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Howard Rachlin's widely influential behavioral economic approach to self‐control and related issues provides the model for this submission. The topic is overconsumption. Current human consumption levels are unsustainable. Explanations typically focus on societal factors, such as the seductive power of advertising and/or misguided tax policies. However, the effectiveness of these factors depends on the degree to which individuals are susceptible to the message: "consume more." Humans are not blank slates. This paper argues that how individuals frame their choices establishes the susceptibility to overconsume. According to economic theory, consumers frame their options as bundles, composed of different combinations of the available items and activities. This leads to maximizing. In experiments, participants tend to frame their options as "either‐or" choices. This leads to the matching law. Mathematical models of concurrent schedule choice procedures show that (1) the matching law implies overconsumption of the most preferred option and (2) that individuals will persist in preferring their favorite option even when doing so reduces overall reward rates. Given that the matching law better describes how individuals choose than does maximizing, the mathematical models of widely used choice procedures help explain why efforts to increase consumption have been more influential than efforts to control consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to understand more fully the out-of-plane auxetic behavior of paper. In the reported research, initial characterization of the auxetic properties of common, commercially available papers is described. The results of these experiments suggest that the auxetic response seen in paper structures is related to the cellulose fiber network structure, as previously suggested, and is related to inter-fiber bonding and fiber organization in the sheet. These results also indicate that further study is needed to understand how materials and processing variables influence auxetic behavior. A mathematical model, attempting to explain auxetic response in an idealized arrangement of fibers is included. Ultimately, the fundamental understanding resulting from this research should lead to new product development opportunities for forest product-based paper materials as well as to the establishment of predictive structure-property relations for auxetic materials using paper as a model system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste paper is suitable for recycling back into paper or for incineration for energy recovery. If waste paper is used for recycling, secondary pulp replaces virgin pulp. Fiber recycling is limited, however, because of physical constraints—particularly the breakage of fiber in the recycling process—and a permanent input of virgin fiber to the system is required. Therefore one can expect that the relationship between recycling rates and resource requirements is represented by a curved line rather than a straight one. In this article, we present a mathematical model which confirms that the relationship between recycling rates and primary pulp requirements can be described as nonlinear. Furthermore, we show that this nonlinear relationship leads to an optimal recycling rate with regard to energy consumption: 93% for paper produced from chemical pulp, and 81% for paper produced from mechanical pulp. Sensitivity testing additionally reveals that at low recycling rates increasing waste paper recycling is energy efficient, but it becomes less efficient at higher recycling rates. Close to the optimum recycling rates (within 10%), increasing or decreasing the rate affects the total energy requirement less than 0.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the dynamics of the size of a population via mathematical modelling is a problem of interest and widely studied. Traditionally, continuous deterministic methods based on differential equations have been used to deal with this problem. However, discrete versions of some models are also available and sometimes more adequate. In this paper, we randomize the Pielou logistic equation in order to include the inherent uncertainty in modelling. Taking advantage of the method of transformation of random variables, we provide a full probabilistic description to the randomized Pielou logistic model via the computation of the probability density functions of the solution stochastic process, the steady state, and the time until a certain level of population is reached. The theoretical results are illustrated by means of two examples: The first one consists of a numerical experiment and the second one shows an application to study the diffusion of a technology using real data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. Product quality in the paper-making industry can be assessed by opacity of a linear trace through continuous production sheets, summarized in spectral form. We adopt a class of non-Gaussian stochastic models for continuous spatial variation to describe data of this type. The model has flexible covariance structure, physically interpretable parameters and allows several scales of variation for the underlying process. We derive the spectral properties of the model, and develop methods of parameter estimation based on maximum likelihood in the frequency domain. The methods are illustrated using sample data from a UK mill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a novel appearance model for paper. Based on our appearance measurements for matte and glossy paper, we find that paper exhibits a combination of subsurface scattering, specular reflection, retroreflection, and surface sheen. Classic microfacet and simple diffuse reflection models cannot simulate the double-sided appearance of a thin layer. Our novel BSDF model matches our measurements for paper and accounts for both reflection and transmission properties. At the core of the BSDF model is a method for converting a multi-layer subsurface scattering model (BSSRDF) into a BSDF, which allows us to retain physically-based absorption and scattering parameters obtained from the measurements. We also introduce a method for computing the amount of light available for subsurface scattering due to transmission through a rough dielectric surface. Our final model accounts for multiple scattering, single scattering, and surface reflection and is capable of rendering paper with varying levels of roughness and glossiness on both sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of bleaching-effluent from pulp and paper industry was investigated in a batch electrocoagulation (EC) reactor using aluminium as sacrificial electrodes. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of four independent parameters viz., current density (j: 5-25 mA/cm2), initial pH (pHo: 5-9), electrolyte (NaCl) concentration (c: 0-2 g/L) and electrolysis time (t: 10-30 min) on Colour, COD and BOD removal efficiency. The results were analyzed using Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on RSM analysis, a second-order polynomial regression model was developed and found to be good fit with experimental results. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, heat conduction from heat sources to tissue has been estimated by complex mathematical modeling. In the present study, we developed an intuitive in vitro skin burn model that illustrates heat conduction patterns inside the skin. This was composed of tightly compressed thermal papers with compression frames. Heat flow through the model left a trace by changing the color of thermal papers. These were digitized and three-dimensionally reconstituted to reproduce the heat conduction patterns in the skin. For standardization, we validated K91HG-CE thermal paper using a printout test and bivariate correlation analysis. We measured the papers' physical properties and calculated the estimated depth of heat conduction using Fourier's equation. Through contact burns of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 seconds on porcine skin and our burn model using a heated brass comb, and comparing the burn wound and heat conduction trace, we validated our model. The heat conduction pattern correlation analysis (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.846, p < 0.001) and the heat conduction depth correlation analysis (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.93, p < 0.001) showed statistically significant high correlations between the porcine burn wound and our model. Our model showed good correlation with porcine skin burn injury and replicated its heat conduction patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A person‐centred approach in the context of health services delivery implies a biopsychosocial model focusing on all factors that influence the person's health and functioning. Those wishing to monitor change should consider this perspective when they develop and use guidelines to stimulate active consideration of the person's needs, preferences and participation in goal setting, intervention selection and the use of appropriate outcome measures. Objective: To develop a position paper that promotes a person‐centred approach in guideline development and implementation. Design, setting and participants: We used three narrative discussion formats to collect data for achieving consensus: a nominal group technique for the Allied Health Steering Group, an Internet discussion board and a workshop at the annual G‐I‐N conference. We analysed the data for relevant themes to draft recommendations. Results: We built the position paper on the values of the biopsychosocial model. Four key themes for enhancing a person‐centred approach in clinical guidelines emerged: (i) use a joint definition of health‐related quality of life as an essential component of intervention goals, (ii) incorporate the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) as a framework for considering all domains related to health, (iii) adopt a shared decision‐making method, and (iv) incorporate patient‐reported health outcome measures. The position statement includes 14 recommendations for guideline developers, implementers and users. Conclusion: This position paper describes essential elements for incorporating a person‐centred approach in clinical guidelines. The consensus process provided information about barriers and facilitators that might help us develop strategies for implementing person‐centred care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents 2 mathematical models to predict the initial peak stress and the plateau stress of corrugated paperboard which is simplified and regarded as the orthotropic plate under longitudinal compression. The resultant stress‐strain curve exhibits initial stiffening stage and a long plateau stage, where the initial peak stress determining the edgewise crush resistance of the board and most impact energy will be absorbed by the long plateau stage. By analyzing the elastic buckling of the board wall, a model of predicting the initial peak stress was obtained, while the plateau stress model was developed based on the gradual process of compression for corrugated board and energy conservation principle. Moreover, experiments were carried out to corroborate the presented model by comparing the predicted value with that by experiments, showing overall good agreement. It can be concluded that the proposed models can be applied for design of corrugated containers and cushioning packaging by corrugated paperboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface properties of newsprint and other paper qualities are to a great extent determined by the properties of the cellulose fibres. An appropriate description of these fibres as they appear in the paper is therefore important and can be used for quality classification and process monitoring. We suggest a model that considers the fibre geometry and appearance. It is based on a two-dimensional shot-noise process. The model is fit by minimizing a weighted least squares distance between the model-based and estimated covariance functions and this provides estimates of the fibre size, intensity and the non-uniform distribution of the fibre orientation. The model is applied to simulated and real data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses estimated model parameters as inputs into multivariate quality control charts. The thickness of paper leaving a paper mill is measured at a high sampling rate, and these data are grouped into successive data segments. A stochastic model for paper is fitted to each data segment, leading to parameter estimates and information-based standard errors for these estimates. The estimated model parameters vary by more than one can be explained by the information-based standard errors, suggesting that the ‘true’ underlying parameters are not constant over time. A model is formulated for the true parameters in which the information matrix dictates the distribution for the observed parameters given the true parameters. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers need maps to effectively navigate increasingly voluminous literatures. This is no less the case in the field of problem structuring methods (PSMs). This paper offers an atlas of the journal literature of the theoretical development of, what are currently acknowledged to be, the four main PSMs up to their consolidation in 1989. A thorough contextual appreciation of the structure and dynamics of this literature sets the stage for addressing some of its specific aspects, for which an atlas is especially effective as an orientation device. Substantiated suggestions for exploratory excursions, as well as potential pitfalls, are accentuated, the overall aim being to provide researchers with navigational support that may assist their research objectives. Based on evidence uncovered from the atlas, a number of issues current in the PSM field are discussed, including the use of the collective descriptor 'family', the extent to which PSMs find their origins, and belong, in the wider field of operational research and the identification of sources that have hitherto received little or no acknowledgment but which merit attention as precursors and promising contributors to PSM research. The paper is accompanied by an electronic supplement containing the basic data of the atlas from which additional maps may be designed and constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational models of memory presented in this issue reflect varied empirical data and levels of representation. From mathematical models to neural and cognitive architectures, all aim to converge on a unified theory of the mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier work using the time dependent Poynting theorem has shown that the complete description of power in a multimodal radiation field requires the use of three numbers; two are sufficient only with a single modal field. Where three numbers are required it is not possible to correctly represent power as a complex number. In the common notation the third number is a suppressed phase angle; when multiple power fields are combined to form a single one it is essential to account for the suppressed phase angles. The differences in power calculations using the time and frequency domain power theorems are manifest in determination of the energy flow that remains local to the source, oscillating between the near field and source, which does not form part of the far field power. In this paper we numerically model, using commonly accepted frequency and time domain techniques, the simplest antenna design that clearly illustrates the differences between time and frequency domain representations of reactive power. We calculate and contrast the instantaneous and the steady-state far field and local powers emitted from two identical, perpendicularly oriented electrically small TM dipoles as a function of relative phase between the two dipoles. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discussion on a study by Bradley Jones and Rachel T. Johnson on the use of Gaussian Process model in computer simulation research. The authors believe that the uncertainty intervals on unsampled points generated by using a plug-in approach from maximum likelihood estimates may be too short. Their own experiences confirm that computer models are widely used in many areas of science and engineering, and the need to understand the performance of such models is critical.

The article presents a discussion of the "Semi-Mechanistic Modelling in Nonlinear Regression: A Case Study," by Katarina Domijani, Murray Jorgensen and Jeff Reid. The study raises an issue concerning the place of statistics in applied research, as well as detailing more technical, statistical matters. The authors present approaches to detect and remedy parameter identifiability issues in realistic but very complex nonlinear models.

The 10th International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Reliability, MMR 2017, held in Grenoble, France during July 3‐7, entailed a panel discussion entitled "Is reliability a new science?" with Mark Brown, Regina Liu, William Meeker, Sheldon Ross, and Nozer Singpurwalla as panelists. Bill Meeker also doubled as a chair and as a moderator of the panel. The panel discussion was spawned by the recent appearance of a book by Professor Paolo Rocchi, Docent Emeritus of IBM, titled "Reliability is a new science: Gnedenko was right" published by Springer in 2017. The panel discussion was well attended and enthusiastically received and could serve as a forerunner to other such panel discussions at future MMR conferences. This paper presents some elements from the lively debate generated by this discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This commentary discusses the recent paper by , placing their results into perspective. Results: Quinn and Fromme's meta-analysis is an important and useful synthesis of a complex literature. It is clear, well written, and well reasoned, with conclusions that are relevant to both the Low Level of Response Model and the Differentiator Model. Conclusions: Drs. Quinn and Fromme use a thorough and thoughtful approach, and I encourage researchers to address the important questions raised by their meta-analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under wideband and especially ultrawideband (short pulse) excitation, the electromagnetic fields, after encounters with a propagation or scattering environment, reveal features which range from highly resolved spikes or dips to smooth oscillations at early and late observation times, respectively. Time-domain (TD) analytic modelling should be structured around wave objects which relate features (observables) in data to distinct features in the environment. A strategy to this end, named observable-based parametrization (OBP), is proposed here. The rules are learned from frequency- and time-domain asymptotics applies to spatial and spectral domain representations of tractable prototype problems. This leads to self-consistent hybrid combinations OBP-TD travelling (wavefront) and oscillatory (resonant) synthesizing basis fields; the latter include novel TD leaky modes for guiding wave channels and TD Bragg modes for periodic arrays. These concepts are illustrated by examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the mechanical characteristics of paper packaging. The ecological aspects of paper packaging, such as biodegradability and its low production costs have made these type of packaging widely used. The study used computational modeling, and possible mathematical models, to determine the strength of paper packaging under compression.

Sugarcane is a product of great economic relevance and, as well as its use for the production of different types of sugar, it is also a renewable source for the production of bio‐fuels, other bio‐products, and electricity. In this context, efficient planning and technology changes are necessary to ensure high productivity, competitiveness and harmony with economic, social, and environmental issues. Consequently, this sector needs technical and scientific support. Mathematical optimization models can be useful to build efficient planning tools for the activities involved in the sugarcane supply chain, helping to address these challenges. This paper describes the sugarcane supply chain and presents a literature review of mathematical optimization models that have been proposed to represent its main stages: planting, harvesting, transporting, industrial processing, and marketing. The findings show that several models have been proposed to represent these five stages, however, most of them have not been thoroughly explored from the point of view of strength of the models and solution methods. Moreover, the harvesting stage is the one that has received more attention than the other stages. In the integration of two or more stages, there are many challenges yet to be addressed by mathematical optimization models. This review contributes to a better understanding of the sugar‐energy sector and opens up new perspectives for future investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently we proposed a model in which when a scientist writes a manuscript, he picks up several random papers, cites them, and also copies a fraction of their references. The model was stimulated by our finding that a majority of scientific citations are copied from the lists of references used in other papers. It accounted quantitatively for several properties of empirically observed distribution of citations; however, important features such as power-law distributions of citations to papers published during the same year and the fact that the average rate of citing decreases with aging of a paper were not accounted for by that model. Here, we propose a modified model: When a scientist writes a manuscript, he picks up several random recent papers, cites them, and also copies some of their references. The difference with the original model is the word recent. We solve the model using methods of the theory of branching processes, and find that it can explain the aforementioned features of citation distribution, which our original model could not account for. The model also can explain “sleeping beauties in science;” that is, papers that are little cited for a decade or so and later “awaken” and get many citations. Although much can be understood from purely random models, we find that to obtain a good quantitative agreement with empirical citation data, one must introduce Darwinian fitness parameter for the papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a discussion on a study by Bradley Jones and Rachel T. Johnson on the use of Gaussian Process model in computer simulation research. The author believes that the researchers offer a clear and helpful introduction to ideas and methods used in the design and analysis of computer experiments. He provides some additional points of importance regarding analysis, design and computing.

This article presents a discussion on a study by Bradley Jones and Rachel T. Johnson on the use of Gaussian Process model in computer simulation research. The author believes that the Gaussian process model often performs adequately apparent nonstationarity. He explores the topic of model calibration, the relationship between the design and the model used to fit the data, and design augmentation.

This study finds a bibliometric regularity in the finance literature that the number of authors publishing n papers is about l/nc of those publishing one paper. We find that the finance literature conforms very well to the inverse square law (c = 2) if data are taken from a large collection of journals. When applied to individual finance journals, we find that values of c range from 1.95 to 3.26. We also find that top-rated journals have higher concentrations among their contributors. This implies that the phenomenon "success breeds success" is more common in higher quality publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper describes and critically reflects on how children and young people (CYP) acted as public advisors to coproduce health information materials about Long Covid for younger audiences. This work was underpinned by the Lundy model, a framework which provides guidance on facilitating CYP to actively contribute to matters which affect them. Methods: Coproduction activity sessions took place with CYP in schools as well as video conferences with a CYP stakeholder group and CYP with Long Covid. Activities encouraged CYP to focus on the content, format, and design of materials and used problem‐based and collaborative learning to encourage engagement with the project. Using a range of methods and open discussion, CYP codesigned a series of Long Covid health information materials for younger audiences. Results: Sixty‐six CYP (aged 10–18), and two young adults were involved. CYP codesigned specifications for the final materials and provided feedback on early designs. The project led to the development of a series of health information materials targeted at CYP: a short social media campaign with six short videos and a 12‐page illustrated leaflet about Long Covid; released on social media and distributed in local area. All the CYP were positive about the project and their involvement. Discussion: Involving CYP led to the development of innovative and engaging information materials (influence). Developing rapport was important when working with CYP and this was facilitated by using approaches and activities to establish an environment (space) where the CYP felt comfortable sharing their views (voice) and being listened to (audience) by the adults in the project. Working with external groups who are willing to share their expertise can help the meaningful involvement of voices 'less heard'. Public Contribution: One CYP coapplicant contributed to the project design and facilitation of PPIE sessions, 64 CYP were involved in the PPIE sessions to design and feedback on materials. Two young adult media producers worked with CYP to produce these materials, another CYP supported this process. Three public contributors were involved in the preparation of this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many Covid‐19 survivors are living with unresolved, relapsing and remitting symptoms and no 'one size' of treatment is likely to be effective for everyone. Supported self‐management for the varied symptoms of Long Covid (LC) is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence in the United Kingdom. We aimed to develop a new personalised support intervention for people living with LC using a structured co‐design framework to guide replication and evaluation. Methods: We used the improvement methodology, Experience‐Based Co‐Design, in an accelerated form to harness the collective experiences of people with LC. Incorporating evidence from 'Bridges Self‐Management' (Bridges) an approach in which healthcare professionals (HCPs)are trained to support knowledge, confidence and skills of individuals living with long term conditions. Co‐designed resources are also central to Bridges. Adults who self‐identified as living with or recovered from LC, from England or Wales, aged 18 years and over were recruited, and HCPs, with experience of supporting people with LC. Participants took part in a series of small co‐design group meetings and larger mixed meetings to agree priorities, core principles and generate resources and intervention content. Results: People with LC (n = 28), and HCPs (n = 9) supported co‐design of a book (hard‐copy and digital form) to be used in 1:1 support sessions with a trained HCP. Co‐design stages prioritised stories about physical symptoms first, and psychological and social challenges which followed, nonlinear journeys and reconceptualising stability as progress, rich descriptions of strategies and links to reputable advice and support for navigating healthcare services. Co‐design enabled formulation of eight core intervention principles which underpinned the training and language used by HCPs and fidelity assessments. Conclusion: We have developed a new personalised support intervention, with core principles to be used in one‐to‐one sessions delivered by trained HCPs, with a new co‐designed book as a prompt to build personalised strategies and plans using narratives, ideas, and solutions from other people with LC. Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of the 'LISTEN' intervention will be evaluated in a randomised controlled trial set within the context of the updated Framework for Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions. Patient and Public Contribution: The LISTEN Public and Patient Involvement (PPI) group comprised seven people living with LC. They all contributed to the design of this study and five members were part of a larger co‐design community described in this paper. They have contributed to this paper by interpreting stages of intervention design and analysis of results. Three members of our PPI group are co‐authors of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first half of a two-part paper which deals with the social theoretic assumptions underlying system dynamics. The motivation is that clarification in this area can help mainstream social scientists to understand how our field relates to their literature, methods and concerns. Part I has two main sections. The aim of the first is to answer the question: How do the ideas of system dynamics relate to traditional social theories? The theoretic assumptions of the field are seldom explicit but rather are implicit in its practice. The range of system dynamics practice is therefore considered and related to a framework—widely used in both operational research (OR) and systems science—that organises the assumptions behind traditional social theoretic paradigms. Distinct and surprisingly varied groupings of practice are identified, making it difficult to place system dynamics in any one paradigm with any certainty. The difficulties of establishing a social theoretic home for system dynamics are exemplified in the second main section. This is done by considering the question: Is system dynamics deterministic? An analysis shows that attempts to relate system dynamics to strict notions of voluntarism or determinism quickly indicate that the field does not fit with either pole of this dichotomous, and strictly paradigmatic, view. Part I therefore concludes that definitively placing system dynamics with respect to traditional social theories is highly problematic. The scene is therefore set for Part II of the paper, which proposes an innovative and potentially fruitful resolution to this problem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel ideas often experience resistance from incumbent forces. While evidence of the bias against novelty has been widely identified in science, there is still a lack of large‐scale quantitative work to study this problem occurring in the prepublication process of manuscripts. This paper examines the association between manuscript novelty and handling time of publication based on 778,345 articles in 1,159 journals indexed by PubMed. Measuring the novelty as the extent to which manuscripts disrupt existing knowledge, we found systematic evidence that higher novelty is associated with longer handling time. Matching and fixed‐effect models were adopted to confirm the statistical significance of this pattern. Moreover, submissions from prestigious authors and institutions have the advantage of shorter handling time, but this advantage is diminishing as manuscript novelty increases. In addition, we found longer handling time is negatively related to the impact of manuscripts, while the relationships between novelty and 3‐ and 5‐year citations are U‐shape. This study expands the existing knowledge of the novelty bias by examining its existence in the prepublication process of manuscripts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ibero‐American research on information behavior (IB) lacks the visibility typical of other parts of the world, and little is known about it in countries outside the area. The objective of this paper has therefore been to analyze the way in which Ibero‐American research incorporates various theoretical references to empirical research on IB. The results point to the existence of different focuses of research in the past 10 years, in the sense of a reduced empirical approach and a moderate to minimal use of theories in the design of such research. Furthermore, the most cited theories and models of IB at an international level are those most widely applied in this geographical area, and the use of a wide variety of theoretical frameworks has been demonstrated, which gives the research under review a cognitive, but also sociocultural, perspective. Future research should further elaborate on this issue, including other types of documents, such as conference papers, books, and theses, while taking into account the publication landscape of the geographical area in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several behavioral scientists have contributed to special issues of the "Decision Science" journal. K. MacCrimmon and J. Siu tackled the significant problem of modeling and measuring and individual decision maker's inevitable trade-offs. The authors find that the choice mode consistently exceeds the equivalence mode in its predictive accuracy. R. Duncan's paper examined possible determinants of the structure of decision units within organization. A. Delbecq studied contextual variables affecting decision making in program planning. Lastly, V. Vroom and A. Jago wrote a paper about decision making as a social process.

Background: Youth engagement in research, wherein youth are involved in the research beyond mere participation as human subjects, is growing and becoming more popular as an approach to research. However, systematic and deliberate theory‐building has been limited. We conducted a systematic review to identify and synthesize theories, models and frameworks that have been applied in the engagement of youth in health research, including mental health. Methods: Six academic databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL) and the grey literature were searched for relevant studies. Citation tracking was conducted through ancestry and descendancy searches. The final search was completed on 7 February 2023. Findings were summarized in a narrative synthesis informed by principles of hermeneutic analysis and interpretation. Reporting of results is in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses) 2020 Statement. Results: Of the 1156 records identified, 16 papers were included, from which we extracted named theories (n = 6), implicit theories (n = 5) and models and frameworks (n = 20) used for youth engagement in health research. We identified theories that were explicitly stated and surfaced theories that were more implicitly suggested. Models and frameworks were organized into four categories based on their principal features: power‐focused (n = 8), process‐focused (n = 7), impact‐focused (n = 3) and equity‐focused (n = 2). Few frameworks (n = 5) were empirically tested in health‐related research. Conclusions: The state of theoretical development in youth engagement in research is still evolving. In this systematic review, we identified theories, models and frameworks used for youth engagement in health research. Findings from this systematic review offer a range of resources to those who seek to develop and strengthen youth engagement in their own research. Patient or Public Contribution: Youth engaged as patients in the research were not involved in planning or conducting the systematic review. However, youth researchers in their early to mid‐20s led the planning, implementation and interpretation of the review. As part of subsequent work, we formed a youth advisory board to develop a youth‐led knowledge mobilization intended for an audience of youth with lived experience of being engaged as patients in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Most common diseases of the mouth are preventable through behavioural changes, oral hygiene routines and regular professional care. Research suggests dental professionals may prioritize clinical experience, personal values and preferences over evidence when delivering such interventions. Research also suggests variable rates of patient behaviour change following oral health education (OHE) interactions. This review explores the literature to answer the question: what factors influence the provision and reception of OHE messages and the wider OHE process? Methods: A structured search of literature was carried out with databases covering a range of academic disciplines (healthcare sciences, social sciences, education). Key words/terms were searched to elicit papers published since 1998. Citation mining (relevant citations within papers) and citation tracking (papers citing relevant papers) were also used. Recurring themes within the papers were identified and coded using NVivo12 and presented in a conceptual model. Results: The studies analysed tended to employ small‐scale surveys, larger‐scale surveys (some with low response rates), or interview studies of varying sizes. There was also a limited number of review papers. However, several key messages were identified regarding dental professionals' and patients' views on OHE and the factors that influence its provision. Factors that were identified related to the wider social and policy context (macro), community‐level factors (meso), the individual practitioner and patient (micro), factors that influenced the nature of OHE interaction and any resulting behaviour change, and how the outcomes of the process influence future OHE interactions for both parties. Conclusions: The literature highlighted how factors influence the OHE process before, during and after the educational interaction. The resultant conceptual model acknowledges the influence of wider 'upstream' factors alongside interpersonal and individual influences which should be taken into consideration when developing OHE interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio stations are seriously affected by transmission line reradiation interference, but most of the existing methods for analyzing and solving reradiation interference on transmission lines focus on approximating the physical problem through mathematical models and algorithms, and it is difficult to study the correlation between transmission lines and reradiation interference in depth. This paper introduces the characteristic mode theory to study the influence factors of reradiation interference on transmission lines, which can decompose the surface induced current of transmission lines into a series of mutually orthogonal mode currents. This paper verifies the correctness of applying the MS (mode significance) value of the characteristic mode theory to analyze the reradiation interference through a simple transmission line example. Taking a line with 5 towers as an example, by analyzing the characteristic mode currents of transmission lines with different forwarding angles and linear arrangements, we not only verified that the characteristic mode currents can well characterize the reradiation interference, but also verified that the characteristic currents of different modes have a direct connection with the structure of the line, which can be applied in the process of designing or reconstructing the towers of the transmission lines, to predict the influence of different structural parameters on electromagnetic scattering, so as to optimize the tower design to reduce the reradiation interference effects and thus optimize the tower design to reduce reradiation interference. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with intellectual disability have diverse needs and experience higher rates of diet‐related chronic disease such as type 2 diabetes compared to people without disability. However, they are infrequently included in development and implementation of interventions to address diet‐related chronic disease. The present study describes the process to plan, develop and refine the Food and Lifestyle Information Program (FLIP) culinary nutrition intervention for adults with mild‐to‐moderate intellectual disability. Methods: The project was initiated by a disability service provider and was guided by the Cook‐Ed™ model and inclusive research principles. Initially the disability service provider and academic research team members co‐designed pre‐program consultation and pilot studies, and draft program resources. Pre‐program consultation explored paid disability support worker (n = 10) perceptions of cooking and food skills, nutrition priorities and optimal program format, which guided further program drafting. Program resources and pilot study design were further developed and refined with co‐researchers with lived experience of intellectual disability who attended a pre‐pilot and then pilot study sessions as remunerated co‐facilitators. Results: Key characteristics of the FLIP intervention arising from pre‐program consultation included providing cooking task instruction in small steps, enabling participant choice in program activities, promoting an inclusive and social atmosphere, and providing paper‐based resources. Conclusions: FLIP intervention co‐design was enabled through ongoing input from the disability service provider and people with lived experience of intellectual disability. Evaluation of FLIP feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness to improve diet‐related health is underway. Highlights: An academic research team, disability service provider and people with lived experience of intellectual disability co‐designed a culinary nutrition intervention for adults with mild‐to‐moderate intellectual disabilityKey considerations for culinary nutrition programs for people with intellectual disability include providing small group practical instruction, paper‐based Easy Read recipes, providing choice and creating a social and inclusive atmosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In example‐based learning, examples are often combined with generative activities, such as comparative self‐explanations of example cases. Comparisons induce heavy demands on working memory, especially in complex domains. Hence, only stronger learners may benefit from comparative self‐explanations. While static text‐based examples can be compared easily, this is challenging for transient video‐based modelling examples used in complex domains because simultaneous processing of two videos is not feasible. Objectives: To allow for such comparisons, we combined video‐based modelling examples with static representations (i.e., summarizing tables) of the observed optimal and a suboptimal solution of the problem‐solving process. A comparative self‐explanation prompt asked learners to compare the different solution approaches. Our study investigated the impact of video‐based modelling examples versus independent problem‐solving on cognitive load and problem‐solving skill development. Moreover, we investigated the effects of comparative versus sequential self‐explanation prompts, depending on learners' prior knowledge. Methods: In an experiment, 118 automotive apprentices learned a car malfunction diagnosis strategy. Apprentices were divided into three groups: (1) modelling examples with comparative self‐explanation prompts, (2) modelling examples with sequential prompts, and (3) no examples or prompts. Diagnostic knowledge and skills were assessed before and after the intervention. Cognitive load was measured retrospectively. Results and conclusions: Despite no observed effects on cognitive load, modelling examples enhanced diagnostic knowledge and diagnostic skills with scaffolds, though not independent diagnostic skills without scaffolds. The need for more practice opportunities to foster independent diagnostic skills is assumed. Additionally, comparative prompts seem promising for learners with higher prior knowledge. Takeaways: Video‐based modelling examples were more beneficial for learning than practising to apply the diagnostic strategy. Static representations allow for comparisons of video examples and comparative prompts are promising for learners with higher prior knowledge (cf. expertise‐reversal effect). Further research, especially on the effects on cognitive load, is necessary. Lay Description: What is already known about the topic?: Text and video examples that model how to solve a problem are widely used in education.Text examples often include self‐explanation prompts that ask learners to compare several examples.For video examples, such comparison prompts have seldom been investigated, because comparisons are difficult to implement for transient videos. What does this paper add?: This paper shows that video examples combined with static summaries of processes that have been shown in the video example are effective and allow for comparisons of video examples.Such comparisons seem to be more promising for learners with higher prior knowledge. Implications for practice: Practitioners could combine video examples with static summaries of the processes shown in the video examples to allow for comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Measuring students' self‐regulation skills is essential to understand how they approach their learning tasks in order to identify areas where they might need additional support. Traditionally, self‐report questionnaires and think aloud protocols have been used to measure self‐regulated learning skills (SRL). However, these methods are based on students' interpretation, so they are prone to potential inaccuracy. Recently, there has been a growing interest in utilizing learning analytics (LA) to capture students' self‐regulated learning (SRL) by extracting indicators from their online trace data. Objectives: This paper aims to identify the indicators and metrics employed by previous studies to measure SRL in higher education. Additionally, the study examined how these measurements were validated. Methods: Following the protocol of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA), this study conducted an analysis of 25 articles, published between 2015 and 2022, and sourced from major databases. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that previous research used a variety of indicators to capture learners' SRL. Most of these indicators are related to time management skills, such as indicators of engagement, regularity, and anti‐procrastination. Furthermore, the study found that the majority of the reviewed studies did not validate the proposed measurements based on any theoretical models. This highlights the importance of fostering closer collaboration between learning analytics and learning science to ensure the extracted indicators accurately represent students' learning processes. Moreover, this collaboration can enhance the validity and reliability of data‐driven approaches, ultimately leading to more meaningful and impactful educational interventions. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Measuring students' self‐regulation skills is essential for understanding their learning approaches and identifying areas requiring further support.Traditionally, questionnaires and interviews have been used to measure learners' self‐regulation; however, these methods rely on students' own views, which can sometimes be unreliable.Recently, there has been more interest in using learning analytics to measure students' self‐regulation based on data extracted from their online activities. What this paper adds?: This paper systematically analyses how previous studies used learning analytics to measure students' self‐regulation in higher education.It examines how these measurements were validated. Implications for practise and/or policy: More collaboration is needed between researcher in learning science and learning analytics is essential to ensure that the metrics and methods developed are not only theoretically sound but also practically relevant. This collaboration ultimately contributes to the design of enhanced learning experiences and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel three‐phase grid‐tied multilevel inverter (MLI) topology that employs a basic unit per phase, yielding a symmetrical configuration capable of generating five‐level output voltage and an asymmetrical configuration producing seven‐level and nine‐level output voltages. The generalization of the proposed MLI is presented in terms of the number of modules (M) and output levels (L). A comprehensive comparative analysis of the proposed MLI topology against existing configurations is presented for both symmetric and asymmetric cases. The switching devices in the MLI are controlled using the in‐phase disposition level shift PWM (IPD‐LSPWM) technique. The synchronization of the grid‐tied MLI is addressed by considering the uncertainties in grid and load parameters at the point of common coupling (PCC). To achieve synchronization, a PLL‐less grid voltage‐ modulated direct power control (GVM‐DPC) technique is implemented. To mitigate the delay associated with PLL, a GVM‐DPC based on the stationary reference frame (SRF) is applied. This paper also includes mathematical modelling of GVM‐DPC without PLL and the design of an LCL filter. A simulation model of a 15‐kVA, three‐phase, nine‐level grid‐tied MLI is developed in MATLAB/Simulink and tested under both steady‐state and dynamic conditions. The proposed controller's performance is evaluated under the load variations and sudden changes in available power from the distributed generator (DG). Robustness is tested under adverse conditions such as voltage sag/swell at the PCC. Furthermore, the system is implemented in the OPAL‐RT OP4510 real‐time simulator, and the results are validated to confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed grid‐tied MLI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Competent clinical reasoning forms the foundation for effective and efficient clinical swallowing examination (CSE) and consequent dysphagia management decisions. While the nature of initial CSEs has been evaluated, it remains unclear how new information gathered by speech–language therapists (SLTs) throughout a patient's acute‐care journey is integrated into their initial clinical reasoning and management processes and used to review and revise initial management recommendations. Aims: To understand how SLTs' clinical reasoning and decision‐making regarding dysphagia assessment and management evolve as patients transition through acute hospital care from referral to discharge. Methods & Procedures: A longitudinal, qualitative approach was employed to gather information from two SLTs who managed six patients at a metropolitan acute‐care hospital. A retrospective 'think‐aloud' protocol was utilized to prompt SLTs regarding their clinical reasoning and decision‐making processes during initial and subsequent CSEs and patient interactions. Three types of concept maps were created based on these interviews: a descriptive concept map, a reasoning map and a hypothesis map. All concept maps were evaluated regarding their overall structure, facts gathered, types of reasoning engaged in (inductive versus deductive), types of hypotheses generated, and the diagnosis and management recommendations made following initial CSE and during subsequent dysphagia management. Outcomes & Results: Initial CSEs involved a rich process of fact‐gathering, that was predominantly led by inductive reasoning (hypothesis generation) and some application of deductive reasoning (hypothesis testing), with the primary aims of determining the presence of dysphagia and identifying the safest diet and fluid recommendations. During follow‐up assessments, SLTs engaged in increasingly more deductive testing of initial hypotheses, including fact‐gathering aimed at determining the tolerance of current diet and fluid recommendations or the suitability for diet and/or fluid upgrade and less inductive reasoning. Consistent with this aim, SLTs' hypotheses were focused primarily on airway protection and medical status during the follow‐up phase. Overall, both initial and follow‐up swallowing assessments were targeted primarily at identifying suitable management recommendations, and less so on identifying and formulating diagnoses. None of the patients presented with adverse respiratory and/or swallowing outcomes during admission and following discharge from speech pathology. Conclusions & Implications: Swallowing assessment and management across the acute‐care journey was observed as a high‐quality, patient‐centred process characterized by iterative cycles of inductive and deductive reasoning. This approach appears to maximize efficiency without compromising the quality of care. The outcomes of this research encourage further investigation and translation to tertiary and post‐professional education contexts as a clear understanding of the processes involved in reaching diagnoses and management recommendations can inform career‐long refinement of clinical skills. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: SLTs' clinical reasoning processes during initial CSE employ iterative cycles of inductive and deductive reasoning, reflecting a patient‐centred assessment process. To date it is unknown how SLTs engage in clinical reasoning during follow‐up assessments of swallowing function, how they assess the appropriateness of initial management recommendations and how this relates to patient outcomes. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: Our longitudinal evaluation of clinical reasoning and decision‐making patterns related to swallowing management in acute care demonstrated that SLTs tailored their processes to each patient's presentation. There was an emphasis on monitoring the suitability of the initial management recommendations and the potential for upgrade of diet or compensatory swallowing strategies. The iterative cycles of inductive and deductive reasoning reflect efficient decision‐making processes that maintain high‐quality clinical care within the acute environment. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: Employing efficient and high‐quality clinical reasoning is a hallmark of good dysphagia practice in maximizing positive patient outcomes. Developing approaches to understanding and making explicit clinical reasoning processes of experienced clinicians may assist SLTs of all developmental stages to provide high standards of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the Advanced Impedance Mismatch Technique (AIMT), a novel approach designed for the accurate detection of simultaneous and varied faults within photovoltaic (PV) systems. This investigation integrates a spectrum of fault detection strategies, pinpointing reflectometry as a notably effective tool. Despite its utility, conventional reflectometry applications face critical constraints, notably the limitation to identify only the primary fault location within a PV array and the inability to distinguish between different fault types. This work introduces an innovative mathematical model that estimates the impedance of PV modules, enhancing the reflectometry method to enable the precise identification and localization of multiple defective modules within a string. The proposed technique exhibits a remarkable sensitivity to detect slight impedance differences between a functional PV string and one with defective modules. The validity of the AIMT's mathematical model is corroborated through simulation experiments on a string of seven PV modules afflicted with multiple simultaneous faults. These experiments rigorously evaluate the technique's accuracy in pinpointing the locations of defective modules within a PV string. The outcomes of our proposed N $N$‐times faster AIMT reveal a strong concordance between the simulated reflective signals and the impedance values forecasted by the model, highlighting the proposed method's proficiency in the detailed detection and diagnosis of progressive faults within PV systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation Analysis and Modeling II (SAAM II) is a graphical modeling software used in life sciences for compartmental model analysis, particularly, but not exclusively, appreciated in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), metabolism, and tracer modeling. Its intuitive "circles and arrows" visuals allow users to easily build, solve, and fit compartmental models without the need for coding. It is suitable for rapid prototyping of models for complex kinetic analysis or PK/PD problems, and in educating students and non‐modelers. Although it is straightforward in design, SAAM II incorporates sophisticated algorithms programmed in C to address ordinary differential equations, deal with complex systems via forcing functions, conduct multivariable regression featuring the Bayesian maximum a posteriori, perform identifiability and sensitivity analyses, and offer reporting functionalities, all within a single package. After 26 years from the last SAAM II tutorial paper, we demonstrate here SAAM II's updated applicability to current life sciences challenges. We review its features and present four contemporary case studies, including examples in target‐mediated PK/PD, CAR‐T‐cell therapy, viral dynamics, and transmission models in epidemiology. Through such examples, we demonstrate that SAAM II provides a suitable interface for rapid model selection and prototyping. By enabling the fast creation of detailed mathematical models, SAAM II addresses a unique requirement within the mathematical modeling community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note aims to establish the influence of a system's political identity on its viability. Using an argumentative analysis of evolutionary theory, organisational cybernetics and other systems traditions, this paper demonstrates the importance of identity to the adaptability of viable systems. It demonstrates how the environment shapes viable systems and how natural selection makes certain political identities viable in systems. The conclusion of the paper presents some ideas for adaptation in viable systems and asserts that these ideas are anarchist in origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the advancement of mobile and sensing technology, the incorporation of augmented reality (AR) in context‐aware ubiquitous learning (CAUL) has offered significant benefits to oral communication development in foreign language learning. Although a great number of studies have been dedicated in this field, only a little research was conducted to formulate a facilitation framework aligning with established learning theories or pedagogies. Objectives: This review thereby examined the facilitation tenets conducive to the best practice of AR‐based CAUL projects for oral communication enhancement and further established a AR‐guided CAUL framework. Methods: The researchers systematically reviewed 17 related empirical AR studies from Web of Science from 2000 to 2021 and synthesized the results with focused second language acquisition theories. Results and Conclusions: Three practical tenets were identified, including facilitating learner‐centred pedagogies with personal and contextual learning supports, incorporating constructivist learning design, and encouraging collaborative learning and higher‐order cognitive skills. Furthermore, in accordance with the synthesized results, a facilitation framework combining situated learning, learning‐by‐doing, and social constructivist design was developed to engage students in a learning, applying, and reflecting process in formal and informal learning contexts. Major Takeaways: For the best practice of oral communication through AR, this review study offers practical facilitation tenets and theoretical framework which are in alignment with research‐proven theories. It is expected that the framework could provide frontline educational practitioners with guidance to foster students' learning outcomes and interactions. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Foreign language learning has become interactive, contextual, and ubiquitous due to the development of mobile computing and sensing technologyThe incorporation of augmented reality (AR) an context aware ubiquitous learning (CAUL) is beneficial for the facilitation of oral communication in foreign language learning What this paper adds?: This paper offers practical facilitation tenets for oral communication development through AR‐based CAUL applicationsA theoretical framework is created for the best practices of AR and CAUL‐based listening and speaking projects Implications for practice and/or policy: The facilitation framework provides clear steps and details of implementation with learning theories to guide frontline educational practitioners and learnersThis paper can assist interested stakeholders to develop learning designs and effectiveness with the combination of theoretical foundation and pedagogical applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the paradigmatic assumptions and ideologies that have shaped algorithmic management research. We identify two sets of assumptions: one about the "ontology of algorithms" (which holds that human resource management [HRM] algorithms are non‐human entities with material agency) and one about the "ontology of management" that HRM algorithms afford (which understands algorithmic management as a form of control for maximizing economic/shareholder value). We explain how these core assumptions underpin existing research of HRM algorithms, causing blind spots that hinder new ways of understanding and studying algorithmic management. After identifying and unpacking the assumptions and blind spots, we offer avenues to overcome these blind spots, allowing for future research based on new ideological assumption grounds that will help move algorithmic management scholarship further in significant ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we build models to predict the existence of citations among papers by formulating link prediction for 5 large-scale datasets of citation networks. The supervised machine-learning model is applied with 11 features. As a result, our learner performs very well, with the F1 values of between 0.74 and 0.82. Three features in particular, link-based Jaccard coefficient difference in betweenness centrality, and cosine similarity of term frequency-inverse document frequency vectors, largely affect the predictions of citations. The results also indicate that different models are required for different types of research areas-research fields with a single issue or research fields with multiple issues. In the case of research fields with multiple issues, there are barriers among research fields because our results indicate that papers tend to be cited in each research field locally. Therefore, one must consider the typology of targeted research areas when building models for link prediction in citation networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bias in peer review entails systematic prejudice that prevents accurate and objective assessment of scientific studies. The disparity between referees' opinions on the same paper typically makes it difficult to judge the paper's quality. This article presents a comprehensive study of peer review biases with regard to 2 aspects of referees: the static profiles (factual authority and self-reported confidence) and the dynamic behavioral context (the temporal ordering of reviews by a single reviewer), exploiting anonymized, real-world review reports of 2 different international conferences in information systems / computer science. Our work extends conventional bias research by considering multiple biases occurring simultaneously. Our findings show that the referees' static profiles are more dominant in peer review bias when compared to their dynamic behavioral context. Of the static profiles, self-reported confidence improved both conference fitness and impact-based bias reductions, while factual authority could only contribute to conference fitness-based bias reduction. Our results also clearly show that the reliability of referees' judgments varies along their static profiles and is contingent on the temporal interval between 2 consecutive reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Co‐production is gaining increasing recognition as a good way of facilitating collaboration among different stakeholders, including members of the public. However, it remains an ambiguous concept as there is no definitive or universal model of co‐production or clarity on what constitutes a good co‐production approach. This paper draws on the reflections of the academic researchers, practitioners and public advisors involved in co‐producing a priority‐setting exercise. The exercise was conducted by the Primary and Community Health Services (PCHS) Theme of the National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration for Kent, Surrey and Sussex (NIHR ARC KSS). Methods: We collected data through written and verbal reflections from seven collaborators involved in the PCHS priority‐setting exercise. We used Gibbs' model of reflection to guide the data collection. We then analysed the data through an inductive, reflexive thematic analysis. Results: A common thread through our reflections was the concept of 'sharing'. Although co‐production is inherently shared, we used the virtuous cycle to illustrate a sequence of sharing concepts during the research cycle, which provides the underpinnings of positive co‐production outcomes. We identified six themes to denote the iterative process of a shared approach within the virtuous cycle: shared values, shared understanding, shared power, shared responsibilities, shared ownership and positive outcomes. Conclusion: Our results present a virtuous cycle of co‐production, which furthers the conceptual underpinnings of co‐production. Through our reflections, we propose that positive co‐production outcomes require foundations of shared values and a shared understanding of co‐production as a concept. These foundations facilitate a process of shared power, shared responsibilities and shared ownership. We argue that when these elements are present in a co‐production exercise, there is a greater potential for implementable outcomes in the communities in which the research serves and the empowerment of collaborators involved in the co‐production process. Public Members' Contributions: Three members of the public who are public advisors in the NIHR ARC KSS were involved in the priority‐setting exercise that informed this paper. The public advisors were involved in the design of the priority‐setting exercise and supported participants' recruitment. They also co‐facilitated the focus groups during data collection and were involved in the data analysis, interpretation and preparation of the priority‐setting report. For this current manuscript, two of them are co‐authors. They provided reflections and contributed to the writing and reviewing of this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The implementation science literature acknowledges a need for engagement of key stakeholders when designing, delivering and evaluating implementation work. To date, the literature reports minimal or focused stakeholder engagement, where stakeholders are engaged in either barrier identification and/or barrier prioritisation. This paper begins to answer calls from the literature for the development of tools and guidance to support comprehensive stakeholder engagement in implementation research and practice. The paper describes the systematic development of the Implementation‐STakeholder Engagement Model (I‐STEM) in the context of an international, large‐scale empirical implementation study (ImpleMentAll) aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of a tailored implementation toolkit. The I‐STEM is a sensitising tool that defines key considerations and activities for undertaking stakeholder engagement activities across an implementation process. Methods: In‐depth, semistructured interviews and observations were conducted with implementers who were tailoring implementation strategies to integrate and embed internet‐based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) services in 12 routine mental health care organisations in nine countries in Europe and Australia. The analytical process was informed by principles of first‐ and third‐generation Grounded Theory, including constant comparative method. Results: We conducted 55 interviews and observed 19 implementation‐related activities (e.g., team meetings and technical support calls). The final outcome of our analysis is expressed in an initial version of the I‐STEM, consisting of five interrelated concepts: engagement objectives, stakeholder mapping, engagement approaches, engagement qualities and engagement outcomes. Engagement objectives are goals that implementers plan to achieve by working with stakeholders in the implementation process. Stakeholder mapping involves identifying a range of organisations, groups or people who may be instrumental in achieving the engagement objectives. Engagement approaches define the type of work that is undertaken with stakeholders to achieve the engagement objectives. Engagement qualities define the logistics of the engagement approach. Lastly, every engagement activity may result in a range of engagement outcomes. Conclusion: The I‐STEM represents potential avenues for substantial stakeholder engagement activity across key phases of an implementation process. It provides a conceptual model for the planning, delivery, evaluation and reporting of stakeholder engagement activities. The I‐STEM is nonprescriptive and highlights the importance of a flexible, iterative approach to stakeholder engagement. It is developmental and will require application and validation across a range of implementation activities. Patient or Public Contribution: Patient contribution to ImpleMentAll trial was facilitated by GAMIAN‐Europe at all stages—from grant development to dissemination. GAMIAN‐Europe brings together a wide variety of patient representation organisations (local, regional and national) from almost all European countries. GAMIAN‐Europe was involved in pilot testing the ItFits‐toolkit and provided their views on the various aspects, including stakeholder engagement. Patients were also represented in the external advisory board providing support and advice on the design, conduct and interpretation of the wider project, including the development of the ItFits‐toolkit. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03652883. Retrospectively registered on 29 August 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]