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In this research work, a real case of failed ASTM A860 WPHY 65 long elbow pipe coated with inorganic zinc ethyl silicate primer is collected from a treatment facility to investigate the root causes of its failure, which was reported after approximately 28 months of use. The failure was investigated using visual observations, metallurgical analysis using optical emission spectroscopy, mechanical testing, X‐ray diffraction of corrosion product, chemical analysis of sewage and corrosion rate test of the elbow using a three‐electrode potential technique, fractographic analysis using scanning electron microscope along with computational analysis to confirm the results. Through the testing, it was observed that severe depletion in the strength can be attributed to erosion–corrosion caused by various impurities present in the sewage, leading to the generation of corrosion pits and turbulent eddies and stresses generated due to sudden changes in fluid flow direction along with gases present in sewage reacting with a base metal. Various failure mechanisms that have led to pipe failure are discussed in this paper, along with a listing of preventive measures to delay it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo fibres, which are widely regarded as a contemporary environmentally sustainable resource, have been utilised in various industries including construction materials and packaging sectors. Malaysia possesses a diverse array of bamboo species, rendering it a significant resource for exploration. Five out of the 69 bamboo species discovered in Malaysia were selected for their suitability and availability in the pulp and paper industry, considering properties such as high cellulose content and long fibers. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the morphological, physiochemical, thermal, and chemical properties of five specific bamboo species that are often found in Malaysia: Gigantochloa scortechinii (GS), Gigantochloa wrayi (GW), Gigantochloa levis (GL), Schizostachyum grande (SG) and Dendrocalamus asper (DA). Selected from a pool of 69 species based on their availability, these various types of bamboo were subjected to analysis using advanced scientific techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, a chemical composition study was performed to clarify the presence of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash in all five species. By employing various analytical methodologies, this study investigates and records the properties offered by the bamboo species, providing a significant contribution to the comprehension and knowledge of their potential applications across diverse disciplines. This holds relevance as all five bamboo species are readily available but remain underutilized for further applications in various fields especially in packaging industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nHighlightsThe calcium ferrite nanoparticles were made by the sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, and UV–vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the material. There is an orthorhombic phase in the space group Pnma. There were four techniques used to calculate the average crystallite size. Using ImageJ software, the particles were aggregated and their size was ascertained. Using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the composition of the material was ascertained. 2.29 eV was determined to be the band gap. Vibrating test magnetometer (VSM) provided an explanation for the materials’ magnetic property. A decreased band gap energy is responsible for the 90% degradation of malachite green dye at a concentration of 15 mg/L in 150 min, with a four-cycle reusability.Calcium ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol–gel assisted combustion method using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea as fuel.To the best of the author’s knowledge, no such case study that reports the synthesis of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea is previously reported in academic literature.The method is cost-effective and convenient without the use of any chemical fuel agents.The synthesized prepared material efficiently removes malachite green dye, commonly used in industries for dyeing silk and nylon, from the solution.More than 90 % removal efficiency for MB.The material displayed excellent stability and reusability for dyes adsorption.Results were validated with pseudo-first-order kinetic model.Calcium ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by sol–gel assisted combustion method using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea as fuel.To the best of the author’s knowledge, no such case study that reports the synthesis of calcium ferrite nanoparticles by using leaf extract of Brassica oleracea is previously reported in academic literature.The method is cost-effective and convenient without the use of any chemical fuel agents.The synthesized prepared material efficiently removes malachite green dye, commonly used in industries for dyeing silk and nylon, from the solution.More than 90 % removal efficiency for MB.The material displayed excellent stability and reusability for dyes adsorption.Results were validated with pseudo-first-order kinetic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial metallic waste is a focus in civil engineering research, leading us to utilize it as building materials. High-Flow Sand Concrete (HFSC) has an economical cost, acceptable mechanical properties, and high workability. However, its drawback is the development of cracks, mitigated through the incorporation of fibers. To maximize the advantages, stainless steel shavings waste was utilized as fibers, specifically opting for Stainless Steel Fiber 316L (SSF-316L). The samples of HFSC were reinforced with SSF-316L fiber shavings at doses of 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.50%, and 2.00% by mass of concrete over 90 days During our research, we conducted tests to study the influence of SSF-316L on three properties (physical, mechanical and durability). Among the physical tests there is the determination of the air content, slump and density), at the level of the mechanical properties (we cite the compression, bending and traction tests), as for the durability we exposed our specimens to acid and sulfate, at the end the HFSC specimens were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that there is a relative improvement in these three properties (physical, mechanical and durability). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was conducted to determine the changes in the surface structure of the upper respiratory tract of Siirt‐coloured mohair goats by the silicone plastination method. Accordingly, the heads of 10 Siirt‐coloured mohair goats procured from slaughterhouses were divided into two halves. Half of each head was plastinated. After macro‐comparisons were made, the deformations of silicone plastination on the surface were examined by comparing the scanning electron microscope (SEM) findings of both upper respiratory tract tissue samples collected from plastinates and fresh material. When the data from scanning electron microscopy were analysed, cilia, cobblestone patterns, goblet cells and gland ducts on the epithelial surface were identified in areas on the upper respiratory tract. The SEM images of the plastinated tissues showed that the surface structures were degenerated due to the deformation of the surface epithelium. The plastination technique damaged the structures on the surface epithelium. Since the plastination technique and scanning electron microscopy have been studied together for the first time, we believe this would contribute to the scientific literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to offer an effective nanocomposite for potential use to consolidate and protect deteriorated archaeological pottery. Design/methodology/approach: Three nanocomposites were used in the experimental study. This study used nano Primal AC33, silicon dioxide (SiO2) and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles to protect and consolidate pottery specimens. Pottery specimens were made at 800°C for this investigation. Consolidation materials were applied with a brush. The properties of the treated pottery specimens were assessed using several methods such as digital and scanning electron microscopes, static water contact angle, color alteration, physical properties and compressive strength. Findings: Microscopic examination indicated the ability of the nano Primal AC33/MMT nanocomposites to cover the outer surface well and bind the inner granules. Concerning specimens with code F treated with nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites, it achieved an increase in contact angle (120°), density (1.23 g/cm3) and compressive strength (561 kg/cm2), as well as a decrease in color change (ΔE = 2.62), water absorption (4.45%) and porosity (5.46%). The novelty of the results is due to the characteristics of nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites used in the current study. Originality/value: This study describes the significant results of the analytical methods used for evaluating consolidation materials used in this study. The findings offer useful information for the protection of archaeological pottery. The investigation indicated that nano Primal AC33 5%/MMT 3% nanocomposites gave the best results. Therefore, it is recommended to use this nanocomposite to consolidate archaeological pottery. As a result, the current work provides a promising first step in conserving archaeological pottery for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roll bonding is a solid-state welding process, employed to join similar and dissimilar metals. Roll bonding with secondary particles in-between and accumulating the roll bonded material multiple times is an alternative method for manufacturing high-strength composites. In the current work, commercially pure aluminium strips are roll bonded at room temperature to 400 °C. The percent reduction varied from 10% to 70%, with an increment of 10%. Moreover, the aluminium strips are roll bonded with graphite particles dispersed in between (Al–Gr–Al). The aim is to study the effect of graphite particles on bonding behaviour. The critical process parameters such as the effect of temperature and percentage reduction on the bond strength are determined. The lap shear test is used to evaluate the bond strength. It is observed that the dispersion of graphite particles in between aluminium significantly increased the threshold reduction required for bond establishment. The threshold reduction decreases for roll-bonding aluminium with increasing temperature. Furthermore, it is observed that the bond strength significantly increases with increasing processing temperature. However, roll bonding with the graphite particles dispersed in between reduced the bond strength, and the effect was significant with increasing temperature. The bond strength of both Al and the Al–Gr–Al composites increases by increasing the reduction percentage. The de-bonded sample surfaces are analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. It is worth mentioning that the experimental outcomes of the current study predict the roll bonding parameters for the successful fabrication of an Al/Gr composite by accumulative roll bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzidine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (TAB) and its binuclear CuII complex were synthesized by condensation of benzidine and monochloroacetic acid in a 1:4 molar ratio. The composition and structure of the obtained compounds were studied by IR, electron spectroscopy, EPR, derivatography and elemental analysis. The surface morphology of the synthesized compounds was studied using a NeoScope Jeol JCM-5000 scanning electron microscope. The magnetic moment of the binuclear CuII complex of benzidine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid is µeff = 2.46 B.M. The electronic exchange interaction between Cu2+ ions in the binuclear copper complex is very small. In the electronic spectrum of the CuII complex of benzidine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, the peaks at wavelengths of 230, 290, and 405 nm can be attributed to electronic transitions of metal ions. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the CuII complex of benzidine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid is stable up to temperatures above 600°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sophisticated engineering machining, ceramic materials are in great demand in today's precision industries because they have a wide range of potential applications, including automobiles, aircraft, and biomedical engineering. Silicon nitride ceramics (Si3N4) are difficult to manufacture using conventional machining processes. Modern technology allows Ultrasonic Micro-machining (USMM) to create almost any kind of material. Abrasive particles made of silicon carbide are used in this research work to look into the Si3N4 USMM process parameters. The physical structure and chemical composition have been examined in a scanning electron microscope with an integrated energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Particle swam optimization and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) desirability were the two types of optimizations used to find the best USMM process parameters. It has been shown that both techniques can be used together to get the best Material Removal Rate (MRR). The best settings were Slurry Concentration: 50 (g/l), Power Rating: 329 (W), and Tool Feed Rate: 1.06 (mm/min). Similarly, to minimize Overcut (OC) and Taper Angle (TA), the ideal method is to use a slurry concentration of 50 (g/l), a power rating of 400 (W), and a tool feed rate of 1.2 (mm/min). Finally, using the RSM, the USMM process was optimized in a way that maximized the MRR while minimizing OC and TA. It was found that the slurry concentration of 42.7 g/l, the power rating of 357.6 W, and the tool feed rate of 1.2 mm/min were the ideal settings for the USMM process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In everyday dentistry, monolithic single crowns can be cemented with self-adhesive resin cements. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate how the marginal adaptation of full monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) single crowns is influenced by three different self-adhesive resin cements. Methods: Forty-five typodont teeth fully prepared for full monolithic crowns were divided into three groups (fifteen each) for the use of three different self-adhesive resin cements. A fourth control group (Temp-bond) was created by taking five teeth from each group before cementation with self-adhesive resin cements. All forty-five abutments were scanned using a Primescan intra-oral scanner (IOS), followed by computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) of zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) full crowns using a four-axis machine. Initially, the crowns of the control group were fixed to the abutments using Temp-bond, and the marginal gap was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). After removing the control group crowns from the abutments, fifteen crowns in each group were cemented using a different self-adhesive resin cement and observed under SEM for evaluation of the marginal gap. A Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was performed, indicating no normal distribution (p < 0.05), followed by Mann–Whitney tests (α = 0.05). Results: The total mean marginal gap of the temp-bond control group was significantly lower compared to all three groups of self-adhesive resin cement (p < 0.0005). The total mean marginal gap of the G-cem ONE group was significantly lower compared to the TheraCem group (p < 0.026) and RelyX U200 group (p < 0.008). The total mean marginal gap of the TheraCem group was significantly higher than the G-cem ONE group (p < 0.026) but showed no significant difference with the RelyX U200 group (p > 0.110). Conclusions: All four groups showed a clinically acceptable marginal gap (<120 microns). Although all three groups of self-adhesive resin cement showed a significant increase in the marginal gap compared to the temp-bond control group, they were within the limits of clinical acceptability. Regarding the marginal gap, in everyday dentistry, it is acceptable to use all three self-adhesive resin cements, although the G-cem ONE group exhibited the lowest marginal gap for ZLS single crowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bee workers (Apis mellifera L.) collect nectar, honeydew and pollen from plants in orderto provide the colony with, among others, carbohydrates and protein. Whenever these sources are unavailable in the environment, bees turn to alternatives. An example of this are fungi spores collected accidentally or on purpose. This last phenomenon is the aim of this study, in which we have shown that worker bees can collect willow rust (Melampsora spp.) spores. We observed as the bees obtained spores and placed them in pollen baskets. The presence of spores was demonstrated with the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This observation indicates that the honey bee may use alternative sources as a potential supplement. There are few studies in this field and it requires a deeper analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of nano clay composite and reactive diluents was found to be good for various properties of the composite when individually used. This research aims at the preparation of modified nanocomposites and investigating their mechanical properties. Mechanical testing, crosslinking density, surface morphology, and functional groups present in the composite were observed in this research. The composites were mixed with varying wt.% (2, 5, 7, 10) of 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy) propan-1-ol reactive diluent and a steady (5 wt.%) of nano clay mixed in epoxy. Mechanical testing samples were manufactured in line with ASTM standards. Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy tests have been conducted to investigate the surface morphology and the presence of functional groups present in the system. The swelling behaviour of the samples has been observed to gain a better understanding of crosslinking density. The tensile and fracture toughness behaviour of the composite was greatly improved. In addition, 7 wt.% diluent and 5 wt.% nano clay in the pristine epoxy reveal an optimal property. Including nano clay and reactive diluent 2-(2-hydroxypropoxy) propan-1-ol in differing amounts improves tensile and fracture resilience by (19–23)%, suggesting a tight forming bond between epoxy, nano clay, and diluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single zinc oxide nanowires (ZnO NWs) are promising for nanogenerators because of their excellent semiconducting and piezoelectric properties, but characterizing the latter efficiently is challenging. As reported here, an electrical breakdown strategy was used to construct single ZnO NWs with a specific length. With the high operability of a nanomanipulator in a scanning electron microscope, ZnO-NW-based two-probe and three-probe structures were constructed for fabricating AC/DC nanogenerators, respectively. For a ZnO NW, an AC output of between −15.31 mV and 5.82 mV was achieved, while for a DC nanogenerator, an output of ∼24.3 mV was realized. Also, the three-probe structure's output method was changed to verify the distribution of piezoelectric charges when a single ZnO NW is bent by a probe, and DC outputs of different amplitudes were achieved. This study provides a low-cost, highly convenient, and operational method for studying the AC/DC output characteristics of single NWs, which is beneficial for the further development of nanogenerators. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS: HIGHLIGHTS • A method for reworking NWs to a specific length was achieved using an electrical breakdown strategy based on the constructed electrical loop, and its success rate is high. • With the maneuverability provided by multiple operating units of a nanomanipulator, AC output was investigated for a single ZnO NW with a two-probe structure, as well as DC output with a three-probe structure. • In the three-probe structure, different DC outputs were achieved by changing the position of the NW–probe contact point and the wiring state of the probe, while the distribution of surface piezoelectric potential along the NW's axis was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatidosis causes a serious health hazard to humans and animals leading to significant economic and veterinary and public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effects of synthesized poly(amidoamine), PAMAM, nanoemulsion. In this study, PAMAM was characterized through dynamic light scattering technique to investigate the particle size and zeta potential of nanoemulsified polymer. For the in vitro and ex vivo assays, we used eosin dye exclusion test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to evaluate the effects of the prepared and characterized PAMAM nanoemulsion against protoscoleces from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato G6 (GenBank: OQ443068.1) isolated from livers of naturally infected camels. Various concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/mL) of PAMAM nanoemulsion at different exposure times (5, 10, 20 and 30 min) were tested against protoscolices. Our findings showed that PAMAM nanoemulsion had considerable concentration- and time-dependent protoscolicidal effect at both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Regarding in vitro assay, PAMAM nanoemulsion had a potent protoscolicidal effect when compared with the control group with a highest protoscolicidal activity observed at the concentration of 2 mg/mL at all exposure times, such that 100% of protoscolices were killed after 20 min of exposure. Also, the mortality of protoscolices was 100% after 30 min of exposure to 1 and 1.5 mg/mL of PAMAM nanoemulsion, in vitro. Concerning ex vivo assay PAMAM nanoemulsion recorded the highest mortality rates at the concentration of 2 mg/mL (55, 99.4 and 100% at 10, 20, 30 min, respectively). Ultrastructure examination of examined protoscolices after 20 min of exposure to PAMAM nanoemulsion showed a complete loss of rostellar hooks, disruption of suckers with disorganization of hooks with partial or complete loss of them, and damage of protoscolices tegument with loss of their integrity in the form of holes and contraction of the soma region were observed in 1.5 and 2 mg/mL of PAMAM, in vitro and ex vivo, showing more damage in the in vitro conditions. It can be concluded that PAMAM nanoemulsion is a promising protoscolicidal agent offering a high protoscolicidal effect at a short exposure time. Further in vivo studies and preclinical animal trials are required to evaluate its efficacy and clinical applications against hydatid cysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of traditional chitosan, nano chitosan, and chitosan nanocomposites for consolidating aged papyrus samples. Cellulose-based materials, such as papyrus sheets and paper, which are the most common types of writing supports for works of art in many museums and archive. They are subjected to different types of deterioration factors that may lead to many conservation problems. Consolidation treatment is one of the most common conservation treatments, which should have perform after much testing to select the appropriate consolidants. Design/methodology/approach: This research paper aims to evaluate the resistance of traditional chitosan, nanochitosan and chitosan/zinc oxide nanocomposite as an eco-friendly papyrus strengthening. Untreated and treated papyrus was thermally aged and characterized via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity of the papyrus specimens was also determined against four tested pathogenic bacteria by disc diffusion method: MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Findings: The results revealed that chitosan nanocomposite showed a remarkable enhancement of papyrus tensile properties and presence of ZnO prevents the effects of biodeterioration. Originality/value: Zinc oxide nanoparticles enhance the optical properties and increase the chemical reactions between the consolidating material and the treated papyrus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on synthesizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposite film adopted with 3–9 wt% of nano-sized (50 nm) titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles through a sol–gel (spin coating) route. Feature of TiO2 nanoparticles on microstructural behaviour is evaluated via scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction, and its optical properties like absorption & transmittance, optical band gap, and optical conductivity are studied. Including 9 wt% TiO2 in PVA film shows increased absorption peaks of 220–440 nm, and the transmittance range decreased by 16% compared to pure PVA. In addition, the optical energy band gap decreased from 3.7 to 2.6 eV, and its optical conductivity progressively increased from 0.1 to 1.3 × 1012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) is Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium not only associated with food-borne outbreaks but also responsible for spoilage of food products. Therefore, the aim of this study is to trying to control of B. cereus by safe nanoparticles and studies the antibacterial effects of Nigella sativa and green synthesized Zinc Oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on B. cereus. The isolated strains of B. cereus from meat and milk products with detection of their virulence genes (nhe, cytK, hbl and ces) by PCR were used to assess the antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to investigate their properties which revealed that Nigella sativa NPs was 87.5 nm in size and cuboidal in shape, the polydispersity index, zeta potentials, viscosity and conductivity were 0.456, +15.9 mV, 0.877 cp and 58 uS/cm respectively, while Zinc Oxide NPs were 0.2484, -21.8 mV, 0.925 cp and 269 uS/cm respectively and their size was 67.8 nm and rhomboid in shape. Antibacterial activity was determined by using micro wells dilution method to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The MIC result for Nigella sativa NPs showed slight inhibition with the 30% concentration, while for Zinc Oxide NPs was 1.25 mg/ml. The morphological characters and changes of bacterial cells before and after treatment with nanoparticles were described by SEM. The Results show significant inhibitory effect of Zinc Oxide NPs than Nigella sativa NPs on B. cereus growth with distinctive destruction in its ultrastructure. SO, applications of nanoparticles in the meat and dairy industry will be a market trend to improve quality by their antibacterial effects and enhancement their shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recently demonstrated that laser micromachining of magnetoactive elastomers is a very convenient method for fabricating dynamic surface microstructures with magnetically tunable properties, such as wettability and surface reflectivity. In this study, we investigate the impact of the micromachining process on the fabricated material's structural properties and its chemical composition. By employing scanning electron microscopy, we investigate changes in size distribution and spatial arrangement of carbonyl iron microparticles dispersed in the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix as a function of laser irradiation. Based on the images obtained by a low vacuum secondary electron detector, we analyze modifications of the surface topography. The results show that most profound modifications occur during the low-exposure (8 J/cm2) treatment of the surface with the laser beam. Our findings provide important insights for developing theoretical models of functional properties of laser-sculptured microstructures from magnetoactive elastomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weight reduction is one of the prime goals for auto industries to achieve fuel economy, and magnesium matrix composite offers the opportunity to assist with fulfilling those needs. The present work focuses on developing the magnesium alloy (AZ91D), AZ91D/SiCnp nanocomposite, and AZ91D/SiCnp/CNT hybrid nanocomposite via the semisolid stir casting technique incorporating the ultrasonic vibration process. The produced cast samples are subjected to physical, microstructural, and mechanical characteristics study. The evaluated results are compared and it was found that AZ91D/6wt% SiCnpnanocomposite offers high hardness (78.45 ± 0.1 Hv), yield (150 ± 1.8 MPa), and ultimate tensile strength (241 ± 1.75 MPa) as compared to the cast AZ91D alloy samples. The scanning electron microscope reveals the homogeneous particle distribution structure with reduced porosity. The density of the developed composite obeys the rule of the mixture, and the porosity is limited to less than 1%. The presence of 6 wt% carbon nanotube in AZ91D/6wt% SiCnp alloy nanocomposite facilitates superior hardness, yield, and tensile strength of 84.35 ± 0.1 Hv, 174 ± 1.5 MPa, and 271 ± 1.6 MPa. The impact strength of the composite increased, while the content of SiCnp was improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfuric acid corrosion is a non-negligible problem affecting the durability of concrete materials. To explore the mechanism of sulfuric acid corrosion on the fracture performance and microstructure of concrete, three-point bending test was utilized to analyze the evolutionary characteristics of the crack mouth opening displacement and the fracture toughness of concrete corroded by sulfuric acid. Scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive spectrometer were utilized to analyze the characteristics of microscopic morphology and corrosion products of concrete corroded by sulfuric acid. The result shows that the fracture evolution of concrete can be divided into four stages: nonlinear development stage, linear development stage, deceleration expansion stage, and accelerated expansion stage. In purified water environment, the peak fracture load and fracture toughness of concrete is positively related to corrosion time. In sulfuric acid corrosion environment, the peak fracture load and fracture toughness of concrete are negatively related to corrosion time and concentrations of sulfuric acid solution. Microscopic experiments show that the interior of concrete is less affected by sulfuric acid corrosion, and the structure is relatively dense compared with the surface. The expansion crystal ettringite formed at the fracture surface of the concrete specimen during sulfuric acid corrosion was the main reason for the durability reduction of concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the gas sensing properties of ZnS/Porous silicon heterostructures have been investigated. . Zinc sulfide(ZnS) with high gas sensing performance is successfully synthesized over the Porous silicon substrate by the spray pyrolysis method. The properties of the as-prepared samples were characterized X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform spectrum (FTIR) and optical properties. The results reveal that the properties of the ZnS/Porous silicon heterostructures enhanced when the when the ZnS concentration is increased. The performance ZnS/Porous silicon as a gas-sensing show that the maximum sensitivity is found to be 5.11 at ZnS concentration of 0.5 M and etching time of 15 min compared to the other sensitivities. The ZnS-PSi heterojunction based gas sensor may be used for UV-light photo-detectors due to a valuable properties such as high sensitivity and fast response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic analysis, the location map of microcomposites formed on the surface of n-Si, p-Si, n-Si and p-Si samples was studied. Force microscope (AFM) research devices. The atomic fractions of inclusions of carbon, oxygen and lutetium formed on the surface of the samples were studied. Also, using the ASM device, the sizes, relief and topographic appearance of defects formed on the surface of the samples were determined. In silicon samples doped with Lu, a decrease in the size of surface defects and the formation of nano-sized structures were found, which makes it possible to obtain materials with a more perfect crystal structure. Using a ZEISS GeminiSEM 300 scanning electron microscope, the structural structure, chemical composition and images of their arrangement of n-Si, p-Si, n-Si and p-Si samples were obtained. In this case, the electron accelerating voltage was 20 kV, and the pressure in the sample chamber was (10-3 mmHg). Research results show that the structural structure of microand nanocomposites formed in silicon mainly depends on the diffusion time and cooling rate of the samples after diffusion annealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second-life applications for lithium-ion batteries offer industry opportunities to defer recycling costs, enhance economic value, and reduce environmental impacts. However, cells are affected by numerous aging phenomena which can lead to an acceleration in capacity loss. This paper uses postmortem techniques to compare aging phenomenon in 1.1 Ah 18650 graphite/LFP cells, examining the differences between a pristine cell and three cells aged to 40~30% of state of health (SoH). Macroscopic and microscopic techniques are used to identify aging phenomenon occurring in the cell on both positive and negative electrodes. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) with back-scattered electron (BSE) detector are used to analyze each electrode. These methods are used to analyze the morphology and the material on each electrode. The results show a stable positive LFP electrode whereas numerous deposits and cracking occurred on the negative electrode. A discussion of the appearance of those aging phenomenon is presented. Impacts for industrial cells in second-life applications are finally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Researchers, prompted by the toxicity and side effects associated with cisplatin, are exploring alternative approaches for developing transition metal-based anticancer agents. Employing a green biochemical approach, we transformed Nickel pyridine dicarboxylic acid compounds into the nanoscale using the aqueous extract of Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram). Results: Characterization of the biosynthesized nanoparticles involved electronic and IR spectroscopy. A scanning electron microscope revealed a predominant spherical shape for most Nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs), with XRD patterns indicating particle sizes ranging from approximately 30–150 nm. The nanoparticles were evaluated for their free radical scavenging efficiency and in vitro anti-malignant properties against HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. Numerical optimization of the DPPH and MTT assays was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM), focusing on the effects of 3,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (ML1), 2,4-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (ML2), nickel nanoparticles concentration, and temperature. In this investigation, the incorporation of Horse Gram seed extract (Macrotyloma uniflorum) has unveiled its abundance in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, widely acknowledged for their robust antioxidant activity in the existing literature. Conclusion: The present study highlights the potential for refining the bio-toxicity and biochemical attributes of Ni-NPs to pave the way for a new generation of versatile anticancer agents with clinically established efficacy. Notably, the anticipated data closely corresponds with experimental outcomes, reinforcing the trustworthiness and validity of the RSM model for examining anticancer and antioxidant properties in this context. ML2 exhibited heightened antioxidant and anticancer activities in comparison to ML1 nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The intricate textural patterns commonly observed in metamorphosed and recrystallized zircon (ZrSiO4) underscore the crucial necessity of understanding the underlying mechanisms governing their formation to ensure accurate interpretation of the chemical and isotope data they contain. This study employed a combination of microanalytical techniques, including electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis, electron microprobe (EMP) mapping, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, to investigate the processes of formation and modification of zircon in a late Pleistocene (~ 35 ka) syenite enclosed within the Nari Tephra Formation on Ulleung Island in South Korea. Findings: Under cathodoluminescence (CL), zircons within the syenite reveal dark, featureless, or oscillatory-zoned cores containing numerous inclusions of britholite. These cores are partially or entirely replaced by inward-penetrating bright-CL domains that exhibit minimal inclusion presence. Despite these changes, the external morphologies of the zircons remain largely unchanged, and the faded oscillatory zoning is preserved in the replaced regions. EMP mapping discloses amoebiform micro-domains with high Y, U, and Th concentrations within the dark-CL cores, while the bright-CL domains are relatively deficient in these trace elements. Microstructural analysis of the zircons using EBSD mapping indicates no significant misorientation between the dark-CL cores and the bright-CL rims. Deformation-related low-angle boundaries by lattice distortion are clearly observed in certain grains, cutting across the discrete SEM and EMP domains, and often aligned along submicron pore trails. Conclusions: Microstructural and microchemical analyses carried out in this study establish that the zircons within the Ulleung syenite have undergone subsolidus recrystallization, a process likely influenced by the presence of fresh melts or fluids. This recrystallization process could be attributed to either coupled dissolution and reprecipitation or thermoactivated particle and defect volume diffusion due to inherent lattice strain. The subsequent deformation observed in the zircons might be a result of increased stress within the magma system after the recrystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and evasive in nature. They can be found in complex agricultural matrices like soil and compost. In the literature, extracting MPs from soil is more prevalent; nonetheless, the same instruments in extraction in soil samples can also be used to assess MPs in compost despite the high levels of organic material. MPs in agricultural environments have recently become a focus of research due to their status as emerging pollutants. However, the lack of standardized instruments and techniques for analysis is a major challenge in assessing MPs. Despite this limitation, this review article identified and suggested some important factors to consider when selecting suitable methods or instruments for MP analysis. This article also categorized instrumental analysis in MP studies as destructive and non-destructive and highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of methods and instruments such as visual inspection, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (RS), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These highlights will provide researchers with a useful guide to help them choose the most appropriate method and instrumentation technique for their MP analytical research. Additionally, the article discusses the combination of two or more of these analytical instruments to improve efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study demonstrates the effect of Ni-substitution on the structural, dielectric and ferroelectric properties of Ba0.90Sr0.10Ti1-xNixO3 (where x = 0.000, 0.005, 0.015 and 0.025) ceramics, synthesized by solid-state reaction approach. A pure perovskite phase with tetragonal structure has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed change in microstructure. The dielectric behavior of the prepared ceramics was investigated as a function of temperature (30–150°C) at different frequencies. The results indicate that there is an increase in dielectric constant (ϵRT) and low dielectric loss (tanδRT) were obtained at room temperature by substitution of Ni2+ ions in BST ceramics, offering a promising material for capacitor applications at room temperature. Room temperature P-E loops were recorded at different applied electric fields and typical hysteresis loops were obtained. Improvement in the values of Pr and Pmax was observed by substitution of Ni2+ ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém (ca. 1858–1994) was among the first to produce white earthenware in Portugal, becoming one of the country's leading ceramic manufacturers during the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Research on white earthenware has accompanied the growing interest in post-industrial archaeology but is still poorly explored compared to more ancient ceramic productions. This study focused on the ceramic body, glazes, and colourants of tableware produced by Fábrica de Loiça de Sacavém during the first 50 years of its activity (1859–1910). A multi-analytical approach was selected to investigate the chemical and mineralogical composition of the ceramic body, glaze, and pigments using optical microscopy, variable-pressure scanning electron microscope energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), μ-Raman spectroscopy, μ-X-ray Diffraction (μ-XRD), and reflectance spectroscopy (hyperspectral image analysis). The studied tableware was produced with a Ca-poor siliceous–aluminous white earthenware ceramic body covered with transparent alkali lead or lead borosilicate glaze, and most colourants were complex Cr-based pigments. These results are in agreement with the little documental evidence from this period found in the manufacturer's archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Momonides neolandbergi Li & Guo sp. nov. is described in detail, which is the fifth species all over the world in Momonidinae Lundblad, 1941, Momoniidae K. Viets, 1926. The family and subfamily are newly recorded for Chinese fauna. The new species are recorded by camera, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope. Publication:New species: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic spray pyrolysis process were used to prepare Zinc oxide thin films. Ahigh - quality thin film is obtained by optimizing factors that include concentration, flow rate, nozzle to substrate distance. The temperature is differed between 350°C to 450°C. The structural and optical qualities were studied through physical investigation. According to XRD, the films have a hexagonal crystal structure. A scanning electron microscope reveals the material's uniform deposition &adhesion across a glass substrate. A direct band gap of about 2.4 to 2.6 eV was obtained for different temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC) was obtained from Komagataeibacter xylinus S4 and characterized in detail. The effects of a various of carbon sources and media, different pH conditions, incubation temperatures, Surface area/Volume ratios, and incubation durations were determined for BC production. Considering the carbon types, the amount of BC production from high to low was realized as sucrose, fructose, mannitol, xylose, arabinose, and lactose. The highest BC amount (1.303 g/L) was achieved by combining M1A05P5 broth, 30 °C, 1.06 cm-1 Surface area/Volume ratio, pH 3.5 and 21 days. According to scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, the cellulose fibril diameters were 34.87-45.97 nm at pH 3.5 and 29.71-102.3 nm at pH 6.5 in M1A05P5. Also, TGA analysis exhibited that the weight loss of BC in the removal of water step initialized between 50 °C and 150 °C and the degradation step initialized between 215 °C and 228 °C. Finally, the electrical conductivity values of the BC samples were determined on the 27-137 °C temperature scale. It was observed that the conductivity was temperature dependent, and the conductivity increased exponentially as the temperature increased. In conclusion, the cellulose from K. xylinus S4 typically showed a semiconducting behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study compared the influence of crystallization on marginal gap adaptation by using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) for producing monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic crowns. Methods: A total of 25 plastic teeth were scanned using a Primescan intra-oral scanner (IOS), and ZLS crowns were ground. For each unit (abutment and crown), the marginal gap was evaluated pre crystallization and post crystallization at four regions of interest through the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). To compare the marginal gap between the two groups, a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test performed on the study variables indicated a normal distribution (p > 0.05) followed by paired samples T-tests (α = 0.0005). Results: After crystallization, there were significantly higher circumferential marginal gaps (CMGs) for all four surfaces (distal (p = 0.0005), mesial (p = 0.0005), palatal (p = 0.0005), and buccal (p = 0.0005)). The total mean marginal gap (MMG) revealed a significantly higher result for the post-crystallization group (79.82 ± 7.86 μm) compared to the pre-crystallization group (24.25 ± 5.49 μm). Conclusions: The post-crystallization group showed a significantly higher marginal gap compared to the pre-crystallization group in all parameters, but both groups were in the clinically accepted threshold (<120 microns). In terms of the marginal gap, it is arguable whether to carry out post-crystallization for CELTRA® DUO crowns and achieve better mechanical properties but significantly increase the marginal gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the routine maintenance of each main pump in the oil transmission station plant, abnormal erosion wear was found at the flushing port of the mechanical seal of Sulzer pump casing. For the sake of stable and safe unit operation, this study explored the mechanism and process of erosion formation in the pump casing at the microscopic level using SEM (scanning electron microscope) and EDS (energy dispersive spectrometer) techniques. And ANSYS Fluent was used to numerically simulate the unconventional turbulent flow in the special location of Sulzer pump to obtain its flow field characteristics. The trajectory tracking of solid phase particles based on Finnie erosion model was also carried out to obtain the influence law of different particle sizes on the wear degree of each area of the pump casing, and to point out the influence of the motion behavior of particles at the flushing port position on the erosion. The results show that there is unconventional turbulence in the flushing port of the Sulzer pump mechanical seal, and the solid particles are affected by turbulent diffusion and fluid adhesion, and some particles deviate from the velocity direction and continuously impact the surface of the pump casing, which is the direct cause of the erosion wear here. By optimizing the location of the flushing port, severe erosion wear at the flushing port can be avoided. This study can provide guidance and recommendations for the production, operational stability and wear protection of Sulzer pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seeds of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) have been used as significant medicinal and nutritional ingredients worldwide. The abundant proteins and polysaccharides in lotus seeds make them susceptible to contamination by aflatoxin (AF), a fungal toxic metabolite. This study was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of lotus seeds at different stages of ripening to AF contamination, as well as the mechanism of the contamination. Seven groups of lotus receptacles with seeds at different ripening stages (A–G, from immature to mature) were used for the experiment. Spores of Aspergillus flavus, an AF producer, were inoculated on the water-gap area of the seeds in each receptacle. Then, each receptacle was covered with a sterilized bag, and its stalk part was soaked in water containing a life-prolonging agent, after which it was kept at room temperature for 14 days. The AF content of each whole inoculated seed from the A–G groups and that of each seed part (pericarp, cotyledon, and embryo) from the D and E groups were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Microtome sections were prepared from the samples and observed under a light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The seeds from the A and D groups had higher AF contents than the seeds from the B, C, E, F, and G groups, indicating that the condition of the water-gap area and the development of the embryo and cotyledon parts of the seeds are associated with AF contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of fatigue crack growth(FCG) plays a vital role in the design and performance of modern structural materials like Al 6061-T6 alloy. Al 6061-T6 is an alloy of Al-Mg-Si which is artificially aged under T6 condition. In the present study, Al 6061-T6 plates of 6 mm thickness welded by a gas metal arc welding(GMAW) technique using an ER-5356 as filler wire. The microhardness profile was obtained through Vickers microhardness test. The pre-qualification tests such as X-ray radiography, tensile, and bending tests were carried out on base metal (BM), heat-affected zone (HAZ), and weld zone (WZ)along rolling direction to study the mechanical behavior. The fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) tests on the three zones were carried out as per ASTM E-647 standards under stress ratios of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5. The WZ possessed highest FCGR compared to BM and HAZ. The lowest fracture toughness (Kc) was found for WZ, which is due to fusion of filler wire with BM. The microstructural transformation in HAZ from very fine needle shape β'' precipitates to coarse bar shape β' precipitates produced by the thermal effect during the welding process resulting in moderate FCGR compared to WZ and BM. Mechanical strength and microstructure regeneration during the welding thermal cycle are the two important factors that affect the FCGR in all zones. Fractographic analysis was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to study the crack initiation, final fracture, nature of the fracture, and causes of failure under various stress ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The open hole tensile and flexural test of composites holds immense importance in aerospace and structural engineering. These tests provide critical insights into how composites perform under real-world conditions, allowing for the development of materials that meet rigorous standards, thereby ensuring the safety and durability of aircraft and other applications. This study investigates the influence of hole size on the open hole tensile (OHT) and flexural properties (OHF) of plain weave aramid/epoxy (AFRP), basalt/epoxy (BFRP), and aramid-basalt/epoxy (ABFRP) inter-ply hybrid laminates. Laminates were fabricated using hand layup followed by the compression molding method. The specimens were cut according to ASTM D5766 and ASTM D7264 to analyze OHT and OHF performance for three different hole sizes viz., 4, 6, and 8 mm. Results indicated that the ABFRP inter-ply layup composite significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of when compared to AFRP laminates. However, the decline in mechanical properties was observed in all the composites with the increase in hole size. BFRP laminates showed higher hole sensitivity under tensile loading due to its brittle fracture mechanism while AFRP exhibited higher hole sensitivity under flexural loading which can be attributed to its the poor compressive strength. The effect of hole size on the damage mechanism has also been highlighted through scanning electron microscope (SEM). The fibre fracture was observed to be dominant failure mechanism in large hole specimens while matrix cracking and delamination were found to be dominant failure mechanism in small holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kufa - Physics is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The effect of finishing rolling reduction on microstructures and textures of grain oriented silicon steel was researched by optical microscopy, zeiss ultra 55 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) technique severally. The results show that the grain size of hot rolled sheets and decarburized strips decreases, while the center grain size of the normalized sheet increases with the increase of the finishing rolling reduction. The pearlite content increases with the increase of the finishing rolling reduction after normalization. Compare with the previous research, the effect of finishing rolling reduction on the grain size of primary recrystal-lization is greater than that of roughing rolling reduction, and large rolling reduction is beneficial to the formation of {110}<001> texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To increase the performance of the compound casting, the corrosion-wear behaviour of a Zinc Silicate coating on the surface of IS 2062 Grade B Carbon Steel using high velocity oxygen fuel spraying is assessed. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the Zinc Silicate coating, as well as its thickness, were investigated. . Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD), surface roughness, and co-efficient of friction were used to investigate the coating's corrosion behaviour. From the perspectives of powder qualities and process parameters, the relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of coatings was explored. When compared to uncoated materials, experimental results revealed that the microstructure of the coating was noticeable, and the wear properties are also improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment method of natural fiber is one of the factors that influences its properties. There are several reports on sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment of many natural fiber. Though there are works on NaOH treatment of the fruits fiber, however, works on Borassus flabellifer Leaf fiber (BFLF) is sparsely reported. Hence no report on the optimum conditions for sodium hydroxide treatment of Borassus Flabellifer Leaf fiber. Therefore, this study aimed at establishing the optimum concentration and time for alkaline treatment on the properties of BFLF. The fiber extraction was carried out using water retting method for 24 h. Experimental design was carried out using Design Expert 12.0 adopting Central composite design in response surface methodology. NaOH concentration of 0–5 wt% and time of 1–12 h were used as the independent variables. The responses were water absorption, elongation (%), modulus of elasticity and tensile strength. The surface morphology of the fiber was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the functional group changes established using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to indicate effect of NaOH treatment (FTIR) spectroscopy to show the functional group changes due to NaOH treatment. The optimum concentration and treatment time was established as 2 wt% NaOH and 4 h, respectively, with corresponding responses of water absorption, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation (%) were 2.07%, 977.378 MPa, 6971.02 MPa, 5.178%, respectively. Using these optimum treatment conditions of time and NaOH concentration, the responses were validated to be 1.88%, 920.019 MPa, 6943.73 MPa, 4.99 mm having a desirability of 0.963. The SEM revealed rough surfaces and increased porosity for the treated fiber compared to the untreated. The FTIR spectra showed reduction in peaks representing lignin at wavelength of 3321.1 cm−1 to 3306.1 cm−1, which indicated that the NaOH treatment resulted to decrease in lignin in the fiber. The properties of the BFLF obtained at the optimum treatment conditions were within range of other fibers used in composite materials development, hence, BFLF treated at these conditions is suitable for composite development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Schiff base compound, benzyl hydrogen-4-(dimethylamino) benzylidene hydroxycarbon hydrazodithiate (BHDBHH), was investigated under continuous wave laser beam irradiation (30 mW), and its chemical properties were analyzed. The material's chemical properties were found to be affected during laser processing. We examined the chemical properties of the Schiff base using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive Xray (EDX) Spectroscopy. By varying the exposure time, we discovered that longer exposure times resulted in a darker colouration of the compound, even at a low power of 30 mW. This finding led us to conclude that the compound is highly sensitive to laser exposure and can be easily diffused with a more powerful laser. The EDX test revealed a significant reduction in the sulfur element, with more than 50% of it being burned during the exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durability testing of low temperature solid oxide cells is challenging as degradation phenomena related to microstructural changes like nickel‐agglomeration are slow. In the present study, a nickel/gadolinia doped ceria (GDC) fuel electrode with a porous GDC‐interlayer towards the zirconia electrolyte was investigated. The electrode, designed for operating temperatures of 600°C, was tested at an elevated temperature of 900°C for up to 1100 h to accelerate aging. Contrary to every expectation, the electrodes showed continuous improvement in electrochemical performance. Impedance spectroscopy, the distribution of relaxation times analysis, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope were applied to correlate electrochemical and microstructural changes. Structural analysis showed a significant Ni agglomeration accompanied by a decrease in triple phase boundary density. Furthermore, a minor particle growth in the GDC‐phase decreased the volume‐specific double phase boundary GDC/pore. Considering these microstructural changes, the decrease in active reaction sites should have increased the polarization resistance, but a decrease of about 32% was observed. The discrepancy between polarization resistance improvement and microstructural degradation might be attributed to an activation of the GDC‐surfaces in the electrode and the porous GDC‐interlayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method for capturing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs of small specimens, including nematodes, arthropods, small insects, and other meiofauna. Our method is tailored to handle nematode specimens mounted on permanent slides, an area with relatively limited documentation. Besides, the process of transferring such delicate specimens from one solution to another has historically posed numerous challenges. To address this issue, we introduce a low-cost and easy-made container designed specifically to facilitate the aforementioned procedure, with a particular focus on SEM photography. The newly introduced container offers a practical solution that enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of specimen handling, ultimately enabling high-quality SEM imaging. This method holds significant promise for researchers working in the field of micro-scopic organism analysis, providing a valuable tool for their investigations with minimum cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the present paper to compare the cleaning treatments of paper samples exposed to artificial aging, toluene and isopropyl alcohol gel in cleaning wax stains. Design/methodology/approach: In total, paper samples were made from wood pulp. They had a deterioration phenomenon represented in the stains of the paraffin wax, so two types of cleaning were used: A traditional method using a toluene solution and another new method using isopropanol gel by a cotton swap in a circular movement until the completion of the cleaning process. Then, all paper samples were treated with toluene and isopropanol to handle the second artificial aging and detect how the samples were affected by artificial aging. For identifying the efficacy of these materials in removing paraffin wax stains, a range of examinations and analyses were used, such as universal serial bus, scanning electron microscope, infrared analysis (IR), pH analysis, color change analysis. Moreover, these results were compared with the standard sample's results. Findings: The results of examinations and analyses proved that the use of toluene affected the paper samples. Their effects were twice as weak, fragile and degraded paper fibers compared to isopropanol gel. Therefore, the isopropanol gel is preferred for paper cleaning to the toluene solution. Originality/value: This paper highlights the efficiency of isopropyl alcohol gel in cleaning wax stains from historical paper supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen morphology of 26 taxa of Clerodendrum, as well as one species of Volkameria from China, was investigated through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pollen grains of Clerodendrum are monads, radiosymmetric and tricolpate, with medium or large size. The equatorial view of the pollen grains is spheroidal or subprolate and the polar view is (sub) circular or rounded triangular. The colpus membrane of the investigated taxa is sunken (rarely even). Five varying pollen types are delimited on the basis of exine sculpturing: (1) spine-tectum perforatum; (2) spine-tectum imperforatum; (3) microspine- tectum perforatum; (4) microspine-tectum imperforatum; and (5) obtuser spine. The results indicate that Clerodendrum is closely related to several genera in Lamiaceae, including Aegiphila, Amasonia, Kalaharia, Tetraclea, Volkameria, Oxera, Faradaya, and Hosea, as supported by previous phylogenic studies. Additionally, the conventional infrageneric classification of Clerodendrum based on inflorescence and leaf characters is not supported by the results. However, the palynological data can be used to identify some closely related species with similar external characteristics. In conclusion, the investigation of pollen morphology not only contributes novel data from palynology for Clerodendrum but also provides a basis for future comprehensive classification of this genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented research investigated the pollen morphology of endemic Iraqi Hypericum species. The study revealed phenotypic features of pollen grains in the polar and equatorial views and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. The results showed that the pollen grains of the genus Hypericum were radially symmetrical and isopolar, and their apertures were simple and tricolporate, except the species H. davisii, distinguished as tetracolprate. Dividing the studied species based on pollen grain sizes comprised two groups. Small pollen grains with an average length of the equatorial view ranged between 10-16 µm in H. lysimachioides and H. vermiculare. Medium-sized pollen grains with an average extent between 17-26 µm emerged in the species, i.e., H. retusum, H. triquetrifolium, H. perforatum, H. lydium, H. tetrapterum, H. asperulium, H. scabrum, and H. davisii. Pollen grains, also divided according to the P/E ratio, had two main groups. The pollen grains were subprolate and spherical, with the exine sculpturing examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and isolated into four groups: 1) microreticulate reticulum, including H. asperulium, H. lydium, and H. vermiculare, 2) perforate, i.e., H. retusum, H. scabrum, H. tetrapterum, and H. triquetrifolium, 3) psilate with H. perforatum and H. davisii, 4) and reticulate exine sculpturing in H. lysimachioides, all isolated from the rest of the species. SEM images showed the thickness of exine ranged from 0.5 to 2 µm. The topical study also added H. davisii as a new species with no previous records in Iraq. This pollen study added valuable data for taxonomy and suggested that it should proceed with its first-time registration in Iraq. The pertinent research could provide a taxonomical key for Hypericum species in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this work is to comparatively reveal the effect of fibre type, length and content on compressive strength and microstructure of structural geopolymer concrete (GPC) produced under constant mixture and curing parameters in order to address the significant gap in present literature. Firstly, GPCs with different NaOH concentrations (i.e., 6, 9, 12 and 15 M) and activator solution/binder (a/b) ratios (i.e., 0.45 and 0.55) were produced in ambient curing condition, and optimum production parameters were determined based on the preliminary evaluations. Then, glass and polypropylene fibres in 6‐mm length (GS6 and PP6) and polyamide and polypropylene fibres in 12‐mm length (PY12 and PP12) were included in GPCs at ratio of 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% (by volume). Compressive strength, apparent porosity, bulk density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of GPC samples were carried out comparatively. The inclusion of GS6 fibre enhanced the compressive strength thanks to fibre surface being covered by geopolymer gel and the strong adhesion between GS fibre and geopolymer matrix. SEM images of fibre reinforced GPC (FRGPC) also confirmed the experimental findings, which were attributed to improvement in compressive strength. Regardless of the fibre type, the maximum compressive value strength was obtained from GPC specimens with 0.4% fibre and then decreased. Higher fibre inclusions led to poor compaction, workability issues and inhomogeneous fibre dispersions. A very good relation (R2 = 0.98) was acquired between UPV and compressive strength values of GPC/FRGPC samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abundant research on geopolymer concrete in the last two decades has provided worldwide acceptability in conventional structural applications. The high-impact applications of geopolymers are mostly limited because they are quasi-brittle in nature and show moderate crack resistance; hence, they require suitable reinforcing materials such as fibers. This paper reports a study to assess the strength and durability properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete (FA-GPC) prepared with novel C-glass fibers. The binder mix was comprised of Fly Ash (FA), Lime (L), Silica Fume (SF) and was activated by sodium hydroxide (12 M) and sodium silicate solution, followed by curing under ambient conditions. Glass fibers were utilized in varying proportions (0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.625, and 0.75%), by weight of the binder mix. It was found that the incorporation of 0.5% glass fiber significantly increased the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength properties. From the durability perspective, the samples exhibited good resistance against seawater, MgSO4 solution, and H2SO4 when compared with the control mix. Further, the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was employed to explore the nature of the geopolymer–fiber matrix. It was revealed that excellent interfacial bonding existed between fiber and the geopolymer matrix. The results indicate that addition of C-glass fibers significantly improves the overall mechanical performance of FA-GPC. The research presented here establishes the advantages of using C-glass fibers-based geopolymer concrete, thus encouraging its broader utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most natural habitats, microbes are not discovered in the planktonic phase but in multispecies biofilm communities. Bacteria in diverse microbial biofilm may interact or conflict relying on the varieties and features of solid surfaces. Hence, mono-species biofilm formed some potentially Gram-negative pathogenic species, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, on two different materials: stainless steel (SS) and polypropylene (PP) were investigated. The developed biofilm was comprehensively studied using different approaches. Results displayed that the biofilm developed upon SS was more intensive than on PP. Statistically, a compelling correlation with significance was recorded between the biofilm age and increasing bacterial biofilm populations formed upon PP and SS materials. Likewise, the excellent levels of produced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the biofilm formed upon both PP and SS were reached after 80 days. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs exhibited the surface structure of biofilm for E. coli, S. enterica, and P. aeruginosa developed upon two materials (PP and SS). The results show that, the formed biofilm cells for all tested bacterial strains grown upon PP material were more minor than SS. In conclusion, the existing investigation delivers better knowledge about the approaches that could be applied to investigate biofilm formation on various surface materials. Likewise, biopolymers such as extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play a critical role in establishing clusters and microcolonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. This in vitro study compared the vertical marginal discrepancy (MD) and absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD) between the zirconia substructure and titanium (Ti)-base abutment before and after cementation. Material and methods. An intraoral scanner (CEREC Omnicam scanner; Dentsply Sirona) was used to scan the dental model of missing tooth 36 and obtain a three-dimensional virtual model. It was designed and milled for 25 zirconia superstructures (inCoris ZI meso F2 L, Dentsply Sirona). The samples were cemented to Ti bases. The MD and AMD were measured for each sample by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after cementation. Results. The overall mean values of MD measurements before and after cementation were 14.12 μm and 20.28 μm, respectively. The overall mean values of AMD measurements prior to and after substructure cementation on the Ti base were 54.85 μm and 116.0 μm, respectively. ANOVA revealed significant differences in MD (p = 0.001) and AMD (p < 0.001) before and after cementation. Conclusions. Significant differences were observed in MD and AMD values before and after cementation. The MD and AMD values were significantly lower before cementation than after cementation. The mean MD and AMD values were clinically acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]