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Agricultural production in developing countries is heavily rainfall dependent. Any unexpected variation in rainfall can affect the welfare of households. Using unit record data from India, this paper shows that households can insure against agricultural productivity (rainfall) shocks. Evidence suggests that they do so by varying the time allocation of individual members to different activities, particularly to regular wage work and human capital accumulation. There is a gender‐differentiated aspect to this response. Rainfall shocks adversely affect women's human capital accumulation. While there is no evidence that households use participation in NREGS to insure against rainfall shocks, the availability of NREGS helps reduce the impact of rainfall shocks on human capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing multiple data sources from a global information technology (IT) consulting multinational enterprise (MNE), this research unpacks the configuration of a digitalized HR ecosystem of artificial intelligence(AI)‐assisted human resource management (HRM) applications and HR platforms. This study develops a novel theoretical framework mapping the nature and purpose of a digitalized AI‐assisted HR ecosystem for delivering exceptional employee experience (EX), an antecedent to employee engagement (EE). Employing the theoretical lenses of EX, EE, AI‐mediated social exchange, and engagement platforms, this study's overarching aim of this article is to establish how AI‐assisted HRM fits into an organization's ecosystem and, second, how it impacts EX and EE. Our findings show that AI‐assisted applications for HRM enhance EX and, thus, EE. We also see increases in employee productivity and HR function's effectiveness. Implications for research and practice are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian official data points out a progressive decline in child labour during last three decades.Nevertheless, there are several gaps that need to be addressed for targed policy intervention. This paper highlights the key socioeconomic vulnerabilities among children in rural and urban India and also summarize the key focus areas to be prioritized. We posit that children's entry into the labour force is driven by varied access to resources such as education, societal status and gender. The children in Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes households are the most vulnerable. We recommend prioritizing easy‐to‐access quality education among the key strategies for eradicating child labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: The participation rate of women in India's labour force is not only one of the lowest in the world, it has also been declining. To increase women's employment, some observers argue for reducing occupational gender segregation so that more women enter non‐traditional jobs. Purpose: I ask how aspirations for non‐traditional jobs are formed among young women in Delhi. The aim was to enable policy‐makers to foster occupational aspirations for non‐traditional jobs so women could enter jobs considered to be men's work, reducing gender segregation and increasing women's participation in the labour market. Methods and approach: I interviewed 72 young women from low‐income households in Delhi, following a semi‐structured guide. These young women were training either in jobs seen as the preserve of men—taxi drivers, electricians, and electronics mechanics—or in traditionally female work in beauty salons. Findings: Contrary to conventional wisdom, young women's entry into non‐traditional training in Delhi was not a result of their occupational aspirations. Rather, entry into training saw them aspire to the jobs for which they trained. Policy implications: To increase women's entry into jobs dominated by men, policy‐makers do not need to influence young women's occupational aspirations. Instead, they should focus on factors that directly affect job entry—for example, having training centres close to where these young women live—and provide opportunities for young women to train. Traditional concepts of occupational aspirations, generally derived from the global North, do not apply in the same way to young women in India. My study raises questions about these conceptions of aspirations and prompts future studies to assess whether they apply in other parts of the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses India's a shortage of labor and advocates for new data collection methods to better understand underemployment. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive measures recommended by the International Conference of Labour Analysts, as well as the importance of addressing underemployment in order to inform labor market policies and address welfare and livelihood issues, particularly in sectors with persistent underemployment.

Using the lens of a life cycle model, we argue that an administrative failure of a wage payment delay in a workfare programme could adversely affect the welfare of the poor through two channels. First, it imposes an implicit consumption tax on the household. Second, it changes the status of labour from a "cash" to a credit" good and encourages workers with negative net worth to work harder to clear off the debt. The loss of welfare persists even when the worker has outside employment options. The model's prediction accords well with India's flagship National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), where payment delay to workers participating in the programme has been endemic. Our empirical evidence suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom, worker participation in the MGNREGA programme is positively associated with a wage payment delay. However, such increased worker participation instead of signalling success of the programme points to a deeper problem of this workfare programme because of the welfare loss suffered by asset‐poor households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on women empowerment highlights a positive correlation between work and decision‐making power of women within families. On the contrary, the role of work opportunities in letting women achieve greater control over their lives, making them more independent is also well‐established. In this background, we explore the effect of women employment on different dimensions of women empowerment by using a nationally representative household survey data, the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS‐II, 2011–12). As "empowerment" is unobservable, multi‐faceted and difficult to quantify, we model it by an index which aggregates the qualitative answers provided by a respondent. Due to the presence of an endogenous relation, we exploit sources of exogenous variations in employment through an instrumental variable (IV) setup. Following the literature, we identify IV as the level of transport infrastructure in the region where a woman resides. We find that the estimated coefficients are positive and statistically significant, remaining robust to changes in empowerment calculation. In the context of public initiatives aimed at improving female labour force participation and empowering women in India, our results show how policymakers can look beyond standard policies and take the help of transport‐related initiatives to improve employment and empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agriculture industry is one of India's largest and most important economic contributors. This is vital to the Indian economy since it contributes around 18% to the GDP and employs over 60% of the labour force. Due to the nature of the goods, however, this sector confronts many challenges. An effective agri‐logistics network can be a viable solution, but the sector must be prepared to overcome various risks. Therefore, this study aimed to identify potential risks to the smart, sustainable agri‐logistics industry and strategies for mitigating those risks. Bayesian Best Worst Method (BBWM) was used to prioritise the identified risks and the mitigating strategies. Study results indicate that by obtaining the highest ratings, technological (0.351), social (0.187), and individual (0.169) are the dominating risks to the agri‐logistics sector. Further, it was discovered that combining multiple strategies is more effective than any one strategy alone in reducing the identified risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sectors in many low‐ and middle‐income countries remain highly vulnerable to weather risk, a vulnerability that will only intensify under climate change. The globally trending public works programmes have the potential to impact weather‐related agricultural risk. I explore the impact of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) on weather‐related agricultural risk. My empirical strategy explores the staggered roll‐out of NREGA and random weather fluctuations. Using a nationwide panel of data, I find that NREGA makes crop yields more sensitive to low rainfall shocks. I posit that these results are consistent with a labour market channel, by which NREGA increases nonfarm labour supply in low rainfall years, and an income channel, by which NREGA leads to riskier agricultural practices. These results highlight the importance of understanding how social protection programmes shape agricultural risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multicriteria mathematical modeling is an analytical framework for formally describing real‐life problems involving multiple and conflicting objectives. In the past decade, multicriteria decision‐making techniques have been applied in almost every area of the decision‐making including energy‐economic planning and sustainable development. Various mathematical and analytical models have been presented for the sustainable development planning and their assessment. In this paper, we discuss an approach related to multicriteria decision‐making and apply it for the assessment of the sustainable development goals of India by the year 2030. In the INDC report submitted to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2015, http://www..unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/India/1/INDIA%20INDC%20TO%20UNFCCC.pdf), India has identified many goals related to the sustainable development like energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, GVA growth, and an increase in the employment by the year 2030. This paper overcomes the energy resource allocation problem in related literature due to the lack of sectorial data for the same year by calculating the estimates for each sector for the year 2030. We presented a multicriteria decision‐making model which allocates public labor force in the key economic sectors of India. The presented model is validated with the data of the key economic sectors and their contribution in the identified goals. The paper provides a decision support for the better management of future sustainable policies by assessing the efficiencies of the current policies toward future sustainable goals. We evaluated the identified goals using the multicriteria decision‐making approaches so that the strategic planning can be implemented by the policy makers and to present a quantitative justification of planning strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale, aims and objectives: A key consideration in designing scalable solutions for improving global mental health involves balancing the need for interventions to be uncomplicated for mental health workers (MHWs) and the need for the intervention to be widely applicable to many clients. Often these needs are in competition, since interventions are routinely simplified by removing procedures or reducing their dynamic responsivity, which in turn lowers their overall utility in serving large, clinically diverse populations. The principal aim of this pilot study involved evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of a brief strategy designed to delegate problem classification and practice selection to MHWs operating within a flexible, modular, cognitive behavioural protocol. A secondary aim involved gathering data on which to base a hypothesis regarding the potential effectiveness of this strategy. Method: Within an open trial, an educationally diverse sample of local MHWs in India (N = 18) reviewed fictional case vignettes, classified mental health problems, and then selected practices before and after a two‐hour training that included a one‐page decision‐making resource. Feasibility was measured by assessing the integrity of the study protocol and training, the measurement and administration of questionnaires as well as study recruitment and completion. Acceptability of the intervention was measured by MHW‐perceived performance, ease of use, value, importance, and intention for continued use. Decision‐making accuracy was assessed by comparing MHWs' clinical decisions with criteria established through consensus among psychologists with expertise in modular protocols. Results: Results suggested high feasibility and acceptability on all metrics. Secondary analysis revealed that MHW's decision‐making accuracy and confidence also significantly improved, providing a basis for the hypothesis that this brief approach is useful for building MHW capacity in low‐resource settings. Conclusion: Overall these findings provide initial support for these methods and potential training outcomes to test within a larger, randomized controlled trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major health and social issue that affects around 30 percent of women globally. This study investigates the relationships through which witnessing IPV in adolescence may impact the labor force participation and employment prospects of women in early adulthood, using a unique dataset from Bihar (India), which surveyed youth (primarily girls) in adolescence and again nine years later. The study examined the relationship between exposure to IPV and labor market outcomes among young women, including intermediate factors likely to influence their employment prospects, such as educational attainment, self‐efficacy, mental health, and soft skills. Witnessing IPV as an adolescent had a negative effect on educational attainment, mental health, and social and behavioral aspects of young women almost nine years later. IPV was not associated with the likelihood of paid employment or participation in skilled work among women, although it was associated with higher levels of labor force participation. These findings suggest that witnessing IPV should be considered one of multiple forms of violence that may expose young women to longer term vulnerability related to poorer educational and employment prospects, mental health, and social networks, with implications for economic and social development far beyond the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of domestic remittances on the labour supply of men and women in recipient households in rural India. Applying the instrumental variable approach to data from the National Sample Survey, estimates indicate that remittances have a negative effect on the labour force participation of left‐behind household members. They do not seem to affect participation in regular salaried work but cause a decline in participation in casual wage work and unpaid family work, and an increase in self‐employment, especially among female household members. Additionally, the receipt of remittances significantly increases women's participation in household duties outside the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of emerging markets' multinational companies ( MNCs) is a recent phenomenon and, as such, their nature and structure of key management processes, functions, and roles need further examination. While an abundance of low-cost labor is often the starting point of competitive advantage for many of the emerging markets' MNCs, it is the optimum configuration of people, processes, and technology that defines how they leverage their intangible resources. Based on case studies of four Indian IT services MNCs, involving 51 in-depth interviews of business and human resource ( HR) leaders at the corporate and subsidiary levels, we identify five key HR roles-namely, strategic business partner, guardian of culture, builder of global workforce and capabilities, champion of processes, and facilitator of employee development. The analysis also highlights that the HR function in Indian IT service MNCs faces several challenges in consolidating the early gains of internationalization, such as lack of decentralized decision making, developing a global mind-set, localization of the workforce, and developing a global leadership pipeline. Based on our exploratory findings, we propose a framework outlining the global HR roles pursued by emerging IT services MNCs, the factors influencing them, and the challenges facing their HR function for future research. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the impact of female workforce participation on violent and non‐violent crimes in India. Increase in female workforce should lead to greater investment in education and labour, more specifically by men. Greater representation of females also leads to increase in reporting of crime. These factors raise apprehension and conviction costs and should lead to fall in criminal engagements. Estimates suggest that a percent rise in female workforce leads to 1.5% rise in non‐violent crimes contemporaneously. With a decade lag, rise in female workforce causes reduction in violent crime by 1.1% and non‐violent crime by 2.24%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the limited literature on job reallocation dynamics in Indian manufacturing. The study uses annual data from the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) for the years 2000–01 to 2015–16. The study finds job reallocation in India to be quite high compared to flexible labour markets such as the United States and Canada. Gross job reallocation shows a rising trend over time, which is driven partially by the increasing share of contract workers in the workforce. There is heterogeneity in the job reallocation dynamics across job types. This is evident in the relative importance of the different job types as plants adjust to permanent and temporary changes in demand. Labour regulations also play an important role in such a process. Finally, in contrast to the evidence for the United States and the United Kingdom, our study found firm evidence to reject the hypothesis that job reallocation is countercyclical in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the 61st and 68th rounds of National Sample Survey data, we investigate the role of stigma, the economy's structure, potential selection bias, and sectoral differences in explaining the low labor force participation (LFP) of middle and secondary educated women in India relative to low‐ and high‐educated women (the "U‐shape"). Estimating LFP regressions on a sample of prime‐aged married women, we show that, controlling for background characteristics, if a woman's husband works in a white‐collar job in a region with a high share of blue‐collar jobs, she is less likely to participate in the labor market (stigma). We also find a positive effect of an increase in an index of white‐collar job growth (structure) on married women's LFP. These effects are present in both rural and urban sectors but are strongest in the rural sector. However, middle and secondary educated women are still found to have substantially lower LFP than low‐ and graduate‐educated women in both sectors. Indeed, over time, the U‐shape persists in the rural sector and deepens in the urban sector. Because unobservables are quite large in the urban sector, we use the method of instrumental variables and find an increasing return at middle levels but stagnation at higher levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small businesses play a crucial role in the economy; however, small entrepreneurial firms often lack expertise and resources, meaning that it is challenging to run such businesses successfully. Using data from a survey of six small entrepreneurial firms in India, this research sets out to explore the relationship between workforce performance and emotional intelligence, looking in particular at the role that workforce agility plays. Workplace performance is split into three categories; task performance, adaptive performance, and contextual performance. Our results show that workforce agility acts as a mediator between emotional intelligence and work performance, but only in relation to adaptive and contextual performance; it does not have any significant influence on task performance. Against the backdrop of a volatile and uncertain business environment, we conclude by drawing a number of inferences from our work that small entrepreneurial firms could use to improve employee productivity and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery showed that countries with surgeon, anesthetist, and obstetrician (SAO) densities of 20–40 SAO/100,000 population were associated with improved health outcomes and recommended a global surgical workforce scale-up by 2030. Whether countries would be able to achieve such scale-up efforts in that time-frame is unknown. Methods: A differential equation model was used to estimate the growth rate and number of SAO necessary for each country to reach the aforementioned SAO densities. Workforce data from Mexico and India were used to estimate achievable rates of SAO scale-up for middle- and low-income countries, respectively. Secular surgical growth rates were estimated to demonstrate what might occur without dedicated scale-up efforts. Results: To reach at least 20 SAO/100,000 population in all countries by 2030, over 808 thousand SAO need to be trained by 2030. To reach at least 40 SAO/100,000 population, over 2.1 million SAO need to be trained. If countries adopt a scale-up rate similar to Mexico's previously achieved rate of scale-up, 66% of countries would have 20 SAO/100,000 population by 2030. If countries adopt a scale-up rate similar to India's previously achieved rate of scale-up, 56% would have 20 SAO/100,000 population by 2030. Conclusion: With dedicated efforts in surgical workforce scale-up, significant gains in SAO density can be made worldwide. However, without intervention, many countries are unlikely to improve their current workforce densities. Investments in workforce scale-up are likely to yield workforce gains that mirror current resource states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the theoretical predictions of most studies, this paper empirically shows that high‐skilled workers in India are sorted into industries with weaker production linkages. I hypothesize that such a reverse sorting pattern (negative sorting) occurs because the returns to skill become lower in industries with stronger production linkages as a result of substantial quality deterioration. Such substantial quality deterioration as the size of production linkages grows is likely to occur in developing countries such as India, which is characterized by a large pool of low‐skilled labor, poor infrastructure, and less‐advanced technology. Using both individual‐ and industry‐level data from the National Sample Surveys and input–output tables for India in 1999 and 2009, I find consistent evidence in favor of this hypothesized mechanism. The results are robust when accounting for possible endogeneity and selection biases and controlling for alternative reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While India is among the world's largest producers and exporters of apparel products, the sector has not performed to its potential. This study analyzes why this might be so from the perspective of the structure of production in the sector, the most striking aspect of which is a firm size distribution heavily dominated by small firms. Using nationally representative firm-level and labor force survey data, we argue that the dominance of firms operating at scales too small to apply modern production and management technologies is one proximate reason for India's relative underperformance. Further, we note that India's labor regulations and the associated enforcement regime are important policy drivers of Indian firms' tendency to avoid placing 'too many workers under one roof'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns union formation among female garment workers in Bangalore, in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It analyses a case where a category of workers dismissed by established national unions as impossible to organize came to form their own women's movement and thence their own union. The case highlights the crucial role of a sustained, flexible approach towards organizing at the micro level, in the mobilization of vulnerable workers employed in highly competitive labour markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data for rural India, this paper analyzes households' labor supply decision-making, taking into consideration non-participation, endogenous intrahousehold bargaining and nutritional status. Analyses of unitary and collective models suggest that bargaining between household members forms the basis of households' decisions, and these decisions alter households' internal power balance. Analysis of households' internal bargaining process suggests that women's bargaining power increases when their wages are higher and they are better educated. The results indicate that it is crucial to account for the mechanics of decision-making within households when studying the effects of changing labor market conditions or designing development policies to improve individual well-being or to empower women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appointment of para-professionals to overcome skill shortages and/or make efficient use of expensive resources is well established in both developing and developed countries. The present research concerns para-teachers in India. The literature on para-teachers is dominated by training for special needs settings, largely in developed societies. Little has been published about para-teachers working in developing countries with children without disabilities, despite this being a common occurrence. The present research investigates how contextual factors influence the design and implementation of professional support for para-teachers. The research participants were 12 para-teachers and five management and administrative staff. Contextual factors included characteristics of para-teachers, classrooms and students from under-resourced settings; and the practices and policies found in a non-school educational setting, here a non-governmental organization. The study indicates that each factor has potentially enhancing and hindering effects which need to be taken into consideration when designing and implementing professional development work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

. Globalization and economic reforms typically affect the formal sector, the informal sector existing outside regulation. Yet, numerous links between them mean the informal sector is variously affected. Traditionally, the model used to explain the impact of these forces was labour market segmentation and migration: workers laid off in the formal sector increase informal labour supply, leading to wage decline and increased poverty. The author examines whether this pattern applies in India following economic reforms in the 1990s, and finds a more appropriate model, driven by expansion both in labour supply and in demand, through outsourcing, skill transfers and new enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the employee perception of work organisation in four large Indian call centres to investigate causes of employee dissatisfaction and turnover. We find that profound mismatch between the offshored labour market and the labour process pose fundamental challenges that may not be susceptible to easy HR fixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that a ‘reverse brain drain’ of engineers and scientists trained in the USA or Europe can accelerate technological upgrading in knowledge-based firms in emerging countries. This study, through case studies of four innovative Indian pharmaceutical firms, considers Human Resource Management strategies adopted by firms in a developing country to attract and retain their scientific workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian manufacturing sector has rapidly increased its integration with the world economy since the 1991 trade reforms. We examine whether trade integration created or destroyed jobs in the Indian manufacturing sector, and compare India's employment outcomes with four other countries—Bangladesh, Kenya, South Africa, and Vietnam. We find that the impact of international trade on manufacturing employment seems to be similar to those found for the two African countries rather than the two Asian countries, a surprising result for a country with an apparent comparative advantage in labor-intensive manufacturing goods, and a large excess supply of unskilled labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consistent with real option theory, the authors argue that the value of the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) in rural India and its impact on workers' behavior does not depend so much on its income supplementation as on enlargement of opportunities in the uncertain local labor market. The choice between the EGS and other activities is modeled in a dynamic optimization framework, taking into account a fixed wage rate and certainty of employment under the EGS and a stochastic wage rate under other activities. Specifically, volatility of wages in the rural labor markets has important implications for switches into the EGS and for concomitant welfare effects. Under such conditions, the higher the EGS wage, the greater is its attractiveness to relatively skilled and affluent workers, and for those already in it to continue. These and related predictions of the model are validated by panel data estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines livelihood conditions and explores policy options for mitigating poverty among tribal communities in Gujarat state, which is experiencing rapid economic growth and widening disparities where tribals are the most poor and deprived. While labour force diversification and migration are important coping mechanisms, these alone may not help lift a large number of the poor out of the poverty trap, which to a large extent is linked to degradation and lack of proper entitlement for managing and using forest resources among these communities. Forest-based livelihood options assume special significance especially in the wake of the emerging policy framework for adaptation and mitigation of climate change, where the main thrust could be on combining regeneration and conservation of forests with right kind of incentives for ensuring sustainable management and use of forest resources within the region. The mechanism of ‘compensated conservation’ proposed by India could prove very useful in this context. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts a sub-state level analysis of health system efficiency, focusing on West Bengal, a low income Indian state. Using a stochastic frontier model, it provides an idealized yardstick for evaluation. Our results suggest that overall efficiency of the public health delivery system remains low due to considerable disparities across districts. This is owing to differentials in availability and utilization of inputs such as the per capita availability of hospitals, beds, and manpower, and adversely affects life expectancy. Overcoming these factoral disparities may help the deficient districts to improve life expectancy. It may require a considerable increase in medical and public health expenditure in rural areas in the state and especially calls for resource mobilization to improve infrastructure facilities and maintain essential supplies at primary health centers. This could be attempted partly through funds from the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and by improving rural sanitation in poorer districts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian software industry is a prime example of globalisation. The industry has been characterised by large cross-border mobility of its skilled labour force. Using a unique survey of Indian software firms, our paper quantifies the extent and impact of mobility on firm behaviour and performance. Cross-border labour mobility in the paper refers to both temporary and permanent labour flows by Indian software professionals. The picture that emerges is of a highly mobile world in which temporary mobility has been an important characteristic of the industry. A significant number of workers have work experience abroad in a developed country. Moreover, the share of skilled workers with such experience has been positively associated with the incidence of skilled migration from the firm. This suggests network effects are at work. In terms of the impact on performance – as measured by the change in turnover per worker and the change in the employment size of the firm – the paper finds little evidence of a robust adverse effect. Further, the evidence suggests that there have been important external effects at work, as through changes in the willingness of workers to acquire skills, as well as through increased provision of educational services. These have further abated the risk of a brain drain. However, the software industry may be rather different from other industries. Our results need to be interpreted as the outcome of a particular case of skilled migration and not one necessarily representative of all types of skilled migration and source sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I document practices of globalization in a newly emerging transnational labour force– call centre workers in New Delhi, India, who provide voice-to-voice service to clients dialling toll-free numbers in North America. Recent theorists have focused on how capitalism is continually under construction, and how heterogeneous groups of workers play active roles in relation to transnational corporate processes. Accordingly, I trace three practices that constitute transnational call centre work–scripting, synchronicity and locational masking– and examine how Indian workers negotiate these practices. I argue that the transnationalization of voice-to-voice service work provides the opportunity for Indian workers to construct‘Americans’ and situate their own jobs within global labour markets. Drawing on interviews with call centre workers, managers and trainers in India, I explore the ways in which analyses of theof globalization provides an insight on workers' attempts to enhance their quality of life vis-à-vis transnational capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization of human capital through international migration is no longer about global physical presence only; it is also about global applicability of skills across various fields of specialization. This marks the main characteristics of skilled migration from India to developed countries in the twenty-first century. The focus is shifting away from professionals in specific occupations, like doctors, engineers, scientists, architects, bankers, to information technology (IT) professionals embodying, in a way, more generic skills. In other words, it is the generic applicability of information and communications technology (ICT) which has led to large-scale migration of Indians skilled in IT. Moreover, the exodus comprises not only the fully trained and educated workers going abroad for employment, but also students - the semi-finished human capital - pursuing higher education in onshore as well as offshore universities of the developed countries. The new emigration is directed towards traditional host countries in the West such as the UK, Canada, and the US, but also towards newly emerging destinations in continental Europe (Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Denmark), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand), East Asia (Japan, Republic of Korea), and South-East Asia (Singapore, Malaysia). By using mainly current information and informal data as reported in the media, this article perceives emerging trends and changes in the context of the global labour market for skills, and suggests a possible framework towards evolving strategies of remedial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Details a study which examined the extent of work done and the question of job choice in the labor supply of Maharashtra, India. Use of the National Sample Surveys data; Features of the workforce of Maharashtra; Role of the labor supply in the agrarian economy; Calculations of the work participation model, work model and the job choice model; Work participation and the extent of work done; Factors that determine the labor supply.

Identifies the source of biases in measuring the female labor force in India based on the results of a methods test survey conducted. Importance of the questionnaire design.

Presents a study which explored the determinants of the outflow of labor force from the hill agriculture in India. Data and methods used; Findings.

Participation in the Employment Guarantee Scheme (EGS) changed significantly during the period 1979-89. A marked reduction in the share of EGS participants in the labour force was accompanied by a considerably lower proportion of the poor among them. While a small part of the reduction in EGS attendance was a direct consequence of the 'rationing' following the EGS wage hike in 1988, much of it was in fact due to expansion of employment opportunities in agriculture. Instead of helping the poor, a wage hike without a corresponding increase in the budgetary outlay thus made it harder for them to participate in EGS. Nevertheless, there were other significant benefits to the poor. One was the strong positive (long-run) effect of this scheme on agricultural wages. Another was income stabilization through employment in agriculturally slack periods. To the extent that exclusion of subsets of the poor from EGS can be minimized through improvements in its design and implementation, the benefits to the poor would be substantially greater for a given outlay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summarizes the "Report of the Working Group on Urban Poverty," by the National Institute of Urban Affairs regarding Indian urban poverty. Issues on the urban labor market; Characteristics of three groups of workers; Relationship between urban market status and the household incidence of poverty.

Some models for the economic development of developing countries provide a shift of population from the agricultural to non-agricultural sector. The aim of the study cited in this article is to investigate the possibility of intersectoral transfers of population in the future. The supply of labor is estimated through the population growth in the non-agricultural sector, after allowing for a secular change in the labor force participation rates. The growth of national income in India during 1969-84 was expected by the Indian Planning Commission to be 5.5 per cent during the fourth plan. Before deriving the labor requirements of the non-agricultural sector, the capital-labor ratio for that sector is estimated. The marginal capital-labor ratio with the additional capital requirements is estimated to arrive at the demand for labor in this sector. To obtain the total labor force in the non-agricultural sector it requires a deduction of urban agricultural labor force from, and an addition of the labor force to, the labor force in the urban sector.

This article studies the development of regional accounting practices in India. A region was mostly taken to coincide with a State, that is an administrative unit which is one of the constituent units of the India federal set-up with full autonomy in matters of internal administration and legislation, etc. These States at present are seventeen in number; there are also eleven union territories. These differ from each other in physical endowment, distribution of population in urban and rural areas, pattern of employment and material and manpower resources. The population of Jammu and Kashmir State with 4 million persons in 1969 is far larger than the population of a number of countries in Africa and Latin America while that of Uttar Pradesh with 89 million persons constitutes about 2.5 percent of the world population. A number of States have metropolitan towns with wider responsibilities entrusted to them for undertaking developmental activities in areas under their jurisdiction. These institutions have administrative and developmental responsibilities for the areas under their jurisdiction and have to take decisions in respect of nature of developmental activities to be undertaken by them, priorities to be allotted to such activities, methods of finance and raising of resources and others.

SUMMARY This paper touches on three models of growth, viz: the F el'dman (Soviet) model, the H arrod-D omar model and the M ahalanobis (Indian) model. Of these three, the ancestry of the first is maintained in respect of both its contents and historical sequence. It is argued that the Soviet model is superior to the other two models because it recognizes the significance of a number of factors, viz: (a) the pattern of income distribution, (b) increase in the effective utilization of the existing capital stock, (c) distinction between degrees of effective utilization of the old and the new capital stocks, and lastly, (d) consideration of the rate of growth in terms of capital capacity as well as in terms of the absorption of a growing labour supply. In other respects, the model runs more or less parallel to the H arrod-D omar and M ahalanobis models. Some striking similarities between the Soviet and Indian models exist in spite of the differences in economic and political conditions of the two countries. These are: (a) the Marxian setting of two departments of a closed economy, (b) the aim of achieving a high rate of investment by expanding the capital goods sector and (c) a relative neglect of propensity to save as a crucial variable in the process of growth. The affinity between the Indian and the Soviet models is so strong that the former seems to answer the Soviet rather than the Indian conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case to measure labor productivity by considering some examples from Indian nitrogen fertilizer manufacture. In a manpower planning exercise carried out with reference to the Indian nitrogen fertilizer industry, a cross-sectional comparison of average productivity of labor (APL) is used by enterprise in the year 1965-66 as a basis for forecasting the future size of the labor force. As a wealth of data got accumulated it became obvious how many economic, statistical and technological snares had to be circumvented in order to make a significant comparison possible. Since the alternative measures of APL can all be quantified with great accuracy in this case, it was felt that the large differentials between them--and therefore the dangers inherent in using an unsophisticated measure--were of interest to a much wider circle than Indian industrial planners. The article presents the results of this exercise. There are six enterprises in this study: FACT, Sindri, Nangal, Ennore, Trombay and Neyveli. Between them they made up 82.6 per cent of nitrogen nutrient manufacturing capacity in India in 1966.

Indian experts have estimated that the population of India will increase from 438 million in 1961 (the year of the most recent census) to 625 million in 1976. In the following pages Mr. Tilak, Deputy Director in the Directorate General of Employment and Training of the Indian Ministry of Labour and Employment, analyses this general increase and estimates the composition of the future labour force by age and sex. In addition he gives projections of employment by industry and occupation, and draws up the balance between the future supply of new enirants to the labour force and the estimated demand for manpower at different levels of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migrant nurses form an increasing proportion of the nursing workforce, with the United Kingdom (UK) being the third most popular destination for overseas nurses in the world. The migrant nurse workforce is highly susceptible to policy changes at the macro or professional level of the donor and recipient countries. Freedom of information requests were issued to 19 National Health Service [NHS] Trusts in England to determine their involvement in overseas nurse recruitment activity from 1998 onwards. These indicate a notable shift away from active European Union (EU) recruitment and towards overseas countries particularly the Philippines and India. Reasons given were as follows: diminishing returns from EU sources, high attrition among EU nurses and the introduction of English language tests for EU nurses in July 2016. This led to Trusts revisiting their recruitment strategies by increasing more direct/less resource‐intensive methods and expanding their focus outside of the EU. Trusts frequently utilised private recruitment companies for their recruitment drives, including consulting and influencing the Trusts' workforce strategies. Policy adjustments have numerous influences on the composition of the overseas nursing workforce. While the NHS continues its efforts in expanding its international nursing workforce, this should not be at the expense of ethical and sustainable recruitment practices, which may be compromised indirectly as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the labor strike in Tata Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. in May 1958. Although the Jamshedpur Mazdoor Union (JMU), the communist-led rival of the Tata Worker's Union (TWU) originally sponsored the strike and although the Bihar government declared the strike illegal and the TWU opposed it, a vast majority of the workers participated. A week of violence saw police firings, looting, arson, a curfew, and the movement of federal troops into the city. A basic problem in the Tata strike was the 1956 labor agreement, which was negotiated to lay the basis for an expansion program. There was to be no further recruitment, although the capacity of the works was to be doubled. A comprehensive job evaluation was to be undertaken jointly with the union, but increases in wages were ruled out pending completion of the expansion. Surplus workers to be transferred would, where necessary, be retrained. Indian employers have been urged to assume a wide range of social costs and fringe benefits beyond those required by law. The implicit assumption is that these measures would help to secure a relatively contented and "committed" labor force. However, the Tata experience suggests that there is no clear relationship between the willingness of an employer to be welfare-minded and the state of labor relations.

The article deals with the first annual report released by the Institute of Applied Manpower Research in 1964. One of the aims of the institute is to advance the knowledge about the nature, characteristics and utilisation of human resources in India. The two main types of research activities are the Manpower Group Survey, which aims to study the particular groups of occupations throughout India and the Area Group Study which considers the total manpower situation in individual areas. The institute has planned to publish the "Manpower Journal," which will disseminate manpower information and serve as a forum for discussion on manpower problems.

This article reports that a new quarterly journal is being published by the Institute of Applied Manpower Research, based in New Delhi, India, under the title of "Manpower Journal," as of February 1, 1966. It is to serve as a forum of research and a clearing house of information on problems of manpower, especially full-employment organization, education-employment co-ordination, population growth control and manpower information supply. The first number of the journal appeared in April 1965. Annual subscription is 12 rupees, price per copy three rupees. The editor is Hartirath Singh.