Search

We aimed to assess the feeding pattern and influencing factors within six weeks postpartum on exclusive breastfeeding duration among Chinese mothers. This study was conducted using 2:1 matched case-control study. Cases and controls were matched for maternal age, parity and mode of birth. A total of 210 women were included. Approximately 67.9% of women stopped exclusive breastfeeding within the first six weeks postpartum. Maternal non-exclusive breastfeeding intention, lower maternal educational level, mother-infant skin to skin contact over one hour, unsatisfied breastfeeding self-evaluation and maternal unhealthy condition within the first six weeks were risk factors for ceasing exclusive breastfeeding early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the pediatric rehabilitation curriculum, clinical placement, faculty characteristics, facilitators and barriers to curriculum implementation, and satisfaction of graduates of entry-level programs of rehabilitation therapy and physiotherapy in China. Two online cross-sectional surveys were conducted. With stratified random sampling, faculty were contacted to provide information on pediatric rehabilitation education in Survey A. In Survey B, the satisfaction of 2019 graduates was collected. Fifty-three faculty members (response rate 96.4%) completed Survey A and 154 graduates (response rate 85.6%) completed Survey B. There were variations in pediatric rehabilitation curriculum setting, clinical placement, and faculty characteristics. The key facilitator to implementation was a stand-alone pediatric course. The insufficient number of teachers was identified as the major barrier. The median satisfaction level of all 2019 graduates for curricular setting, faculty and placement was 4 (satisfied). The satisfaction level of 2019 graduates of programs accredited by the World Physiotherapy was statistically higher than that of graduates of non-accredited programs in curricular setting and faculty. The results support the need for faculty development and guidelines on minimum standards for entry-level pediatric rehabilitation education in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the relationship between nursing assessment findings at discharge and acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patient prognosis after mechanical thrombectomy (MT). We analysed the characteristics of 144 AIS patients with MT treatment admitted to a university affiliated teaching hospital in Chengdu, Sichuan Province China, from January 2020 to December 2020. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was used to assess outcomes 90-days after discharge. Exploratory analyses were undertaken using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 26.0). At 90-days, 47.9% (n = 69) had a good prognosis (mRS ≤ 2) including 22.2% (n = 32) fully recovered patients. There were 5 (3.5%) deceased patients and 48.6% (n = 70) of patients had a poor prognosis (mRS ≥ 3). In univariate analysis, clinical prognosis correlated with the need for inpatient endotracheal intubation (p = 0.02), nasogastric tube (p < 0.001), indwelling urinary catheter (p < 0.001), central venous catheter (p = 0.03), health knowledge needs of pressure injury prevention (p = 0.03), National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (p < 0.001) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) score (p < 0.001) at the time of discharge from hospital. The average hospitalization time of the 144 patients was 12[IQR, 9–25] days, and the average cost of hospitalization was $Y$21291.93 (SD 9165.01). Almost half of the surviving patients had a poor prognosis. In our country, this surgery and rehabilitation impose a significant financial burden that needs to be addressed. However, the longer length of hospital stay and higher costs at discharge may be contributing factors to worse outcomes. The outcomes of comprehensive nursing assessment of the patients, including nursing needs, activities of daily living, and neurological function, can predict their outcome. We recommend a comprehensive nursing assessment at discharge that predicts patient outcomes and can be used for subsequent targeted interventions. The prognosis of patients with acute ischaemic stroke after mechanical thrombectomy is poor, and the financial burden needs to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite China's large and growing global presence, data about global health (GH) education (GHE) in China's medical schools are limited. We aimed to describe GHE in these schools and determine whether some may teach GH concepts without labeling them as such. In 2019, 161 Chinese medical schools eligible for accreditation by the Ministry of Education were invited to complete a questionnaire as part of a national survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive analyses, Chi-square tests, Fisher exact tests, and logit models. Approximately 57% of schools completed the survey (n = 93). 33 (35.5%) indicated that GHE was included in the curriculum. Although the majority of responding schools reported the absence of GH in the curriculum, GH topics were identified at many institutions. Schools affiliated with the central government or an aspiring world-class university were more likely to report the inclusion of GHE and offered more opportunities at international away sites. Chinese medical schools are frequently teaching GH topics, but may not label the instruction as such. Policy-makers and educators should be equipped with a global perspective to facilitate GHE at China's medical schools and take measures to address differences between schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted an epidemiological study to identify the demographics and pre-operative characteristics of patients undergoing primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in a multi-ethnic Asian population. A retrospective study was performed on 696 patients who registered in our ACL reconstruction registry from January 2013 to August 2016. Important inter-ethnic differences were found. Indian patients were significantly older compared to Malay and Chinese patients. Malay and Indian patients were more likely to be male, overweight, and obese compared to Chinese patients. Soccer was the predominant sport involved, although ethnic predominance in specific sports exists. Novel findings from this study include increased prevalence of concomitant chondral injuries in the Chinese population compared to Malays and Indians, and significantly higher rates of concomitant intra-articular injuries in soccer and basketball compared to netball. Identification of these high-risk subgroups would serve useful in guiding the formulation of prevention strategies within our multi-ethnic community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: QR (quick response) codes are a promising tool for health education, however effects of QR code application in providing peri-procedure education to patients with coronary angiography is unclear. Aim/Objective: This study investigated the effect of a QR code-based video education program on anxiety, adherence, and satisfaction in Chinese coronary angiography patients. Material and Methods: This prospective controlled clinical trial included 335 patients undergoing coronary angiography, including 166 patients in the experimental group and 169 patients in the control group. On the day before coronary angiography, patients in the experimental group had access to and could watch an educational video on their smartphones by scanning a QR code for multiple times, while patients in the control group watched the same video on a tablet once only. The primary outcome was anxiety assessed using the Chinese State Anxiety Inventory (C-SAI). Adherence to instructions and patient satisfaction with the information delivery method were also evaluated. Results: The C-SAI scores improved in the experimental group compared to the control group (F = 9.8, P < 0.001) over time. There is a significant difference in the changes of anxiety scores from baseline to pre-procedure (P < 0.001) and post-procedure (P < 0.01) between the two groups. Individuals in the experimental group showed better adherence to instructions on removing dentures and jewelry, and taking medicines before the procedure (P < 0.05), and limb activity, water consumption, and diet after the procedure (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patient education programs on smartphone that can be accessed multiple times by scanning a QR code can be an effective and convenient approach to reducing anxiety and enhancing adherence to instructions among Chinese coronary angiography patients. Hospitals and clinicians should consider more investments in developing such patient education programs and also help improve ehealth literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor phonological development adversely affects language development and interpersonal communication abilities in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). However, the characteristics of phonological development in children with ASD who speak Putonghua (the official standard spoken form of modern Mandarin Chinese) remain largely unknown. This study aims to investigate phonological acquisition and development among Putonghua-speaking children with ASD. Data were collected from participants recruited in Shanghai, China. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, phonological acquisition was compared between 16 children with ASD aged 3–6 years and 16 age-matched typically developing (TD) children. In experiment II, phonological acquisition was compared between 26 children with ASD over 6 years old and 26 receptive-language-age-matched TD children. Picture naming was applied to measure participants' phonology – the 21 initials, 36 finals and four tones of Putonghua. Paired-samples t-tests and Fisher's exact tests were applied. In experiment I, scores on initials, finals, tones and total phonology of children with ASD aged 3–6 years were significantly lower than those of age-matched TD children. The pronunciation accuracy rates for initials such as/x, th, l/, finals such as/jaʊ, joʊ, wo/ and Tone 3 (the low-rising tone) in the ASD group were significantly lower than in the TD group. In experiment II, there was no significant difference in overall phonological developmental level between children with ASD over 6 years old and receptive-language-age-matched TD children. Phonological development of Putonghua-speaking children with ASD was significantly lower than that of age-matched TD children but closer to that of receptive-language-age-matched TD children. Further, participants with ASD showed atypical development sequences in both initials and finals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy stress could lead to adverse health outcomes for both mother and child. Few studies have explored the effectiveness of stress management strategy among pregnant women. To examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral stress management for pregnant women. Randomized Controlled Trial. 100 pregnant women (at 6–8 week of pregnancy) were selected by convenience sampling. Participants in the control group (N = 50) received routine prenatal examination and health education, while those in the intervention group (N = 50) received cognitive-behavioral stress management. Pregnancy Pressure Scale was measured at baseline and 39th weeks of pregnancy. Pregnancy Pressure Scale score increased in both intervention and control groups. However, the score in the intervention group was significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.01). Cognitive-behavioral stress managment can effectively reduce pregnant women's stress levels. Nurses and midwives should conduct cognitive-behavioral stress management to help pregnant women reduce their stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a deficiency in empirical knowledge on the physical and mental health of lower-income older people with weak family support in western rural China. To address this research gap, this article uses the data from the 2014 China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey to analyze the disadvantaged situation of older people in western rural China through a regional comparative analysis. Our sample consisted of 7,138 older adults aged 60 or older in eastern and western, rural and urban China. We find that lower personal income is significantly associated with poor physical and mental health. Economic support from families means more for older people when they have a disability related to activities of daily living in western rural China. Fostering stronger family support networks might improve the mental health status of older people in western rural China. Our study suggests a broader scope for the state to play a greater role in economic empowerment and in the development of policies to effectively meet the present and future needs of older people in western rural China or other countries with an imbalance in the distribution of the aging population and welfare resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on women who engage both in drug use and sex work has been limited, as most previous studies have focused on these risk behaviors separately. The current study examines the network properties as well as the demographic and behavioral factors associated with drug use among female sex workers (FSWs) in southern China. We collected survey data (n = 175) in the Hainan province during our 26 months of ethnographic fieldwork in China. Our analyses included Fisher's exact chi-square tests, independent-samples t-tests, Mann-Whitney U, binary logistic regression (LR), as well as ethnographic data analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that women who were younger age, single, more educated, and earning a higher income were more likely to use drugs. Pertaining to network properties, FSWs with a lower percentage of long-term clients (and men) in ego networks were more likely to use drugs; this would imply a mechanism by which drug-using FSWs are more at risk, as the women take a greater number of transient clients. In addition, FSWs who were influential network members (i.e., higher betweenness centrality) and were closely related to other network members (i.e., higher closeness centrality) were more likely to use drugs; this may suggest that drug use is a means of sustaining the high functionality of the workers. Our ethnographic data also showed that club drug use was easily accessible in entertainment venues and was often a means of socialization in FSW communities. Network characteristics correlated to HIV-related risks among FSWs should be further examined in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the drug addiction process between Chinese heroin- and methamphetamine (MA)-dependent users via a modified 4-stage addiction model (experimentation, occasional use, regular use, and compulsive use).Methods: A descriptive study was conducted among 683 eligible participants. In the statistical analysis, we selected 340 heroin- and 295 MA-dependent users without illicit drug use prior to onset of heroin or MA use.Results: The addiction process of heroin-dependent users was shorter than that of MA-dependent users, with shorter transitions from the onset of drug-use to the first drug craving (19.5 vs. 50.0 days), regular use (30.0 vs. 60.0 days), and compulsive use (50.0 vs. 85.0 days). However, no significant differences in the addiction process were observed in frequency of drug administration, except that heroin users reported more administrations of the drug (20.0 vs. 15.0) before progressing to the stage of compulsive drug use. A larger proportion of regular heroin users progressed to use illicit drugs recklessly than did MA users. Most heroin and MA users reported psychological dependence as their primary motivation for compulsive drug use, but more heroin users selected uncomfortable symptoms upon ceasing drug use as further reason to continue.Conclusion: Our results suggest that typical heroin and MA users may experience a similar four-stage addiction process, but MA users might undergo a longer addiction process (in days). More research is necessary to further explore factors influencing the drug addiction process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ConclusionThis study indicates that IL-10 promoter polymorphism variants, smoking, and alcohol consumption increase the risk of recurrence and canceration in vocal leukoplakia. ObjectiveThis prospective, clinical trial was performed to evaluate the association of interleukin (IL)-10 promoter polymorphism variants and canceration and recurrence rates in vocal leukoplakia (a pre-cancerous laryngeal carcinoma lesion) over a 2-year period. Participants and methodSixty-one post-operative patients with vocal leukoplakia were enrolled in this prospective, observational study and genotyped for the IL-10 promoter gene (IL-10-1082 A/G, -819 T/C and -592 A/C) using pyrosequencing, and responded to a 2-year follow-up survey. Recurrence and canceration rates were used to evaluate the association between the genotype variants and the clinical outcome. ResultsThere was an increased canceration rate in the variant genotype group compared to that in the normal genotype group in the 2-year follow-up period (18.4% vs 0%,p-value = 0.038). Compared with the non-smoker group, the smoker group had a higher recurrence rate of vocal leukoplakia (29.3% vs 5%,p-value =0.044). Likewise, the recurrence rate in the alcohol consumption group was also higher (30.6% vs 8%,p-value =0.034). The percentage of cancerization in the alcohol consumption group was significantly higher than that in the non-alcohol consumption group (19.4% vs 0%,p-value =0.035). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Previous literature has suggested high rates of HIV/STIs among Chinese FSWs. However, limited data were available regarding HIV-related risks among Vietnamese FSWs – a rapidly increasing, vulnerable population in southwest China. The current study examined the demographic and behavioral factors associated with the infection rates of HIV, syphilis, and Hepatitis C (HCV) among Vietnamese FSWs in Guangxi, China. We conducted a secondary data analysis of a cumulative sample of 1026 Vietnamese FSWs (aged 14–66) recruited over five years (2010–2014) from 35 National Sentinel Surveillance sites in Guangxi. Analyses included Fisher’s exact chi-square test,t-test, and binary logistic regression. The overall prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and HCV infections among the cross-border women were 3.2%, 6.9%, and 2.6%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that greater lengths of sex work and low paying work venues were significant risk factors for HIV infection; for syphilis infection, older age, drug use experience, and forgoing condom use were significant risk factors; for HCV infection, drug use experience was the only significant risk factor. Our findings suggest that elevated HIV-related risks among the Vietnamese FSWs are closely related to their financial disadvantages and that drug use is a prominent risk factor for cross-border women in the sex trade. Furthermore, culturally tailored and linguistically accessible HIV prevention and intervention initiatives that target cross-border FSWs, with a close international collaboration between China and Vietnam, are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

End-of-life care decision making has become a matter of serious ethical and legal concern in the three Far East Asian Countries of China, Japan, and Korea. Researchers in the three countries collaboratively conducted a comparative descriptive study with respect to physicians’ perspectives concerning end-of-life care decisions. In spite of cultural similarities, each country has its own unique set of social, cultural, and political circumstances. So the content and scope of policies and laws on end-of-life decision reflect the differing views of people based on their social status, moral values, religious beliefs, and economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ConclusionThe spindle and kinetochore-associated complex sub unit 1(SKA1) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are highly expressed in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC), and SKA1 may be the novel, promising prognostic factor for clinical outcomes in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma patients.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the expression of SKA1 and MMP-9 in SACC tissues and the clinical significance.MethodsSKA1 and MMP-9 expression in samples from 42 cases of SACC and 20 subjects with the normal tissue adjacent to carcinoma were detected by immunohistochemical analysis.ResultsThe positive rate of SKA1 and MMP-9 staining was 78.6% and 66.7% in SACC, respectively, significantly higher than in normal salivary gland tissues (p < 0.001). Chi-square test showed that there was no significant correlation between SKA1 expression and MMP-9 expression in SACC tissues. However, SKA1 and MMP-9 expression was positively associated with advanced stage and solid histological pattern of SACC (p < 0.05). In addition, SKA1 and MMP-9 expression was positively associated with recurrence and perineural invasion, and survival time, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

ConclusionThe Th17 cell frequency in peripheral blood and levels of IL-17 showed significant differences between patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and those with vocal cords polyps. Serum levels of IL-17 were correlated with laryngocarcinoma staging.ObjectivesTo investigate associations among the frequency of Th17 cells, levels of IL-17, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma.MethodEighty in-patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and 114 in-patients with polypus of the vocal cord were enrolled. Th17 cell frequencies in peripheral blood and serum levels of IL-17 were measured by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The tissue expression levels of IL-17 mRNA transcripts and protein were measured using quantitative RT-PCR or immunohistochemical detection, respectively.ResultsTh17 cell frequencies in peripheral blood and serum concentrations of IL-17 were significantly higher in patients with laryngocarcinoma compared with those in patients with polyps (p < 0.01 for both Th17 cells and IL-17 levels). Serum concentrations of IL-17 were significantly higher in patients with advanced laryngocarcinoma than in patients with early laryngocarcinoma (p < 0.01). The mRNA and protein levels of IL-17 were significantly higher in laryngocarcinoma tissues than in adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.01 for mRNA levels,p < 0.05 for protein levels). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Conclusion The melanoma-associated antigens A1, -A9, -A11 (MAGE-A1, -A9, -A11) are relatively tumor-specific in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and could be ideal antigens for LSCC immunotherapy. In addition, MAGE-A9 probably is a poor prognostic marker for LSCC patients. Objective The MAGE-A family belongs to Cancer/testis antigens (CTA). However, the expression pattern of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A9, and MAGE-A11 in LSCC is still unclear. This study aims to evaluate the expression and possible prognostic role of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A9, and MAGE-A11 in LSCC patients. Methods The expression of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A9, and MAGE-A11 in LSCC specimens was investigated by immunohistochemistry, and the association of their expression and the clinical parameters and the survival of LSCC patients were analyzed by chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analysis. Results The expression rates of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A9, and MAGE-A11 in LSCC were 54.7%, 46.2%, and 51.9%, respectively. The expression of MAGE-A1, MAGE-A9, and MAGE-A11 in LSCC was correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, and tumor size. The overall survival of LSCC patients with positive MAGE-A1, MAGE-A9, or MAGE-A11 expression was lower than the patients without MAGE-A1, MAGE-A9, or MAGE-A11 expression. Cox's multivariable analysis showed that MAGE-A9 expression was an independently poor prognostic factor for LSCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevention and cessation of Tobacco use among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) represents a significant challenge for HIV/AIDS patient care in China and across the globe. Awareness of HIV-positive status may alter the likelihood for PLWHA smokers to change their smoking habit. In this study, we tested the risk enhancement and risk reduction hypotheses by assessing changes in cigarette smoking behavior among PLWHA after they received the positive results of their HIV tests. Cross-sectional survey data collected from a random sample of 2973 PLWHA in care in Guangxi, China were analyzed. Changes in cigarette smoking after receiving the HIV-positive test results, as well as the current levels of cigarette smoking were measured. Among the total participants, 1529 (51.7%) were self-identified as cigarette smokers, of whom 436 (28.9%) reduced smoking and 286 (19.0%) quit after receiving their HIV-positive test results. Among the quitters, 210 (73.9%) remained abstinent for a median duration of two years. There were also 124 (8.2%) who increased cigarette smoking. Older age, female gender, more education, and receiving antiretroviral therapy were associated with quitting. In conclusion, our study findings support the risk reduction and risk enhancement hypotheses. A large proportion of smoking PLWHA reduced or quit smoking, while a small proportion increased smoking. Findings of this study suggest that the timing when a person receives his or her HIV-positive test result may be an ideal opportunity for care providers to deliver tobacco cessation interventions. Longitudinal studies are indicated to verify the findings of this study and to support smoking cessation intervention among PLWHA in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the shunt placement in patients who had normal pressure hydrocephalus after poor-grade aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH). Methods: Patients diagnosed with NPH after poor-grade aSAH were divided into a treatment group and control group, based on whether they had received ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. The treatment group was then divided into an improvement group and non-improvement group according to their recovery. The Glasgow Outcome Scale and Mini Mental Scale Examination were used for 3 month and 1 year follow-up rehabilitation measures. Results: Of the 46 total patients, significant improvement was observed at the 3 month and 1 year follow-ups (p < 0.01) after shunt implantation in the treatment group compared to the control group. Furthermore, patients who were younger (p = 0.022), had better neurological function (higher Glasgow Coma Score,p < 0.01) and less severe hydrocephalus (lower EI,p < 0.01) appears to be more likely to benefit from the shunt. Conclusions: Patients who had NPH due to poor-grade aSAH would benefit from shunt placement when given the correct candidates and timely management of shunt malfunction. Additionally, the curative effect of the shunt should have been regarded as a long-term goal of rehabilitation in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies suggest that the implementation of universal precaution (UP) plays a role in reducing HIV stigma. In this study we investigate the efficacy of a stigma reduction intervention on UP compliance and explore whether UP compliance could potentially influence HIV stigma reduction in medical settings. A randomized controlled intervention trial was conducted in two provinces of China with 1760 healthcare service providers recruited from 40 county-level hospitals. Longitudinal analyses included data collection at baseline, 6-, and 12-month follow-up assessments. Using a hierarchical modeling approach, we estimated the intervention effect for each provider's UP compliance and its potential mediating role on HIV stigma with the bootstrapping method. A significant intervention effect on UP compliance was observed at both the 6- and 12-month follow-up assessments. The intervention effect on provider avoidance intent was partially mediated by the provider's own UP compliance at the two follow-up points. This study provides evidence that UP compliance should be part of HIV stigma reduction programs, especially in resource-restrained countries. Findings suggest that a protected work environment may be necessary but not sufficient to address HIV stigma in medical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: This study suggests that jugular bulb–vestibular aqueduct dehiscence (JBVAD) does not affect the hearing or balance functions of the inner ear. Objectives: Since JBVAD may cause impairment of the inner ear and induce hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo, this study was to investigate the effect of JBVAD on hearing and balance. Method: Patients undergoing temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT) scans from May 2013 to December 2013 at a tertiary referral hospital were reviewed. The topographic relationship between the jugular bulb (JB) and the vestibular aqueduct was assessed. The findings were classified as normal when there was always a bony structure between the two structures and as dehiscent when the bony coverage separating the two structures was absent. Clinical data were collected via electronic records and clinical follow-up. Results: A total of 1313 out of 8325 patients were diagnosed with a HJB. Forty-six patients showed JBVAD. The prevalence of dehiscence was 0.6% in patients undergoing temporal bone CT scans and 3.5% in patients with HJB. Of the 46 patients with JBVAD, 23 (50%) had sensorineural hearing loss, three (6.5%) had tinnitus, and two (4.3%) had vertigo. The correlation between JBVAD and these clinical symptoms did not achieve statistical significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in China are highly susceptible to HIV infection and HIV prevalence among Chinese MSM is rapidly increasing in recent years. Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) is a major contributing factor of HIV transmission. This study aims to identify factors associated with UAI among MSM in Changsha city, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 642 MSM in Changsha city from July 2009 to June 2011 via a venue-based sampling method. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, sexual behaviours and utilisation of HIV/AIDS services were collected to determine the associates of UAI in MSM. Among the 642 MSM, 184 (28.7%) reported having UAI with male partners at the last sexual episode. UAI was associated with the venues where MSM met other MSM, and having unprotected sex with female partners at last the sexual episode and in the past six months. In addition, UAI was significant associated with not being exposed to HIV interventions, including free condom, lubricant, HIV testing and counselling, and peer education. MSM who have UAI practice are more likely to have unprotected sex with female; hence, potentially bridging HIV to the general female population. Specific harm-reduction programmes are shown to have significant impacts in reducing UAI and should be scaled up among MSM in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:To investigate the relationship between glycated albumin (GA) to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ratio and cognitive impairment in old age. Diabetes is associated with cognitive impairment in older people. However, the link between elevated GA/HbA1c levels and the risk of cognitive impairment in nondiabetic individuals is unclear. Methods:A cross-sectional study of 474 old, nondiabetic adults (192 women, mean age 73.8 years ± 6.9 SD) who had been admitted to our hospital was conducted. Glycemic measures included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour post-prandial plasmic glucose (2hPPG), GA and HbA1c. Cognitive function was assessed using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at the same examination visit in which the glycemic measures were determined. Results:When the individuals were divided into two groups according to the median of GA/HbA1c ratio, old adults with GA/HbA1c ratio ≥ 2.53 showed lower MMSE and MoCA scores compared to those with GA/HbA1c ratio < 2.53. Univariate regression analysis showed that MMSE and MoCA scores were not correlated with HbA1c, but were inversely correlated with GA and GA/HbA1c ratio. Linear regression analysis revealed that there was a significant negative correlation between GA/HbA1c and cognitive function (β = −0.77,P< 0.01 for MoCA and β = −0.69,P< 0.05 for MMSE) even after adjustment for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, lipoprotein(a) and sex. Conclusion:Our results indicate that even in the absence of manifest type 2 diabetes mellitus, GA/HbA1c ratio levels exert a negative influence on cognition and it may be a better predictor for cognitive impairment in the older population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives.To investigate whether the levels of blood pressure and fasting glucose differ among Chinese children of three different ethnicities (i.e., Uyghurs, Kazakhs, and Hans) and whether the differences are explained by childhood obesity. Methods.A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a large three ethnic pediatric population (n= 6633), whose ages ranged from 7 to 18 years. Anthropometrics and blood pressure were measured using standard protocols. Fasting glucose was measured in a subset of children (n= 2295) who were randomly selected based on ethnicity and age. The age–sex stratified Chinese national cut-offs were used to define obesity and high blood pressure (HBP). The prevalence of HBP, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), mean levels of blood pressure, and glucose were compared among three ethnic groups. Results.2142 Uyghurs, 2078 Han, and 1997 Kazakhs were analyzed. After adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI), the mean blood pressure for Uyghurs was on average, 2–4 mm Hg lower than those for Hans and Kazakhs. Kazakhs had the lowest mean fasting glucose compared with Hans and Uyghurs (4.5 vs. 5.0 vs. 4.8 mmol/L, respectively). The differences in blood pressure and fasting glucose persisted even after adjusting for age and BMI, and the differences among ethnic groups in blood pressure levels and fasting glucose levels were observed as early as 7–9 years of age. Conclusions.The prevalence of HBP and IFG differed significantly among Uyghurs, Hans, and Kazakhs, and the ethnic differences observed in childhood were consistent with those observed in adults from the same region. While childhood obesity is a significant risk factor for hypertension and elevated glucose, the differences among ethnic groups were not explained by obesity alone. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: Subdural hygroma (SDG) is a common complication that can occur after head trauma or secondary to decompressive craniectomy (DC). SDGs can be located not only ipsilateral or contralateral to the side of the DC, but also bilateral or unilateral in patients without DC. This study investigated the incidence and risk factors for different types of SDG in a large cohort of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: A retrospective study was conducted involving 379 adult patients with TBI who were admitted to Huashan Hospital, Fudan University between January 2009 and December 2013. As the outcome was dichotomous (SDG vs no SDG or hydrocephalus vs no hydrocephalus), multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent risk factors for the development of SDGs in patients without DC, ipsilateral SDG after unilateral DC, contralateral SDG after unilateral DC or SDG after bilateral DC. Risk factors for the development of hydrocephalus were also evaluated in patients with and without DC. Results: Among the 207 (54.6%) patients without DC, 30 (14.5%) had unilateral SDGs and 34 (16.4%) had bilateral SDGs. Of the 172 patients (45.4%) with DC, 134 (77.9%) underwent unilateral DC and 38 (22.1%) underwent bilateral DC. Of the 134 patients who underwent unilateral DC, 49 developed SDG, including 22 (16.4%) ipsilateral SDG, 19 (14.2%) contralateral SDG and eight (6.0%) both ipsilateral and contralateral SDGs. For patients undergoing bilateral DC, 13 (34.2%) developed a SDG. No significant difference in the incidence of SDG was observed between the patients with and without DC (36.0% vs 30.9%, p = 0.291), but the characteristics of SDGs were different between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that factors independently associated with the development of SDG were male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 3.861; 95% CI = 1.642-9.091; p = 0.002), older age (OR = 1.046; 95% CI = 1.021-1.070; p < 0.001), basal cistern haemorrhage (OR = 4.608; 95% CI = 1.510-14.064; p = 0.007), diffuse injury and swelling (OR = 3.158; 95% CI = 1.341-7.435; p = 0.008) or diffuse injury and shift (OR = 3.826; 95% CI = 1.141-12.830; p = 0.030) in patients without DC. Temporal haematoma or contusion in the non-DC side (OR = 2.623; 95% CI = 1.070-6.428; p = 0.035) and traumatic SAH (OR = 3.751; 95% CI = 1.047-13.438; p = 0.042) were independently associated with the development of ipsilateral SDG in patients who underwent unilateral DC. However, factors independently associated with the development of contralateral SDG were frontal haematoma or contusion on the non-DC side (OR = 3.145; 95% CI = 1.272-7.774; p = 0.013) and SDH on the non-DC side (OR = 7.024; 95% CI = 1.477-33.390; p = 0.014). Only craniectomy area (OR = 1.030; 95% CI = 1.008-1.052; p = 0.008) was independently associated with the development of SDG in patients with bilateral DC. In the multivariate analysis, SDG in patients without DC was not associated with the development of hydrocephalus. However, SDG was significantly associated with the development of hydrocephalus for patients who underwent DC (OR = 2.173; 95% CI = 1.362-3.467; p = 0.001). Conclusions: This study suggested that the incidence of SDG in patients who have and have not undergone DC was identical; however, the patients' characteristics and risk factors differed. Therefore, the management and prediction of SDG should be performed according to SDG type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: The facial recess approach is preferred in common cavity (CC) malformation with an incomplete basal turn, and the transmastoid single-slit labyrinthotomy approach in classic CC malformation. Patients with CC benefit from cochlear implantation (CI) over time, but the audiological and speech development is poorer than in cases with normal cochleas. Objectives: To discuss the surgical aspects and performance of CI in 21 patients with CC malformation. Methods: Twenty-one CC malformations were classified into 2 types: classic CC malformation and CC malformation with an incomplete basal turn. Twenty-one patients without inner ear malformation were set as the control group. Thus, data for 42 patients were analyzed. Results: The facial recess approach was used in 3 patients with CC malformation with an incomplete basal turn, and the transmastoid single-slit labyrinthotomy approach in 18 patients with classic CC malformation. After follow-up for 36 months, the average free-field hearing threshold was higher, and the scores for the CAP, SIR, IT-MAIS, and closed-set/open-set auditory speech perception tests were lower than in the control group ( p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Patients with chronic subdural haematoma and contralateral subdural effusion are rare after head injury. Surgery might reduce clinical progression of subdural effusion, but is not used routinely. This study aimed to investigate the effect of surgery on subdural effusion and clinical outcome. Methods: A retrospective study was performed, comparing operation and non-operation in the patients with chronic subdural haematoma and contralateral subdural effusion, in a series of 47 patients divided into two groups. The operation group of 21 patients underwent bilateral surgery. The non-operation group of 26 patients underwent surgery on the side with chronic subdural haematoma. Neurological status was assessed by the Glasgow Coma score and Modified Rankin Scale score on admission and at follow-up. All cases underwent pre- and post-operative computed tomography scans. Results: Pre-operative clinical and radiological data were similar in the two groups. The rate of subdural effusion progression was significantly lower in the operation group than in the non-operation group ( p < 0.05). Thirteen cases (50%) in the non-operation group and three cases (14.3%) in the operation group had progression of subdural effusion to chronic subdural haematoma ( p < 0.05). Chronic subdural haematoma recurrence rate, mortality and neurological recovery were similar, with no significant difference between groups. Conclusions: The patients benefitted from surgery for subdural effusion when they had chronic subdural haematoma and contralateral subdural effusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals are at high risk of contracting tuberculosis (TB) disease, and current methods for diagnosing TB infection are less effective in this population. We developed and evaluated a new interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), named A.TB, in HIV-infected individuals, with and without active TB, in a setting of high TB burden and low HIV prevalence. Methods: A total of 255 subjects were divided into 3 groups according to their HIV and TB status: HIV + without active TB (n = 123), HIV +/TB + (n = 79), and HIV-/TB + (n = 65). The A.TB assay was performed in parallel with the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) and tuberculin skin test (TST). Results: The positive rate was 59.3% (n = 123) by A.TB and 53.8% (n = 106) by QFT-GIT. We observed a strong concordance of 81.2% (k = 0.612) between the two IGRAs. The QFT-GIT results were affected by low CD4+ cell count (p= 0.013), while A.TB results were not. A.TB was also performed in patients with active TB (n = 65) and patients with active TB and HIV co-infection (n = 79). The sensitivity of A.TB in these groups was 80.0% and 81.0%, respectively. Conclusion: The A.TB results were not affected by low CD4+ cell count in the co-infected cohort. With further evaluation,A.TB may prove to be a valuable tool for diagnosing TB in HIV-infected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little is known about the interrelationships among social stigma, depression, and HIV-status among injection drug users (IDUs) in China. To better understand these relationships, the authors assessed depression, perceived social stigma, and HIV status in a sample of 45 IDUs in a high-risk region of China. Data were analyzed using analyses of covariance and pair-wise correlations. Perceived social stigma was elevated among IDUs and significantly related to depression; IDUs report comparable levels of depression regardless of HIV serostatus. Implications for further research and study limitations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusions: Immunoglobulin (Ig) M is overexpressed in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and its expression has an independent protective impact on disease-free survival in LSCC. Objective: A number of studies have reported on the ectopic expression of Ig in cancer cells, yet there has been a lack of understanding of its clinical and prognostic significance. This study aimed to investigate the expression of IgM in resected specimens of LSCC and to evaluate its clinical significance and prognostic value. Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of IgM in LSCC and normal laryngeal tissues. The serum level of IgM was also analyzed by immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: IHC and Western blot studies demonstrated that IgM was overexpressed in LSCC specimens ( p < 0.001), while the serum level of IgM in patients with LSCC was not different from healthy controls. Chi-squared analysis revealed that the expression level of IgM was negatively correlated with regional lymph node metastasis and tumor stage ( p = 0.011 and 0.025, respectively). Univariate analysis showed that IgM expression was significantly correlated with enhanced disease-free survival (DFS) ( p = 0.004). In multivariate analysis, IgM retained its independent prognostic value for DFS ( p = 0.048, HR = 0.506, 95% CI = 0.257-0.995). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: rAAV-NT4-ADNF-9 could ameliorate the damage to auditory function and repair previous impairment of cochlear hair cell loss induced by kanamycin. Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of ADNF-9 on cochlear hair cells using the recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying fusion gene NT4-ADNF-9 and the kanamycin-deafened guinea pig model. Methods: Forty white guinea pigs with normal auricle reflex and normal auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were randomly divided into four groups. Kanamycin was administered to the animals in groups A, B, and C to establish the deafened guinea pig model. rAAV-NT4-ADNF-9, vector only, and artificial perilymph were then delivered to the cochlear tissue of animals in groups A, B, and C, respectively, through the round window membrane. Animals in group D did not receive any treatment and acted as normal controls. The hearing thresholds on the surgery side were recorded before and after the transfection treatment. Fourteen days after treatment, cochleae were removed for paraffin slide preparation and cochlear surface preparation. A phase contrast microscope was used to observe the protective effect of ADNF-9 on hair cells. Results: Significant reduction of the ABR threshold was observed after rAAV-NT4-ADNF-9 treatment ( p < 0.05). After 14 days of treatment, the ABR threshold was also significantly different between the rAAV-NT4-ADNF-9-infected group and the non-infected group. Moreover, phase contrast microscopy showed significantly less hair cell damage or hair cell loss in the group treated with rAAV-NT4-ADNF-9 than in the groups treated with vector only or artificial perilymph ( p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusion: Otologic and audiologic abnormalities are both highly prevalent in Chinese children with skeletal dysplasias. Audiologic and otologic evaluations with medical intervention are recommended for these children. Objective: Children with skeletal dysplasia have a number of otolaryngologic issues including hearing loss. This study aimed to investigate the otologic and audiologic features of Chinese children with skeletal dysplasia in central China. Methods: Otologic evaluations and pure tone audiometry were performed in children with skeletal dysplasias. To explore the potential associations with hearing loss, we studied various craniofacial anomalies. Results: A total of 125 children (mean age 9.2 years, range 5-18 years) with skeletal dysplasia were enrolled, and otoscopic examination identified eardrum abnormalities in 45.6% of the children. Audiologic analysis revealed 14 cases (11.2%) with conductive hearing loss (CHL) and 22 cases (17.6%) with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms for patients with type-2 diabetes at the population level in China and explore differences in demographic, socioeconomic, and disease-specific parameters between diabetic patients with and without depression. Self-rating depression scale was used to screen for depressive symptoms in 667 patients with type-2 diabetes from 4 communities in Beijing; their quality of life and social support was assessed using appropriate and validated tools. The results indicate that 44.23% of diabetic patients report depressive symptoms; patients with depressive symptoms had a significantly higher rate of diabetic complications, a lower quality of life and less social support than patients without depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the self-assessed health status (SAHS) of female caregivers of older adults across the United States (N = 1,496), China (N = 485), and the United Kingdom (N = 252), data from three data sets were analyzed to isolate significant predictors of SAHS using an adapted meta-analytic technique. Higher income and full-time employment were predictors of higher SAHS; chronic health condition and emotional strain predicted lower SAHS. Female gender was a predictor of lower SAHS. The health status of women was negatively impacted by the caregiving experience. National policies, such as those in the United Kingdom, may result in higher SAHS for women caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2008, more than 290,000 children suffered from urinary tract stones with a history of consuming melamine-contaminated powdered formula in China. Little was known about the long-term follow-up of outcomes of these patients in southwest China, so we conducted one-year follow-up investigation for further study. Thirty-six of 51 inpatients with melamine-induced urolithiasis were enrolled in this study. After 12 months follow-up, none of the children had vomiting, oliguria, gross hematuria, or fever. Twenty-seven patients were stone free, stones decreased in size in six patients and increased in three. Serum total protein, albumin, and pre-albumin increased significantly from baseline to 12 months, and renal function remained normal. Melamine-induced urolithiasis could not lead renal dysfunction at 12 months follow-up. The results of our study indicated that more attention should be paid to the prevention of protein malnutrition in children with a history of consuming melamine-contaminated food products. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To determine the level of antiretroviral treatment adherence and explore the correlated factors of perceived burden of taking antiretroviral medications among people living with HIV (PLH) in a rural area of China. Data were collected from 66 PLH who were currently receiving antiretroviral treatment. Face-to-face interviews were conducted during August to October, 2009. Approximately 18.2% of participants failed to adhere to antiretroviral treatment in the previous 30 days. A majority of PLH reported that taking antiretroviral medications posed a burden to them. Those who perceived a higher level of burden were more likely to be women, to have lower annual income, and to report a high level of depressive symptoms, poor physical health, and strained family interactions. Findings suggest that future programs in promoting adherence to antiretroviral treatment should address issues related to psychosocial well-being and PLH's interactions with their family members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Invasive mold infection (IMI) is a major cause of infection-related mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 190 allo-HSCT recipients at Changhai Hospital between the y 2000 and 2007. The survival rate was evaluated with Kaplan-Meier curves. Logistic and Cox regression models were used for multivariate analyses. Results: The 1st y cumulative incidence rate of IMI was 12.8%, and invasive aspergillosis was the most commonly observed IMI (85%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that significant predictors of IMI were corticosteroid therapy (odds ratio (OR) 1.656, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.047-2.621, p == 0.031), positive cytomegalovirus antigenemia (OR 5.301, 95% CI 1.902-14.772, p == 0.001), and secondary neutropenia (OR 5.250, 95% CI 1.741-15.834, p == 0.003). The mortality rate of IMI at 12 weeks after diagnosis was 60%. In Cox regression models, IMI-related mortality was related to the dose of corticosteroid (2 mg/kg/day or more) administered at the time of IMI diagnosis (hazards ratio (HR) 20.841, 95% CI 2.151-201.944, p == 0.009) and neutropenia (HR 7.043, 95% CI 1.186-41.827, p == 0.032). Conclusions: These data confirm previous findings that the incidence and mortality of IMI are mostly associated with immunodeficiency caused by immunosuppressive therapy or virus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a serious public health problem in China, and is primarily caused by either the Hantaan virus (HTNV) or Seoul virus (SEOV) strains. However, the causative hantavirus has only been definitively identified in a few HFRS cases, and detailed comparisons of patient data for the 2 strains are limited. Methods: We conducted a 1-y prospective study in Heilongjiang Province, China. A total of 152 patients from 3 hospitals met the HFRS diagnostic criteria used in China. The diagnosis was further confirmed by specific immunoglobulin M to HTNV or SEOV. In addition, serum samples were tested for the presence of HTNV or SEOV using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with the 2 hantaviruses were subsequently compared. Results: Eighty (61.1%) HTNV and 51 (38.9%) SEOV infections were identified. Fever and proteinuria, key to the diagnosis of HFRS, were observed in all patients. The clinical manifestations of hemorrhage and renal injury from SEOV infection were milder than those of HTNV infection. Interestingly, compared to patients with HTNV infection, patients with SEOV presented with a significantly longer febrile period, more normal white blood cell counts or even transient leukocytopenia, a higher incidence of liver injury related to disease severity, and a lower occurrence of the 5 typical phases of HFRS. The mortality was 6.3% in HTNV infections and 0% in SEOV infections. Conclusions: Clinical manifestations of SEOV infection appear to be milder and less typical than HTNV. This information may help us to improve the diagnosis of SEOV-infected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are of immediate concern in China's HIV epidemic. In 2008, approximately 2.5-6.5% of China's eight million MSM were HIV positive, while MSM represented 11% of all new HIV cases. Two factors that will in-part determine HIV-transmission dynamics among MSM, are sexual mixing patterns and the social networks which shape them. Sexual mixing patterns and social networks of Chinese MSM, however, remain poorly understood with little refined data available. One reason is that stigma discourages disclosure of names and identifiers to researchers. Using an alternative network-mapping approach, matched case-control design, and snowball sampling, this pilot study sought to compare characteristics of social networks of HIV-positive and HIV-negative Beijing MSM at the individual, dyad, and network levels. First, HIV-negative MSM controls were matched to HIV-positive MSM cases based on age, education, residency, and ethnicity. Then, each case or control and their MSM social network convened at a specific time and location with study investigators. Venues included health clinics, karaoke clubs, brothels, and community centers. Then, using arbitrarily assigned numbers in lieu of actual names, all participants simultaneously completed self-administered surveys regarding their sexual relationships with other participants of the same social network. These new findings indicate that cross-generational sex (anal or oral sex between men with ≥10 years age difference) was more prevalent among social networks of HIV-positive MSM, and was due to older age structure of the social network, rather than behavioral differences in sex-partner selection. Members of social networks of HIV-positive MSM were also less likely to have ever disclosed their MSM identity to non-MSM. Future studies should partner with MSM advocacy groups to explore behavioral and structural interventions as possible means of reducing the cross-generational sex and sexual identity-development issues elevating HIV risk for young Chinese MSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The community could be a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genetic environments of blaCTX-M among faecal Escherichia coli obtained from healthy persons in a region of China. Methods: Bacteria in stool specimens were screened for extended-spectrum ββ-lactamase (ESBL) production on 2 MacConkey agars, one with cefotaxime and one with ceftazidime. blaCTX-M and their genetic environments, as well as phylogenetic analysis and detection of the O25b-ST131 clone of E. coli, were characterized by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis and conjugation assays were performed by standard procedures. Results: A surprisingly high number (50.5%, 55/109) of faecal samples showed the presence of ESBL-producing E. coli. blaCTX-M genes were detected in all of these strains. The CTX-M-9 group (41/55, 74.5%) was found most frequently, followed by the CTX-M-1 group (16/55, 29.1%). CTX-M-14 ( n == 39) was the predominant CTX-M enzyme in this study. However, the genes for the CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-8 groups were not observed. IS Ecp1 was detected in 90.9% of the strains, while IS 26 was observed upstream from blaCTX-M in only 1 strain. Phylogenetic groups A and D were found to predominate in commensal E. coli. High clonal diversity was observed and most blaCTX-M genes were transferable. The O25b-ST131 clone was found in 4 strains. Conclusions: This study reveals the wide dissemination of CTX-M ESBL-producing E. coli in the gut flora of healthy individuals in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study describes the baseline prevalence and correlates of common bacterial and viral sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and risk behaviors among individuals at high risk for HIV recruited in five low- and middle-income countries. Correlations of risk behaviors and demographic factors with prevalent STDs and the association of STDs with HIV prevalence are examined. Between 2,212 and 5,543 participants were recruited in each of five countries (China, India, Peru, Russia, and Zimbabwe). Standard protocols were used to collect behavioral risk information and biological samples for STD testing. Risk factors for HIV/STD prevalence were evaluated using logistic regression models. STD prevalence was significantly higher for women than men in all countries, and the most prevalent STD was Herpes simplex virus-type 2 (HSV-2). HIV prevalence was generally low (below 5%) except in Zimbabwe (30% among women, 11.7% among men). Prevalence of bacterial STDs was generally low (below 5% for gonorrhea and under 7% for syphilis in all sites), with the exception of syphilis among female sex workers in India. Behavioral and demographic risks for STDs varied widely across the five study sites. Common risks for STDs included female gender, increasing number of recent sex partners, and in some sites, older age, particularly for chronic STDs (i.e., HSV-2 and HIV). Prevalence of HIV was not associated with STDs except in Zimbabwe, which showed a modest correlation between HIV and HSV-2 prevalence (Pearson coefficient = .55). These findings underscore the heterogeneity of global STD and HIV epidemics and suggest that local, focused interventions are needed to achieve significant declines in these infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of our study was to understand the trend of AIDS deaths and the impact of AIDS-related deaths on the local mortality rate in seven villages in Shangcai County, Henan Province. A retrospective study survey among all deaths was conducted through household visits from 1 January 1995 to 31 October 2007 in seven administrative villages in Shangcai County of Henan Province. The cause of death and characteristics of the deceased were analyzed. There were a total of 2546 deaths, of which 521 (20.5%) were HIV/AIDS-related, 525 (20.6%) were suspected AIDS deaths, and 1500 (58.9%) were unrelated HIV/AIDS deaths. The proportion of deaths among people aged 20-49 years was less than 20% from 1995 to 1997, but increased to 27.4% in 1998, and reached 49.2% in 2001, followed by a decrease in succeeding years, dropping to 29.5% in 2007. HIV/AIDS-related and suspected deaths among those aged 20-49 years accounted for 63.9% and 70.9% of all deaths, respectively. The overall mortality rate was 7‰ from 1995 to 1999, and 14.9‰ in 2002. Our study shows that confirmed HIV/AIDS-related deaths and suspected AIDS deaths were the main cause of deaths at the local level after 1998, especially among those aged 20-49. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]