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Copyright of Journal of the American Institute for Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated whether reading comprehension would differ when the texts are studied and tested on screen or on paper. Participants were 69 college students who were attending a college in midwestern United States. Participants read two expository texts each, under comparable paper and screen conditions and answered comprehension questions. Test forms and the order of the conditions were counterbalanced. The correlations between reading outcomes and reader characteristics were examined. Participants also completed a survey on their views on the two media (paper or screen). The results did not indicate a significant difference on students' reading comprehension as a function of medium and reader characteristics. However, students reported preferring paper-based reading for complex material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of the topics covered by Coastal Management Journal (CMJ) over the course of its nearly five decades of publication. The analysis looks for trends and changes in the field of Coastal Management across topics and categories (groups of topics) that have been published by CMJ. It identifies geographical locations (at the state, national, regional and international levels) that have been mentioned by papers published in CMJ and identifies changes in geographical representation over time. The research was conducted using a mix of literature review techniques that helped identify emergent topics found within the titles and abstracts of CMJ papers. CMJ was founded within a year of the passage of the 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act. It has been a respected platform within the field of Coastal Management for five decades during which time the concept has been applied at the policy level within the United States and adopted into practice by many nations and intergovernmental organizations around the world. CMJ has also adapted its response to changing coastal management issues and the change in the needs of coastal management practitioners over the course of its publication history. Throughout its 47-year publication history CMJ has significantly increased its international representation and scope and has seen a number of changes in terms of topic representation. These include a substantial increase in the number of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise papers that it has published, as well as an increase in the number of papers it has published that focus on the importance of Marine Protected Areas. The most common topics published within the pages of CMJ are related to Policy, Planning, Protection and Economics, while the largest category of identified topics contains those that are related to Human Dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial and ethnic disparities have been clearly documented in schizophrenia studies, but it is unclear how much research attention they receive among US-based studies published in high-impact journals. The current paper updates Lewine and Caudle's (1999) and Chakraborty and Steinhauer's (2010) works, which quantified how frequently schizophrenia studies included information on race and ethnicity in their analyses. We examined all US-based papers on schizophrenia-spectrum, first-episode psychosis, and clinical high-risk groups, published between 2014 to 2016 in four major psychiatric journals: American Journal of Psychiatry, Journal of the American Medical Association – Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Bulletin, and Schizophrenia Research. Of 474 US-based studies, 62% (n = 295) reported analyses by race or ethnicity as compared to 20% in Lewine and Caudle's (1999) study. The majority of papers (59%) reported sample descriptions, a 42% increase from Lewine and Caudle's (1999) study. Additionally, 47% matched or compared the racial/ethnic composition of primary study groups and 12% adjusted for race (e.g., as a covariate). However, only 9% directly analyzed racial and/or ethnic identity in relation to the primary topic of the paper. While schizophrenia studies report analyses by race and ethnicity more frequently than 20 years ago, there remains a strong need for systematic, nuanced research on this topic. The authors offer recommendations for how to conceptualize and report upon race and ethnicity in schizophrenia research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The printing press helped to spread literacy, civic discourse, and even political dissent in colonial America. Without paper, however, the invention of the moveable type printing press would have been insignificant. This crucial communication medium was hobbled by a critical shortage of the raw material needed for printed matter. Paper was in short supply in the colonies and in the new nation as it could only be made from rags, and there was constant difficulty in obtaining enough rags to keep the presses rolling. Pleas for this essential ingredient were constantly seen in the newspapers in early America and there were severe shortages of both paper and the rags from which it was made during the American Revolution. This article examines how desperate were the early Americans for the paper which was necessary both for firing the muskets and for spreading the rhetoric of Revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The confluence of the two major challenges has combined to create special challenges for rural nonprofits serving victims of crime: the fluctuation of federal funding, and the Covid-19 pandemic. We discuss the challenges faced by Child Advocacy Centers in northwestern South Carolina in the context of these shifting challenges. From qualitative interviews conducted at 14 centers in this primarily rural region, we explain the challenges they face and the potential effects on the communities they serve interpreted through the lens of Resource Dependence Theory, which predicts that organizations reduce uncertainty of funding through increasing their partnership bonds with cooperative entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retraction is a mechanism for eliminating and correcting serious problems in the scientific literature and increasing awareness among members of the scientific community about unreliable literature. The objectives of this study were to identify the characteristics and reasons for retraction, analyze citations, and describe the scientific, altmetrics, and technological impacts of hematology retracted papers. Retracted papers were searched using the hematology category of the Web of Science database. The search yielded 101 retracted papers in WoS. Statistics methods such as frequency, mean, interquartile range (IQR), and Pearson's Correlation were used for data analysis. The findings showed the retracted papers were published in 28 different hematology journals. The majority of retracted documents were in Article type (n = 81). The mean time interval of the retracted papers from the first publication to retraction was 50.83 months. The largest number of retracted papers belonged to the United States (n = 46). The most frequently reported reason for retraction was misconduct (n = 55). The findings of this study provide a landscape into the characteristics and citations of retracted papers before and after retraction in addition to the scientific, technological, and altmetrics impacts of hematology retracted papers in the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the moral sensibilities and capacities of undocumented Filipino immigrants within the context of the so-called "marriage pathway"—a route for regularization through marriage to a U.S. citizen. Advocating for the inclusion of the moral dimension in examinations of the social lives of undocumented immigrants, it explores how the Filipino immigrants' lay moralities factor in their evaluations and decision-making regarding marriage and legalization, shedding light on their moral responses to consider or reject notions of marriage based on instrumental grounds. It argues further that the immigrants' moral sentiments, empathy and fellow-feeling, enduring commitments to moral norms, and dispositions of care help overcome their status concerns and imbue their actions with moral force and legitimacy amidst social pressures to enter marriage with a view for regularization. Finally, it makes a case for the moral potency of moral communities as a source of meaning that immigrants respond to and identify with, suggesting that evaluations of immigrants' marital motivations must also consider the quality and intensity of the ties within their networks of moral support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author reconstructs the data on Virginia's paper money regime using forensic accounting techniques. He corrects the existing data on the amounts authorized and outstanding, and reconstructs yearly data on previously unknown aspects of Virginia's paper money regime, including printings, net new emissions, redemptions and removals, denominational structures, expected redemption tax revenues, and specie accumulating in the treasury for paper money redemption. These new data form the foundation for narratives written on the social, economic, and political history of Virginia, as well as for testing models of colonial paper money performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on how adopted adults who have reunited with at least one birth family member experienced identity shifts related to their original birth certificates (OBCs). Framed by the Communication Theory of Identity (CTI), 50 adopted adults discussed their experiences related to their OBCs and how their identities are connected to this symbol through three of the layers of CTI, the personal, enacted, and relational layers. Participants discussed the presence of an ambiguous and unsolvable identity that interpenetrated with their other identity layers. Findings extend CTI to include an additional layer for adoptees – phantom identity – which can explain the life adoptees would have lived had they not been adopted. This identity was salient for participants as it manifested in ways such as expressing frustration with obstacles in gaining access to their OBC and refocusing their professional life to support other adopted adults. Moreover, findings offer implications for the examination into current adoption record practices in the United States, additional state mutual consent registries, and increased access to adoption-competent counselors for adoptees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As journalists from around the world descended on the South during the civil rights movement, the local southern press served largely as an ally to segregationists and the campaign for massive resistance to integration. Despite the best efforts of pro-segregation propagandists, the visiting press often presented perspectives and realities deemed a threat to the “southern way of life.” In response, outside journalists and news organizations became the targets of segregationist backlash, including sustained editorial attacks from within the southern press aimed at their alleged integrationist anti-southern agendas, affiliations, and motives. As outside journalists repeatedly experienced intimidation, ridicule, and even violence while covering the movement, southern editorials cultivated and fanned the flames of this already hostile environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic accounting is used to reconstruct the data on emissions, redemptions, and bills outstanding for colonial New Jersey paper money. These components are further separated into the amounts initially legislated and the amounts actually executed. These data are substantial improvements over what currently exists in the literature. They also provide a more complete and nuanced accounting of colonial New Jersey's paper money regime than what has been done previously for any British North American colony. Enough detail of the forensic accounting exercise is given for scholars to reproduce the data series from the original sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist classrooms employ a variety of teaching strategies that empower students and inspire equity and justice. In this paper, we argue that integrating student-made documentary filmmaking into the college classroom is a powerful and effective form of feminist teaching. Specifically, feminist pedagogy views students as knowledge creators and demands collaborative, non-hierarchical learning experiences. These outcomes suggest that documentary filmmaking is a compelling and effective way to engage students in our increasingly visual and video-based culture. Based on our experiences teaching sociology at a women's college in the U.S., we illustrate the impact that documentary filmmaking has for student learning, empowerment, and justice work. We also develop and strengthen students' technical, multi-media skills, arguing this outcome expands feminist pedagogy to meet contemporary culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1987-88 strike at International Paper's Androscoggin Mill in Jay, Maine severed a longstanding 'social contract' where workers and community residents tolerated the mill's air and water pollution in return for good-paying jobs and a robust local economy. This article traces the development of environmental consciousness among union workers and community residents during the strike and their efforts to protect the environment from the pollution of the mill. The union publicized environmental problems at the mill and the state's failures to regulate pollution when the strike began. After a series of environmental accidents during the strike, including a massive chlorine dioxide gas leak that threatened the safety of the town, Jay residents formed a community environmental organization and pressured the company and the state to close the mill. The environment remained an important issue after the strike, as labor and environmental activists joined forces to uphold a municipal ordinance that allowed the town to enforce state and federal environmental laws. This article studies how labor and environmental politics converged on a local level and also explores the broader themes of the conflict between job prosperity and environmental protection in industrial communities, labor and environmental movement alliances, and the current issues surrounding the 'green economy'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic severely tested the resilience and robustness of supply chains for medically critical items and various common household goods. Severe and prolonged shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilators in the United States have revealed vulnerabilities in the supply chains of such essential products in a time of need. Consequently, corporations have felt public pressure to rethink their supply chains. We begin this paper by examining the underlying causes of the prolonged shortages of critical products in the US as well as government’s and some companies’ initial response. Drawing from the lessons learned from the COVID pandemic, we propose a research agenda and opportunities to develop responsive supply chains to fight future pandemics. These opportunities revolve around measures that are intended to improve the supply chain responsiveness of essential products to combat future pandemics and other major public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The US paper and paperboard industry has experienced significant structural changes over the past 25 years, including reductions in the number of mills, lower rates of capacity growth, employment cutbacks and a loss of market share to foreign competitors. These structural shifts portray an industry that increasingly has difficulty adapting to a more competitive global environment. Based on aggregate data from 1965 to 1996, this article estimates a short-run translog (TL) cost function for the industry. The estimated model fits the data well and all sample points satisfy monotonicity and concavity conditions at all points. Among the findings, the industry operates at slightly increasing returns to capital utilization and labour and energy are Allen-Uzawa complements but Morishima substitutes in production. Technological progress generated 0.02% reduction in annual operating costs and consistent with an ailing US industry, estimated marginal costs approximated average operating costs until 1982 after which marginal costs significantly diverged from average operating costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the potential business models of electronic paper devices used by stakeholders in the newspaper value network in the U.S. The value chain and network hold roles important for production and distribution of content on the e-paper device. The newspaper model on e-paper offers particular service on its device. The kiosk model provides additional value to users who can use e-paper reader as mobile platform. It also mentions that newspapers will consider using new distribution channels as way to diversify services.

This study offers a historical overview of U.S. paper money before and after its nationalization in 1861, drawing attention to its function as a medium of mass communication. Building upon recent scholarship concerning the social construction of money and national currencies, it is argued that U.S. currency is legitimated through visual strategies of rationalization and mystification, whereby the contractual obligations of the state are merged with the sacred bonds of national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 1987, managers at International Paper Company (IP) permanently replaced more than 2,200 union members who had gone on strike after resisting the firm's demands for extensive concessions. Previous accounts of this dispute, which lasted until October 1988, have focused on Jay, Maine, where around half the strikers were located. This study gives a fuller history, detailing the involvement of strikers in De Pere, Wisconsin and Lock Haven, Pennsylvania as well. In addition, it highlights the important part played by 1,200 IP workers in Mobile, Alabama. In March 1987, IP executives locked out the Mobile workers, precipitating the entire conflict between the two sides. Blending oral history interviews with unprocessed archival material and local newspaper accounts, Minchin shows that the company's use of permanent replacements tipped the balance in its favor, despite the union's efforts to launch a corporate campaign against IP. Although the strikers held firm, they had little bargaining power once they had been replaced. The dispute graphically highlights how difficult it is for unions to win strikes in the contemporary US, confirming union leaders’ complaints that the hiring of permanent strike replacements has left them with an ‘empty gun.’ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opioid stewardship is one essential function of pain and palliative care pharmacists and a critical need in the United States. In recent years, this country has been plagued by two public health emergencies: an opioid crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, which has exacerbated the opioid epidemic through its economic and psychosocial toll. To develop an opioid stewardship program, a systematic approach is needed. This will be detailed in part here by the Opioid Stewardship Taskforce of the Society of Pain and Palliative Care Pharmacists (SPPCP), focusing on the role of the pharmacist. Many pain and palliative care pharmacists have made significant contributions to the development and daily operation of such programs while also completing other competing clinical tasks, including direct patient care. To ensure dedicated time and attention to critical opioid stewardship efforts, SPPCP recommends and endorses opioid stewardship models employing a full time, opioid stewardship pharmacist in both the inpatient and outpatient setting. Early research suggests that opioid stewardship pharmacists are pivotal to improving opioid metrics and pain care outcomes. However, further research and development in this area of practice is needed and encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a briefing paper which explains why professional teachers of the arts disciplines in the U.S. have continued to deal with problems of justification for rigorous, sequential arts instruction. The paper was presented by eight groups including Music Educators National Conference, National Art Education Association, National Dance Association, American Theatre Association, National Association of Schools of Music, National Association of Schools of Art and Design, National Association of Schools of Theatre and National Association of Schools of Dance.

Time trends in employee exposures to the air contaminants measured by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) during compliance inspections of pulp and paper manufacturing facilities conducted between 1979 and 1997 were evaluated based on the measurement results stored in the OSHA Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) database. The IMIS database is among the largest sources of occupational exposure measurements available for occupational health research in the United States. The IMIS database contains the results of 3568 personal time-weighted average (TWA) measurements for 171 air contaminants made at 524 establishments in Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) 26. An analysis of these measurements revealed an overall decrease in the total number of measurements made per year since 1991, and a decrease in the percentage of measurements by year that exceeded the OSHA permissible exposure limits (PELs). Linear regression analyses detected decreasing trends in the geometric mean concentrations by year for 33 of the 36 agents analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes our process for creating metadata for digitized (scanned) maps, using the Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) records of the scanned maps' original paper counterparts as a starting point. Initially prompted by the need for metadata suitable for a consortial geoportal, we created new MARC records by applying a variety of programmatic edits using the software MarcEdit, as well as various manual edits as needed. These MARC records, in addition to supplying discrete records for the scans to our local catalog and WorldCat, served as the starting point for conversions to other metadata formats suitable for use in multiple discovery platforms, including the geoportal, our local digital repository, and the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA). The paper is therefore focused primarily on the MARC-to-MARC conversions – from descriptions of paper maps to descriptions of their scanned counterparts – that represent the first step of the conversions that followed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late nineteenth-century USA, technological developments in paper production—a shift from a reliance on scarce cotton rag to plentiful wood—drastically reduced the price of newsprint. That decline helped overturn the reigning economics of the daily newspaper and resulted in the rise of new cheap papers with vastly expanded circulation. This novel mass press encompassed almost all Americans in the public sphere as represented by its pages. Focusing on newspapers in Detroit, this study examines the manifold consequences this shift had for the press's economics, its news agenda, and the implicit identity of the audience it addressed. The rise of a mass press in the late nineteenth century, however, was not specific to Detroit or the USA. As comparative historians have highlighted, the emergence of a mass press in Europe and elsewhere was a turning point that deeply marked the historical evolution of press systems around the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2017, far-right mobilization and demonstrations in the United States were at the highest levels since the 1980s and 90s. This coincided with a marked increase in propaganda campaigns in neighborhoods and across college campuses. Racial activists renewed efforts to rebrand extreme positions, soften racist rhetoric, and grow the movement. The purpose of this case study was to explore the rhetorical content of the propaganda created by one white supremacist. This study contributes to a growing body of literature on far-right propaganda through an examination of common themes, and a comparison of the framing techniques and rhetorical strategies used by other white supremacists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article critically analyses the photographs and illustrations that have been used to support arguments about Omar Khadr. Khadr was a 15-year-old who was captured by the US in Afghanistan, transferred to Guantanamo Bay where he was charged with murder and submitted to US interrogation. Throughout this process both supporters and opponents of Khadr have used pictures to support their claims. By examining and discussing these images it is possible to detect biases and prejudices that attempt to sway and influence the reader to the particular ideology of the writers. The article studies in depth images both for, and against, Khadr. It shows the different, printing and illustrating techniques that add menace to existing photographs, or soften the image for a more peaceful approach. In particular, it subjects the image of Khadr's damaged body being assisted by soldiers to a critical analysis to reveal what it really shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses the problems associated with citizenship verification in U.S. government health insurance programs to argue that paper needs to be analyzed as a media technology. To examine paper as a media technology is to ask, “How does paper work?” and “What are the rules and habits that enable paper to be used in paperwork?” To consider paper as a media technology, this article makes 2 arguments. First, it argues that there is a set of skills and knowledge associated with paper documents that need to be recognized as a distinct form of literacy. Second, this article argues that the relation between paper and identity is an argument about the materiality of information. In focusing on how paper facilitates the materialization of information, this case study illustrates how distinct practices of use create specific relationships between technology and information that give information a distinct functional presence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Comparative Education is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed to analyze the Journal of Hospital Librarianship (JHL) publications between 2001 and 2020 as indexed in Elsevier's Scopus database. The dataset was extracted on February 25, 2021 and 807 records were identified for data analysis. Various bibliometric indicators of the papers were assessed. There was an average of 1.32 citations per document. Sixty percent of the papers were single-authored, but the multi-author papers had a higher number of citations. The USA was identified as the country with the most contributions; Louisiana State University was the highest contributing institution, while Helen-Ann Brown Epstein was the most prolific author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry procedure was developed for the determination of 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (DIPN) and n-dibutylphthalate (DBP) in domestic and imported paper packages and food sold in US marketplaces. The procedure involved ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane, followed by analysis with the gas chromatography-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry. Calibration curves for DIPN and DBP were achieved with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 10 µg ml-1 and the corresponding r2 values were 0.9976 and 0.9956, respectively. In most of the fortified samples the recoveries were higher than 80% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) <10%. Using this procedure, it was found that less than 20% of the tested domestic packages and more than 60% of the tested imported food packages contained both DIPN and DBP. The concentrations of DIPN and DBP ranged from 0.09 to 20 mg kg-1 and 0.14 to 55 mg kg-1, respectively, with most of the DINP and DBP levels lower than 20 mg kg-1. DIPN was not detected (<0.01 mg kg-1) in 41 food samples and DBP was only detected in two domestic and four imported food samples with concentrations ranging from <0.01 to 0.81 mg kg-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the building of a full text database of working papers produced by agricultural economics departments in U.S. universities. The authors propose to collect, index, and publish these papers on the Internet (WWWIGOPHER), making them searchable and immediately available for electronic transfer to the computer of any researcher requesting them. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This essay examines Julia Griffiths' contributions to Frederick Douglass' Paper, arguing that Griffiths had a stronger sense than Douglass of the newspaper as an instrument of sociability, and that letters were crucial to its production. The paper's multiple and overlapping forms of circulation blended print, manuscript and private communication. Griffiths' own column took the form of a letter, borrowing the warmth and familiarity of personal correspondence. Part of the mid-century flowering of British and American women's periodical writing, it adopted the developing conventions of the travelling correspondent, and demonstrates some of the wider cultural aspirations of Douglass's anti-slavery newspaper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a paradox within United States immigration policy. Immigration policy separates families while also promising family unity. We address this paradox by arguing that state actors use "family" as a state-granted status. The state perceives some households as families and grants them benefits, while forcing other households to live as legal strangers. Individuals may form familial relationships, but the privileges and status of family are controlled by state actors and institutions. When state actors separate low-wage immigrant worker families, the state's family-status-granting power keeps these workers and their families in a state of "deportability"-a legally ambiguous limbo-satiating business interests and securing a captive low-wage workforce. Lacking legal legitimacy, but financially and socially tied to their families and communities in the U.S., these immigrants have few options but to accept off-the-radar work and to raise their children while living as "outlaws.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic chemists at Ph.D. granting institutions in the United States were surveyed on the time and effort they spend on peer reviews and how they rate themselves as reviewers. Thirty percent of the respondents reviewed 16 or more papers yearly. This seemingly high number is consistent with the number of papers some scientists publish, and the rough estimate of two to three reviews is obtained per manuscript submission. Approximately 30% of the respondents reported that they spent two hours or less per review; that 60% rate themselves as strong or very strong reviewers; that the youngest reviewers are more likely to be compulsive in their reviewing; and that respondents who spend more time on reviews complete fewer reviews per year. Sixty percent of the respondents categorized themselves as strong or very strong reviewers, suggesting that most scientists see reviewing papers as an essential component of their professional responsibilities. These ratings suggest an opportunity to improve peer review quality. Good citizenship within the scientific community suggests that each scientist should review ca. two to three times as many papers each year as they submit, and that reviewers need to see reviewing as "providing to others what authors hope reviewers will provide to them." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the components of carbonless copy paper (CCP) and the chemistry involved in its manufacture in Gainesville, Florida. Description of the adverse effects of CCP; Discussion of the toxicological properties of CCP components; Recommendations for the minimization of the possible physiological reactions to CCP.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the students’ evaluations of the course and instructor for all statistics courses offered during fall semester 2009 at a large university in the southern United States. Data were collected and analysed for course evaluations administered both online and on paper to students in both undergraduate and graduate courses. Unlike most previous studies on this subject, class section rather than student was treated as the unit of analysis. It was of specific interest to verify prior research findings that evaluation surveys administered online would not result in lower course and instructor ratings and lower response rates. The results showed that there is not sufficient evidence within the collected data to conclude that either course and instructor ratings or response rates are lower for evaluations administered online (online evaluations) than they are for evaluations administered on paper (paper evaluations). Of secondary interest was whether class ratings would be associated with students’ attendance and a comparison of variability among answers for undergraduate vs. graduate students. It was observed that class and teacher ratings were not related to students’ attendance and individual students did not tend to give the same answer for every question on their survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central Michigan University has hosted 11 Off-Campus Library Services Conferences since 1982. This paper studies the proceedings of the 11 conferences to identify patterns of research. The authors were interested in determining how the field of distance learning library services has changed over that 22 year period as evidenced by the topics presented and the types of papers included in the proceedings. The authors analyzed the contributed papers and assigned those papers to specific subject tracks. The authors also considered the sources used by the presenters in order to identify works that may be considered seminal in this field. Distance learning librarianship is a field that has grown and matured, but there has been little research to date into the core literature of the field. This paper attempts to identify some of those core works through an analysis of the citations used in these Sets of proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a model of investment behavior in manufacturing industries to discriminate between the effect of demand and that of the cost of capital. Starting from the neoclassical framework this model relaxed the assumption of constant cost of capital and improved the description of the effect of taxes. It also replaced the traditional partial adjustment process by an improved model of expectations. The model was tested on the paper industry. It explained well investment, capacity, and prices from 1964-83, and less well the financing of investments. Simulations using the model showed that demand shifts were the most important determinants of investment in the paper industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alabama used property tax abatements extensively to recruit the pulp and paper industry that became the foundation of the state's economy. Our objective is to evaluate the tax abatement policy and its impact on local public education from the perspectives of key local leaders. Data include historical secondary data, a mail survey, and interviews with stakeholders in pulp and paper mill counties. Although tax incentives influenced individual companys' decisions to locate in particular communities, abundant wood, water, labor, and transportation resources were the principle factors attracting the industry to the South. Despite the economic stimulus of the mills, communities that used generous recruitment packages continue to lag behind other rural counties, the state, and the nation. Tax abatements, coupled with low property taxes, adversely affect funding for local public education. Under investment in human capital, we conclude, is the primary obstacle to the further development of these rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note discusses the 2009 Defence White Paper, particularly its focus on the potential threat the Chinese military might pose to the security of the Asia-Pacific in the foreseeable future. It also examines Chinese responses to the White Paper's main theses. It concludes that the White Paper marked a departure from the Howard government's policy of de-emphasising differences in Canberra's dialogue with Beijing and, by re-affirming commitment to the alliance with the United States (US), delineated the limits of Australia's partnership with China. However, its poorly substantiated predictions regarding the rise of China's power, the US economic and military decline and Beijing's geostrategic objectives raise doubts about the Rudd government's capacity to formulate a coherent vision for the future of Australia's relations with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers have used many different techniques in efforts to augment engagement given the strong engagement-learning link. Teacher-student contact is one of the most effective tools for fostering engagement; however, some teachers find it hard to initiate contact in a way that seems natural. I present one method of initiating student-teacher contact: replying individually by e-mail to students' concerns raised in one-minute papers. I argue that, although this technique may require a greater time-commitment, the effort is worthwhile; it allows teachers to gauge and address students' misunderstandings effectively, and, at the same time, it can help teachers to establish contact with students in large classes or with quieter students and even help uncertain teachers to establish contact in a natural way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonparametric tests of consistency of data with variable cost minimization, returns to scale, and homotheticity are described and applied to data from the US paper industry. Results indicate that data from the US paper industry are consistent with the minimization of variable costs, increased productivity due to technological improvements or increasing returns to scale, and a homothetic production function. A method derived from nonparametric estimation for screening hypothesized data sets prior to predictive use with an estimated production function is described.
The nonparametric method of industrial analysis is a method which allows the researcher to test for consistency of the data with economic properties of a particular industry without making assumptions about the form of the production function. It also improves the predictions made about the industry by assuring that hypothesized data are consistent with assumptions made about a production function. In this paper we examine the methodology as it applies to the minimization of variable costs and then apply it to the United States paper industry. The paper has four sections. In the first section we examine cost minimization and describe two nonparametric tests for consistency with cost minimization. Both tests are applied using data from the United States paper industry. In the second section we describe two tests for particular properties of the production function and apply those tests to US paper industry data. The third provides an example of how one can use nonparametric methods to determine rational data sets for use in economic prediction. The final section is a summary of the results.
In this paper we refer to the parametric method in order to contrast it with the nonparametric method. This is not because we believe that the nonparametric method is 'better', but because the parametric method is widely used in economic research. Both methods have advantages and, as we hope to show, ... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists the titles of working papers and reports on real estate published by real estate centers, university real estate departments and other research institutes in the United States. The names of the universities represented are enumerated. Some of the working papers are "Evaluating House Price Forecasts," by J.M. Clapp and C. Giaccotto, "The Effects of Rail and Highway Transportation Access on House Values: A Case Study of Fairfax County, VA," by J.M. Clapp, R. A. Petitte and S. L. Ross, "Multifamily Rental Housing in the 21st Century," by K.W.Colton and K. Collignon, "Telecom Hotels," by J. Cowley and "Prescription for Survival," by J. Cowley and K. Sheffield.

Presents an overview of the paper deacidification program at the Milton S. Eisenhower Library at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Workflow and procedure used at the deacidification facility of the library; Relative costs of deacidification and preservation photocopying; Factors considered by schools in adopting the deacidification plan.

College algebra fulfills general education requirements at many colleges in the United States. The study reported here investigated differences in mathematics achievement between undergraduates in college algebra classes using one of two homework methods:WeBWorK, an open-source system for web-based homework, or traditional paper-and-pencil homework. We assessed learning for 439 students in 19 college algebra classes at a large public university in the United States. Twelve classes usedWeBWorKand seven had traditional paper-and-pencil homework. Analysis of covariance revealed no significant differences in algebra performance or achievement gain by homework group, ethnicity or gender when statistically controlling for previous mathematics achievement. Results support the conjecture thatWeBWorKis at least as effective as traditionally graded paper-and-pencil homework for students learning college algebra in moderately sized lecture-based classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the dioxin alarm broke at the same time in Sweden and the US in the mid-1980s, Swedish pulp and paper (P&P) firms led the way towards the new market for low-chlorine and chlorine-free P&P products. This study explores the transition in the Swedish P&P industry and contrasts the Swedish case to the US experience. We highlight the importance of already established technological paths to deal with pollution, paths which were strongly formed by the different national environmental policies since the 1970s. Thus while US P&P firms were technologically locked-in when the dioxin alarm broke, the strategy of Swedish P&P firms to proactively collaborate in environmental research and development (R&D) together with a national policy that favoured process integrated abatement technology, helped Swedish firms take technological leadership. This article particularly stresses the implications of technological path-dependency and different national regulatory styles in understanding the evolution of different modes of corporate environmental strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention regarding perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has increased in recent years, due to recognition of widespread environmental presence, recognition of a chemical structure that confers resistance to degradation, and reported health concerns. Historical common exposure sources include food, drinking water, occupational circumstances, and products in commerce (e.g., carpeting, clothing, paper products). Early-2000's data showed perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was present in blood samples from nearly all the U.S. general population (>99%). Alterations in industrial manufacturing processes, increased regulatory scrutiny, and advanced water treatment options have reduced the reported human body burden of PFAS in the U.S., including for PFOA. Human serum concentrations of PFOA, which do not identify the source(s) of exposure, have exhibited a substantial decrease (~63%) between the 1999-2000 and the 2013-2014 NHANES monitoring by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). With respect to both noncancer and potential cancer effects that may be associated with reported serum levels of PFOA, conclusions regarding an absence of effects, or insufficient information to suggest adverse effects, prevent a consistent conclusion about the occurrence and magnitude of human health effects. In the last several years, a number of state and federal agencies have developed health advisories or guideline values for drinking water exposure that are in the sub-ppb range. In 2016, a USEPA Health Advisory of 0.07 ppb was released, which stands in contrast to 2016 Health-based Values from Health Canada ranging from 0.2 ppb (PFOA) to 30 ppb, and a few other U.S. states with values even less than that of USEPA (e.g., MN, NJ, VT). Further work is necessary to distinguish in transparent fashion between drinking water levels that intentionally are set on a conservative basis to protect human health vs exposure levels that may be associated with tangible adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the political advocacy of human service administrators following implementation of a highly restrictive state immigration law. It tests hypotheses to assess whether factors associated with the political advocacy of human service administrators generally are also associated with advocacy at a time of policy crisis. Findings suggest that few human service administrators engaged in immigration-related advocacy, and that those who did advocate were those most likely to perceive organizational benefit for doing so. The findings raise questions about the conditions under which human service administrators will advocate for social benefit in an organizational or individual role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]