foram coletados 5 mL de sangue e 2 mL de colostro, em condição de jejum, para análise dos níveis de alfa tocoferol. Entre 10 e 15 dias pós-parto foram coletados mais 2 mL de leite. As amostras foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. A adequação nutricional do leite para a vitamina E foi calculada pelo produto do volume estimado de ingestão de leite com a concentração de α-tocoferol no leite e por comparação direta desse produto com o valor de referência para ingestão do nutriente (4 mg/dia). RESULTADOS: os níveis de alfa-tocoferol no sangue foram 29 ± 0,9 µmol/L (Média ± Erro padrão) e no colostro e leite de transição foram 28,7 ± 4,7 µmol/L e 7,8 ± 1,0 µmol/L, respectivamente. O consumo estimado de colostro forneceu 241% da recomendação dietética e o de leite de transição atingiu 66%. CONCLUSÕES: o grupo de mulheres estudadas apresentou um estado nutricional satisfatório de vitamina E, refletido no leite materno, principalmente no colostro, cujos valores foram capazes de suprir mais do que o dobro do requerimento nutricional do lactente.OBJECTIVES: to evaluate levels of alpha-tocopherol in the serum and breast-milk of women at various stages in lactation and to confirm whether nutritio nally appropriate levels of vitamin E are present in the milk given to the babies. METHODS: thirty-two child-bearing women with an average age of 25 years took part in the study. 5 mL of blood and 2 mL of colostrum were collected, under fasting conditions, for the purposes of analyzing the levels of alpha-tocopherol. Between 10 to 15 days after childbirth, a further 2 mL of breast-milk was collected. The samples were analyzed using High-Efficiency Liquid Chromatography. The nutritional adequacy of the breast-milk in terms of vitamin E content was calculated by multiplying the estimated volume of milk ingested by the infant by the concen tration of α-tocopherol in the breast-milk and comparing this directly with the gold standard for intake of this nutrient (4 mg/day). RESULTS: alfa-tocopherol in the blood were 29 ± 0.9 µmol/L (mean ± standard error) and in the colostrum and transition milk were 28.7 ± 4,7 µmol/L and 7.8 ± 1.0 µmol/L, respectively. The estimated consumption of colostrum provided 241% the recommended dietary intake and the transition milk provided 66%. CONCLUSIONS: the group of women under study had nutritionally adequate levels of vitamin E, and these levels are reflected in their breast-milk, especially in the colostrum, which contained more than double the nutritional requirement of the infant.

OBJETIVOS: agregar e discutir os resultados de estudos realizados no Brasil que avaliaram a concentração de vitamina A no leite materno. FONTES DOS DADOS: foram pesquisadas as bases LILACS, Banco de Teses da Capes, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library), e Plataforma Lattes -seção de produção científica. As palavras-chaves utilizadas foram: gestantes, lactante, concentração de vitamina A no leite humano, Brasil. As buscas foram realizadas em 2006 e atualizadas em março de 2008. Foram incluídos todos os estudos localizados. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: foram localizados 14 estudos, publicados entre 1988 e 2008, heterogêneos quanto ao tamanho da amostra, fase do leite, período do dia da coleta e método de determinação das concentrações de vitamina A. Foram descritas concentrações médias de vitamina A no leite humano entre 0,62 e 4,50 µmol/L. CONCLUSÕES: não houve consenso sobre a relação entre concentração de vitamina A no leite humano e vitamina A dietética, estado nutricional materno, características obstétricas e demográficas e duração da gestação. Sugere-se que estudos futuros utilizem, amostras de leite maduro, coletadas aleatoriamente ao longo dos diferentes períodos do dia, e a utilização do high performance liquid chromatography - HPLC - como método de determinação de vitamina A.OBJECTIVES: to compile the results of Brazilian studies that investigated the vitamin A content of human milk. SOURCES: the searches were performed at LILACS, Banco de Teses da Capes, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library), and Plataforma Lattes databases. The search strategy was: pregnant, lactating, human milk vitamin A concentration, Brazil. The searches were done in 2006 and updated in March 2008. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: fourteen studies published between 1988 and 2008 were located. These studies were heterogeneous in terms of sample size, milk phase, time of collection and method for determining vitamin A concentrations. The study outcomes described average vitamin A concentrations in human milk ranging from 0.62 to 4.50 µmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: there was no consensus as to the relationship between the vitamin A content of human milk and a diet with a suitable vitamin A content, maternal nutritional status, maternal obstetric and demographical characteristics and duration of pregnancy. The review indicates that future studies should use casual samples of mature milk, and use high performance liquid chromatography - HPLC - as the laboratory technique in order to quantify vitamin A.

OBJETIVO: Descrever características do comportamento de doação e identificar motivos, crenças e sentimentos relativos a essa prática, segundo relatos de mulheres doadoras. Foram investigados ainda aspectos pessoais e socioambientais de mulheres doadoras e ex-doadoras que parecem afetar a conduta de doação. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo exploratório, descritivo e transversal com mulheres doadoras cadastradas em dois bancos de leite da rede pública de saúde do Distrito Federal, com coleta de dados no período de julho a setembro de 2005. Participaram 36 mulheres com idades que variaram de 14 a 33 anos (média=24,78; dp=5,22), com diferentes níveis de escolaridade, sendo 58,3% primigestas. O procedimento de coleta de dados baseou-se em entrevistas domiciliares. Além das análises estatísticas descritivas, procedeu-se à análise de conteúdo categorial dos dados qualitativos. RESULTADOS: Os motivos mais citados para a doação de leite foram altruísmo e excesso de produção lática. O intervalo de tempo mais freqüente para a concretização da doação foi de 13 dias após o parto. Contato telefônico com o banco de leite foi a conduta adotada pela maioria das participantes (n=22) para obtenção de informações que favoreceram o início do processo de doação. CONCLUSÕES: Foram identificados aspectos psicossociais e experiências de mulheres doadoras que poderão contribuir para o fortalecimento da rede de apoio social formal e informal para doação, além de servir de estímulo para a implementação de estratégias técnicas e políticas que favoreçam a prática de doação.OBJETIVO: Describir características del comportamiento de donación e identificar motivos, creencias y sentimientos relacionados con esa práctica, según relatos de mujeres donantes. Fueron investigados también aspectos personales y socioambientales de mujeres donantes y ex-donantes que parecen afectar la conducta de donación. MÉTODOS: Fue realizado estudio exploratorio, descriptivo y transversal con mujeres donantes registradas en dos bancos de leche de la red pública de salud del Distrito Federal de Brasil, con colecta de datos en el período de julio a septiembre de 2005. Participaron 36 mujeres con edad que varió de 14 a 33 años (promedio = 24,78; desviación standard= 5,22), con diferentes niveles de escolaridad, siendo 58,3% primerizas. El procedimiento de colecta de datos se basó en entrevistas domiciliares. Además de los análisis estadísticos descriptivos, se procedió al análisis de contenido categórico de los datos cualitativos. RESULTADOS: Los motivos más citados para la donación de leche fueron altruismo y exceso de producción láctica. El intervalo de tiempo más frecuente para la concretar la donación fue de 13 días posterior al parto. Contacto telefónico con el banco de leche fue la conducta adoptada por la mayoría de las participantes (n=22) para obtención de informaciones que favorecieron el inicio del proceso de donación. CONCLUSIONES: Fueron identificados aspectos psicosociales y experiencias de mujeres donantes que pudieron contribuir para el fortalecimiento de la red de apoyo social formal e informal para donación, además de servir de estímulo para la implementación de estrategias técnicas y políticas que favorezcan la práctica de donación.OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of donation behavior and identify reasons, beliefs and feelings relative to this practice, based on the reports of donor women. Personal and social-environmental aspects, which seem to affect donation behavior in donors and former donors, were also investigated. METHODS: An exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out with women donors at two breast-milk banks within the public health system of the Brazilian Federal District. Data was collected from July to September 2005. The participants were 36 women, aged 14 to 33 years (average=24.78; SD=5.22), with different levels of schooling, 58.3% of which were first-time mothers. Data gathering was based on interviews carried out during home visits. In addition to descriptive statistical analyses of quantitative data, a qualitative data categorical analysis was also performed. RESULTS: The most frequently reported reasons for donating breast milk were altruism and excess milk production. The most frequent time interval for donation was 13 days after delivery. Contact by phone with the milk bank was the most common means of communication used by the majority of participants (n=22) to obtain information that enabled the donating process. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial aspects identified and the experience of donors can contribute to the empowerment of the formal and informal social donation-support network, in addition to serving as a driver for the implementation of technical and policy strategies in promoting future donation practices.

OBJETIVO: avaliar o manejo das mães no uso do copinho e analisar os aspectos que interferem para administração dessa técnica. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta de 30 binômios mãe/bebê. O estudo desenvolvido foi transversal de correlação. Foram realizadas coletas nos prontuários das mães e do bebê, executada uma observação das mães ofertando a dieta no copinho e aplicado um questionário com perguntas sobre o uso do copo. A análise dos resultados foi realizada por meio do programa software estatístico, SPSS 13.0. Aplicou-se testes de estatística descritiva, mais especificamente a distribuição das freqüências e das percentagens relativas de cada dado observado. Em relação à associação entre as variáveis estudadas foram utilizados os seguintes testes: teste Qui-Quadrado, com nível de significância de 5% (pPURPOSE: to evaluate cup feeding manipulation by mothers of low weight preterm infants' and to analyze the aspects that interfere in the correct use of this technique. METHODS: a cross-section correlation study was conducted. The sample included 30 pairs of mothers and babies. Data collection was based on patient' charts; interviews with the newborn' mothers and observing a diet offered in a cup feeding by mothers. The analysis of the results was based on the Software Statistical Package Social Sciences (SPSS) 13.0. We used descriptive statistical techniques through the distribution of the frequencies and the relatives percentages of each observed data. The Chi-square test and the Sperman Correlation Coeficient were used to analyze association between the variables (p

Beneficial effects of breastfeeding are well-recognized and include both immediate neonatal protection against pathogens, as well as long term protection against allergies and autoimmune diseases. Although several proteins have been identified to have anti-viral or anti-bacterial effects like secretory IgA or lactoferrin, the mechanisms of immune modulation are not fully understood. Recent studies identified important beneficial effects of glycans in human milk, such as those expressed in oligosaccharides or on glycoproteins. Glycans are recognized by the carbohydrate receptors C-type lectins on DC and specific tissue macrophages, which exert important functions in immune modulation and immune homeostasis. A well-characterized C-type lectin is DC-SIGN, which binds terminal fucose. The present study shows that in human milk, MUC1 is the major milk glycoprotein that binds to the lectin domain of DC-SIGN and prevents pathogen interaction through the presence of Lewis x-type oligosaccharides. Surprisingly, this was specific for human milk, as formula, bovine or camel milk did not show any presence of proteins that interacted with DC-SIGN. The expression of DC-SIGN is found in young infants along the entire gastro-intestinal tract. Our data thus suggest the importance of human milk glycoproteins for blocking pathogen interaction to DC in young children. Moreover, a potential benefit of human milk later in life in shaping the infants immune system through DC-SIGN cannot be ruled out.

OBJETIVOS: estimar os valores de chumbo em colostro humano, no Vale do Paraíba. MÉTODOS: trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado em Taubaté, São Paulo, nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2003, com mães que deram à luz no Hospital Universitário de Taubaté. O colostro foi coletado em tubo apropriado e resfriado a -20º C. As variáveis independentes foram idade materna, paridade e peso do recém-nascido e idade gestacional. O chumbo foi quantificado utilizando-se a técnica de espectrometria de absorção atômica, por forno de grafite. Para análise estatística utilizou-se o teste "t" de Student e quando os dados não tinham distribuição normal, o teste U de Mann-Whitney; para as variáveis contínuas foi utilizada a correlação de Pearson. O nível de significância adotado foi alfa=5%. RESULTADOS: o chumbo foi detectado em 72 amostras das 76 estudadas (94,7% das amostras com IC95%: 88,2%-98,4%); o valor médio encontrado foi 154,4µg/L (dp=173,7µg/L). Não houve correlação nem diferenças entre os valores de chumbo e as variáveis estudadas. CONCLUSÕES: os valores encontrados estão acima dos descritos na literatura e torna-se necessária a identificação de possíveis fontes desse metal pesado no meio ambiente.OBJECTIVES: to estimate lead content in human colostrum in the Vale do Paraíba. METHODS: this is a cross sectional study performed in Taubaté, São Paulo, in the months of October and November of 2003, with mothers who delivered at the University Hospital of Taubaté. Colostrum was collected in an adequate tube and chilled to -200 C. Independent variables were mothers' age, parity, newborn age and pregnancy term. Lead was quantified by use of the atomic absorption spectrometry technique, in graphite furnace. For statistical analysis the Student "t" test was used and in case of data not being normally distributed, the U test of Mann-Whitney was applied, for continuous variables Pearson correlation was used for statistical analysis. Significance level adopted was alpha= 5%. RESULTS: lead was detected in 72 samples of the 76 studies (94.7% of the samples with IC95%: 88,2%-98,4%); median value found was 154,4µg/L (dp=173,7µg/L). No correlation or differences were determined between lead content and the variables studied. CONCLUSIONS: the values found are higher than the ones described in the literature and necessary to identify the possible sources of this heavy metal in the environment.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends theintroduction of solid foods at 4 to 6 months of age, exclusivebreastfeeding for approximately the first six months after birthand continued breastfeeding for the first year or longer if possible,with complementary foods and fluids because there are variousadvantages in adopting human milk in infant nutrition. The variousbenefits of breastfeeding for babies are extensively documentedin the scientific literature as well as the role of human milk inpreventing diseases in the short and long terms in the lives ofchildren. Some human milk components that provide significantprotection against numerous infections and chronic diseases laterin life will be reviewed.

OBJECTIVES: to estimate the amount of cadmium in human colostrum of mothers from Taubaté. METHODS: it was a cross-sectional study with mothers who delivered in University Hospital of Taubaté, in year 2003. The colostrum was collected in special tubes, one day after the delivery and frozen at -200 C. The independent variables were maternal age, birthweight, gestational age, parity, dietary habits, smoking report and maternal occupation. Cadmium was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. It was used Mann-Whitney non-parametric approach to compare mean values; Pearson correlation was also used to verify associations. The level of significance was alpha = 5%. RESULTS: the mean value of cadmium was 54.5 mg/L (sd=381.0 mg/L). Cadmium was detected in 18 out of 58 samples (31.0%). There was neither correlation nor differences between the cadmium values and the independent variables maternal age, birthweight, gestational age, parify and smoking report. CONCLUSIONS: these values are above those the amounts described in other papers and it is important to identify the possible sources of this heavy metal in maternal environment.OBJETIVOS: estimar a quantidade de cádmio em colostro de mães de Taubaté. MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo do tipo transversal envolvendo mães que deram à luz no Hospital Universitário de Taubaté, no ano de 2003. O colostro foi coletado até um dia após o parto, em tubos de polipropileno previamente tratados e refrigerado a -20° C. As variáveis independentes foram idade materna, peso do recém-nascido, idade gestacional, paridade, hábitos alimentares, relato de fumo e ocupação materna. Cádmio foi quantificado através da técnica da espectroscopia de absorção atômica. Foram utilizados a técnica não-paramétrica de Mann-Whitney para comparação das médias e a correlação de Pearson para verificar associações. O nível de significância adotado foi alfa = 5%. RESULTADOS: o valor médio de cádmio encontrado foi 54,5 mg/L (dp = 381,0 mg/L), sendo quantificado em 18 de 58 amostras (31,0%). Não foram observadas correlações nem diferenças entre o conteúdo de cádmio e as variáveis estudadas. CONCLUSÕES: os valores encontrados neste estudo estão acima dos encontrados por outros autores e é importante identificar as possíveis fontes deste contaminante no ambiente materno.

Premature infants, given their limited reserves, heightened energy requirements, and susceptibility to nutritional deficits, require specialized care. Aim: To examine the complex interplay between nutrition and neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring the critical need for tailored nutritional approaches to support optimal brain growth and function. Data sources: PubMed and MeSH and keywords: preterm, early nutrition, macronutrients, micronutrients, human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, probiotics AND neurodevelopment or neurodevelopment outcomes. Recent articles were selected according to the authors' judgment of their relevance. Specific nutrients, including macro (amino acids, glucose, and lipids) and micronutrients, play an important role in promoting neurodevelopment. Early and aggressive nutrition has shown promise, as has recognizing glucose as the primary energy source for the developing brain. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as DHA, contribute to brain maturation, while the benefits of human milk, human milk oligosaccharides, and probiotics on neurodevelopment via the gut-brain axis are explored. This intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system highlights human milk oligosaccharides' role in early brain maturation. Conclusions: Individualized nutritional approaches and comprehensive nutrient strategies are paramount to enhancing neurodevelopment in premature infants, underscoring human milk's potential as the gold standard of nutrition for preterm infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de microrganismos indicadores e potencialmente patogênicos que indicam as condições higiênico-sanitárias das amostras de leite humano ordenhado coletadas em banco de leite. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas de 338 amostras de leite humano ordenhado, sendo 194 de leite cru e 144, pasteurizado, coletadas em banco de leite humano de um hospital materno infantil de Goiânia, GO. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas com semeadura em ágar Mc Conkey, de acordo com o tipo de bactéria. RESULTADOS: No leite cru, verificou-se a presença de Staphylococcus spp. Streptococcus spp., bolores e leveduras e Enterobacteriaceae. Observou-se que Staphylococcus aureus esteve presente em 10 (5,2%) amostras, Staphylococcus epidermidis em 28 (14,4%), Streptococcus spp. em três (1,6%), bolores e leveduras em 43 (22,2%) e Enterobacteriaceae em 49 (25,3%). Das 144 amostras de leite humano ordenhado pasteurizado, detectaram-se Staphylococcus aureus em cinco (3,5%), Staphylococcus epidermidis em 15 (10,4%), Staphylococcus lugdenensis em duas (1,4%), Streptococcus spp. em quatro (2,8%), bolores e leveduras em 37 (25,7%) e Enterobacteriaceae em nove (6,3%). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram um alto grau de contaminação no leite cru. No leite pasteurizado, apesar da eliminação da grande maioria de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos, a percentagem de bolores e leveduras excedeu a de leite cru, mostrando a necessidade de obtenção de um leite com carga microbiana inicial mais baixa para que a pasteurização seja eficiente no controle microbiológico.OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms that indicate the hygienic and sanitary conditions of human milk samples collected at a Human Milk Bank. METHODS: Three hundred and thirty eight (338) samples of human milk collected from a milk bank in a maternity in the municipality of Goiânia, in the state of Goias, Brazil were submitted to microbiological analysis. The latter were plated on McConkey agar according to the type of bacteria. Among the total number of samples collected, 194 consisted of raw milk and the remaining 144 were pasteurized milk. RESULTS: The presence of Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., yeasts and molds, and Enterobacteriaceae was verified in the raw milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated in 10 (5.2%) samples, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 28 (14.4%) samples, Streptococcus spp. in three (1.6%) samples, yeasts and molds in 43 (22.2%) and Enterobacteriaceae in 49 (25.3%) samples. In a hundred and forty four (144) samples which underwent thermal treatment Staphylococcus aureus was detected in five (3.5%) samples, Staphylococcus epidermidis in 15 (10.4%), Staphylococcus lugdenensis in two (1.4%), Streptococcus spp. in four (2.8%), yeasts and molds in 37 (25.7%), and Enterobacteriaceae in nine (6.3%). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis indicated a high degree of contamination in raw human milk, and as for the pasteurized milk, despite elimination of the great majority of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, the percentage of yeasts and molds was higher than in raw milk, demonstrating that a lower degree of initial contamination would be necessary for pasteurization to be an efficient means of microbiological control.

Background: The UK dairy sheep industry is relatively small but growing, particularly for cheese and yogurt products. Anecdotally, sheep milk (SM) may be better tolerated by humans than cows' milk and could have environmental as well as health benefits. All milk contains sub-micron particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are mainly derived from the mammary epithelium. Physiologically, milk-derived EVs are thought to aid in the development of infant immunity and the microbiome, but may also have health benefits to adult humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether EVs could be isolated from raw sheep milk and whether they have any effect on inflammatory responses in THP-1, a human monocyte cell line, in vitro. Methods: Using sequential ultracentrifugation, vesicles of <1 µm (LEV) followed by <200 nm (sEVs) were isolated from six individual sheep during mid-lactation. RNA was extracted and microRNA analyzed by RTqPCR for sequences previously identified in cows' milk. Human THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and incubated with SM-derived LEVs and sEVs in the presence of pro-inflammatory LPS to measure the effects on the secretion of the chemokine CCL-2 or in the presence of DMNQ and fluorescent dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3 to measure reactive oxygen species. Results: LEVs induced an increase in ROS in both monocytes and macrophages, whilst sEVs decreased DMNQ-mediated ROS in macrophages but not monocytes. Interestingly, the LEVs did not induce CCL2 release; however, they increased LPS-induced CCL2 secretion in monocytes but not macrophages. miR26a, miR92a, miR125b, miR155 and miR223 were identified in both sEVs and LEVs by RT-qPCR and could be responsible for the modulation of ROS and CCL2 expression. Conclusions: These findings suggest that like cows' milk, sheep milk contains EVs, and they can influence human monocyte/macrophage responses, and so is worthy of further investigation for its potential human- and non-human-animal health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of breast milk from brazilian mothers delivering low birthweight infants and its adequacy as a source of nutrients for this group has not yet been fully elucidated. A total of 209 milk samples from 66 women were analysed. The mothers were divided into three groups: G1, mothers delivering term babies of low birthweight (TSGA, n=16); G2, mothers delivering preterm babies of appropriate birthweight (PTAGA, n=20); G3, mothers delivering term babies of appropriate birthweight (TAGA, n=30). The following factors were analysed: osmolarity, total proteins and protein fractions, creamatocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Milk samples were collected 48 h and 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after delivery. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of osmolarity, total proteins and fractions, creamatocrit, calcium, magnesium or potassium throughout the study period. Sodium levels were higher in all samples from mothers of TSGA infants and in samples from mothers of PTAGA infants on the 7th, 15th and 30th days than in milk from the TAGA group. The authors consider the needs of the low birthweight and TAGA infants and that these high sodium levels may be necessary for growth of low birthweight infants.A composição do leite de mães brasileiras de lactentes de baixo peso e sua adequação como fonte de nutrientes para este grupo ainda não foi totalmente elucidada. Um total de 209 amostras de leite de 66 nutrizes foram analisadas. As mães foram divididas em três grupos: G1, mães de recém-nascidos (RN) a termo, com baixo peso (TSGA, n=16); G2, mães de RN pré-termo, com peso adequado (PTAGA, n=20); G3, mães de RN a termo e peso adequado (TAGA, n=30). Os seguintes fatores foram analisados: osmolaridade, proteínas totais e frações, crematócrito, sódio, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. As amostras foram coletadas 48 h, no 7º, 15º, 30º e 60º dias após o parto. Os grupos não diferiram em termos de osmolaridade, proteínas totais e frações, crematócrito, cálcio, magnésio ou potássio durante o estudo. Os níveis de sódio foram maiores em todas as amostras de mães de TSGA e em mães de PTAGA no 7º, 15º e 30º dias em relação a mães de TAGA. Foram consideradas as necessidades dos lactentes de baixo peso e TAGA, e estes níveis de sódio podem ser necessários para o crescimento dos RN de baixo peso.

The composition of breast milk from brazilian mothers delivering low birthweight infants and its adequacy as a source of nutrients for this group has not yet been fully elucidated. A total of 209 milk samples from 66 women were analysed. The mothers were divided into three groups: G1, mothers delivering term babies of low birthweight (TSGA, n=16); G2, mothers delivering preterm babies of appropriate birthweight (PTAGA, n=20); G3, mothers delivering term babies of appropriate birthweight (TAGA, n=30). The following factors were analysed: osmolarity, total proteins and protein fractions, creamatocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Milk samples were collected 48 h and 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after delivery. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of osmolarity, total proteins and fractions, creamatocrit, calcium, magnesium or potassium throughout the study period. Sodium levels were higher in all samples from mothers of TSGA infants and in samples from mothers of PTAGA infants on the 7th, 15th and 30th days than in milk from the TAGA group. The authors consider the needs of the low birthweight and TAGA infants and that these high sodium levels may be necessary for growth of low birthweight infants.