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The article explores the link between international economic integration and technological capability in colonial India. The example of the iron industry shows that many new ideas and skills flowed into India from Europe, but not all met with commercial success. The essay suggests a reason why. In those fields in which the costs of complementary factors were relatively low, the chance of success was higher. This condition was present in the craft of the blacksmith, in which the main complementary input was abundant craftsmanship. The condition was slow to develop in iron-smelting, where the costs of fuel, labour, capital and carriage of ore were initially high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely believed that man-made greenhouse gas emissions are increasing overall vulnerability to climate-related disasters, and that, consequently, policies aimed at cutting off these emissions are urgently needed. But a broader perspective on climate vulnerability suggests that the most important factors influencing susceptibility to climate-related threats are not climatologic, but political and economic. The dramatic degree to which industrial development under capitalism has reduced the risk of harm from severe climate events in the industrialized world is significantly under-appreciated in the climate debate. Consequently, so too is the degree to which green climate and energy policies would undermine the protection that industrial capitalism affords-by interfering with individual freedoms, distorting market forces, and impeding continued industrial development and economic growth. The effect of such policies would, ironically, be a worsening of overall vulnerability to climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author discusses the therapeutic use of environment on illnesses caused by industrialisation and modernism. It states that prehistoric people are more healthier than the people of today specially after the industrialised modernity such as junk foods, video games, and comfortable transportation started to emerge. The government in Great Britain has launched the campaign "Change4Life" which promotes that access to quality environments can improve health and prevent illnesses.

Domestic services, and notably house-cleaning, are a growing sector of employment in many European countries. There has also been a shift from individualized 'master-servant' relations to the mediation of service companies. Does this improve the status and conditions of employees? Drawing on experience in France, this article compares the quality of employment under the two systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In referenda held in 2003, over 90% of Lithuanians supported joining the European Union (EU), while only two-thirds of Estonians did. Why? This article shows that Lithuanians and Estonians had different economic expectations about the EU. Most Lithuanians hoped that EU membership would help Lithuania overcome its economic backwardness and isolation. By contrast, many Estonians worried that the accession would reinforce Estonia's underdevelopment and dependency on theWest. I argue that these expectations reflected the two countries' strategies of economic reform. Lithuania sold state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to their managers and continued to trade heavily with Russia, which slowed down the modernization of its economy. Estonia sold SOEs to foreigners and reoriented its trade rapidly from Russia to the West, which hurt its traditional sectors (particularly agriculture) and infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the authors consider the biological nature of food and the modern global food system. It is argued that modern food is an industrialized product of global capitalism and that the aim is to make food uniform, safe, and predictable. The article discusses how environmental and social sustainability in the food industry had been ignored in favor of industrialization and commercialization. It is inferred that the environmental aspects and impact of food production is gaining recognition, as well as natural food.

Objective: We examined the effects of aid reliability and reliability disclosure on human trust in and reliance on a combat identification (CID) aid. We tested whether trust acts as a mediating factor between belief in and reliance on a CID aid. Background: Individual CID systems have been developed to reduce friendly fire incidents. However, these systems cannot positively identify a target that does not have a working transponder. Therefore, when the feedback is "unknown", the target could be hostile, neutral, or friendly. Soldiers have difficulty relying on this type of imperfect automation appropriately. Method: In manual and aided conditions, 24 participants completed a simulated CID task. The reliability of the aid varied within participants, half of whom were told the aid reliability level. We used the difference in response bias values across conditions to measure automation reliance. Results: Response bias varied more appropriately with the aid reliability level when it was disclosed than when not. Trust in aid feedback correlated with belief in aid reliability and reliance on aid feedback; however, belief was not correlated with reliance. Conclusion: To engender appropriate reliance on CID systems, users should be made aware of system reliability. Application: The findings can be applied to the design of information displays for individual CID systems and soldier training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of marginal land (ML) for lignocellulosic biofuel production is examined for system stability, resilience, and eco-social sustainability. A North American prairie grass system and its industrialization for maximum biomass production using biotechnology and agro-technical inputs is the focus of the analysis. Demographic models of ML biomass production and ethanol farmer/producers are used to examine the stability properties of the ML system. A bio-economic model that maximizes the utility of consumption having the dynamics of MLs and the farmer/producers as dynamic constraints is used to examine the effects of increased conversion efficiency, input costs, risk, and levels of base resources and inputs on the competitive and societal solutions for biomass production. We posit ML abandonment after biofuel production ceases could lead to permanent land degradation below initial levels that prohibit the establishment of the original flora and fauna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the social, political and economic context in the development of organizational communication in Brazil. An overview of the history of public relations and organizational communication in the country is offered. The author highlights the aspects that form the development of organizational communication in Brazil based on four key periods, including industrialization, the dominance of harsh military regime, and a restoration of democracy. A comment is provided which suggests that organizational communication in Brazil focuses on relationship between businesses and stakeholders and concerns for sustainability, corporate citizenship, and socioenvironmental responsibility.

The principal objective of the present paper is to analyse the introduction of Taylorism, understood as a capitalist way of managing production and labour, in the former Soviet Union. The application of this capitalist model of production and management had strongly influenced the course of Socialism in the former Soviet Union. The study concentrates on the changes which occurred within the period 1917-1929, trying to highlight the factors that influenced the introduction of Taylorism in the former Soviet Union, specially the economic conditions of the country, the characteristics of the proletariat (ruling social class) and the peasantry (dominant social class), the limitations of the ruling role of the Bolshevik party, the macroeconomic and industrialization policies. Such trajectory has to be understood as strongly related to the modernist values struggling for predominance in the first socialist countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the twentieth century, human and veterinary surgeons faced the challenge of a medical marketplace transformed by technology. The socioeconomic value ascribed to their patients was changing, reflecting the increasing mechanization of industry and the decreasing dependence of society on nonhuman animals for labor. In human medicine, concern for the economic consequences of fractures "pathologized" any significant level of posttherapeutic disability, a productivist perspective contrary to the traditional corpus of medical values. In contrast, veterinarians adapted to the mechanization of horsepower by shifting their primary professional interest to companion animals; a type of patient generally valued for the unique emotional attachment of the owner and not their productive capacity. The economic rationalization of human fracture care and the "sentimental" transformation of veterinary orthopedic expertise indicate how these specialists utilized increasingly convergent rhetorical arguments to justify the application of innovative fracture care technologies to their human and animal patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the changes needed in the current global food system. It reports the riots and protests by hungry people in various countries including Italy, Indonesia, and Morocco, and mentions the export restrictions put by the countries to meet local food demand. It mentions the beneficiaries of the food crisis, and discusses the factors behind rise in global food prices along with the effects of industrialization on local farmers. It also stresses on the need to end globalization and industrialization of agriculture to support local food systems, and calls for increased support from World Trade Organization (WTO) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to solve the food deficit problem. Also discussed is the association between neoliberal globalization and the food crisis.

The central concern is with the nature of cities and regions and the vagueness that appears to have enveloped each of these terms. Consideration is initially given to the 'built city' and how this perspective on the city may be extended in several ways. There follows an examination of the region, with a brief exploration of the classification proposed by Meyer, involving homogeneous, nodal, and policy regions. Attention then turns to two distinctive regional forms (the city-region and the polycentric urban region), each of which has recently become the focus of interest. The two regional forms are examined in terms of spatial structure and interaction patterns, with attention given to particular aspects of economic development. Finally, there is a discussion of the problems of identifying regional forms and the difficulties of interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State economic enterprises' decisions are very open to manipulations by bureaucrats and politicians, making the public sector a potential breeding ground for corrupt activities of both monetary and non-monetary forms. Consequently, privatizations would be expected to have a remedial role. Getting rid of the state's productive assets, however, might not reduce corruption if it fails to sever the official-firm connection. The process of privatization, moreover, is notorious for causing corruption. It is up to observation to determine the exact effect of privatizations on corruption. This article attempts to make the first formal, empirical assessment of this relationship, using data made available by the wave of privatizations in the nineties. Results suggest that higher privatization leads to an increase in corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A principal result of the Industrial Revolution and subsequent technological development is the evolution of a planet where the dynamics of major natural systems are increasingly affected by human activity. This anthropogenic Earth is increasingly shaped not just by energy and material flows, the traditional concerns of environmentalists, but by information structures and cultural systems that begin to play out in complex ways across global systems. The combination of these information systems with accelerating technological evolution creates relationships and patterns that are not only difficult to perceive, but that are challenging in their complexity, and leads to profound questions about how best to construct an ethical, rational, and responsible world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on economic historian Walt W. Rostow and his contributions to the historiography of industrialization and economic growth. He was born in 1916 and educated at Yale University. Three of his essential features of economic growth were, the propensity to develop fundamental science, the propensity to apply science to economic ends, and the propensity to accept innovations. Moreover, Rostow identified Great Britain as the first and subsequent model of industrial change. In addition, several arguments on the role of science, technology and industry are also offered.

The article focuses on the role of road construction in the realization of a communist perspective in Russia. It examines the nature of Valerian Osinskii's proposed campaign to overcome roadlessness and evaluates its effect on the success of collectivisation and industrialisation. It presents a comparison between motorisation and other forms of transportation. It also dwells on the impact of state's strict control over automobile production and distribution on road development. Further, the author weighs up the consequences and social inputs of the methods used by the state in the construction. The author believes that the improvement of roads and highways play a significant role in the realization of a socialist form of modernity.

China's open-door policy (ODP) was created in 1978 as a response to the severe economic depression affecting the country after the Cultural Revolution. The policy was designed to restore China's financial status and lift the nation out of destitution. By all accounts, the ODP has been successful in improving the country's monetary condition. However, the impacts to family structures and values caused by the sudden and massive industrialization of cities and towns are less well known. This article explores the unexpected changes to family life since the inception of the ODP and conducts a preliminary family impact analysis on how these alterations could be related to the ODP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most relevant issues in the growing (social and institutional) identification of the environment, nature and rural regions is the creation of protected areas. This is held to be an important aspect in the conception of the countryside as an environmental reserve. As a consequence of the processes of industrialization and urbanization which have dominated modern societies in recent decades, as well as from global socio-economic transformation, considerable parts of European rural areas (mainly the southern ones and particularly the Portuguese ones) could essentially be considered as marginal spaces or agricultural areas of low income and productivity. This situation led the majority of Mediterranean countries and some peripheral areas of more central countries in the European Union (from the 1970s onwards) to respond to the pressures and recommendations of international agencies, scientific bodies and of society as a whole in order to convert remote rural areas into spaces for environmental and natural conservation and protection. Despite having some advantages, instituting rural spaces into environmental and natural conservation areas can also present important constraints. In this article we will discuss some problems in the conversion of Portuguese rural areas, as well as consequences for the future of rural regions in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We provide an empirical demonstration of the importance of attending to human user individual differences in examinations of trust and automation use. Background: Past research has generally supported the notions that machine reliability predicts trust in automation, and trust in turn predicts automation use. However, links between user personality and perceptions of the machine with trust in automation have not been empirically established. Method: On our X-ray screening task, 255 students rated trust and made automation use decisions while visually searching for weapons in X-ray images of luggage. Results: We demonstrate that individual differences affect perceptions of machine characteristics when actual machine characteristics are constant, that perceptions account for 52% of trust variance above the effects of actual characteristics, and that perceptions mediate the effects of actual characteristics on trust. Importantly, we also demonstrate that when administered at different times, the same six trust items reflect two types of trust (dispositional trust and history-based trust) and that these two trust constructs are differentially related to other variables. Interactions were found among user characteristics, machine characteristics, and automation use. Conclusion: Our results suggest that increased specificity in the conceptualization and measurement of trust is required, future researchers should assess user perceptions of machine characteristics in addition to actual machine characteristics, and incorporation of user extraversion and propensity to trust machines can increase prediction of automation use decisions. Application: Potential applications include the design of flexible automation training programs tailored to individuals who differ in systematic ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore the dependence of vehicle emission profiles over a twenty-five year period on three factors: the rate of traffic growth (g), the fleet renewal rate (Ι), and the technology 'gain' (θ) following a step change in emission standards. Using analytic and numerical methods we determine the conditions relating to g, Ι, and θ which result in three types of emission profile. These consist of: type-I profiles, in which emissions continue to rise but at a reduced rate; type-Il profiles which fall, attain a minimum, and subsequently rise from a lower base; and type-Ill profiles which continue to fall over a forecasting period. For all profiles we determine the total reduction in vehicle emissions arising from revised standards, and the sensitivity of the total emissions to changes in their determining factors. Data from the UK are used to illustrate the approach which is extended in a wide range of sensitivity tests to explore differences in emission profiles between advanced industrialised and rapidly developing countries. We show that while it may be necessary for all countries to rely on both technological and behavioural policy instruments to reduce emissions, in advanced industrialised countries it may be more effective to improve emission standards, while, in contrast, moderating the rate of traffic growth may be relatively more effective in the rapidly industrialising world. The profiles resulting from the change in emission standards accompanying the introduction of catalytic converters are used to illustrate the general approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the massive commodification and industrialization of the USA's single most important food: bread. It argues that bakers overcame serious obstacles to capitalist development during this period thanks to the construction of contingent and contested associations between industrial bread and larger discourses of purity, hygiene, and progress circulating through turn-of-the-century America. It explores two arenas in which this articulation operated: the re-making of baking as a techno-science of expert control and the visual spectacle of streamlined, white loaves. This story, in turn, offers larger lessons about the contradictory politics of food safety in our own time. Building on Michel Foucault's work on bio-politics, it shows how notions of food safety dependent on discourses of purity, contagion, hygiene, and vitality inevitably constitute lines of exclusion and social hierarchy, even as they are used to mobilize 'progressive' social change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prompted by the recent surge in light oil product consumption, this paper analyses the demand for non-commercial motor fuel and proposes a long-run forecasting model. In doing so. our aim is to be able to reproduce a few key stylized facts observed in secular evolutions of the motor fuel intensity of GDP and related notably to the derived nature of oil demand. Using a database covering 77 countries over the 1986-1998 period, we explain sequentially the stock of private vehicles per capita and fuel consumption per vehicle. The former is expressed as an S-shaped function of real per-capita income, which takes into account the dynamics specific to the dissemination of a durable good in a population. By explicitly considering the distinct phases of the development of the automobile market, our approach enables us to propose an explanation to the space-time variability in long-run income elasticities reported in the literature -- especially its decline as per-capita income increases and the resulting gap between elasticities in emerging countries compared to developed countries. Our two-equation model also enables us to reproduce the "bell" shaped curve of the motor fuel intensity of GDP as a function of per-capita income, as well as the other principal properties of resource intensity-of-use linked to the process of dematerialization which, for any country, follows the industrialization period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental shocks can occur when emerging country governments open their markets to outside influences. We extend research conducted primarily in mature economies on how managers react to environmental shocks by evaluating how environmental shock type, a firm's strategic orientation, and its slack resources affected strategic alliance formation intentions during and immediately following the Asian Financial Crisis. Results from two Indonesian small- and medium-sized enterprises (SME) samples show that these factors influenced alliance intentions, although not always in ways that were consistent with previous research findings in more mature markets. Overall, our results provide critical insights into emerging market firms' strategic actions, particularly related to key managerial motivations for SME alliance formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We show that psychophysiologically driven real-time adaptive aiding significantly enhances performance in a complex aviation task. A further goal was to assess the importance of individual operator capabilities when providing adaptive aiding.Background: Psychophysiological measures are useful for monitoring cognitive workload in laboratory and real-world settings. They can be recorded without intruding into task performance and can be analyzed in real time, making them candidates for providing operator functional state estimates. These estimates could be used to determine if and when system intervention should be provided to assist the operator to improve system performance.Methods: Adaptive automation was implemented while operators performed an uninhabited aerial vehicle task. Psychophysiological data were collected and an artificial neural network was used to detect periods of high and low mental workload in real time. The high-difficulty task levels used to initiate the adaptive automation were determined separately for each operator, and a group-derived mean difficulty level was also used.Results: Psychophysiologically determined aiding significantly improved performance when compared with the no-aiding conditions. Improvement was greater when adaptive aiding was provided based on individualized criteria rather than on group-derived criteria. The improvements were significantly greater than when the aiding was randomly provided.Conclusion: These results show that psychophysiologically determined operator functional state assessment in real time led to performance improvement when included in closed loop adaptive automation with a complex task.Application: Potential future applications of this research include enhanced workstations using adaptive aiding that would be driven by operator functional state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the work of geographer Allan R. Pred in the U.S. It mentions that Pred's works from the 1960s and 70s dealt primarily with the growth of industrial and urban systems in the U.S. The author stated that he has Pred's books which includes "Bibliography of central place studies," "The external relations of cities during Industrial Revolution," and "Violent geographies: fear, terror and political violence. The author added that Pred conducted research on the relations of human practices and social structures.

Since the 1980s the 'economic reformation" has played a crucial role in leading China to a fundamental change in every aspect of its society. This change accelerated a new process of urbanization. In conjunction with the vigorous economic, political and social transformations caused by urbanization, sport in China has undergone a comprehensive process of industrialization, commercialization, decentralization and privatization (Wu, 1999). Urbanization has changed the infrastructure of sport, sports values and forms of participation. Against this background, sports participation in China has emerged with new spaces, forms, contents and concepts. Although elite sport has still been tightly controlled by the state as a political instrument, sport and exercise at the grassroots has become an individual and social activity as a new feature in Chinese urban life. The Chinese people have benefited from increased opportunities and have made great progress in sports participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper by Armbrüster and Glückler (2007) contains some interesting material on the development of the consultancy industry and on the more recent nature of internationalization. However, their paper severely misrepresents and distorts most of what we have written. The argument it makes therefore does not affect what we have said, and it does not acknowledge that important parts of our treatment are compatible with what they say. In fact, the flow of discussion from our essai to theirs shows the continuing topicality of our worries and propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two conflicting patterns of network development of founding entrepreneurs that emerge from existing literature. One of them evolves from an identity-based network dominated by strong ties into an intentionally managed network rich in weak ties. The other involves the opposite, with weak ties dominating in the emergence phase and some of them developing into strong ties, the latter of which are characteristic of the early growth phase. The empirical part of this study focused on the development of the networks of 32 IT start-ups in The Netherlands, which we constructed on the basis of secondary data sources and in-depth interviews with the founders. We found three distinct patterns of network development. The conflicting patterns from the literature fitted two of our patterns and we were able to reconcile them by showing how initial founding conditions and post-founding entrepreneurial processes influence tie-formation processes. We propose that the simultaneous effect of these tie-formation processes leads to particular development patterns of weak and strong ties over time, highlighting the importance of investigating network processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of 'new organizational forms' has been with us for over 20 years, but little attention has been given to the diverse assumptions underlying various researchers' use of this term. We identify five areas where different assumptions are in use, underpinned by a variety of theoretical perspectives. We urge scholars to engage in a generative dialogue about new organizational forms across theoretical perspectives. The aim of a generative dialogue is to identify where areas of agreement about new organizational forms can be achieved and where differences can be accepted and respected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational theatre is now widely used as a platform for analogically mediated inquiry and change. Using an alternate template research strategy, we combined interview, visual, and survey methods to study the processes underlying an organizational theatre effort over a year, clarifying how theatre performances analogically affect employees' understanding of their workplace. We identified a 'looking glass' effect, where analogies create shifting reflections over time that lead to unpredictably emergent changes in the way employees perceive their organization. Our study not only informs the organizational theatre literature, but addresses broader debates on analogical thinking in organization studies, suggesting that current explanations of analogical processes may be overly restricted both in their scope and their conclusions. Specifically, we propose that compound analogues such as organizational theatre, sculpture and film will not only work differently from more abstract and singular analogues, but create very different effects as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstracts of articles related to state and national planning are presented which include "Analysis of Rail Transit Project Selection Bias With an Incentive Approach," by Wenling Chen, "Urban History for Planners," by Carl Abbott and "Rebuilding the Modern City After Modernism in Toronto and Berlin," by Douglas Young.

Our historical understanding of the origins and development of multiple dwellings is incomplete. The standard account involves people struggling to establish permanent homes despite overcrowding and hypercompetitive housing markets. But there was another line of development for multiple dwellings in America—one that followed the spatial logic of hospitality rather than domesticity. Instead of evolving out of residential structures, it arose from the practice of providing travelers and strangers with temporary shelter, food, refreshment, and household services. Empirically, this article offers a significant revision of the history of urban housing, one that involves a distinctive set of imperatives and a different morphology. Theoretically, it contends that our analysis of the urban landscape, with its longtime emphasis on the production and distribution of goods, would benefit from another look the interrelated phenomena of mobility, transience, and anonymity—classic symptoms of urbanism that were foundational concepts in early urban theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift from state-led import-substitution industrialization to more market-oriented economic models often has the result of shrinking and demobilizing the labor movement. Yet, evidence from Argentina suggests that a subsequent resurgence of even a downsized labor movement may occur and furthermore that a type of "segmented neocorporatism" may be established in the new economic context. We argue that the establishment of this new form of interest intermediation is driven by economic and political factors that are both immediate and longer term. In addition to the short-term condition of the labor market and the political strategy of the government in power, of longer-term importance are structural and institutional conditions that derive from the earlier process of market reform, specifically the nature of sectoral shifts in the economy and the degree of labor law deregulation affecting the "associational power" of unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of race to transport and cultural history in the U.S. The theory of race provides the political-ideological conditions under which systems of maritime and rail transport did their work of moving capital, people, and commodities around the world. It stated that some people has inclined to be characterised as threatening to a social order based on spatial, cultural, and biological segregation of the fictive categories known as races. Furthermore, the author cited that the rise of systems on modern transport would have been impossible without industrialization that required a new and compelling concept of race.

The article presents abstracts of planning. They include "The Fall and Rise of the Local Community: A Comparative and Historical Perspective," by Hellmut Wollman, "The Compact Versus the Dispersed City: History of Planning Ideas on Sofia's Urban Form," by Sonia Hirt, and "A Paradigm for Practice," by Ronald D. Brunner.

The global television system has dramatically changed during the past two decades. The number of television sets has increased, and the number of TV channels has soared as television industries have been privatized and commercialized. New broadcasting systems such as cable and satellite broadcasting industries have also become part of everyday life around the world. This article maps out how the transformation of the global television-industry system can be understood within the larger context of global political-economic shifts and accompanying technological development. Specifically, I explore the changing structure of the broadcasting industry by examining consolidation. That is, I analyze foreign and domestic investment activities of the TV industry through mergers and acquisitions in the past twenty years. I also discuss the role of national governments and domestic communication industries in the transformation of the television system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past scholars of unionization have offered exemplary cross-national studies of affluent democracies and case studies of less developed countries (LDCs). What has been lacking is cross-national research on unionization across LDCs. We conduct a multilevel analysis of the likelihood that a worker is unionized with the late-1990s World Values surveys of 39 LDCs. We propose that unionization in LDCs can be explained by the individual characteristics of workers as well as the country-level factors of institutions, industrialization, and globalization. Our analyses yield several conclusions. First, owing to the legacy of state socialism, ex-communist countries have much higher unionization. Second, our analyses show that class very effectively explains union membership across LDCs. Although skilled manual workers are more unionized than most, educated professionals stand out for their distinctively high unionization. Third, the debt crisis significantly undermined unionization through the institutional influence of International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreements and the globalization pressure of debt service. Despite being the focus of much research, industrialization, democratization, the size of the state, International Labour Organization conventions, and international trade and investment are surprisingly insignificant. Decomposing the sample by communist legacy, signing an IMF agreement is significant in ex-communist countries, and debt service is significant in countries without a communist legacy. Overall, we conclude that the debt crisis has undermined unionization and class remains a powerful basis of mobilization across LDCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the likelihood of controlling technology by means of the law? In traditional societies, the law was deeply embedded in, and dependent on, culture (the totality of human creations for making sense of and living in the world). Industrialization required a complete restructuring of both technology and society, thus engulfing all traditions in a flood of new situations for which there were no precedents. This necessitated a growing reliance on reason at the expense of culture, thereby creating a rational and technical order that evolved with less and less reference to sense (i.e. experience and culture). It is within this context that recent legal transformations must be understood as participating in an order of non-sense. This bodes ill for protecting and helping to ensure a livable, sustainable human future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural industry in China has played an important role in driving national economic growth and facilitating economic reform over the past two decades. One prominent feature of rural industrialization in China is its geographic concentration around urban centers. Existing literature suggests that the dynamic growth of rural industries should be examined in the context of urban agglomeration because it is an integral part of the post-reform urban expansion. This study considers three possible mechanisms: (1) capital trickle-down from state-owned enterprises in the city, (2) technology spillovers embodied in urban technical personnel moonlighting in and commuting to nearby rural firms, and (3) urban consumer market potential. Statistical analysis of a large county-level data set (1985-91) shows that cities with a large stock of technical personnel and high consumer market potential tend to foster rural nonagricultural growth in the surrounding counties, whereas cities with a high concentration of state industrial capital tend to suppress it. Concentration of state industrial capital discouraged rural industrialization because city officials who were used to milking state banks via local state firms may have drained funds out of surrounding rural counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transborder investment by Taiwanese information-technology (IT) companies has driven the development of a new industrial space in the Greater Suzhou Area (GSA) of China over the last ten years. In this paper we aim to explore some characteristics of this expansion from the perspective of the organizational dynamics of global production networks. We found that foreign brand-name companies have played a key role in propelling this wave of investment in the GSA by Taiwanese IT companies. At the same time, their business strategies have influenced the mechanisms governing these Taiwanese companies' supply chains and have forged the dynamics of spatial agglomeration. We argue that the transborder extension of the production networks is interwoven with the exercise of power between enterprise organizations. Our findings suggest that interdependence among firms in close geographical proximity is inseparable from the asymmetrical power relations embodied in global commodity chains; a point emphasized by economic geographers as the main reason for transborder production shifts that result in the formation of new industrial spaces in developing countries. However, if these production networks can respond collectively to such a strict environment through instituting suitable organizational governance, then their competitive advantage will be enhanced, while also benefiting the host region's development through localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a strong link between drinking wine and eating meals in Italy, that can explain the decrease in wine drinking between the 1970s and the 2000s. At the end of the 1960s greater amounts of food than in the previous decade were eaten, in particular cereals, and individual nutritional requirements were met. Food consumption continued growing during the early 1970s, while traditional food items of the rural past were becoming less popular and were being replaced by new ones preferred by the newer generations. The first food item to lose in popularity was wine, followed by bread and pasta. In the 1980s and 1990s, new social and cultural tendencies emerged. Expenditures on food as a proportion of income kept going down. Again, wine consumption kept decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an essay which offers evidence to document the debt of early industrialists to mechanical science and chemistry in Leeds, England. The author stated that some of the country's wealthy individuals gained their profit and popularity through mechanization which makes the production easy and fast in their factories. Through this, people believed that combination of technology and science would make new worlds.

The article focuses on the contribution of useful knowledge on the start of industrial revolution in Europe. The book "The gifts of Athena," by Joel Mokyr suggests that useful knowledge provides treatment of industrialization, consumption, and the rise of the new global history in the West. The author stated that useful knowledge acquired by skilled workers stimulated the growth of the crucial intermediate goods industries.

This article examines what happens in the experience of embodiment when a person is immersed or clad in technologies designed to redefine the edges and to extend the communicative capabilities of each individual body. The article also analyses how multisensory communications technology is currently challenging contemporary definitions of gender, community and technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffusion is the process by which economical, political, and cultural experiences are shared amongst countries. The international diffusion of planning ideas is defined as borrowing and imposition at national and local levels. In the case of Turkey, these experiences are viewed within the context of modernization and westernization. The most significant arena of this process took place in Istanbul. The process of adaptation began in the second half of the nineteenth century with the Tanzimat reforms and developed parallel to the degree of influence the United States and Europe had on the changes in the political regime and identity of the country in the wake of the two world wars. The financial support of the United States and World Bank investments sped up this process. A European Union harmonization process is now under way. The objective of this study is to relate the Turkish experience of international diffusion of planning ideas and evaluate the contribution of Istanbul's spatial formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent attention to innovation as the core of a knowledge-based economy has resulted in an array of studies and reports that seek to measure states' relative ranks as they advance their economic agendas. This study improves on state performance measurement by distinguishing innovation capacity from innovation outcomes by examining change over a 20-year period with consistent measures and by empirically grouping measures into core resource categories using factor analysis. Factor analysis is used to generate new measures of innovation capacity, and the efficacy of these new measures is tested using pooled cross-sectional time-series analysis to examine their effects on state patent generation. The findings indicate moderate to strong impacts of the innovation capacity variables on patent generation; the results provide a new grounded metric for examining state capacity for innovation and state financial capacity for commercialization over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although much has been written about the economic success of South Korea and other newly industrializing countries social changes in late industrializing countries are a significantly underexplored terrain of research. Focusing on the Korean case, this article analyzes how the state affected social changes in the course of industrialization. Contrary to conventional sociological findings, the author contends that industrialization in Korea brought about neofamilism, which is the unintended reinforcement of blood, school, and regional ties. The historical legacy of colonialism, the top leadership's perception of lateness and urgency in industrialization and economic modernization, and patterns of recruitment in government and industry were identified as factors that caused the emergence of neofamilism in South Korea. The article also proposes the need for more extensive comparative studies to explore the socioinstitutional implications of state-led industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Where eagles dare’ is an ethno-fable about the conversion of the toxic Rocky Mountain Arsenal to wildlife nature preserve, supplemented by an academic and personal subsurface guide that considers Arsenal remediation beneath the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to expectations, fishing countries have established relatively effective management plans for a few international fisheries. The model described in this article explains how such multilateral regulation can evolve in spite of strong political and economic barriers to cooperation. Qualitative cases from the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas were used to test the model. Although there was not enough political will to maintain stocks at sustainable levels, fishing countries developed successful rebuilding plans for some overfished stocks. Developing countries played a critical role in this arena because the growth of their fleets provided incentives for developed countries to prefer stronger management. When powerful countries with high costs of production began to lose market share under open access, they turned to negotiated access rights in order to protect their fleets. This system also benefited developing countries when they garnered concessions and side payments for their cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]