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This paper focuses on exploring the intellectual basis for establishing an academic development program for international doctoral students in social sciences and humanities in Central Europe so as to cultivate a reflective scholarly approach to teaching early on in their academic career. The program conceptions and practices are embedded in the notion that a scholarly approach to teaching integrates the understanding and demonstration of knowledge about teaching and necessitates a continuous learning process about teaching through reflection and through conducting research on teaching in the various disciplines. In particular, taking on board the domains of teaching knowledge which derived from the kinds of reflections on teaching (cf. Kreber & Cranton, 2000; Mezirow, 1991), instructional, pedagogical and curricular knowledge and continuous reflection at the level of content, process as well as premise, are represented in an integrative manner in our overarching program principles and pedagogical strategies. As we see, professionalization of doctoral students' teaching practice in higher education (cf. Lueddeke, 2003) is particularly important in the context of enhanced faculty mobility and internationalization. Therefore, this paper aims to contribute to the literature and practice on establishing academic development programs, especially in academic environments with low institutional support for teaching and lack of formal requirements for professional development.

A growing body of literature recognizes the importance of examining research article (RA) abstracts in particular disciplines. RA abstracts, after titles, are the first mini texts that readers may encounter in a scientific paper. Abstracts, therefore, determine the value of the paper and categorize them as good or vague. The present contrastive study aims to investigate the rhetorical organization of RA abstracts published in native and non-native English-speaking countries. It adopts Hyland's (2000) rhetorical structure model: introduction, purpose, method, product, and conclusion. A corpus of eighty RA abstracts written in the fields of humanities (education and sociology) and science (electronics and agronomy) and published in Ecuadorian and American journals between the periods of 2010-2016 constitutes the target data for the analysis. The results show rhetorical variation in the construction of RA abstracts across the four disciplines. These abstracts followed a non-hierarchical five move structure with three stable moves, as of M2, M3, and M4 sections. Research findings add to the claim that in academic writing, different discursive conventions and discourse community practices influence writers' preferred rhetoric and composing patterns.

The digital humanities (DH) remain a growing area of interest among researchers and a locus of new positions within libraries, especially academic libraries, as well as archives, museums, and cultural heritage organizations. In response to this demand, many programs that train information professionals have developed specific curricula around DH. This paper analyzes courses offered within two overlapping contexts: American Library Association (ALA) accredited programs and iSchools. In addition to documenting the scope and extent of DH courses in these settings, we also analyze their contents, relating our findings to previous research, including analysis of job ads and interviews with professionals.

The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme provides an academically challenging curriculum that when combined with moral and religious formation prepares graduates of Catholic secondary schools to succeed in college and to live as Christian citizens in an interconnected global society. Although the financial cost of the program is high, this paper will argue that the adoption of the International Baccalaureate Diploma increases academic rigor at the high school level and serves as an effective marketing tool to attract students to Catholic schools. Using examples from several Catholic high schools, this paper will also examine how the International Baccalaureate can help schools deepen the realization of Catholic identity and provide educators with an ordered, humanities-based curriculum that although secular in origin draws on Catholic intellectual tradition.

The term "liberal arts" usually conjures up one central idea; that is, effective liberal arts education as strong academic achievement. A second, less dominant, and frequently neglected notion regards effective liberal arts education as producing intellectual interests and habits that endure throughout adult life. The two ideas are complementary and not in opposition. But they are different. The dominant idea associates the liberal arts with a collection of academic subjects or disciplines, most often divided into three broad and overlapping groups. For example, they are labeled by the National Center for Education Statistics as humanities, social and behavioral sciences, and natural sciences. The second idea about the liberal arts tradition is that what begins as a required activity assessed just after instruction should become voluntary behavior engaged in for curiosity and pleasure. The ultimate agenda of the liberal arts is how a person lives his or her life--what that person is like as an adult and not merely as a youth at the time school graduation requirements have been met. The ultimate product of an effective liberal arts education is active reflection about serious ideas. Enduring intellectual interests are to be created and pursued long after required courses and examinations are over and done with. This essay explores both the academic achievement side of the liberal arts tradition and the enduring intellectual interests side as they have played out in American high schools. The author discusses three historical windows that further illuminate the interplay among ideas about the liberal arts. First is the work of Charles W. Eliot at the end of the nineteenth century which crystallized ideas about the content and purpose of modern high school academics. Second is the reaction against Eliot's work by the professional custodians of the rapidly expanding American high school. A third window is the role of elite higher education, especially in the first half of the twentieth century, as guardian and primary generator of the liberal arts tradition. Comments by Jeffrey Mirel and Richard J. Murnane are presented. (Contains 64 notes.)

Introduction: In the last two decades, academic medical centers in the United States have faced a new challenge, dealing with breaches of medical professionalism in their staff, house staff, and medical students. Medical education settings have largely directed their professionalism efforts toward responding reactively to negative outliers., Discussion: This paper contends that the warrant of medical education mandates a transformative path forward. While negative behavior must be responded to meaningfully, so, too, must positive role models of professional behavior be publicly lauded for their consequential culture change in their institutions, and promoted as positive role models. Further, the promotion of medical professionalism must be part of this culture by proactively engaging all learners and health care providers with medical ethics and humanities-based knowledge, critical thinking skills, and role modeling., Conclusion: Professionalism programs should be vested with the authority to implement an affirmative educational program intended to nurture and promote medical professionalism in each medical student, resident, fellow, and attending and utilize methods to that end employing both virtue and care ethics.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of Looking Back at the Lawsuit That Transformed the Chiropractic Profession, which is a series of 8 research papers that explore the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association lawsuit and how these events may have had an influence on the chiropractic profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People toss around the phrase "publish or perish" without thought these days, especially in the humanities. Certainly, professors tell their master's and doctoral students that, should they pursue an academic career, they will be expected to present papers at conferences, publish journal articles, and, to receive tenure, produce a monograph before their sixth year as a faculty member. While it is true that "publish or perish" applies at some institutions, most professors at most institutions do no publish nearly as much as people might think. In this article, the author contends that it is time for professors to stop telling graduate students that all jobs have the same publishing expectations. Professors need to tell their students that they can find jobs at smaller, liberal arts colleges and other institutions that cater to specific niches in higher education.

This is the third paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of the growth of chiropractic, its public relations campaigns, and infighting that contributed to the events surrounding the Wilk v AMA lawsuit. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the third of the series that explores the growth the chiropractic profession. By the 1930s, the AMA was already under investigation for violation of antitrust laws and the National Chiropractic Association was suggesting that the AMA was establishing a health care monopoly. Chiropractic schools grew and the number of graduates rose quickly. Public relations campaigns and publications in the popular press attempted to educate the public about chiropractic. Factions within the profession polarized around differing views of how they thought that chiropractic should be practiced and portrayed to the public. The AMA leaders noted the infighting and used it to their advantage to subvert chiropractic. Chiropractic grew rapidly and established its presence with the American public through public relations campaigns and popular press. However, infighting would give the AMA material to further its efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the second in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated anti-trust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of how the AMA rose to dominate health care in the United States, and within this social context, how the chiropractic profession fought to survive in the first half of the 20th century. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the second of the series that explores the growth of medicine and the chiropractic profession. The AMA's code of ethics established in 1847 continued to direct organized medicine's actions to exclude other health professions. During the early 1900s, the AMA established itself as "regular medicine." They labeled other types of medicine and health care professions, such as chiropractic, as "irregulars" claiming that they were cultists and quacks. In addition to the rise in power of the AMA, a report written by Abraham Flexner helped to solidify the AMA's control over health care. Chiropractic as a profession was emerging and developing in practice, education, and science. The few resources available to chiropractors were used to defend their profession against attacks from organized medicine and to secure legislation to legalize the practice of chiropractic. After years of struggle, the last state in the US legalized chiropractic 79 years after the birth of the profession. In the first part of the 20th century, the AMA was amassing power as chiropractic was just emerging as a profession. Events such as publication of Flexner's report and development of the medical basic science laws helped to entrench the AMA's monopoly on health care. The health care environment shaped how chiropractic grew as a profession. Chiropractic practice, education, and science were challenged by trying to develop outside of the medical establishment. These events added to the tensions between the professions that ultimately resulted in the Wilk v AMA lawsuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human knowledge and innovation are recorded in two media: scholarly publication and patents. These records not only document a new scientific insight or new method developed, but they also carefully cite prior work upon which the innovation is built. Methodology: We quantify the impact of information flow across fields using two large citation dataset: one spanning over a century of scholarly work in the natural sciences, social sciences and humanities, and second spanning a quarter century of United States patents. Conclusions: We find that a publication's citing across disciplines is tied to its subsequent impact. In the case of patents and natural science publications, those that are cited at least once are cited slightly more when they draw on research outside of their area. In contrast, in the social sciences, citing within one's own field tends to be positively correlated with impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a flaw in the teaching of issues related to market economics and social justice at American institutions of higher learning. The flaw we speak of is really a gap, or an educational disconnect, which exists between those faculty who support market-based economies and those who believe capitalism promotes economic injustice. The thesis of this paper is that the gap is so wide and the ideas that are promoted are so disconnected that students are trapped into choosing one or the other position (or neither) and are left unable to link the two sides of the discussion. Such an educational process is not one that produces free and reasoned discernment. In this paper, we briefly relate how we came to be aware of the disconnect and its harms. We present evidence that a pedagogical gulf exists within the teaching of markets and capitalism at American universities – faculty interviews, course syllabi, portions of the corpus of material generally referred to as Catholic Social Thought, as well as references to traditional, mainstream economic theory. Further, we give evidence of the confusion and frustration among students this gulf causes. We suggest possible reasons for the gulf–primarily through an investigation of the differences in underlying assumptions and misperceptions that exist between two divisions within universities. We conclude by suggesting a set of curricular changes designed to improve teaching. The authors’ aim is not to change people’s minds. It is to change their teaching. The authors believe that these curricular changes will leave students less frustrated and better prepared for a life of significant service – with improved critical thinking skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the report of the President presented at the annual business meeting of the American Economic Association. It presents the critical examination of the inadequacies to train physical scientists and engineers and there is quite general agreement on the need for a substantial strengthening of this aspect of our educational system. However various people who have pressed for such a strengthening have been careful to insist that it ought not to be accomplished at the expense of work in the social sciences and the humanities. It seems desirable to use the competition to encourage the balanced type of contribution that combines the deductive and empirical approach. Both the entries in the competition and the responses to the informal survey indicate a situation which is cause for grave concern. There is something wrong with the incentives under which economists work in the early stages of their careers. A systematic canvass needs to be undertaken to determine what steps should be taken these incentives so as to made studies that are both theoretical and factual more attractive than mere a priori model analysis inquiries.

The personality trait of openness has been shown to contribute to a person's ability to function effectively. Additionally, scholars have suggested that openness to experience and foreign language experience were related to music preference. Extending from earlier scholarship, this study examined the relationship between openness to experience and the various types of musical and language experiences reported by undergraduate music majors in Turkey and the United States. Participants (N = 380) were surveyed using the Openness to Experience domain of the NEO-PI-R and an author-designed survey with questions about participants' musical backgrounds and interests, foreign language abilities, age, and sex. Results showed that U.S. students rated significantly higher in four of the five dimensions of the Openness domain than their Turkish counterparts (Wilks'λ =.57; F (5, 374) = 55.37, p <.001). Factor analysis results showed that (a) experiences in foreign languages, (b) listening to Turkish traditional, pop, and folk music, and (c) listening to American (pop and folk) and Western classical music cumulatively explained 68.49% of the variance in openness. Correlation analyses suggested that listening to Western classical, American folk, and American pop music was associated with higher openness scores, and listening to Turkish traditional, folk, and pop music was associated with lower openness scores. Additionally, the number of foreign languages participants studied correlated with four of the dimensions. Results suggest that both groups could benefit from increased, broader, and deeper exposure to different musical genres from diverse cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on United States History Survey. Several authors help understand the problems that are faced in teaching and testing surveys. However, their papers also reveal that common understanding does not necessarily lead to uniform remedies. Each of them offers a particular way of tackling the problems of survey teaching; together they offer a range of issues to think about as people debate ways to teach this primal course. A scholar contends that people should adopt the web as organizing framework. The author think that the Web and its notion of interconnected people, events, ideas, and places at a time and over time is quite appealing as an organizing assumption.

Ancient and modern methods and results of man's efforts to formulate satisfying statements about the ultimate meaning of human life and the nature of the universe were interwoven in the program presented at the sixth international gathering of philosophers held at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts on September 13-17, 1927. The courts and handsomely assembly rooms of a group of new dormitories located on the banks of the Charles River supplied a delightful atmosphere of academic quiet and gave opportunities for innumerable enjoyable personal contacts. This first New-World session of the Congress was attended by 630 persons, of whom 375 were active members. The 75 foreign delegates came from leading European countries, from Canada, South America, Mexico and India. The tremendous scope of the subjects presented and the abstract or even mystical treatment of many of the topics were in striking contrast to the growing specialization and concreteness observed in the papers presented in national gatherings of social scientists. Inconsistencies in the methods and results of modern philosophy as presented in the discussions of this Congress would justify a modification of this statement to the more modest claim that philosophy may enlarge the outlook of the human spirit by stimulating speculative efforts to achieve this tremendous program.

The article presents information about several current happening related to sociology in the U.S. According to information the American Council of Learned Societies is prepared to extend assistance in publishing a limited number of meritorious works in the field of the humanities written by American scholars. It invites its constituent societies to propose books they deem suitable for assistance, but reserves the right to consider works submitted by others if the executive committee has accepted them for consideration. Works proposed for publication must be complete in themselves, preferably the results of constructive research presented in the form of volumes of conventional size. The other information is that the seventh annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Conference was held in from April 18-19, with over a hundred persons in attendance. The central topic of the Conference was social theory, and social order. The majority of sessions centered around a discussion of capitalism, fascism, socialism, and communism as divergent social orders.

This is the sixth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of the plaintiffs, lead lawyer, and the events immediately before the lawsuit was filed. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 articles following a successive timeline. This article, the sixth of the series, explores the plaintiffs' stories. Because of the AMA's boycott on chiropractic, chiropractors were not able to collaborate with medical physicians or refer patients to medical facilities, which resulted in restricted trade and potential harm to patients' well-being. The plaintiffs, Patricia Arthur, James Bryden, Michael Pedigo, and Chester Wilk, came from different regions of the United States. Each had unique experiences and were compelled to seek justice. The lead lawyer, Mr George McAndrews, was the son of a chiropractor and had witnessed the effect that the AMA's attacks on chiropractic had on his father. It took several years to gather enough resources to file the suit, which was submitted in 1976. The conflicts that the plaintiffs experienced stimulated them to pursue a lawsuit against the AMA and other organized political medicine groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the fifth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of events surrounding the eventual end of the AMA's Committee on Quackery and the exposure of evidence of the AMA's efforts to boycott the chiropractic profession. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 articles following a successive timeline. This article, the fifth of the series, explores the exposure of what the AMA had been doing, which provided evidence that was eventually used in the Wilk v AMA antitrust lawsuit. The prime mission of the AMA's Committee on Quackery was "first, the containment of chiropractic and, ultimately, the elimination of chiropractic." However, the committee did not complete its mission and quietly disbanded in 1974. This was the same year that the chiropractic profession finally gained licensure in all 50 of the United States; received recognition from the US Commissioner of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare; and was successfully included in Medicare. In 1975, documents reportedly obtained by the Church of Scientology covert operatives under Operation AMA Doom revealed the extent to which the AMA and its Committee on Quackery had been working to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. The AMA actions included influencing mainstream media, decisions made by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Other actions included publishing propaganda against chiropractic and implementing an anti-chiropractic program aimed at medical students, medical societies, and the American public. After more than a decade of overt and covert actions, the AMA chose to end its Committee on Quackery. The following year, documents exposed the extent of AMA's efforts to enact its boycott of chiropractic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the fourth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit, in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of the history of the origins of AMA's increased efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession and the development of the Chiropractic Committee, which would later become the AMA Committee on Quackery. This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 articles following a successive timeline. This article is the fourth of the series that explores the origins of AMA's increased efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. In the 1950s, the number of chiropractors grew in Iowa, and chiropractors were seeking equity with other health professions through legislation. In response, the Iowa State Medical Society created a Chiropractic Committee to contain chiropractic and prompted the creation of the "Iowa Plan" to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. The AMA leadership was enticed by the plan and hired the Iowa State Medical Society's legislative counsel, who structured the operation. The AMA adopted the Iowa Plan for nationwide implementation to eradicate chiropractic. The formation of the AMA's Committee on Chiropractic, which was later renamed the Committee on Quackery (CoQ), led overt and covert campaigns against chiropractic. Both national chiropractic associations were fully aware of many, but not all, of organized medicine's plans to restrain chiropractic. By the 1960s, organized medicine heightened its efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. The intensified campaign began in Iowa and was adopted by the AMA as a national campaign. Although the meetings of the AMA committees were not public, the war against chiropractic was distributed widely in lay publications, medical sources, and even chiropractic journals. Details about events would eventually be more fully revealed during the Wilk v AMA trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Word & Text: A Journal of Literary Studies & Linguistics is the property of Petroleum - Gas University of Ploiesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective -- To learn whether a faceted catalogue and word cloud aids in the discovery process. Design -- User study. Setting -- Large academic research library in the United States. Subjects -- Twelve PhD candidates in the humanities, the majority of whom are engaged with researching, proposing, or writing their dissertations. Methods -- The library's entire catalogue of 5.2 million records was loaded into the AquaBrowser OPAC search interface. A pilot study was conducted using three humanities graduate students employed by the library. Following the pilot, the main study was conducted using graduate students in the humanities. Graduate students in the social sciences were desired for the study, but were not able to be contacted due to time constraints. Once selected, the test subjects were asked to use an interface that offered both facets and tag clouds for enhanced search quality. Test subjects were allowed to choose the topic they would like to research; all chose to research their dissertation topic. A moderator and recorder facilitated research conducted with the faceted catalogue. The moderator ensured that students commented on their findings, cleared up any confusion with using the interface, and kept the students on task. Only when students remarked that a new discovery had been made were those discoveries noted. The impact to the discovery process of faceted navigation and AquaBrowser's word cloud was studied while the impact of relevance ranking was not. Main Results -- The article asserts that results from both the pilot and main study were sufficiently similar to justify combining them for the paper, but the advantage that students employed by the library might have over other students is not discussed. Nine of the twelve students used in the study found new results using the faceted catalogue and word cloud. The responses of the user group to the faceted catalogue and word cloud were "overwhelmingly positive" (555). However, since students were allowed to move freely between the word cloud and faceted navigation tool, it is difficult to attribute new discoveries solely to one or the other. However, when a new discovery could be "attributed primarily to one factor or another" (555) it was noted. The faceted navigation tool aided discovery at least four times and the word cloud aided discovery at least six. Conclusion -- A faceted catalogue interface with a word cloud feature clearly aids in the discovery process for more advanced researchers--those with specialized subject knowledge, familiarity with their library's collection, and experience in researching their area. However, facets and word clouds have limitations: records with limited cataloguing have little to offer faceted navigation; catalogue records from diverse providers introduce controlled vocabularies beyond LCSH and MeSH into search returns, resulting in the same word potentially appearing multiple times in the same return albeit with different meanings; the word cloud may contain certain words that researchers feel to be irrelevant. Despite these issues, the use of word clouds and faceted navigation (and relevance ranking) appears to be beneficial to research conducted by experienced subject searchers in the humanities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article talks about the role that social intelligence can play in general education literature courses and its importance for the future of humanities studies. Topics discussed include the challenges faced by higher education in the U.S.; the analysis of college students' score on the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI); and the learning benefits provided by reading fictional works.

The article focuses on the role of digital scholars in every humanities department which could help academics become intellectually and economically flexible in an educational policy environment in the U.S. It mentions the substitution of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) which are taught by highly paid people at major research institutions. It cites the statement of the Department of Labor (DOL) that opportunities are expected to be good for part-time or adjunct professors.

An essay is presented regarding the relation of little magazines and Rockfeller Foundation associate director John Marshall to the analogy called big criticism. He states that the turning of Marshall to a project closer to the traditional domain of humanities while emphasizing on the public culture, driven his communication works that revitalizes the American little magazine. He also mentions the relations of big criticism to the American literary culture and big theory.

The article discusses the development of mass liberal arts education in the U.S. following World War II and the link between private and public funding of U.S. colleges and universities and its impact upon democracy. The author argues that when private and public entities decrease funding the character of universities and colleges is altered and erodes democratic aspirations. The author explores a perceived shift in focus from undergraduate education to graduate education and research program funding.

Most theatre scholars look at translation as an activity involved in moving from page to stage or from one language to another. This article analyzes the use of translation as a metaphor for approaching other cultures in plays that address primarily English-speaking audiences. Building upon contemporary translation theories, as well as Judith Butler's concept of cultural translation, the article compares the different translation strategies found in plays written in three different decades: Brian Friel's Translations (1980), David Edgar's Pentecost (1994), and Tony Kushner's Homebody/Kabul (2001). The author argues that the plays' political significance should be measured against the playwrights' approach to translation itself. Thus Friel's play seems the most conservative and Edgar's the most in tune with the liberal European politics of the time. Kushner's play, however, demonstrates a different understanding of the risks, limits, and possibilities of a postmodern translation practice, one that would substitute uncertainty for mastery in its approach to the Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with the need for literary translation in the U.S. as of September 2003. Key components of the problems that surround literary translation in the marketplace; Social and cultural significance of literary translation; General expectations of American readers on their reading experiences.

Focuses on the views of American philosophers Stanley Cavell and Henry Bugbee on why people take up philosophy. Cavell's definition of philosophy as the search for one's voice; Bugbee's view of philosophy as the search for the anthem native to one's tongue; Background on the works of Cavell and Bugbee.

The perceived inconsequence of the arts has threatened their place in the curriculum. To show why the arts belong in schools, one must first consider why they belong in one's lives. Under pressure from high-stakes tests in mathematics and English, the arts are being marginalized in the K-12 curricula or excluded altogether. In the U.S., the legacy of Puritan theodicy has interwoven a religious strand with this philosophical animosity. In state after state, the current pressure for demonstrated performance in the skills of writing, reading, mathematics, and to some degree science, has come at the expense of funding for, and academic attention to, the arts.

The article discusses the consciousness studies and a philosophy of music education in the U.S. It states that investigating and evaluating music is a way in to the understanding of human life, but, emphatically, it is also an expression that has values of its own as people use it to express their understandings of what it means to be human. Ultimately, their consciousness is concerned with fundamental questions which must be answered and the questioning and answering must begin early. It is discussed that within the formal educational framework is where the philosophy of music education should occur because there is no other place less encumbered by ideologies and doctrinal controls that has the appropriate resources and capability to focus on great questions of human existence.

The republication of Steven Cord's Henry George: Dreamer or Realist? makes available once more a work which dealt with insight and depth of analysis with the misconceptions, factual inaccuracies and offhand dismissals of the American economist and social philosopher's theories. Although he alienated many in the academic community, George attracted many leading scholars in it to significant research on basic problems of our times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An institution is taken for granted when it is enveloped within. a cultural and moral framework that is not contested. The usual account of the institution of high culture that emerged in the U.S. in the late nineteenth century relates to the growing importance of elites and the uncertainties of modernization. This raises an important puzzle: how did the visual arts that had been so dominated by the morality of popular religion acquire secular worth? Weber's writings provide a point of departure for analyzing institutional transformation involving art, religion, and the emergence of the avant-garde. A framework for understanding institutional change is sketched out. It includes the importance of ideology, social and economic interests, and intellectuals who articulate emerging new views. The metaphor of the "toggle switch," adapted from Weber's term, switchmen, captures the idea that transformation occurs when there are underlying cultural contradictions and the resolution of these contradictions depend on the investments and prospects of competing interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from 110 U.S. national surveys are used to study the trend in "no religion" responses from the late 1950s to the early 1980s. The trend was monotonically upward, at least until the 1980s, when there were signs of leveling off or an incipient reversal of the trend. The trend came about through both changes within birth cohorts and cohort succession, and it involved persons of all major religious backgrounds and both men and women. Whether or not the change indicates an important degree of secularization is considered at length. Problems involved in using a dichotomous indicator to gauge change in a quantitative variable are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]