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Choice architecture describes the environment in which choices are presented to decision-makers. In recent years, public and private actors have looked at choice architecture with great interest as they seek to influence human behaviour. These actors are typically called choice architects. Increasingly, however, this role of architecting choice is not performed by a human choice architect, but an algorithm or artificial intelligence, powered by a stream of Big Data and infused with an objective it has been programmed to maximise. We call this entity the autonomous choice architect. In this paper, we present an account of why artificial intelligence can fulfil the role of a choice architect and why this creates problems of transparency, responsibility and accountability for nudges. We argue that choice architects, be them autonomous computational systems or human-beings, at a most basic level select, from a range of designs, the design which is most likely to maximise a pre-determined objective. We then proceed to argue that, given the growing demand for targeted, personalised choice architecture and for faster, dynamic reconfigurations of choice architecture, as well as the ever-expanding pool of data from which feedback can be drawn, the role of the human choice architect is increasingly obscured behind algorithmic, artificially intelligent systems. We provide a discussion of the implications of autonomous choice architects, focusing on the importance of the humans who programme these systems, ultimately arguing that despite technological advances, the responsibility of choice architecture and influence remains firmly one human beings must bear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1972 dome to cover the Anoeta Velodrome is the product of the experiences up to that date of the architects Emilio Pérez Piñero and Félix Candela, specialists, respectively, in the design of deployable reticular structures and thin concrete shells using hyperbolic paraboloids. It is a very relevant project in the careers of both architects, as the Anoeta dome was Pérez Piñero's last project, and also the last of the domes in which Candela participated since 1965. Pérez Piñero's death in 1972 marked the end of a phase in Candela's life. This paper describes the virtual reconstruction of a variation of the project and analyses its geometry, based on the subdivision of the sphere into polygons onto which hyperbolic paraboloids were then inserted. New documentation is provided which offers context for the evolution of Candela's work, linking this project to his previous major work: the Palacio de los Deportes built for the 1968 Mexico Olympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses an emerging field of research in architecture, kinetic design. This approach has been used in different ways through history, but the technological advances of the “Third Industrial Revolution” offer new perspectives on this topic, along with various design innovations. To face this demand, architects must develop new strategies rooted in performance, connectivity and control, and process them to support and inform design. In order to explore these challenges, a group of researchers organized a summer school in 2016. The partnership between ISCTE-IUL and Sapienza University of Rome emerged as an opportunity to join an international community to present recent research, teaching or practice related to architecture, technology, computation, mathematics and geometry. In addition, an experimental learning-by-doing design studio was developed, which allowed for testing a digital workflow to create foldable surfaces based on rigid origami geometry. The major objective of these events, which is summarised in this paper, is to contribute to the debate around digitally-driven kinetic architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to review Dante Bini's career, as well as his form-resistant Binishell and other pneumatic construction systems. The role of Mario Salvadori in Bini's international success works as the introduction to a broader discussion about the relationship between innovation in design and innovation in construction for shell and gridshell designers. The second part of the paper focuses, instead, on Bini's double profile-architect and builder-which led him to develop his inventions both architecturally and as commercial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to examine pre-architects' use of metaphorical reasoning as a tool for design problem solving exercises in an unfamiliar environment. It is to improve their sense of place, which helps to identify and capture design concepts, as well as define goals and requirements. Regarding the three metaphorical reasoning operations of Welling (analogy, combination and metaphor), a conceptual structure is formulated and context relation is discussed in the paper. In this context, for the studio education, fifteen students have been taken to Milan to clarify the experience of them at the shallowest level of insideness as an authentic sense of place and they have been asked to design a performance center, for any kind of activity that impressed them and to also provide for something lacking in the city. According to the student projects, authentic sense of place was high with the context related metaphorical approaches. Above all, it was even higher when both within domain-deep structures/metaphorical approaches were combined with the within domain- surface features/analogical approaches. The structural expression was in the foreground, however, when a student created his/her own context which was realized with the expressive use of technology and inventive forms. In that case the user is sensitive to space not to seek the meaning of it for those who live there but seeks the meaning desired to be experienced by the designer of the excellent technological expressions. The contextual architecture is contextualized in that sense, but our role as educators should be to teach our students the union of these two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Justified Plan Graph (JPG) technique was developed in the late 1970s and refined in the following two decades as a means of undertaking qualitative and quantitative research into the spatial structure or permeability of buildings. Famously used by Space Syntax researchers to uncover the social logic of architectural types, the technique remains an important, if not widely understood, approach to the analysis of the built environment. This paper uses the JPG method to undertake a three-stage analysis of the early houses of Pritzker Prize winning architect Glenn Murcutt; the stages are visual analysis, mathematical analysis and theoretical analysis. Through this process the paper offers a rare application of the JPG method to multiple works by the same architect and demonstrates the construction of a series of 'inequality genotypes', a partial 'statistical genotype' and a partial 'statistical archetype' for these houses. Instead of seeking to uncover the social structure of Murcutt's housing, the paper analyses the architect's distinctive approach to ordering space within otherwise simple volumes or forms. The ultimate purpose of this analysis is to offer an alternative space-based, rather than form-based, insight into this architect's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advances in Architectural Geometry (AAG) is a conference where both theoretical and practical work linked to new geometrical developments is presented. The conference aims to gather the diverse components of the contemporary architectural tendencies that push the building envelope towards free form and respond to the multiple current design challenges. It involves architects, engineers, mathematicians, computer scientists, and contractors. This conference report summarizes the recently concluded AAG 2014 held in London. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This “Letter from the Editors” begins with reflections on frameworks for research and development of architectural knowledge. Drawing on the both old and new ways of thinking, the editors show how two forms of knowledge—observational and propositional—have figured in the identification of two types of architects: architectus ingenio, the observer architect, and architectus verborum,“the architect of words”. Both approaches to knowledge are found in these pages. This discussion is followed by an introduction to the papers that make up the second part of vol. 20, no. 2 (2018). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the analysis of the oval frame vault of the ballroom of Villa Borromeo in Cassano d'Adda (Milan), one of the most important, yet not deeply studied, countryside villas of the Adda family. The vault is a particular example of a frame vault on an oval plan, where the main elements that characterize the space are the skene arches and the curved lunettes. The article sheds light on the constructive and geometric genesis of this particular type of vaulting, which was a common construction practice of architects and builders in the Modern Age in Northern Italy. The analysis of the vault geometries and construction techniques is carried out through a geometric and photogrammetric survey, the elaboration of drawings, and a 3D model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines an analysis of Utzon's process of ideating vault through the lens of shape grammar, from investigating the eureka moment of the spherical schema for the Sydney Opera House to interpreting vault schema generation in other, later projects. The results show that most of Utzon's vault's schemas can be generated with only a few rule schemas, and that the generated schema can produce various parts in the designs. This interpretative study can help to understand not only how an architect develops schemas to solve various problems within a project but also how principles from an earlier schema can be reused to formulate vault schema for different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Advances in Architectural Geometry (AAG) symposia serve as a unique forum where developments in the design, analysis and fabrication of building geometry are presented. With participation of both academics and professionals from the fields of architecture, engineering, computer science and mathematics, each symposium aims to gather and present practical work and theoretical research that responds to contemporary design challenges and expands opportunities for architectural form. This report summarizes the AAG2016, the fifth edition of the symposia hosted by the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Digital Fabrication at ETH Zurich from 9 to 13 September 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the widespread belief that ambiguity is beneficial in design communication stems from conceptual confusion. Communicating imprecise, uncertain and provisional ideas is a vital part of design teamwork, but what is uncertain and provisional needs to be expressed as clearly as possible. Understanding what uncertainty information designers can and should communicate, and how, is an urgent task for research. Viewing design communication as conveying permitted spaces for further designing is a useful rationalisation for understanding what designers need from their notations and computer tools, to achieve clear communication of uncertain ideas. The paper presents a typology of ways that designs can be uncertain. It discusses how sketches and other representations of designs can be both intrinsically ambiguous, and ambiguous or misleading by failing to convey information about uncertainty and provisionality, with reference to knitwear design, where communication using inadequate representations causes severe problems. It concludes that systematic use of meta-notations for conveying provisionality and uncertainty can reduce these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored constraints and opportunities in apartment kitchen design for family home cooking and dining. An online audit of 115 two-bedroom apartments in three Melbourne suburbs of Australia was conducted, with images collected from the audit guiding photo-elicitation interviews on the kitchen designs, with architects from firms involved in apartment complex design. Affordance theory provided a conceptual lens to thematically analyse the design process and outcome in relation to architectural practice. Based on previously developed criteria, results from the audit revealed that only 18 (16%) had adequate kitchen design for families with children across five features assessed, with four themes emerging from interviews that identified constraints and facilitators to kitchen design practice: "Limited policy standards"; Architect assumptions align with market-led preferences"; "Built environment and apartment typology constraints"; and "Small scale design opportunities". Findings provide unique insights into architects' perspectives on apartment design, deepening understandings of how to support healthy family home food preparation and dining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different styles of facades can have a satisfying or dissatisfying psychological effect on people. According to the literature on façade evaluation, perceptual dimensions are effective in façade aesthetics. In this research the effect of perceptual dimensions of familiarity, complexity, originality and excitement on the aesthetics of postmodern, neoclassic and late modern style façades have been investigated. Two groups of architects and non-architects assessed 15 images of the three-façade styles in the city of Tehran. The partial least squares structural equation modelling approach was used to test the model obtained from the research literature. A questionnaire was adopted to measure the perceptual dimensions effective in the aesthetics of fifteen façade images. 340 non-architects and 143 architects filled out the questionnaire. The results show that the structural model can be a valid framework upon which to evaluate the aesthetics of the facades by two groups of architects and non-architects. For both groups of architects and non-architects, the originality of the façade design has the greatest impact on the beauty evaluation of the facade. The originality and excitement perceptual dimensions mediate the relation between the complexity and beauty perceptual dimensions. The presented structural model can assist architects and policymakers on the perceptual dimensions significant to facade aesthetics. Furthermore, the empirical findings and the discussion presented on the perceptual dimension expand the theoretical background on facade aesthetics. The presented structural model can be used to evaluate the aesthetics of other façade types or apartment facades in other locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the life and scientific career of Paolo Chini (1928–1980), an Italian chemist with a great experimental ingenuity. In Italy and abroad he really represented a key figure for his fundamental industrial and academic research. He took an active part on the development of polypropylene polymer synthesis pathway together with Giulio Natta and he has been a pioneer for the synthesis and characterization of high nuclearity metal carbonyl clusters: a borderline discipline between molecular and solid-state chemistry. This work also includes eyewitness testimonies of Chini's close friends and relatives, in order to give the reader an accurate biography of this scientist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Architects are trained to design buildings and the subjective perception of building users may not be easy to translate into a designer's language. In the UK, the design profession has not fully appreciated the significance of returning to the erected structure to appraise how well it was, and remained, fit for purpose. This paper presents a critique of the state of the art of post-occupancy evaluation (POE) in the UK building procurement process. It is established that despite the known benefits of POE, the culture of evaluating the performance of a building, after it has been built and occupied by users for a while, has not been successfully embedded in the design and procurement process. The authors advocate for a 'forward feeding' POE, which embraces early collaboration between end users and designers in the building procurement process, in order to co-create a liveable built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are only two perspectives among the extant drawings of Juan de Herrera (1533-1597), who succeeded Juan Bautista de Toledo as architect of the Escorial. Both belong to the collection of engravings of that building made in 1589, after construction had already been completed. One is a bird's eye view showing the exterior of the building; the other is an interior perspective of the main altar. Although both drawings appear to be rigorous, the external perspective shows a cupola with an unrealistically high tambour, dome and lantern. This paper analyzes both of these, along with a third, a bird's eye view drawing of the building site by an unknown artist, conserved at Hatfield House (England), contextualizing them within the Escorial's construction process and Herrera's knowledge of perspective. The analysis argues that the elongated representation of the cupola was not an error caused by the difficulty of constructing a rigorous perspective or representing curve forms but was instead a deliberate choice made by the architect to make the cupola appear taller and slimmer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Conference of Bridges Seoul 2014 was the seventeenth annual conference in the Bridges series, which was held at the Gwacheon National Science Museum, Seoul, Korea, 14-19 August 2014. This year's conference brought approximately three hundred mathematicians, architects, scientists, artists, educators, musicians, writers, computer scientists, sculptures, dancers, weavers, and model builders together. In addition, for this year, thanks to the 2014 International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Seoul, many participants from this congress attended Bridges. The list of participants also included about one thousand Korean students and their families, who were invited by the Gwacheon National Science Museum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the security implications of Proof-of-Work blockchains with respect to the stale block rate and the lack of a block verification process. The stale block rate is a crucial security metric that quantifies the proportion of rejected blocks in the blockchain network. The absence of a block verification process represents another critical security concern, as it permits the potential for invalid transactions within the network. In this article, we propose and implement a quantitative and analytical model to capture the primary operations of Proof-of-Work blockchains utilizing the Performance Evaluation Process Algebra. The proposed model can assist blockchain designers, architects, and analysts in achieving the ideal security level for blockchain systems by determining the proper network and consensus settings. We conduct extensive experiments to determine the sensitivity of security to four aspects: the number of active miners and their mining hash rates, the duration between blocks, the latency in block propagation, and the time required for block verification, all of which have been shown to influence the outcomes. We contribute to the findings of the existing research by conducting the first analysis of how the number of miners affects the frequency of stale block results, as well as how the delay in block propagation influences the incentives received by rational miners who choose to avoid the block verification process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present Milan Zloković’s theorisation of reciprocal concatenation and its application in his architectural design. For two decades architect Milan Zloković (1898-1965), one of the founders of Modern Movement in Yugoslavia, studied what he called “the science of proportions”. His findings have not received the attention they deserve. Here we analyse his research on proportional method of reciprocal concatenation through the ancient concept of analogy, the correlation among proportional systems, an ideal set of preferential numbers and the use of proportional dividers. Based on his theoretical views, we examined proportions in two of his buildings: the Elementary School in Jagodina (1937-1940) and the Teacher Training School in Prizren (1960). Finally, we show that Zloković combined reciprocal concatenation with various proportional systems, proving it to be a valuable tool for contemporary architectural design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pattern of built heritage provides insights into spatial organisation principles, revealing recurring traits among buildings of a similar type. Such constructions illuminate how building components are aligned and interconnected to embody a unified design ethos. However, well-preserved instances of a sequential series of similar buildings that were built in the same period based on historical evidence are rarely located. Thus, the Sultani Mosques, a prominent collection of mosques built in Iran between 1806 and 1840 under King Fath-Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty's auspices, are particularly noteworthy, attracting scholarly attention from figures such as Ritter, Hillenbrand, and Scarce for their distinctive spatial organisation of architectural elements such as iwans, domes, naves, and courtyards. To comprehensively study the shared spatial organisation concept within these mosques through a comparative study, this research aimed to verify the spatial layout using analytical techniques such as space syntax and layout-based justified graphs. By juxtaposing these graphs and depth values, this research elucidated the spatial integration and privacy delineation within these religious structures. Moreover, an examination of layout-based graphs and immersive three-dimensional assessments reinforced and confirmed the prevailing layout configuration. The research findings reveal a cohesive architectural concept in Sultani mosques, as multifaceted accessibility was emphasised, and spatial layouts were structured to facilitate movement and interactions. Qajar architects likely established a consistent design approach across these mosques, integrating essential elements while accommodating educational spaces. When schools were included, courtyard dynamics were reshaped, which impacted spatial connections and access routes. Variations in building division configurations, vault spans, and spatial relations tailored to local contexts highlight the unique design and spatial value of each mosque. Preserving these spatial relationships in restoration efforts is crucial for maintaining the intrinsic spatial language and historical design significance of these mosques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprise architecture (EA) practice is a complex set of organizational activities enabling well-coordinated business and IT planning. Organizationally, EA practices are implemented by specialized EA functions, which have existed in many companies in some or the other form for decades. However, the problem of structuring EA functions according to the specific needs of organizations received almost no attention in the literature. To address this gap, 47 organizations and their EA functions were analyzed. Using the grounded theory method, the study develops a comprehensive theoretical model explaining the dependence between the relevant properties of organizations and the structures of their EA functions, including the appropriate numbers of architects, their specialization and structural alignment. This study offers arguably the first full-fledged theory on the structuring of EA functions and also addresses multiple practical questions that are likely to be asked by IT leaders willing to establish EA functions in their organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building performance simulation (BPS) is the basis for informed decision-making of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) design. This paper aims to investigate the use of building performance simulation tools as a method of informing the design decision of NZEBs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a simulation-based decision aid, ZEBO, on informed decision-making using sensitivity analysis. The objective is to assess the effect of ZEBO and other building performance simulation tools on three specific outcomes: (i) knowledge and satisfaction when using simulation for NZEB design; (ii) users' decision-making attitudes and patterns, and (iii) performance robustness based on an energy analysis. The paper utilizes three design case studies comprising a framework to test the use of BPS tools. The paper provides results that shed light on the effectiveness of sensitivity analysis as an approach for informing the design decisions of NZEBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an account of the unusual protosystemic and informational approach to architecture that emerged in the early 1930's within the largely unknown Structural Study Associates (SSA), a circle of architects around Buckminster Fuller. It examines the design of a dynamic information system for architects by SSA members Knud Lönberg-Holm and Carl Theodore Larson and compares them to pre- and post-war knowledge indexing systems and world projects. This study also explores the systems-oriented positions outlined by these architects. This provides a view of American architecture of the era that counters the one presented by the canonical International Style Exhibition of 1932, which essentially edited out the more variegated approaches to modern architecture and technology as represented by the SSA and especially Lönberg-Holm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the intrinsic complexity of integrating individual, social and technologically supported intelligence, the paper proposes a relatively simple ‘connectionist’ framework for conceptualizing distributed cognitive systems. Shared information sources (documents) are represented as nodes connected by links of variable strength, which increases as the documents co-occur in the usage patterns. This learning procedure captures and exploits its users’ implicit knowledge to help them find relevant information, thus supporting an unconscious form of exchange. These principles are applied to a concrete problem domain: architects sharing design knowledge through a database of associatively connected building projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes support for flexibility, mobility and collaboration in engaging with, and making sense of, information. Our focus lies on the transitions people make between different, dynamic configurations of digital and physical materials, technologies, people and spaces. The technologies we describe have been developed in partnership with landscape architects over the past two years. We show that appliances and people can come together in a way that creates scope for such transitions, collaboration, and the emergence of new ways of working. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distance effect (comparing objects becomes easier with increasing differences in their magnitude) is observed in tasks ranging across domains, and its existence has been interpreted as evidence for analogue magnitude representation. Similarly, associations between response side and magnitude (faster left/right-sided responses to small/large objects, respectively) are observed across domains. We investigated the analogue processing of angles and the association between angle magnitude and response side in relation to geometric expertise. We compared the behavioural pattern of two groups—architects and controls—in a direct angle magnitude classification task (i.e., judge whether a presented angle was greater or less than 90°) and in an indirect task (i.e., judge whether an angle was drawn with a dashed or continuous line). We found a robust distance effect for reaction times and accuracy at the whole sample level and in each group separately. Architects revealed a smaller distance effect for accuracy than controls. This could be interpreted as an argument for a more precise analogue representation of angles in experts compared to non-experts. However, we did not find evidence for an association between angle magnitude and response side in any group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates using a Cellular Automata (CA) as a generative design strategy that creates a design framework for a contemporary house. This is done in a way to reflect the unique spatial configuration of the Han-ok with Chae and Madang. When the Han-ok, the traditional Korean house, was modified to adapt to social change and urbanization in the modern era, the spatial diversity and order of the Han-ok with Chae and Madang were lost. This study aims to define the spatial configurations of the Han-ok, then uses CA to offer numerous possibilities that accommodate today's life-style while keeping these core relationships. The significance of this study is in seeking the application of CA in a generative design process for modernization of the Han-ok. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a framework for analysing how digital software and models become mediums for creative imagination in architectural design. To understand the hermeneutics of these relationships, we develop key concepts from Material Engagement Theory (MET) and Postphenomenology (PP). To push these frameworks into the realm of digital design, we develop the concept of Digital Materiality. Digital Materiality describes the way successive layers of mathematics, code, and software come to mediate enactive perception, and the possibilities of creative material engagement actualised in work with software. Just as molecular materials come to transform action with material objects, so digital materiality comes to enable and transform creative practices with computers. Digital architectural design form a new space for ongoing enactive discovery and creativity through manipulation of digital models and their underlying software environments. By shifting relationships within their digital models, architects can direct their attention, intention, and imagination towards widely different aspects of the model. Here, creative imagination becomes a fundamentally situated activity where mind emerges through dynamic interaction between a variety of embodied, material, and cultural domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to span longer distances than the length of the available timber beams the structural principle of mutually supporting beams was used in vernacular buildings and in studies by numerous architects and scientists. Although the generating rules are simple, the control of these structures has to date proven to be very complex because of the reciprocal dependency of the elements. The paper describes the development of a digital tool that shall facilitate the design of these structures and enhance the spectrum of architectural applications. The structural configuration of an assembly is constituted by means of a form-finding process, which is based on the individual members and its relations. Several parameters for these members enable the user to respond to contextual conditions such as plan form, height and number of supports, and to gradually refine the output. The report ends with the description of three applications in which several wooden materials and various forms of fabrication have been tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chirality of an object is the property of potentially having a left-form and a right-form: a pair of hands is a classical example. Spiral elements in buildings are well known, and their spirality renders them chiral, yet we are unaware of a routine reference to the following basic question: Having designed a building which is chiral, which form should be constructed - the left-handed or the righthanded one? Whereas in natural science the investigation of handedness effects is central and appears in many of its branches, in architecture, which relies heavily on shape, form and symmetry, considerations of chirality - a key structural descriptor - are non-existent, although asymmetry and twisted shapes have been commonly used. The aim of this paper is to familiarize architects with the language and concept of chirality, and to describe the intimate, relevant link between chirality and architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the paper to improve the professional development of teachers, the effectiveness of their work and the development of their knowledge and skills. It also states that initial teacher education should provide sound basis training in subject-matter knowledge, pedagogy related to subjects and general pedagogical knowledge. It further focuses on epistemology of teaching that is based on a close examination of work by practitioners including architects, psychotherapists and managers.

Abstract  Three heteonuclear complexes containing [V10O28]6− units, {[Cu(pyr)(H2O)4]2(H3O)2[V10O28] · 13.5H2O}n (1), {[Ni(pyr)(H2O)4]2(H3O)2[V10O28] · 9.5H2O}n (2) and [Zn2(H2O)14(V10O28)] · H2PPZ (3) are synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, single crystal X-ray analyses. The complex 1 and 2 have the similar structures which are composed of the [V10O28]6− cluster anion and 1D chain {[M (pyr)(H2O)4]2+}n (M = Cu Ni) cations bridged by pyrazine. In the complex 3, Zn2+ with two coordination modes is bridged by water molecules to build 1D zigzag chains, and then is linked to the bridging oxygen atoms from [V10O28]6− to generate a 2D grid architecture filled with the protoned piperazine (PPZ) molecules. In this paper, the magnetic properties of complex 2 are characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to a standard view, architectural works are nothing but material buildings. This paper argues that this is just one of many options, each of which may capture more incisively what architects really produce in different circumstances. Three fundamental splits are examined. First, architectural works can be regarded as either objects or events. Second, they can be understood as mere abstract entities, types, or concrete particulars. Third, they can be identified narrowly or broadly. The resulting combinations are explored and tested against concrete situations. The paper argues that, while adopting the type view in conjunction with the narrow view is simpler when we consider stereotypical, vernacular or modular architecture, when we have to do with more experimental and creative approaches it seems more appropriate to identify the architectural work with a broadly identified concrete particular or, at most, with a broadly identified abstract entity that can hardly coincide with the content of the architectural design. The paper highlights that the same goes—mutatis mutandis—for traditional and stereotypical cooking, on the one hand, and haute cuisine, on the other hand. So the paper is also an investigation of the closeness between architecture and cooking, and of the contingent character of some of their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stemming from centrally planned church architecture, the domestic rotunda type counts as one of the most renowned examples of Renaissance architectural conception. Often considered a physical and earthly manifestation of the divine, architects ordained rotunda symbolism through architectural ratio and proportion. While mostly linked to Italian examples, the rotunda typology also affected British architecture, as derived from the models of Serlio and Palladio. By combining 3D scanning and CAD analyses with historical methods, we scrutinise how commonplace architectural ratios shaped British rotunda plans in the cases of Hopetoun House and Chiswick House. At the same time, the architectural ratio proved a flexible tool to imitate and emulate Italian architectural models in its British context, making evident the richness and versatility of architectural models that British architects collated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptability is one key aspect in making housing more sustainable. One major approach to adaptability is internal transformability of buildings, i.e. the possibility to make modifications to the spaces and their equipment within the existing building envelope. This aspect is often taken into consideration in the design and implementation of office buildings. However, in housing the situation is different, and internal transformability is very seldom implemented in apartment buildings. There is a lack of studies for the reasons for this. In this article we take a look at the barriers to internal transformability of apartment buildings in two Nordic countries, Finland and Denmark. We compare the situations in both countries, and highlight their similarities and differences. The research is based on interviews of Finnish and Danish architects who have been involved in designing such buildings within the last 20 years. The interviews show that the disinterest of housing developers has been the main barrier to implementing internal transformability. Another important barrier is the developers' cost-optimization. Secondary barriers were related to lack of solutions in building services that would support internal transformability. Additionally, secondary barriers were related to common construction techniques, regulations, and building conventions. Major barriers were similar in both countries. However, some differences in the secondary and other barriers between the two countries also exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ibrahim Han Mosque, dating from the very early years of Ottoman Crete in the mid-seventeenth century, is presented as a case study for detecting the historical ell values used in the island. The use of architectural grid and the employment of the 721 mm value of the Ottoman ell is attested, along with simple methods for achieving proportions and organizing the building layout. Using a methodology that approaches the local architecture of the island through metrology, the research sheds light to the involvement of Ottoman imperial architects, whose designs were executed within the architectural tradition of Crete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research centres on the conference dedicated to the theme 'Divina Proporzione' organised on the occasion of the 1951 Milano Triennale. Participating in the meeting were some of the most important art historians, architects, engineers, mathematicians and artists of the day: from a very young James Ackerman to Pier Luigi Nervi, from Le Corbusier to Carlo Mollino, from Lucio Fontana to Ernesto Rogers. That historic moment, even given the plurality of voices and approaches, represented the synthesis of a reflection that was as urgent as it was rich in implications, since it brought the concept of 'proportion' into the very heart of post-war reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservators, museologists, and architects make extremely complex decisions capable of affecting the way people perceive monuments. One might give this idea deeper consideration while pondering anastylosis. One of the things a designer should do when selecting a method of merging together parts of a damaged monument is answer the question whether the chosen method will facilitate the interest of onlookers in the presented object. In which case will the observers spend most of their time looking at the authentic relic fragments and distinguishing between the old and the new parts? The definitions in force do not explain how to approach this topic. By using eye-tracking research, we can learn how observers look at historical objects that have been reassembled again. By combining the observation of visual behaviours with a survey of people looking at such objects, it is possible to see how the process of classifying what is new and old actually works. This knowledge allows for more conscious approach to heritage management processes. In future, results of eye-tracking experiments should help experts plan sustainable conservation projects. Thanks to knowing the reactions of regular people, one will be able to establish conservation programmes in which the material preservation of a monument will reflect the way in which this object affects contemporary onlookers. Such an approach ought to result in real social and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A good surgeon knows how to perform a surgery; a good architect knows how to design a house. We value their know-how. We ordinarily look for it. What makes it so valuable? A natural response is that know-how is valuable because it explains success. A surgeon's know-how explains their success at performing a surgery. And an architect's know-how explains their success at designing houses that stand up. We value know-how because of its special explanatory link to success. But in virtue of what is know-how explanatorily linked to success? This essay provides a novel argument for the thesis that know-how's special link to success is to be explained at least in part in terms of its being, or involving, a doxastic attitude that is epistemically alike propositional knowledge. It is argued that the role played by know-how in explaining intentional success shows that the epistemic differences between know-how and knowledge, if any, are less than usually thought; and that "revisionary intellectualism", the view that know-how is true belief that might well fall short of knowledge, is not really a stable position. If its explanatory link to success is what makes know-how valuable, an upshot of my argument is that the value of know-how is due, to a considerable extent, to its being, or involving, a kind of propositional knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature has highlighted the need for an alignment framework to support enterprise architects to align the development process of EA with the stakeholders' goals. Hence, this study developed an alignment framework to align the EA development process with the stakeholders to produce an agreed architecture. Multiple Perspectives Theory (MPT) was used to develop an initial research model that provided the guidance in data collection and analysis. The Government Architecture Framework (GAF) of the Omani public sector was used as a qualitative case study and 15 interviews conducted with the architects and the stakeholders who participated in the development of GAF. The findings showed that 12 alignment factors influenced the development of GAF which are standardization, development scope, principles, governance, top management support, culture, commitment, awareness, communication, value of EA, change management capability and experience. These factors were used as the base to develop the alignment framework. The framework was validated through a focus group session with GAF architects. As a conclusion, the study has shown that the alignment framework provides a comprehensive understanding for the practitioners and the academicians about the factors and their influences at each EA development step in the public sector of Oman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-depth studies on the design of the domes of the Octagonal Hall of the Small Baths and the Vestibule of the Golden Court at Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli have been conducted starting from 3D surveys carried out with active and passive sensors. Through the comparison of the ichnographia and orthographia of these emblematic examples of architectural experimentation, common elements and features have emerged which, thanks to the integrated use of new measurement technologies, have allowed us to hypothesise dimensioning systems of the vertical structures together with possible criteria for defining the intrados–extrados relationship. Hadrian's architects' use of precise grid-based designs to facilitate the achievement of target quantities (required areas and volumes) as well as modules aimed at defining alignments of horizontal and vertical structures emerge clearly, providing useful elements for an integrated reading of the individual buildings to support the archaeological investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent learning environments research conducted in Australasia reports positive correlations between innovative learning environments (ILEs) and students' deep learning. Yet, understandings about how ILEs may support teachers' professional practice and students' learning activities are limited, with little research having been conducted into how different spatial affordances may—or may not—enhance opportunities for effective teaching and learning. This study investigated the affordance for learning perceptions of educators and architects with respect to the action possibilities for deep learning in both ILEs and more traditional classrooms. The study identified a taxonomy of affordances found to enhance opportunities for varied pedagogical approaches. In addition, differences were found between educators' and architects' perceptions of affordances for learning, revealing a need to better understand how both groups might learn to recognise and subsequently take advantage of action possibilities for deep learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impetuous, versatile, nonconformist Florentine architect Vittorio Giorgini (1926–2010), son of Giovan Battista, pioneer of Made in Italy around the world, built his work on the experimental study of forms connected to the natural world and on the analysis of vernacular construction, the basis of cultural expression for a community. Giorgini's design process was based on the direct observation of natural structures and the design and construction of models, the fundamental and essential element of all his research. His investigations began with the study of such curved systems as shells and membranes, curiosity about tensile structures and analysis of octahedral and dodecahedral geometrical shapes. Giorgini's urban architectural journey took place within the complex world of "Spatiology", a term coined by Giorgini, where his studies on the interaction between humans, the environment and nature converged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the circulated programming frameworks evolvement, Object Oriented (OO) approach is utilized by architects with originators in the point of reference period which results in Distributed Object Oriented (DOO) frameworks. The main aspect of DOO frameworks remains as the equipped scattering of programming classes among different hubs. The essential plan of DOO applications has no top-class circulation, henceforth rebuilding must be finished. The DOO programming rebuilding is done by means of a proposed versatile strategy called Neural Network (NN), to strengthen the exhibition further. At first, Class Dependency Graph (CDG) is developed, in which the hubs speak to the classes, and furthermore the associations between the hubs speak to the conditions between the classes. Presently, the components of articles, strategies, factors, lines, and import connected with the classes in the CDG are extricated and given as contributions to the NN for the preparation procedure. Presently, bunching of the prepared highlights is finished by which the OO framework is sectioned into subsystems with low coupling utilizing Class Dependency Based Clustering (CDBC) strategy. Presently, the grouped classes are amassed into bunch diagrams utilizing K‑Medoid bunching method lastly, the mapping is finished with the made parcels to the fixed accessible machines utilizing Recursive K Means grouping in the focused on circulated design. Reenactment results uncovered that the proposed work yields upgraded results in a useful manner contrasted with the current systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Conservators and architects working with built heritage at risk from ground moisture intrusion face a difficult choice. Leaving the building unprotected can lead to moisture related deterioration; installing vertical and/or horizontal barriers using standard materials requires chemical or mechanical intervention with the historic fabric. The use of compacted clay to form a barrier is commonplace in some areas of environmental engineering, and can be applied to built heritage conservation. Naturally occurring or slightly modified soils were traditionally used for protecting buildings in a number of vernacular techniques. Knowledge of what types of soils are suitable for use could provide certain regions with a low-cost, low-impact alternative for protecting historic buildings. Three commercially available products previously shown to have low hydraulic conductivity were analysed in order to identify waterproofing mechanisms; these included two specialised bentonite-sand mixtures and a Saxonian glacial till. Results: The till relies on a high proportion of densely agglomerated fine grains to achieve a low permeability when consolidated, possibly assisted by the presence of calcite. The specialised mixtures rely on an engineered grain size distribution, with practically no silt sized grains, and a fraction of sodium bentonites capable of forming colloidal suspension when compacted. All materials showed a low risk of shrinkage when compacted at optimum moisture content. Conclusion: Different mechanisms appear to account for the low hydraulic conductivities found in clay barrier material. The implication is that a range of soil material may be suitable for protecting built heritage from ground moisture intrusion and its associated decay mechanisms. The suitability of glacial till may present large areas of Northern Europe with locally available barrier material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]