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Despite decades and hundreds of billions of dollars of federal and state investment in policies to promote postsecondary educational attainment as a key lever for increasing the economic mobility of lower income populations, research continues to show large and meaningful differences in the mid-career earnings of students from families in the bottom and top income quintiles. Prior research has not disentangled whether these disparities are due to differential sorting into colleges and majors, or due to barriers that lower socioeconomic status (SES) graduates encounter during the college-to-career transition. Using linked individual-level higher education and Unemployment Insurance records for nearly a decade of students from the Virginia Community College System, we compare the labor market outcomes of higher and lower SES community college graduates within the same college, program, and academic performance level. Our analyses show that, conditional on employment, lower SES graduates earn nearly $500/quarter less than their higher SES peers one year after graduation, relative to higher SES graduate average of $10,846/quarter. The magnitude of this disparity persists through at least three years after graduation. Disparities are concentrated among non-nursing programs, in which gaps persist seven years from graduation. Our results highlight the importance of greater focus on the college-to-career transition.

Educational reforms have been changing as each nation strives to improve its citizens through the implementation of a curriculum that provides acquisition of knowledge, skills, attitudes that will promote standard performance on the job. East Africa nations for a long time have implemented content-based curriculum which was criticized in preparing graduates who do not satisfy the employability trends, job market demands, and 21st-century skills on outsourcing skillful human power resource. Currently, many Africa nations have adopted a Competency-based curriculum as an education system to drive solutions to the attainment of the populace with the desired competency for job market performance. CBC emphasizes the achievement of competence among learners. This paper discussion has dwelled on aspects of CBC, the concept of competency, the role of the teacher in CBC to develop competency, and the importance of competency in the job market. The clear conclusion attests that education should emphasize the development of competence among graduates to curb unemployment in the Africa Nations.

This study investigated acquired and required competencies in interactive computer technology (ICT) in labour data were collected from employers' and employees'. The study is a descriptive research of the survey type. The population of the study consisted of unemployed graduates, employed graduates and various parastatal where graduates seek for employment in Ondo state. The study sample consisted of fifty employed graduates randomly selected from different parts in Ondo state, one hundred unemployed graduates randomly selected from different parts of Ondo state and fifty employers of 6 six respondents each from the Banking Sector, Radio Station, Power Holding Company Sector, Local Government Sector, Hospital, Teaching Service Commission Sector, Construction Companies Sector, Police Force and Road Safety were randomly selected for the study. A self developed questionnaire was used to gather information for this study. Six research questions were raised for the study and analyzed using frequency percentage count and simple percentage. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made.

In this article, we ask what role both digital and artistic human capital play in the creative economy by examining employment patterns of digital technology (DT) and creative arts and design (CAD) graduates. Using student micro-data collected by the Higher Education Statistical Agency (HESA) in the United Kingdom, we investigate the characteristics and location determinants of these graduates. The article deals specifically with understanding how digital and creative skills in the UK are embedded across industries, or are concentrated in creative sub-sectors. Furthermore, it explores the role that these graduates play in each of the different sectors and their financial rewards. Findings suggest that digital technology graduates tend to concentrate in the software and gaming sub-sector of the creative industries, but also are likely to be in embedded creative jobs outside of the creative industries. DT and CAD graduates are more likely to be in a creative job than other graduates. Although they are more likely to be in full-time employment than part-time or self-employment, DT graduates suffer from a higher level of unemployment than CAD graduates.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to verify whether higher education increases the likelihood of young Italian workers moving from non-standard to standard wage contracts. Design/methodology/approach: The authors exploit a data set on labour market flows, produced by the Italian National Statistical Office, by interviewing about 85,000 graduate and non-graduate individuals aged 15-29 in transition between five labour market states: standard wage employment; non-standard wage employment; self-employment; unemployment; inactivity. From these data, an average six-year transition matrix was constructed whose coefficients can be interpreted as probabilities of moving from one state to another over time. Findings: As the authors find evidence for the so-called stepping stone hypothesis (that is, a higher probability of moving to a permanent job for individuals starting from a temporary job), the authors expect graduates to be more likely to pass from non-standard to standard wage contracts than non-graduates, because the signalling effect of education is enhanced by the stepping stone effect of non-standard wage contracts. Nevertheless, the authors find that non-standard wage contracts of graduates are more likely to be terminated as bad job/worker matches. Originality/value: This paper adds to the empirical literature on the probability of young workers moving from non-standard wage contracts to a permanent job. By separating graduates from non-graduates, it was found that education reduces the likelihood of passing from non-standard to standard wage contracts. The authors interpret this result as evidence of the changing labour market that makes it more difficult to infer the productivity of graduates as opposed to non-graduates. (Contains 6 notes and 1 table.)

The high level of graduate unemployment, even though it is acknowledged as one of the most distinctive characteristics of the Greek labour market, it has not attracted enough attention in the academic literature. This paper utilizes micro-data from the Labour Force Survey in order to investigate how the employment situation of young (aged 35 and below) graduates varies across fields of study. The findings suggest that graduates of disciplines that have high levels of private sector employment, such as Polytechnics and Computer Science, are in general better off in the Greek labour market. On the other hand, graduates of disciplines that are traditionally related to the needs of the public sector, such as Social and Humanities, face poor employment prospects. The findings of this study highlight the need for drastic reforms of the Higher Education system.

Changes in the former Soviet system had a dramatic influence on higher education in Georgia. The main objective of the current article is to analyse implications of the post-Soviet transition for the skill formation and skill utilisation system in Georgia. In particular, the study analyses recent trends in Georgian higher education including privatisation and economic liberalisation. The discussion builds upon theories of transition and relevance of skill formation theories to the post-Soviet transition. The article argues that increasing competition among public universities and newly emerged private universities has not improved the quality of higher education provision. On the contrary, it has contributed to an imbalance between the labour market's demand for skills and awarded qualifications, a mismatch and irrelevance of skills and high unemployment rates among university graduates. The article demonstrates that economic approaches in the transition context could not explain the complex logic between the skill formation and skill utilisation mechanisms. It further concludes that the discrepancies between the skill formation and skill utilisation systems had a negative impact upon skill modernisation in Georgia.

Reviews recent trends in the employment situation for youth and examines the rates at which school dropouts and high school graduates are entering the labor force. Compares family income and the participation of youth in school and the labor force. (LRA)

Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims: Diet‐related chronic disease contributes significantly to the global burden of disease. Dietitians are best placed to address this disease burden, yet graduate dietitians may struggle to find employment. This study aimed to explore dietetics graduates' experiences of employment and employability, up to 6‐month post‐degree completion. Methods: Secondary data analysis of in‐depth qualitative interview data and longitudinal audio‐diaries was undertaken. An interpretivist approach was employed whereby knowledge was viewed as subjective and multiple realities exist. A total of five entrance interviews, 31 audio‐diaries and three exit interviews, from nine graduates were included in the analysis. This comprised 12 h of longitudinal audio data. Thematic analysis was undertaken using a framework analysis method. Results: Four key themes were identified: (1) The tumultuous process of applying for jobs demonstrated that graduates struggled with repeated rejections. (2) The uncertain journey to employment indicated that job‐seeking was a limbo stage marked by uncertainty. (3) Feeling the pressure showed that graduates experienced pressure from multiple sources. (4) Enhancing employability explained that graduates were not prepared for available employment opportunities, but utilised resources to increase their employability. Conclusion: Diverse placement experiences may better prepare graduates for available employment opportunities. To enhance employability, it may be beneficial to assist students to develop job‐seeking skills, and to engage in networking and volunteering experiences during their education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on recent UK graduates' initial employment outcomes and how they experience the transition into a challenging labour market context. We draw on longitudinal survey and interview data, collected from recent graduates who had mainly graduated during the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic in summer 2020 that examines graduate perception of the labour market, impacts on labour market entry impacts and early career progression and effects of periods of unemployment or under‐employment. The article shows some of the main impacts of the recent pandemic‐affected labour market, including: widespread concerns about job opportunities and employer support, the perceived employment impacts of the pandemic and early signs of scarring and labour market disorientation amongst those who were struggling to find employment of their choice. Such experiences are clearly intensified during the specific COVID‐19 context, but the policy implications they raise have wider relevance for supporting graduates during future periods of labour market volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the lived experiences of unemployed graduate youth in Botswana, and it is part of a doctoral thesis titled, "Enhancing Active Labour Market Programmes for Improved Youth Livelihoods: A Study of Unemployed Graduate Youth in Botswana." The qualitative study drew data from focus group discussions with unemployed graduate youth for this article and adopted the sustainable livelihoods framework. The data used were derived from the narrations as stated by unemployed graduate young people in three localities of Gaborone (urban), Kanye (urban villages), and Oodi/Modipane (rural areas) who partook in the study and are, therefore, not representative of the entire population of those unemployed in Botswana. Rather, the study highlights the unemployed young graduates' lived experiences. Among the highly mentioned experiences of these unemployed graduate youth were social exclusion by their communities, family and friends; unmitigated blame; loss of respect, esteem, and self-esteem; wrongful accusations; and unappreciated domestic work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universities place particular importance on their internship projects for university students. The purpose of this study is to identify if the internships have an impact on the students' entry to the labour market. The methodology used is based on the bivariate analysis and the multiple binary logistic regression technique, using data from the 2014 Survey on the Labour Insertion of University Graduates (EILU), carried out by the INE. The sample used comprises 30,379 graduates and in the internships section, 21,622 university graduates. The results obtained confirm that internships are a tool for job placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the experience of employed higher education graduates in two countries with high rates of graduate unemployment. It examines the employment experience of graduates and their perceptions regarding the contribution of higher education to their employment and career prospects. Qualitative research was used to collect information from 58 university graduates in two Southern European countries, Greece and Cyprus. Respondents provided information on the skills and competencies acquired through higher education and utilised in the world of work. In both countries, modest links were reported between jobs and graduates’ field of study, as well as between knowledge and non-knowledge-based competencies acquired through higher education, and the requirements of the graduates’ jobs. The findings are used as the basis for suggestions that can enhance graduate employability and contribute to the management of the link between higher education and the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the difficulties on Romanian labour market related to the insertation of high-educated people, the main aim of this research is to explain the unemployment rate in the Romanian regions in different periods, conditioned by the data availability: 1993-2017 and 2005-2017. The results based on panel data indicated that there is a negative correlation between the number of unemployed people and number of faculties. On the other hand, the number of available jobs is positively correlated with the number of unemployed people. Even if a part of graduates integrated on labour market, there are still available jobs and still unemployment among high educated people. The emigration process also influences the tensions on Romanian labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To reveal correlates of the decrease of Spanish nurse migration (1999–2007). Background: Nursing outmigration is a concern for countries. Nurse migration from Spain began in the 1990s. Introduction: From 1999 to 2007, the yearly number of migrations dropped significantly. We ask what social, economic and policy factors could be related to this drop. Methods: We used publicly available statistics to confirm hypothesis (1) The drop in nursing migration coincided with a drop in nursing unemployment. Then we hypothesized that this coincided with (1a) a decrease in the number of graduates, (1b) an increase in the number of hospitals and/or beds functioning, and/or (1c) an increase in the ratio of part‐time contracts. Results: Our analysis confirms hypotheses (1) and (1c) and disconfirms (1a) and (1b). Conclusion: The greater availability of part‐time contracts seems to have encouraged nurses to remain in Spain. Implications for Nursing Management: The strategy to reduce nursing unemployment with more part‐time contracts, while temporarily successful in Spain, brings with it major challenges for patient care and the working life of nurses. We suggest that nurse leaders and health policymakers consider proactive policies to adjust the balance between supply and demand without decreasing the quality of available positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Botswana has long invested in education, high unemployment rates among the youth, females and university graduates remain a critical challenge for the country. Despite this challenge, research on the issue is scant and solutions to assist the affected groups to enhance their employability remain scarce and inaccessible. This paper employs a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive approach to investigate Botswana university students’ knowledge of employability skills and attributes. It further assesses whether there are differences between the skills and attributes that students perceive as important versus the ones that have been reported as important by the global labour market. The paper also proposes a framework for ensuring the development of employability skills and attributes by different players in the labour market. The proposed framework recognizes employability as a joint responsibility shared by training institutions, employers, incumbent employees and potential employees. Implications for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The beginning of the economic transformation in Poland in 1990 initiated rapid quantitative and qualitative changes in higher education in that country. Previously, the possibility of increasing a number of students in higher education institutions (HEIs) had been limited by the monopoly of public education. The situation in higher education was changed dramatically by the Higher Education Act of 12 September 1990. The Act enabled the creation of private HEIs. Their number increased dramatically over the next years. However, the number of academic teachers did not increase to the same extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background After the financial crisis of 2008, increasing numbers of nurses from Spain are going abroad to work. Objectives To examine the health and workforce policy trends in Spain between 2009 and 2014 and to analyze their correlation with the migration of nurses. Design Single embedded case study. Data sources We examined data published by: Health Statistics, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1996 to 2013); Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports (2006 to 2013); Ministry of Employment and Social Security (2009 to 2014); Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality (1997 to 2014); and National Institute of Statistics (1976 to 2014). In addition to reviewing the scholarly literature on the topic in Spanish and English, we also examined Spanish mobility laws and European directives. Population We used the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development definition of “professionally active nurses” which defines practising nurses and other nurses as those for whom their education is a prerequisite for employment as a nurse. Moreover, we used the term “nursing graduate” as defined by Spanish Ministry of Education to describe those who have obtained a recognized qualification in nursing in a given year, the term “registered nurses” is defined by Spanish law as nurses registered in the Nurses Associations and “unemployed nurses” are those without work and registered as seeking employment. Results A transformation of the Spanish health system has reduced the number of employed nurses per capita since 2010. Moreover, reductions in public spending, labour market reforms and widespread unemployment have affected nurses in two ways: first by increasing the number of applicants per vacancy between 2009 and 2013, and second, by an increase in casual positions. However, despite the poor job market and decreasing job security, the number of registered nurses and nursing graduates in Spain per year has continued to grow, increasing the pressure on the labour market. Conclusions Spain is transforming from a stable nursing labour market, to one that is increasingly producing nurses for foreign markets, principally in Europe. With its low birth rate, increased life expectancy and increasing rates of chronic disease, it is critical for Spain to have sufficient nurses now and into the future. It is important that there be continued study of this phenomenon by Spanish policy makers, health service providers and educators in order for Spain to develop health human resources policies that address the health care needs of the Spanish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conditions on the labour market have changed dramatically in the last twenty years and the importance of human resources has increased. A company has to find, keep, and educate those workers who are able to adapt quickly to changes in the market. Such a company is then able to innovate constantly, which ensures its long-term competitiveness. Moreover, after finishing their education young people experience problems when seeking suitable employment. University graduates face stronger competition from other graduates when seeking employment. This target risk group of university graduates in particular is included in the primary research, together with the other side of the labour market, employers. The importance of individual criteria that are pivotal for employers during job interviews was examined on the basis of an anonymous questionnaire. 18 criteria were assessed and compared on a scale from 1 to 5. The correlation between the rate of importance of the given criterion and the group of respondents was tested. It was discovered that the criterion employers consider the most important is the flexibility and adaptability of a job candidate. This criterion is followed by willingness to learn, loyalty, and selfreliance. Those considered least important were these criteria: a stay abroad, courses/certificates, and studying at a particular university. On the other hand, the students consider the most important criteria to be foreign language skills, followed by communication skills, and willingness to learn and an internship during their studies. The criteria that were seen as the most important were: self-confidence, experience of a stay abroad, and the particular university that the student graduated from. The most significant difference in the assessment of the criteria between the employers and students was identified as being an internship during one's studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of tertiary education in most of the world countries in the last 3-4 decades is recognized as one of the most striking features of the education sector. This rapid expansion has raised a range of questions generating new perspectives, debates and studies on the higher education subject and also new attitudes at the government, institutional and individual levels. Some of the most debated issues are: 1)Has this expansion affected the transition process from tertiary education to work? 2)Are tertiary education systems able to meet the needs of labour markets? 3)Has the increase in tertiary graduates resulted in an oversupply of workers with tertiary education? The objective of this article is to make some considerations on these three subjects by presenting some critical issues for Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thehigh unemployment rate among young people and the poor absorption rate of them on the labour market are two of the main reasons that justify the concern for understanding the insertion of recent graduates on the labour market. Starting from this, the present research aims to investigate the way in which certain characteristics of Romanian graduates influence their insertion on the labour market. For this purpose all 1641 graduates from 2014 enrolled in the contest for obtaining a job in pre-secondary education with adequate training requirements for the job were taken into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the discussions we had with the graduates of George Bacovia University, Bacãu concerning their employment, it repeatedly resulted that the frequent obstacles they are faced with in the interviews had with employers are those related to the experience in the field. In fact, such conditions can be also observed from the multitude of job offers made by employers, in which the first requirement is the expertise in the field. In this context, the internship could play an essential role in increasing the access of young people on the labor market, because they could make the transition from the theoretical knowledge, gained through education, to the skills and competencies necessary in the workplace, thereby enhancing the chances of young people to find a job. In a working document of the Services of the Commission of the European Union [1] it is stated that the unemployment rate among young people (aged between 15 and 24 years of age) experienced a dramatic increase: starting in 2008, the total number of unemployed young people in the EU has increased by 1 million, and currently, in the EU-27, there are 5.2 million young people under 25 years of age who cannot find a job. In this context, internships (as a way to make the transition from theoretical knowledge, gained through education, to the skills and competencies necessary in the workplace) could play a key role in increasing the access of young people on the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the point of entryt, many prospective undergraduates believe that having a university degree or certificate alone would necessarily guarantee employment. Eventually, a few find employment, but many do not, possibly because the latter group chose courses that were not labour market relevant. In this study, some of the graduates produced between 1996 and 2006 who found employment were tracked, and the factors that determined the choice of their courses were investigated, as well as their sources of information on career choices. The relationship between their courses of study and the demands of the labour market were also determined. Results showed that the choice of courses by these graduates was largely based on parents' wishes (; SD = 0.99), while labour market relevance was considered less important. Those that got information on career choice from secondary school Guidance Counsellors were 35.6%, while 10.2% had no access to career information. Incidentally, there was a positive relationship (r = 0.461; df = 1450; P < 0.05) between course preferences and the demands of the labour market. This positive relationship suggests that parents and Guidance Counsellors, from whom most of the graduates obtained direction, were aware of labour market activities. Parents and counsellors are therefore equally up-to-date with the happenings in the labour market, and so can guide prospective students in the right direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e graduates of tertiary education level are one of the risk groups in the economically active age, who have a significant problem to find a job in the labour market. The research has been focused on defining the key factors influencing the creation of competitive advantages of the tertiary education graduates entering labour market as well as to identify the effectiveness of these factors in the process of entering the tertiary education graduates in the labour market. The methods of analysis were used in the processing of a survey of graduates from three universities of the Czech Republic, namely: the Masaryk University Czech Republic, the Mendel University in Brno, and the Brno University of Technology, at all levels of the higher education degree (Bachelor, Master, PhD) completed by the respondents graduating no earlier than two years ago. The data were collected through an online questionnaire, published in the February and March 2013 on the server http://rela.mendelu.cz, at the number of 150 returned filled questionnaires. Based on the analysis of secondary sources, there were for the research purposes defined five key factors influencing the efficiency of entering the labour market. These factors are the analysis of the current labour market situation and the rational preference of specialization, the active search and participating in programs and the internships focused on gaining the practical experience, the acquisition of professional skills, the use of institutional support and professional assistance and the factor of the building and use of networking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents a general analysis of the problems regarding occupation and unemployment for graduates of various educational levels in Romania, intending to capitalize on the data base found in the activity reports of the National Agency for labor force occupation and its annexes. There are analyzed the statistical data regarding the occupation of graduates by offering subsidies to economic entities who hire graduates, and the unemployment among graduates, is approached from the viewpoint of territorial differences at NUTS III level. The analysis is completed with the relation of statistical data (per month, in 2008, 2009 and 2010) regarding the flows of graduates entering in unemployment, with the ones related to vacant workplaces destined to graduates and evidence of the demand and supply of working places for graduates on dedicated job fairs, during the economic-financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The financial tsunami started in September 2008 and soon spread all over the world. University students graduating in 2009 may therefore experience difficulties in job hunting. In the face of such adversity at the start of their careers, fresh graduates should take positive actions (e.g., undertake further studies) or consider options (e.g., take a part-time or summer job, or join internship programmes) that will enable them to accumulate work experiences and life skills. This paper outlines views on internship programmes, quoting a small-scale study on how students from Lingnan University perceived their internship experiences, and discusses the possible effects of internship programmes amidst the financial tsunami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors discuss the impact of unemployment of newly graduated nurses on the quality of healthcare and the nursing profession in Sydney, New South Wales. The authors mention that the failure of new nurse graduates to get employment is detrimental not only to individuals and the communities where they live but also on the nursing profession. Moreover, they state the need for the sector to find ways to support new nursing graduates who failed to obtain jobs immediately.