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The purpose of this paper is to explore the relevance of the citation-based 'h-' and 'g-' indexes as a means for measuring research output in economics. This study is unique in that it is the first to utilise the 'h-' and 'g-'indexes in the context of a time-limited evaluation period and to provide comprehensive coverage of all academic economists in all university-based economics departments within a nation state. For illustration purposes, we have selected the New Zealand's Performance-Based Research Fund ( PBRF) as our evaluation scheme. To provide a frame of reference for 'h-' and 'g-'index-output measures, we have also estimated research output using a number of journal-based weighting schemes. In general, our findings suggest that 'h-' and 'g-'index scores are strongly associated with low-powered journal ranking schemes and weakly associated with high powered journal weighting schemes. More specifically, we found the 'h-' and 'g-'indexes to suffer from a lack of differentiation: for example, 52 per cent of all participants received a score of zero under both measures, and 92 and 89 per cent received scores of two or less under 'h-' and 'g-' respectively. Overall, our findings suggest that 'h-' and 'g-'indexes should not be incorporated into a PBRF-like framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys the writings of Peter Lloyd, one of Australia's best-known economists, who has been elected Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Society of Australia. It notes the importance of his work, mostly done jointly with Herbert Grubel, on intra-industry trade, and his extensive contributions to trade theory. In addition there have been many papers on the global trading system and regionalism, and on the Australian and New Zealand economies. It describes his approach to economics and his many professional activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper briefly outlines the many achievements of Professor Maureen Brunt, who was elected Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Society of Australia in 2006. It describes both her academic career, and her major contributions to competition law in Australia and New Zealand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the post-war business cycle facts for Australia. The Hodrick-Prescott filter is used to remove the trend component from quarterly macroeconomic series. The business cycle facts we report are the volatilities of the cyclical (detrended) series and their cross correlations with cyclical real output. These facts are consistent with the business cycle facts reported for the United States, the United Kingdom and New Zealand with one exception. For most of the period since 1974, the real wage in Australia is strongly counter-cyclical whereas for these countries it is procyclical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the evolution of the dairy complexes of New Zealand and Chile in the context of increasing bilateral interaction between the two countries, and their recent signing of a ‘Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership’ (TPSEP) free-trade agreement. The two economies can be said to occupy semi-peripheral positions in global markets and have, through the twentieth and into the twenty-first century, increasingly competed for market share in a range of primary product (particularly agricultural)-based export markets. Similar sets of historical processes, although variably timed, have shaped the roles of New Zealand and Chile respectively as resource peripheries, and the extent to which the two countries can collaborate for mutual benefit and transcend these roles is uncertain. In taking a sectoral approach this paper questions the compatibility of the two dairy complexes in the context of the TPSEP, and recommends further sectoral and localised studies in order to better appraise the model of ‘co-opetition’ promoted through the agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence shows population ageing to be historically a product of economic development, closely associated with high living standards and national affluence. Nonetheless, fears that an aged population leads to economic stagnation and public bankruptcy are widespread. In justification for cuts to public programs and the transfer of costs and risks from the state to individuals and families, the projections of social expenditures, in particular those based on ageing, are frequently identified as overgenerous and unsustainable in many G20 countries such as Australia and New Zealand. Claims based on intergenerational research methodologies and frameworks, a relatively new and innovative approach to using data projections, have proven to be important in these policy debates. This paper explores the application of these new technologies to understanding the impact of ageing on the economy in the globalised world of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Review of Sociology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Noel Butlin would have welcomed the theme from which this paper began, 'Financial Crises: Historical Perspectives'. Respecting his memory, I seek to use aspects of New Zealand's financial history to illuminate recent experience while acknowledging that: distinguishing transitory from significant changes is not easy; bringing historical knowledge to bear on current issues is different from mining the past for convenient arguments; and ideas and analysis need to be kept up to date. Economic analysis is far more enlightening than moral protest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares new forms of political economy based on export orientation in New Zealand and Chile and relates them to the evolution of the wine industries in those countries. The wine sector is seen as a key example of an export-driven agro-industry in both countries. The paper applies the new political economy to a comparative analysis of land, production and exports in the wine sectors of both Chile and New Zealand. The nature of firms in the wine sector in both countries is examined and some broad implications for development at the local scale introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Resource Management Act, the cornerstone of New Zealand's legislated environmental policy, reflects the mediation of internationally debated constructs of sustainable development and profoundly local meanings of living within nature. The outcome is a made-in-New Zealand approach to conceptualizing sustainable management in national environmental policy. This paper demonstrates how and why the contribution of non-New Zealanders and the first peoples of New Zealand, the Maori, to this conceptualization differ so profoundly from each other. External influences, such as the thinking of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) on defining sustainable development, have the greatest impact in the initial conceptualization of policy formulation. It is through Kingdon's (1984) policy stream, rather thanthrough his other two streams of politics and problems, that outsideviews weigh in most convincingly. First peoples are positioned to beinfluential in policy formulation through all three of Kingdon's streams because of their appreciation of locality and long-term commitment to place. These factors are reflective of a philosophy and ideology which is not the bedrock of state legislation about sustainable management" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land-use optimisation framework, NZFARM, has been promoted as a tool that can be used to assess the economic and environmental impacts of policy on regional land use. This paper outlines how methodological limitations presently restrict its capacity to provide meaningful insight into the relative value of alternative land-use configurations. The model is calibrated using positive mathematical programming, which has been shown in the literature to result in models that yield arbitrary output outside of the calibrated baseline. There is a high likelihood that this is the case, as no validation appears to have been carried out. Significant model development will be required before NZFARM outputs can be used with any confidence to inform future policy development. We conclude with suggestions on how NZFARM and models of its kind can be further developed to improve their capacity for meaningful simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim This paper provides a critical overview a decade after the New Zealand Government announced its intention to formally incorporate a public health approach into its comprehensive revision of gambling legislation. Method The initial enthusiasm and the subsequent disillusionment with this approach are tracked. Four reasons for its lack of success are examined. Findings The New Zealand experiment with a public health approach to gambling is seen to have floundered in a network of vested interests. The pathways for influence included inappropriate industry input as well as community and government sector reliance on gambling profits. The new legislation neglected to set up systems for strong independent accountability, and this weakened the potential of public health initiatives. Conclusion As with tobacco control, the policy integrity of a public health approach to gambling requires close attention to ways of reducing vested interests in both government and community sectors and to establishing strong points of independent accountability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active engagement of clients in mental health services offers far greater chances of successful outcomes. When clients do not actively engage in treatment, their risk of becoming part of the population of ‘high users’ is greater. The ‘high users’ consume a disproportionate share of health resources, which may prevent other potential clients from accessing services. Engagement can be particularly challenging in crisis situations, which is how many clients attracting psychotic diagnoses first enter the service. New Zealand Māori bring a transcendent quality to the idea of ‘respect for Other’, which would make it sacrilegious to overpower Other in most situations. This paper reviews a growing body of literature indicating how we might integrate an enhanced respect or reverence of Other into clinical practice. This includes the idea of engaging more frequently with the social network when building rapport with an individual is particularly challenging. There is some evidence that services adopting this kind of approach are more economical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a debate on the ‘big questions’ and ‘research challenges’ facing economic history in Australia and New Zealand. Noting the changes in research direction that occurred in the discipline over the past 50 years, and the resource challenges it currently faces, it identifies many areas of potentially fruitful research. These include the environment, market regulation and industry development, the interaction of peoples and culture, and the examination of units other than the national economy. While there is potential for exciting and diverse research, an immediate challenge is the training of the next generation of economic historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the article 'The Economic Cost of Alcohol-related Health Care in New Zealand,' by A. E. Woodfield in the August 1, 1988 issue of 'British Journal of Addiction.' Percentage estimate of alcohol related admissions to general hospitals in New Zealand; Examination of the removal of alcohol consumption; Estimated costs of alcohol abuse in New Zealand.

Biological control agents are regarded as a relatively safe method to control weeds. However, their impact on weeds can be relatively low and unpredictable. The aims of this article were to: (i) assess whether or not a weevil ( Apion onopordi) and a mycoherbicide ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) are desirable as biological agents for the control of Californian thistle ( Cirsium arvense) in New Zealand despite their uncertain effectiveness; (ii) identify the combination of control options that is optimal to control the thistle; (iii) analyze the economic consequences of excluding chemicals from the weed control strategy; and (iv) assess the feasibility of the eradication of this weed. Two optimization models were developed and compared: one deterministic model and one stochastic model. The results showed that taking into account the stochastic effectiveness of biological agents can change the optimal integrated strategy, particularly if the biological control agent is relatively expensive. However, for a cheaper biological agent, the stochastic efficacy is less likely to change the optimal control strategy. On the basis of the modeling results, the authors argue that, in the context of the agri-environmental setting of this article's case study, chemicals can be replaced by more environmentally friendly control options at a relatively low cost. The authors also show that the eradication of the thistle is unlikely, at least given the efficacy of the existing control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the current and future role of the periodical "Australian Economic History Review" as of July 2004. Institutional decline of economic history discipline in Australia and New Zealand; Absence of growth in number of subscribers; Plans to continue interdisciplinary scope of the periodical.

This paper presents a 'structural' balance of trade model which can be interpreted as combining two major building blocks. The first one is identical to the monetary approach to the balance of payments. The second, which explains the price level, consists of the orthodox Scandinavian model of price and wage determination. It is shown that under these assumptions the balance of trade deficit can be broken down into a structural, an imported, and a 'home-made' component. A n empirical illustration of the structural balance of trade model is given for the New Zealand economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note explores further the utility of national income estimates derived from monetary data, an issue recently revived in this journal by Professor Leff. Income estimates for New Zealand are extended back from 1918 to 1870 and it is argued that while such figures are not a substitute for more laboriously compiled product or factor reward estimates, they are a useful stop-gap in what is otherwise an historical vacuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CONTEXT Although health professions education scholarship units (HPESUs) share a commitment to the production and dissemination of rigorous educational practices and research, they are situated in many different contexts and have a wide range of structures and functions. OBJECTIVES In this study, the authors explore the institutional logics common across HPESUs, and how these logics influence the organisation and activities of HPESUs. METHODS The authors analysed interviews with HPESU leaders in Canada (n = 12), Australia (n = 21), New Zealand (n = 3) and the USA (n = 11). Using an iterative process, they engaged in inductive and deductive analyses to identify institutional logics across all participating HPESUs. They explored the contextual factors that influence how these institutional logics impact each HPESU's structure and function. RESULTS Participants identified three institutional logics influencing the organisational structure and functions of an HPESU: (i) the logic of financial accountability; (ii) the logic of a cohesive education continuum, and (iii) the logic of academic research, service and teaching. Although most HPESUs embodied all three logics, the power of the logics varied among units. The relative power of each logic influenced leaders' decisions about how members of the unit allocate their time, and what kinds of scholarly contribution and product are valued by the HPESU. CONCLUSIONS Identifying the configuration of these three logics within and across HPESUs provides insights into the reasons why individual units are structured and function in particular ways. Having a common language in which to discuss these logics can enhance transparency, facilitate evaluation, and help leaders select appropriate indicators of HPESU success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in infants and the leading cause of hospitalisation. We aimed to assess whether intravenous hydration ( IVH) was more cost-effective than nasogastric hydration ( NGH) as a planned secondary economic analysis of a randomised trial involving 759 infants (aged 2-12 months) admitted to hospital with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis and requiring non-oral hydration. No Australian cost data exist to aid clinicians in decision-making around interventions in bronchiolitis. Methods Cost data collections included hospital and intervention-specific costs. The economic analysis was reduced to a cost-minimisation study, focusing on intervention-specific costs of IVH versus NGH, as length of stay was equal between groups. All analyses are reported as intention to treat. Results Intervention costs were greater for IVH than NGH ($113 vs $74; cost difference of $39 per child). The intervention-specific cost advantage to NGH was robust to inter-site variation in unit prices and treatment activity. Conclusion Intervention-specific costs account for <10% of total costs of bronchiolitis admissions, with NGH having a small cost saving across all sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims: Alcohol is an increasingly important risk factor in the global burden of disease. The acute harms experienced and persistence of drinking patterns established in adolescence motivate investigating influences on youth drinking. The aim is to examine association between heavier drinking in young people and their choice of beverage type, purchase outlet and price.Design and Methods: A nationally representative sample of New Zealand drinkers (N = 1056) aged 16-19 years recruited using random digit dialling was surveyed in 2012 as part of the International Alcohol Control study. Typical quantities consumed and frequency of alcohol consumption categorised respondents into lower, medium and heavier consumption groups. Beverage choice, prices paid and on or off-premise purchase were related to consumption using univariate analysis. Logistic analysis was used to examine multivariate factors predicting membership of consumption groups.Results: Twenty percent of the sample consumed six or more drinks at least once a week, increasing to 1 in 4 for those 18 years and older. Heavier drinkers consumed more alcohol in the form of ready to drinks (RTD) especially high-potency RTDs. Lower consumers drank greater proportion of wine. Heavier drinkers paid less than medium consumers who paid less than lower consumers. High-potency RTDs were cheaper per unit of alcohol than other beverages and chosen by heavier drinkers resulting in lower prices.Discussion and Conclusions: Heavy consumption of alcohol remains common in New Zealand young drinkers. Heavier drinkers paid less to purchase alcohol and consumed more alcohol in the form of high-potency RTDs. [Wall M, Casswell S, Yeh L-C. Purchases by heavier drinking young people concentrated in lower priced beverages: Implications for policy. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:352-358]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims: In December 1999, New Zealand lowered the alcohol minimum purchasing age from 20 to 18 years. We tested hypotheses that this change was associated with long-term increases in traffic injury attributable to alcohol-impaired driving among 18- to 19-year-olds (target age group) and 15- to 17-year-olds (affected by 'trickle-down').Design and Methods: We undertook a controlled before-and-after comparison of rates of fatal and non-fatal traffic injury to persons of any age attributable to impaired drivers aged 18-19 years and 15-17 years, versus 20- to 21-year-olds. Crash data including assessment of driver alcohol impairment were recorded by New Zealand Police. The pre-change period was 1996-1999. Post-change periods were 2000-2003, 2004-2007 and 2008-2010. Outcomes were population-based and vehicle travel-based rates.Results: Compared with the change in injury rates attributable to alcohol-impaired 20- to 21-year-old male drivers, injuries attributable to 18- to 19-year-old male drivers increased in all post-change periods and significantly so in the second post-change period (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 1.5). For 15- to 17-year-old male drivers, rates increased in all post-change periods compared with 20- to 21-year-olds, and more so in the second (IRR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) and third (IRR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) periods. There was a short-term relative increase in harm attributable to 18- to 19-year-old female drivers (IRR 1.5; 1.1 to 2.0). Results were similar for vehicle travel-based rates.Discussion and Conclusions: Reducing the alcohol minimum purchasing age was followed by long-term increases in the incidence of traffic injury attributable to male 15- to 19-year-old alcohol-impaired drivers. [Kypri K, Davie G, McElduff P, Langley J, Connor J. Long-term effects of lowering the alcohol minimum purchasing age on traffic crash injury rates in New Zealand. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:178-185]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We interrogated historical continuity and change in discourses of enlightenment and racism through the analysis of 160 years of New Zealand Speeches from the Throne (1854-2014, 163 speeches). Enlightenment discourses of benevolence and perfectibility were prevalent in all periods, much more so than racism. 'Old-fashioned' racism took the form of an assumed civilizational superiority (including accusations of 'barbarism') during colonization, with 'modern' racism taking forms like blaming Māori for not 'productively' using the land. Both declined to almost zero by the 20th century, undermining the idea of 'old-fashioned' versus 'modern' racism. Utilitarian discourses peaked in the late 19th to early 20th centuries as justification for Māori land alienation. 'Master discourses of enlightenment' consisted of a central core of social representations that changed at the periphery, with a gradual expansion of symbolic inclusion of Māori in discourses of national identity to the point where biculturalism is the dominant discourse for elites today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces uncertainty into a fiscal projection model which incorporates population ageing along with a number of feedback effects. A new non-parametric method of producing stochastic projections is explored. This allows for the complex nature of the observed joint distributions of relevant variables and their time paths. Stochastic projections of a range of policy responses are produced, allowing for uncertainty regarding the world interest rate, productivity growth and the growth rates of two components of per capita government expenditure. The probability of exceeding a given debt ratio in each projection year, using a particular tax or expenditure policy, can then be evaluated. Examples of tax policies designed to achieve a target debt ratio are examined. Policy implications are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We tested the ability of the Assessment of New Radiation Oncology Technology and Treatments framework to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) compared with 3-dimensional radiation therapy (3DCRT) for post-prostatectomy radiation therapy (PPRT) to support its timely health economic evaluation.Methods: Treatment plans produced using FROGG guidelines provided dosimetry parameters for both techniques at 64 Gy and 70 Gy and were also used to model early and late outcome probabilities. Clinical parameters were derived from early toxicity and quality of life patient data, systematic literature review and expert opinion. Dosimetry parameters were correlated with the measures of clinical efficacy and safety.Results: Data from two patient cohorts (29 and 27 respectively) were collected within the project timeframe, providing evidence for acute toxicity and quality of life, and dosimetric comparisons. Relative rates of tumour control probability (TCP) and normal tissue control probability (NTCP) modelling were readily derived from the planning exercise and demonstrated advantages in uncomplicated TCP for IMRT over 3DCRT, predominantly due to normal tissue sparing. The safety of IMRT delivery was demonstrated with TCP uncompromised by IMRT protocol violations, which achieved rectal sparing only by reducing minimum target dose and coverage.Conclusion: Sources of desk-top and patient-based evidence were successfully used to demonstrate potential improved clinical efficacy and safety of applying dose escalation using IMRT instead of 3DCRT in PPRT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of foreign exchange reserves has recently attracted attention from both policy-makers and historians. Historical research has focussed on the nineteenth century and the interwar period, with less attention to the strategies of smaller countries in the final transition from sterling to the dollar in the post-1945 period. This article examines the evolution of reserve currency policy from the perspective of Australia and New Zealand in the 1960s and early 1970s. As in the 1930s, economic uncertainty and a shift in global economic power prompted changes in reserves strategy. Patterns of trade and debt and falling confidence in British economic policy prompted a move away from sterling, but the timing and extent of this transition were affected by the fragility of the sterling exchange rate, lack of alternative assets, and continued dependence on the London capital market. The choices for Australia and New Zealand were thus constrained, but they were able to leverage their position as holders of sterling to engage in agreements that provided an exchange rate guarantee for their sterling holdings and continued access to the London capital market. This mitigated the effect of the final global transition from sterling to the dollar while protecting their interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual process model (DPM) of ideology and prejudice suggests that right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) should differentially predict support for social versus economic policies. We test a differential prediction hypothesis in which support for social policies should be predicted by RWA, and support for economic policies should be predicted by SDO. We further test a dual mediation hypothesis suggesting that RWA and SDO differentially mediate the indirect effects of distinct combinations of personality traits and social worldviews on these policy attitudes. The hypothesized model provided a reasonable fit in a large New Zealand sample (N = 6,886). Policy attitudes thus consist of at least two dimensions: social versus economic. Individual differences in these attitudes are differentially predicted by RWA and SDO-in much the same way as generalized intergroup attitudes and prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims To investigate whether affordability of alcohol is an important determinant of alcohol consumption along with price. This will inform effective tax policy to influence consumption. Design Co-integration analysis was used to analyse relationship between real price, affordability and consumption. Changes in retail availability of wine in 1990 and beer in 1999 were also included in the models. The econometric approach taken allows identification of short- and long-term responses. Separate analyses were performed for wine, beer, spirits and ready-to-drinks (spirits based pre-mixed drinks). Setting New Zealand 1988-2011. Measurements Quarterly data on price and alcohol available for consumption for wine, beer, spirits and ready-to-drinks. Price data were analysed as: real price (own price of alcohol relative to the price of other goods) and affordability (average earnings relative to own price). Findings There was strong evidence for co-integration between wine and beer consumption and affordability. There was weaker evidence for co-integration between consumption and real price. Conclusions The affordability of alcohol is more important than real price in determining consumption of alcohol. This suggests that affordability needs to be considered by policy makers when determining tax and pricing policies to reduce alcohol-related harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To undertake a systematic literature review to examine the effect of food cost on diet quality and risk factors for chronic disease, specifically focusing on diet-related lifestyle diseases affecting the Australian population. Methods: A search of six databases resulted in the inclusion of one systematic review, three cohort studies, 41 cross-sectional studies and four modelling studies in this review. Results: Between 2000 and 2006, the price of healthy foods has increased more than the price of less healthy foods. Healthy Food Access Basket surveys show that a healthy diet may often be unaffordable for low- and average-income households. Diets of higher energy density were associated with lower diet cost, whereas diets of higher nutrient density and nutritional quality were associated with higher diet cost. Recent studies report an inverse association between food price and food consumption. Consequently, an increase in food cost was associated with a significant reduction in weight, waist circumference, body mass index, obesity and insulin resistance. Conclusions: Manipulation of food cost may alter food consumption and therefore risk factors for chronic disease. Further longitudinal studies investigating the impact of pricing strategies on diet quality and disease risk are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good nutrition is vital to a growing child's health and development. It is unclear if New Zealand families are able to afford to provide meals that meet national nutritional guidelines for their children. The aim of the present study was to calculate the cost of meal plans, which include New Zealand European and Tongan food preferences and meet New Zealand national nutrition guidelines for children in three age groups (3-5, 5-10 and 13-14 years) in different regions of Auckland. Meal plan exemplars from New Zealand national Food and Nutrition Guidelines were used to define both the European plan and the Tongan plan for each age group. Meal ingredient prices were measured in shops in January 2008 within seven randomly chosen, 'most deprived' (decile 10) areas and seven 'least deprived areas' (decile 1) in the Auckland region. The average annual cost of food for one child was, in New Zealand Dollars, $1472 (3-5 year old) to $4411 per year (13-14 year old) from supermarket pricings only. The Tongan adolescent ($3188) and 3-5 year olds' plans ($1665) were cheaper than their European equivalents ($4282, $1759, respectively). No difference was demonstrated between most and least deprived areas ( P= 0.91). Large volume options were usually cheaper than small volume options. Providing diets for children that are nutritionally appropriate requires on average 33% of the child-related component of New Zealand Government provisions for low socioeconomic families in 2007. New Zealand should consider further strategies to make children's meals more affordable for low-income families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of off-site mitigation entails comparison of utility changes between two sites. Choice modelling has been used to identify community willingness to trade-off attributes for two different types of stream in New Zealand. Estimated utility functions are used to derive marginal rates of substitution and stream attribute part worths which can be used to design or evaluate both on-site and off-site mitigation policy. Latent class multinomial logit models identified classes of citizens who valued stream attributes quite differently. Significant differences in values for some attributes on different stream types imply heterogeneous mitigation ratios across environmental attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's opinions regarding the article "A Note on Perry's Reconsideration of Macroeconomic Evidence from New Zealand," which appeared in a previous issue. Disagreements that the author has with this article regarding labor productivity in New Zealand during the time when the New Zealand Employment Contracts Act 2000 (ECA) was being enforced are discussed.

This article extends the analysis of employment relations in New Zealand agriculture, begun in this journal in 1987, with a look backwards into how employment had developed from colonisation in the nineteenth century. That was extended by a further article in 1995, which considered the changes in employment relations that had followed the profound restructuring of the agricultural industries from 1984. Since 1995 there have been further profound changes but this time in New Zealand's parliamentary arrangements, following the introduction of the German proportional representation system of voting for the 1996 General Election. Subsequently governments have been coalitions and legislation has had to be less extreme. The Employment Contracts Act, 1991 has been replaced by the Employment Relations Act, 2000. High unemployment has been replaced by the lowest levels experienced in 30 years. The largest changes to affect the industries' employment relations, it is argued, are those brought about by the globalisation of agricultural supply chains and the changed labour market. Supermarket chains require not only quality-assured produce to avoid risks to customers' health and safety, but also that food contracted is produced by properly trained, rewarded and satisfied staff. Thus, by a strange quirk, supermarkets in the vanguard of food capitalism may achieve more for improvements in agricultural employment than successive government policies have struggled to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reconsiders the argument advanced or endorsed by a large number of leading Australian academics and others that labour productivity growth in New Zealand fell markedly during the period in which New Zealand's Employment Contracts Act 1991 (ECA) was operative—that is, for most of the 1990s. On the one hand, based on total economy estimates developed by The Conference Board and the Groningen Growth and Development Centre, labour productivity growth was unexceptional though a little higher than the New Zealand average of the last three decades or so. On the other hand, based on newly released official estimates of New Zealand's ‘measured sector’ (which accounts for about two-thirds of the total economy), labour productivity growth was almost identical to that of Australia during the EC A period. This in turn suggests that New Zealand's labour productivity growth rose markedly for the measured sector during the EC A years. All in all, the evidence presented in this article is inconsistent with claims that the period of the EC A was associated with relatively weak New Zealand productivity growth. Selected issues arising from these findings are briefly canvassed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This, article examines the concept of accountability and its implications for social service organizations. Accountability, it is argued, is a theoretically embedded concept, with each theory producing various conflicting models of accountability. The article seeks to map and structure the various models of accountability, highlighting the differences between the models and their implifications for social service organizations. The models chosen are relevant to the Aotearoa/New Zealand context and also to countries' in wetern Europe as they include the systems of political economy present within recent history: social democratic and neo-liberal, and also a coherent alternative, the communitarian model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article announces that the 1987 Australasian Meetings of the Economic Society will be held at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand on August 26-28, 1987. According to the society, the meetings are open to all economists and econometricians, even to those who are not members of the society. The program will feature invited papers covering topics such as economic theory, econometric theory and applied econometrics. Contact information is also provided in the article.

The article examines the interaction between some of the themes of Acquisitive Society and Equality and the economic development in New Zealand in the 1900s. The core of "The Acquisitive Society" is a distinction between rights and functions, between privileges and unconditional claims on the one hand and returns to socially useful actions on the other. Sociologist R.H. Tawney traced the philosophy of absolute property to the eighteenth century when it served as an argument against arbitrary appropriation by the crown. Its effect then was to keep property out of the reach of parasites and in the hands of those who used it to provide a service to society. In the nineteenth century, in Tawney's view, part of the justification of property was forgotten and what remained was a simple-minded fetishism of possessions. Furthermore, this happened at the very time that the development of shares permitted a separation of property from production, making the fossilized ideas even more inappropriate. Business lost its social purpose.

Explores the economic costs of alcohol-related problems among the working population in New Zealand. Analysis of survey data taken in Auckland from November 1990 to May 1992; Reduced work efficiency and productivity due to alcohol-related absenteeism.

The article discusses the relationship between alcohol marketing and the increase in the number of people consuming alcohol. It examines the significance of alcohol advertising, the condition of the alcohol industry, and the number of community service advertisements. It proposes that there is a need for changing the laws related to the consumption of alcohol in New Zealand.