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This meta-analysis examines the inconsistent findings across experimental studies that compared children's learning outcomes with digital and paper books. We quantitatively reviewed 39 studies reported in 30 articles (n = 1,812 children) and compared children's story comprehension and vocabulary learning in relation to medium (reading on paper versus on-screen), design enhancements in digital books, the presence of a dictionary, and adult support for children aged between 1 and 8 years. The comparison of digital versus paper books that only differed by digitization showed lower comprehension scores for digital books. Adults' mediation during print books' reading was more effective than the enhancements in digital books read by children independently. However, with story-congruent enhancements, digital books outperformed paper books. An embedded dictionary had no or negative effect on children's story comprehension but positively affected children's vocabulary learning. Findings are discussed in relation to the cognitive load theory and practical design implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Tibial spine fractures (TSFs) are common in the pediatric population. While screw and suture fixation are used for surgical repair, most studies in porcine or adult human bone suggest suture fixation is superior. However, a recently published report by this study group demonstrated that two-screw and two-suture repair, where sutures were tied over a metaphyseal bone bridge, were biomechanically comparable in human pediatric cadaveric knees. The key failure mechanism of the suture group involved 'cheese wiring' through the metaphyseal bone bridge. Therefore, this study hypothesized that TSF fixation with sutures attached to anchors placed in stronger cortical bone would produce biomechanically superior repair. It evaluated the properties of these constructs in human pediatric knees and compared them to prior results obtained from two-screw and two-suture constructs. Methods: In the previous study, pediatric knee specimens were randomly assigned to two-screw or two-suture fixations. Circumferential marks were made around the ACL insertion (Figure 1A). An osteotome induced a standardized Meyers-Mckeever Type III TSF (Figure 2A). For knees assigned to screw fixation, each fracture was reduced and held in place with two 4.0 mm cannulated screws and washers (Figure 1B). For knees assigned to suture fixation, two No. 2 high-tensile-strength sutures were passed through the fracture fragment and the base of the ACL, one through the anterior 1/3, the other through the posterior 1/3 (Figure 2B). The sutures were passed through medial and lateral bony tunnels, each 1cm away from the midline and two physis lengths distal to the tibial plateau. The fracture was reduced by pulling tension on the sutures, which were then secured over a 1cm tibia bony bridge (Figure 2C). Each specimen was potted in fiberglass resin and then mounted for biomechanical testing on a servohydraulic load frame (Figure 1D, 2D) at approximately 30° of flexion to simulate typical ACL loading conditions. Each specimen was then subjected to cyclic preconditioning, which consisted of 20 cycles of loading between 5 and 25N at a rate of 60 cycles per minute. Next, a cyclic loading protocol was applied to each specimen. This included 500 cycles between 5 and 75N at a crosshead speed of 100mm per minute, sampled at 20Hz. Upon the completion of cyclic loading, samples were allowed to recover for thirty minutes. Finally, a load-to-failure protocol was conducted at a rate of 0.5 mm per second. The primary outcome was the ultimate failure load in newtons (N). The mode of failure was macroscopically documented. In the current study, six new pediatric knees were selected to best match the age and laterality of the previous screw and suture groups. These specimens were placed through the same dissection, fracture, biomechanical testing, and data collection protocols used in the prior study. However, the present study assessed a different fixation: suture plus suture anchors. Suture plus suture anchor specimens were repaired in the same way as suture specimens, with the following exception: instead of tying sutures across a metaphyseal bony bridge following their exit of the medial and lateral bony tunnels, the sutures were secured with knots to two 2.8 mm suture anchors, also placed 1 cm away from the midline medially and laterally, at a distance of three physis lengths from the tibial plateau (Figure 3A, 3B, and 3C). Independent samples t-tests compared ultimate failure loads between pairs of repair methods, while a one-way analysis of variance test was used to compare ultimate failure loads across all repair methods. Results: A total of eighteen (Range: 5 years – 11 years) pediatric cadaveric knees were tested: twelve from the prior published study, and six in the suture plus suture anchor group. The screw and suture repair groups had identical mean (8.30 years) and median (8.50 years) ages, while the suture plus suture anchor group had a mean and median age of 9.33 and 9.00 years, respectively. All groups had an identical number of samples of each laterality. The ultimate failure load significantly differed across fixation methods (p = 0.008). This relationship was primarily driven by higher ultimate failure loads in the suture plus suture anchor group (Mean: 224.00N, SD: 48.37N) when compared to the screw (Mean: 143.52N, SD: 41.97N) (p=0.01) and suture (Mean: 135.35N, SD: 47.94N) (p=0.009) groups. Ultimate failure load did not significantly differ between screw and suture fixations (p = 0.7597). One screw and one suture construct did not survive the cyclic loading protocol. All suture plus suture anchor constructs survived. Every screw construct failed at the level of the intact tibial spongy bone; no failure occurred through the ACL-fracture fragment complex. Four suture constructs failed by cheese wire through the cortical bony bridge, while two failed by cheese wiring, thus creating a new fracture, in the ACL-tibial spine avulsion fracture complex. Each suture plus suture anchor construct failed because of a fracture of the ACL-tibial spine avulsion fragment complex (Figure 3D). Conclusions: Screw and suture fixation of type III Meyers-Mckeever TSFs have statistically comparable ultimate failure loads in human pediatric cadaveric bone. These loads of failure are relatively low compared to those obtained in adult cadaveric and porcine bone. This study demonstrates that sutures plus suture anchors placed in the meta-diaphyseal cortex provide a significantly stronger fixation. Although this study is limited by its inability to assess rotational biomechanics and slight age differences between fixation groups, these results suggest that suture plus suture anchors provide the strongest repair for these injuries in human pediatric specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

iPad® and paper versions of a receptive vocabulary assessment were administered to 4- to 6-year olds with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). No differences were found between scores on the two assessments. Standardized testing for children with ASD can be challenging; however, testing using the iPad® may offer a different avenue as it provides visual input that appears to be motivating. Findings suggest iPad® assessments offer an efficient format for itinerant speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and SLPs providing telepractice when creating individualized evaluation plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the creative methodology adopted whilst engaging in a research study with five families whose young children (aged between 8 and 10 years old) were excluded from school due to social, emotional and mental health difficulties. The complex needs surrounding these families often lead to them being labelled as hard-to-reach and therefore challenging to engage in research. This paper will explore these challenges, the ethical dilemmas that emerged, the constant observation throughout, the reflexivity and flexibility required by the researchers and the relationships forged. Using various creative methods as part of the Mosaic approach both the children and their parents were able to play a part in the meaning-making process throughout the research journey. The culmination of the research study took place in the format of a multi-family group session which provided a safe space for an intergenerational encounter allowing for the children's and parent's authentic voices to continue to be heard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the prevalence and challenges of diagnosing Long Covid Syndrome in children and adolescents, highlighting the varied symptoms, the scarcity of literature on the subject, and the potential risk factors, including age, gender, allergies, and persistent symptoms.

In this article, we report on a follow-up session that was organised to share findings with children about a participatory research project they had been involved in a few months earlier. This was motivated by the ethical concern that it is the children’s right to be informed about the results of the research. In the process of reflecting on the research project, however, the children diverted the researcher’s focus onto aspects of the research that mattered to them. Rather than discussing the results and the benefits of the research, the children were keen to discuss issues of representation, questioning the researcher about pseudonyms, transcribing and their role and presence in the dissertation. The follow-up session opened up a transformational space where both the child participants and the adult researchers gained new understandings about research processes and relationships. We argue that such retrospective reflection can be a beneficial tool to explore children’s post hoc interpretations about the research, while developing researcher reflexivity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The psychometric properties of two paper-and-pencil versions of the Children’s Attributional Style Interview (i.e., CASI-I and CASI-II) were evaluated in a sample of 166 third and fourth graders and a sample of 245 sixth and seventh graders. The results demonstrated strong internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and a factor structure that was consistent with theory in both samples. Furthermore, analyses demonstrated adequate evidence of the reliability and validity of several dimensional subscale scores and the composite measures of attributional style for both positive and negative events. These results suggest the utility of the CASI in research testing specific attributional predictions of cognitive theories of depression with the dimensional subscale scores. They further add to the literature by demonstrating item-level factor analytic support for a children’s attributional style measure and the feasibility of administration sizes larger than previously tested, which add to the utility of the CASI in large-scale research designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pediatric settings, the concept of hope is frequently positioned as a fundamental aspect of care and at odds with the possibility and proximity of death. This arguably fosters silence about death and dying in childhood despite evidence indicating the benefits of open communication at the end of life. In this paper, we describe the unspeakable nature of death and dying in childhood, including its conceptual and clinical causes and dimensions, its persistence, and the associated challenges for children and youth facing critical illnesses, their families, and society. We explore how the tension between hope and death can be reframed and apply our analysis to the context of medical assistance in dying for mature minors in Canada. Considering the lack of related literature, this paper offers initial reflections to form a framework for the unspeakable nature of death and dying in childhood and to advance the crucial need for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergency of esophageal button batteries is recognized. Foreign bodies in the ear or nose are treated as comparatively nonemergent. We present the case of a child who presented with suspected pen-nib in the nostril to highlight the importance of investigation and intervention in unwitnessed nasal foreign body and review the literature regarding X-rays in these cases. Fifteen papers were identified as per search parameters; 3 papers recommend the use of plain radiographs for nasal foreign bodies. We propose that in unwitnessed pediatric nasal foreign body insertion, a facial X-ray should be considered, especially if suspecting a metallic foreign body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of childhood pain, the knowledge and expertise of children has long been overlooked. Instead, adult knowledge has been privileged over child knowledge, despite contemporary understandings that the experience of pain is subjective in nature and can only be fully appreciated by the person experiencing it – regardless of age, stage, or status. In this paper, we report on a pilot study that combined virtual semi-structured interviewing methods with arts-based research methods (drawing or painting, produced offline in the time between virtual interviews) to explore children's experiences of chronic pain from their own perspectives. We use this study as a backdrop to make visible the 'behind the scenes' methodological work of arts-based research with children, paying particular attention to the ways in which our methodological approach created time and space for reflection, supported the co-production of knowledge, provided a means through which to visualize the effect of broader social influences on knowledge production, and provoked novel lines of analysis and inquiry. All these affordances call for deeply reflexive research practices. We suggest the methodological approach described in this paper can help amplify and add value to research with young children. The richness of the children's accounts concerning chronic pain add to the body of evidence demonstrating that 'even' young children have knowledge, expertise, and insights that should be elicited to expand understandings of children's pain and other similarly abstract topics, phenomenon, and lines of inquiry in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Faculty of the British Association for Psychopharmacology course on child and adolescent psychopharmacology, we present here what we deem are the most common pitfalls, and how to avoid them, in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. In this paper, we specifically addressed common pitfalls in the pharmacological treatment of autism and intellectual disability, eating disorders, neuropsychiatric correlates of epilepsy, and psychosis. Pitfalls in relation to the treatment of other disorders are addressed in a separate paper (Part I). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global concerns about plastics, this paper sets out and exemplifies a research agenda for articulating children's encounters with plastics. The paper analyses data co-produced with 11–15 year-olds through interviews, app-based research and experimental/arts-led workshops. It moves beyond scholarship in health and environmental sciences, and in environmental education research, to outline a far richer range of ways to conceptualise children's encounters with plastics, based in children's everyday, embodied and emotive interactions with plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vision plays an important role in walking development. Understanding gait characteristics and development in infants and children with visual disorders is crucial to identify early walking impairment and promoting optimal motor performance. We aimed to identify typical gait patterns and differences between infants and children with visual disorders and their sighted peers, and how these change over time, identifying key research gaps in this area. Methods: A search of three databases identified 1,531 papers, of which eight met inclusion criteria. Results: Children who are blind showed differences in gait compared to peers with low vision or full sight. Differences were identified across age groups with slower walking, postural, head, and trunk position alterations and uncoordinated and reduced upper limb swing motions observed in children with blindness. Discussion: We identified three macro areas of interest related to gait characteristics in children with visual disorders: (1) and (2) compensation mechanisms of limbs, and (3) probing the environment. In general, children who are blind also showed the use of a wider base of support, more external rotation of the feet, and fewer steps taken per minute. There are no studies reporting gait characteristics in the early stages of walking development, scarcity of longitudinal investigations, and studies using different variables to measure gait. The lack of such evidence prevented the establishment of gait development trajectories over time in pediatric populations with visual disorders. Implications for Practitioners: This review is the first to summarize existing knowledge of gait characteristics in children with visual disorders, advancing our understanding regarding the key differences in gait patterns that are observed in this population. Information gathered in this work can help inform future studies and practitioners in this field, enhancing decision-making processes to support walking development and promoting increasing knowledge of gait progresses in infants and children with visual disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bereavement and mourning are arguably one of the research interests of psychologists, psychoanalysts, and psychiatrists since Freud's publication of Mourning and Melancholia. This paper is a qualitative case study that sought to examine the mourning experience of the participant from childhood until his adolescence. For theoretical foundation, the four tasks of mourning primarily developed by James Worden was utilized for the proper direction of the research inquiry; namely: a.) accepting the reality of death; b.) experiencing the feeling of grief; c.) adjusting and creating new meanings in the post-loss world; and d.) reconfiguring the bond with the lost person. The paper finds that the participant's cognitive attitude, emotional experiences, and personal observations of the environment enable him to overcome actively (in an overlapping manner) the three tasks of mourning. However, the failure to find an enduring connection with his deceased parents is not a result of strong attachment but with the absence of personal belief about the meta-existence of God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020, and the world has witnessed significant changes since then. Spain has been forced to go into extreme lockdown, cancelling all school classes and outdoor activities for children, which may have significant consequences on young people. This paper explores how young children have experienced lockdown as a consequence of the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic and what they think about their future lives after Covid-19. Data were collected from 73 students aged from 7 to 9 years old, using participant-produced drawings and short questions with children's and parents' descriptive comments. We used a children's rights perspective and the Freirean approach of a pedagogy of love and hope to analyse the data. Results suggest that participants have been through significant changes in their routines, and that what they miss most from their lives before Covid-19 is playing outdoors with their friends and visiting their grandparents. To our knowledge, this paper is the first of its kind in investigating how the Covid-19 pandemic has influenced the ways that children lived during pandemic and its possible implications for their futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explain and describe the use of presuppositional interviews as means of the researcher being able to expose their own, often unknown, assumptions about the phenomena of interest. Within this, we provide a philosophical and practical account for the development and use of a presuppositional interview from an insider perspective to expose insights which influence researcher reflexivity and directly impact on the research process. Author A's hermeneutic phenomenological study seeks to gain insights into the lived experience of children learning mathematics in outdoor environments, such as forests and woodland. The paper describes how the reflexive method of presuppositional interviewing helped him to understand more about his research position and find a clearing in his 'Being in the Wood.' A template for a presupposition interview schedule is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although enjoyment has been linked to participation in physical activity (PA), a thorough analysis of the concept is lacking. Health-related behavior research emphasizes the necessity of focusing on individual psychological requirements, such as enjoyment in PA, to boost children and adolescents' motivation for PA. The current paper is a report on a conceptual analysis of the enjoyment of PA among children and adolescents. We adopted the concept analysis procedure by Walker and Avant. Several databases (PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, PsychInfo, and Sport Discus) were searched and used to extract relevant articles about the enjoyment of PA. The review process yielded a final set of 72 papers. A refined definition of enjoyment in PA, attributes, cases, antecedents, and consequences of enjoyment in PA were presented. A conceptual understanding of enjoyment in PA can enable nurses to plan interventions that help children and adolescents get appropriate PA and improve their health habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listening effort (LE) describes the cognitive resources needed to process an auditory message. Our understanding of this notion remains in its infancy, hindering our ability to appreciate how it impacts individuals with hearing impairment effectively. Despite the myriad of proposed measurement tools, a validated method remains elusive. This is complicated by the seeming lack of association between tools demonstrated via correlational analyses. This review aims to systematically review the literature relating to the correlational analyses between different measures of LE. Five databases were used– PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and CINAHL. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE criteria and risk of bias with ROBINS-I/GRADE tools. Each statistically significant analysis was classified using an approved system for medical correlations. The final analyses included 48 papers, equating to 274 correlational analyses, of which 99 reached statistical significance (36.1%). Within these results, the most prevalent classifications were poor or fair. Moreover, when moderate or very strong correlations were observed, they tended to be dependent on experimental conditions. The quality of evidence was graded as very low. These results show that measures of LE are poorly correlated and supports the multi-dimensional concept of LE. The lack of association may be explained by considering where each measure operates along the effort perception pathway. Moreover, the fragility of significant correlations to specific conditions further diminishes the hope of finding an all-encompassing tool. Therefore, it may be prudent to focus on capturing the consequences of LE rather than the notion itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The phenomenon of bony remodeling of healed displaced clavicle midshaft fractures in adolescents remains poorly understood. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate and quantify clavicle remodeling in a large population of adolescents with completely displaced fractures treated non-operatively to understand the factors that may influence this process. Methods: Patients were identified from the database(s) of a multi-center study group investigating the functional outcomes of adolescent clavicle fractures. Patients between the ages of 10 and 19 years with completely displaced mid-diaphyseal clavicle fractures that were treated non-operatively who had further imaging of the affected clavicle at a minimum of 9 months from initial injury were included. Radiographic measurements were performed on the injury and final follow-up films. Fracture remodeling was subjectively classified as 'complete/near-complete', 'moderate', or 'minimal' (Figure 1) and subsequently analyzed quantitively and qualitatively to determine factors associated with deformity correction. Results: Ninety-eight patients (mean age of 14.4±2.2 years) were analyzed at a mean radiographic follow-up of 3.4± 2.3 years. Fracture shortening, superior displacement, and angulation significantly improved during the follow-up period by 59%, 61%, and 30% respectively (p<0.001). Fracture remodeling was found to be associated with follow-up time; those with longer follow-up time demonstrate more remodeling (p<0.001). Ninety-two percent of patients <14 years and 79% of patients ³14 years-old at time of injury with a minimum follow-up of four years underwent complete/near-complete remodeling. Conclusions: Significant clavicle remodeling occurs in adolescent patients with displaced fractures, including older adolescents and particularly when followed for longer time intervals. This finding may help explain why symptomatic malunions are so infrequently observed in adolescent patients, even in severely displaced fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing body of evidence that adolescents, and other children, are responsible for a significant proportion of sexual abuse against children. However, there are substantial differences in how this phenomenon is defined and conceptualized between and within sectors. This scoping review explored the current definitions of harmful sexual behaviors (HSB), and other similar terms, used across a range of stakeholder groups. In all, 141 papers were reviewed from both empirical and gray literature sources, including key policy and practice documents. Included papers needed to list a clear definition for the behavior of interest. There was disagreement and inconsistency across the included papers in their conceptualization of harmful, abusive, or problematic sexual behavior (PSB) in children and adolescents. Although the term HSB has been adopted as an umbrella term or continuum in many policy, practice, and research settings, there is a large variance in behaviors, treatment needs, etiology, and harms present across different types of sexual behavior. Relying solely on one term to describe a wide range of sexual behaviors in children and young people may limit the understanding of this issue and imply similarities between groups that are not present. We suggest that clearly defined subsets of HSB, such as sexual abuse, technology-assisted HSB, and PSB, may give more context to the behavior of concern and may be helpful in informing further research, prevention, and best practice approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: A substantial minority of autistic individuals score within typical ranges on standard language tests, suggesting that autism does not necessarily affect language acquisition. This idea is reflected in current diagnostic criteria for autism, wherein language impairment is no longer included. However, some work has suggested that probing autistic speakers' language carefully may reveal subtle differences between autistic and nonautistic people's language that cannot be captured by standardized language testing. The current study aims to test this idea, by determining whether a group of autistic and nonautistic individuals who score similarly on a standardized test show differences in the number of unconventional and erroneous language features they produce in a spontaneous language sample. Methods: Thirty-eight older children and adolescents (19 autistic; 19 nonautistic), between the ages of 10 and 18, were recruited. Both participant groups scored within normal ranges on standardized language and IQ tests. Participants engaged in a "double interview" with an experimenter, during which they were first asked questions by the experimenter about themselves, and then they switched roles, so that it was the participant's turn to ask the experimenter questions. Participants' language during the interview was transcribed and analyzed for linguistic irregularities, including both semantic anomalies and morphosyntactic errors. Results: Group membership accounted for significant variance in irregularity frequency; autistic participants produced more linguistic irregularities than nonautistic participants. Scores on a standardized language test did not improve model fit. Secondary analyses involving irregularity type (semantic vs. morphosyntactic) showed that group differences were primarily driven by relatively high numbers of semantic unconventionalities produced by the autistic group. While the autistic group made more morphosyntactic errors than the nonautistic group, differences in these numbers were only marginally significant. Conclusions and implications: These findings suggest that a commonly used standardized language test does not adequately predict the number and perhaps type of language irregularities produced by some older autistic children and adolescents during spontaneous discourse. Results also suggest that differences in language use, especially semantic differences, may characterize autistic language, even the language produced by people who score within normal ranges on standardized language tests. It is debatable whether differences reflect underlying language impairments and/or a linguistic style adopted/preferred by autistic speakers. In this paper, we discuss both possibilities and offer suggestions to future research for teasing these possibilities apart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian Centre for Health, Independence, Economic participation and Value Enhanced care for adolescents and young adults with Cerebral Palsy (CP-ACHIEVE) is a Centre of Research Excellence (CRE), funded for 5-year by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. The vision of CP-ACHIEVE is an Australia where people with cerebral palsy receive excellent healthcare throughout their lives and live in, and contribute to, supportive communities that welcome and enable their participation. CP-ACHIEVE began with the ethical commitment to bring together people with lived experience of cerebral palsy, researchers, and health professionals to develop and conduct research informed by, and relevant to, people with cerebral palsy and their allies. From inception, co-research and collaboration with (not 'to' or 'about') young people with cerebral palsy (10 to 30 years of age) and their families has been central to our work. In this paper, we describe the CP-ACHIEVE values, structure and strategy for this approach, and its implementation at each stage of the research process. We then provide an example of the strategy in action, using a qualitative exploration of CP-ACHIEVE's Participation Theme team's experiences of collaboration and involvement as co-researchers. Active participation in research for young people with lived experience of cerebral palsy and their families is a fundamental human right, based on their right to be active agents in decisions that affect them. In this paper we explore how our collaborative approach, and the integration of diverse views, has enhanced the relevance, quality, usefulness, and translation of our research. We also describe (i) the structural elements of our research group that have facilitated our work together, (ii) our challenges, and (iii) how the ownership of our research by people with cerebral palsy is driving future research directions and empowering involvement of people with lived experience beyond CP-ACHIEVE. We offer this knowledge and our experiences to assist other research teams in their journeys towards collaborative research alongside people with lived experience of disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a multi-method olfactory inquiry to document the rich ways in which children's sense of smell is embodied and embedded in an interplay of senses and socio-spatial relationships. I approach olfaction as a conceptual strategy and connect it to socio-material and socio-spatial theories to illustrate the ways in which close empirical attention to olfaction can provide new insights into children's sensory experiences. An olfactory research inquiry rests on traditional (e.g. SmellMaps and SmellLogs) and speculative (e.g. Ododata and Olfactoscapes) olfactory techniques that invite adults' and children's agentic responses to odours through relational, dynamic, and non-linguistic modes. As a critical sub-methodology of sensory inquiries, olfactory inquiry can help us re-think normative, homogenizing, mind-body relations in early childhood research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autistic children experience higher levels of anxiety than their peers. Making appropriate diagnoses of anxiety disorders and providing effective treatment for these children is particularly difficult. Inconsistent evidence suggests that levels of anxiety in autistic children are related to intellectual functioning. We provide the first meta-analysis of this evidence. A systematic search identified 49 papers for review. These papers included measures of anxiety and intelligence quotient in 18,430 autistic children. Studies employing correlations showed evidence of a significant relationship between intelligence quotient and anxiety in autistic children: children with higher intelligence quotient scored higher on measures of anxiety. Studies directly comparing groups of autistic children with and without intellectual disability also supported this conclusion. Most studies employing other designs also supported this finding. Employing a quality assessment framework identified common threats to validity. Many studies used measures of anxiety that were not validated across the samples they measure. This was most notable for those autistic children with an intellectual disability. It is vital that future research determines whether the identified relationship between intelligence quotient and anxiety reflects something important in the mechanism for anxiety in autistic children, or quantifies the lack of sensitivity of our measures of anxiety across different groups. Autistic children often experience higher levels of anxiety than their peers. It can be difficult to diagnose and treat anxiety disorders in autistic children, in part because of the high degree of variability in their underlying abilities and presentations. Some evidence suggests that autistic children with higher intelligence (as measured by intelligence quotient) experience higher levels of anxiety than autistic children with lower intelligence. However, the evidence is inconsistent, with other papers not finding a difference or finding higher levels of anxiety in autistic children with lower intelligence. In this article, we review existing literature to see whether autistic children with higher intelligence quotients have higher anxiety than autistic children with lower intelligence quotients. A systematic search of the literature was conducted which identified 49 papers on the topic. The methods of all the papers were reviewed using an objective quality assessment framework. When combining the data statistically, there was evidence that autistic children with higher intelligence quotients are more anxious than autistic children with lower intelligence quotients. The quality review raised common weaknesses across studies. Most importantly, few studies used measures of anxiety that have been shown to be valid for children with very low intelligence quotients. Similarly, many studies used measures of anxiety that have not been shown to be valid for autistic children. These factors are important because autistic children and those with low intelligence quotient may experience or understand anxiety differently. Future research should use fully validated measures to test whether high intelligence quotient is associated with high levels of anxiety in autistic children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review was to conduct a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies exploring the self-management experiences, attitudes and perspectives of children and young people (CYP) living with epilepsy. Five databases were systematically searched up to September 2019. Fourteen papers were included. One analytical theme: self-management strategies was generated informed by four descriptive themes; concealment; medicine adherence; self-monitoring of activities; and seeking social support. The synthesis identified that while CYP with epilepsy engage in specific self-management strategies, there is limited evidence in understanding self-management and the processes underlying the use of it. Future research examining self-management in childhood is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conducting research with young participants presents numerous challenges, particularly in terms of representation as the researcher endeavours to listen to children's voices in order to understand and portray their perspectives accurately. Since the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of a Child established children have the right to express their views and have these taken seriously in matters that affect them, researchers have developed a variety of multimodal methods to capture the children's perspectives. The aim of this paper is to describe an innovative methodological approach to recording ethnographic observations of young children (aged four to six) through a visual mode: the cartoon. The article describes the methodology of a specific research project that explored young children's communicative practices in a super-diverse environment. Adopting a flexible approach to research and putting children's suggestions into practice led to the co-production cartoons that used the participants' self-portraits to visually portray the researcher's written observations of the children. The paper presents vignettes, evidencing how the use of self-portraits meant the cartoons were more engaging, held greater personal significance and opened up spaces for dialogue, leading the researcher to uncover deeper insights. This has important implications for any research that endeavours to listen to the participants' perspectives, but where verbal or written forms of communication are impeded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize distal clavicle fractures in a cohort of pediatric and adolescent athletes who underwent operative treatment at a single, tertiary-care pediatric center, including surgical techniques used and resultant clinical outcomes. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all clavicle fractures extending to the level of the corococlavicular ligaments or more lateral, which were treated operatively at a single tertiary-care pediatric hospital between the years of 2005-2020. Patients >19 years-old or those with pathological fractures were excluded. Radiographic fracture characteristics, surgical techniques, time to radiographic healing, return to sports, and complications were analyzed. Results: Fifty-two patients were identified, with mean age 13.8 ± 2.2 years. The majority of fractures were classified as Nenopoulus type IIB (transverse, displaced; 42.3%) or type IIIB (oblique, displaced; 26.9%), though type IIA (transverse, minor displacement; 3.8%), IV (comminuted; 11.6%), and V (AC dislocation; 15.4%) patterns were also observed. Primary direction of displacement was posterior in 90% of cases and superior in 10%. Plate fixation was performed in 53.8% of surgeries, with locking plate (26.9%) and hook plate (17.3%) most frequent. Suture-based fixation was performed in 32.7% of cases (Figure 1). Rate of implant removal was 66% after plate fixation, the majority of which (72.2%) were planned at the time of primary fixation. Total complication rate, including unplanned removal of implant, was higher in the plate fixation group (25%) than in the suture-based fixation group (11.2%). Time to radiographic healing was not significantly different between plate and suture-based constructs (2.9 vs. 2.9 months, p = 0.96) though patients with suture-based constructs returned to sport faster (2.5 vs. 3.6 months, p = 0.014). Conclusions: Posteriorly displaced fractures comprised the vast majority of surgically-treated distal clavicle fractures in pediatric and adolescent athletes. When chosen in the appropriate patient, based on age and fracture pattern, suture-only constructs can lead to similar time to radiographic healing and faster return to sports compared to plate-based constructs, with significantly reduced need for removal of hardware. These data provide a foundation for future comparative research to further elucidate precise surgical indications and optimal treatment approaches in this population. Table 1. Fixation Methods for Distal Clavicle Fractures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of performing a lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) with a modified Lemaire technique (MLT) in conjunction with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) in children and adolescents at increased risk for failed ACLR. Methods: A consecutive series of patients ≤19 years who underwent simultaneous ACLR and LET with minimum two-year follow-up data were reviewed. Patients were indicated for LET when one or more of the following risk factors were present: participant in high-risk competitive sport such as football, lacrosse, soccer or basketball, grade 3 pivot shift, hyperlaxity (Beighton score > 6), recurvatum, revision ACLR, contralateral ACLR, or chronic ACL insufficiency. ACLR was performed using either full-thickness quadriceps tendon (QUAD) for skeletally immature patients or bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autograft for skeletally mature patients. All-epiphyseal (AE) or complete transphyseal (CT)techniques were used depending on patients' skeletal maturity. At a minimum two-year follow-up, patient-reported outcome measures included Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE), Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi-IKDC), and the HSS Functional Activity Brief Scale (HSS Pedi-FABS) scores. Return-to-sport (RTS)data and second surgeries were also obtained. Results: Sixty-one consecutive patients (mean age 15.17 ±1.73 years, range 11-19 years, 62% female) were analyzed (Table 1). 59 patients (97%) participated in organized sports including soccer, basketball, football and lacrosse, with soccer being the most popular one. The average grade at the time of surgery was 9th grade. Ten patients (16%) were revision ACLR procedures. Seven (11%) patients underwent AE and 54 (89%) underwent CT ACLR. Forty-two (69%) cases employed a QUAD autograft, while 19 (31%) utilized a BTB autograft. All patients underwent a LET with a MLT and 2 patients underwent simultaneous implant mediated guided growth with a plate for structural genu valgum. At two-year follow-up, mean SANE score was 95, median Pedi-IKDC score was 91, and median HSS-Pedi Fabs score was 27. RTS rate was 91.8%. Ten patients had subsequent surgical procedures, including two hardware removal procedures for hemiepiphysiodesis, three contralateral ACLR, three meniscus surgeries, one lysis of adhesions, and one revision ACLR for BTB graft re-rupture. Two patients were lost to follow-up and excluded from the study. Conclusions: The findings suggest that concomitant LET and ACLR in adolescent patients with risk factors for failed ACLR is associated with favorable patient-reported outcomes, high return to sports participation, and low ACL re-rupture rate at two years follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frontline workers, including educators and health practitioners, play an important role in identifying and responding to harmful sexual behavior (HSB) carried out by children and young people. Despite this, there have been no reviews of the evidence about promising practice for how frontline workers could best manage this behavior. This article presents a scoping review of evidence exploring the research question: How can frontline professionals be trained and supported to better manage HSB carried out by children and young people? Multiple databases were searched in July 2020. Inclusion criteria included a focus on professional development or practice relating to children and young people displaying inappropriate sexual behavior or HSB; a population of frontline workers (teachers, health practitioners, coaches, childcare workers); and all study types, including gray literature. Two reviewers screened the articles, and findings from included papers were synthesized according to the method of thematic synthesis. Thirty-one papers were included in the review. Five themes were identified in response to the research question: process of identification and response, knowledge required to identify and respond, skills needed to identify and respond, organization-level supports, and system-level supports. The authors propose the "building blocks" for a promising practice model, which sets out the process of identification and response to HSB, and the knowledge required by frontline workers to support that process. Further, the model identifies the skills required by frontline workers to undertake the process of identification and response, as well as the organization-level and system-level scaffolding needed for good practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are participants and researchers agreeing to when they consent to having data archived and what do they imagine the future life of their data to be? In this paper, we reflect on a project that deliberately started rather than ended with the archive. The Everyday Childhoods project invited children and their families to take part in the creation of an open access public archive documenting everyday childhoods using a range of multimedia data. Families and researchers were invited into the archive, encouraged to imagine different kinds of secondary use and to speak directly to future user of their data through short films and postcards. This paper raises questions concerning the place of the archive in different disciplinary traditions; the roles of researcher and archivist in safekeeping, gatekeeping and caring for data collections; and the place of qualitative longitudinal research as a site of innovation within a new data landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a nuanced perspective of two families' lockdown literacy journeys with their young children during the COVID 19 pandemic. We present informal home learning examples stimulated by play and by school-sanctioned synchronous and asynchronous activities from homes geographically miles apart yet close in terms of shared experience. In response to the catch-up and learning loss narrative which threatens to overshadow some of the positive learning experiences taking place at home, we redirect the 'catch-up' narrative towards a nuanced understanding of family learning at home by articulating the complexity of circumstance. Methodologically, drawing on Autoethnography, we present vignettes of lockdown life from Scotland and Michigan, USA. Throughout this paper we articulate challenges with the catch-up narrative and root our conclusions in the early childhood philosophy that learning extends beyond the mind to a whole body, holistic experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on medical topics including clinical effectiveness of foam sclerotherapy, hospital-associated venous thromboembolism in children and risk factors for post thrombotic syndrome in children after deep vein thrombosis.

Globally, the oral health needs of children who have, or are suspected of having, experienced abuse or neglect has become a focus of concern. It is thus valuable and timely to map the contemporary nature of the research landscape in this expanding field. This review reports the findings of a scoping review of the international empirical literature. The aim was to explore the relationship between child maltreatment and oral health and how this complex issue is addressed in contemporary dental, health, and social work practice. The review identified 68 papers, analysis of which identified three themes: (1) There is a relationship between poor oral health and child maltreatment that is well evidenced but conceptually underdeveloped. (2) There are discrepancies between the knowledge of members of the dental team about child maltreatment and their confidence and aptitude to identify and report child protection concerns. (3) There are areas of local-level policy and practice development that seek to improve working relationships between dentists and health and social work practitioners; however, there is widespread evidence that the oral health needs of this group of vulnerable children are not consistently met. To orientate critical discussion and planning for future research and practice, we present the Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence for practice and Research recommendations (PAGER) framework. The review's findings are likely to be of interest to researchers, practitioners, and policy makers working across dentistry, health and social work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotionally-based school avoidance (EBSA) is an important driver of persistent school absenteeism and may have worsened in the context of COVID-19. This paper describes the development of a brief parent-focused psychosocial intervention with the goal to address the lack of accessible early interventions for EBSA. The developmental process used a person-based approach with two phases. In Phase 1, qualitative data were collected about intervention preferences and priorities from N = 10 parents and N = 7 practitioners in a series of co-design workshops. Phase 2 refined an intervention blueprint based on iterative consultations with N = 4 parents and N = 3 practitioners. Framework analysis was used to organise findings around key intervention parameters, including relevant mechanisms, content, and delivery methods needed to provide effective, acceptable and feasible support for families affected by EBSA. The resulting blueprint incorporates three online modules to be delivered over three weeks with each module consisting of psychoeducational videos, self-completed learning tasks and a corresponding coaching session. Respective module content includes: (i) self-care strategies to increase parent wellbeing and self-efficacy; (ii) parenting strategies to change behavioural patterns that maintain child distress and avoidance of school; and (iii) strategic communication strategies to increase the quality of home-school relationships. The blueprint has been developed into a full prototype for a forthcoming feasibility study. Plain language summary: Since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a noticeable increase in children missing school. One significant contributor to this rise in absences is Emotionally-Based School Avoidance (EBSA). EBSA refers to a situation where a child stays home from school due to feelings of anxiety and distress about attending. Accessing timely support for children with EBSA can be difficult due to lengthy waiting lists for child and adolescent mental health services. This paper outlines the creation of a new, brief psychosocial intervention aimed at helping parents support their child experiencing EBSA. The development process involved two phases. In the first phase, we collaborated with 10 parents and 7 practitioners to gather ideas about the kind of support families require, what should be included in the intervention, and how to make it practical for families to use. Based on these discussions, we formulated a plan for the new intervention. The second phase refined this plan of the intervention to ensure its suitability for families. The intervention is called ISAAC: Intervention for School Anxiety and Absenteeism in Children. ISAAC consists of three online modules to be completed by parents over a three-week period. Each module includes videos, reflection activities and homework tasks which help the parent learn a new skill or try a different way of responding to their child's anxiety about attending school. Parents are also supported by a coach. The first module encourages parents to take care of their own wellbeing and manage stress. The second module helps parents to learn new ways to respond to their child's distress related to school attendance, while the third module provides guidance on effective communication with the child's school. The next step for this intervention is to see whether it is agreeable to parents and practical to deliver in the real-world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argumentation is a fundamental communicative ability that children develop over time through formal schooling and daily practice with peers and family members. Literature on children's argumentation appears to have focused on their social interactions out of school, clinical environment, or informal pedagogic contexts. Even though there are research inquiries into children's argumentation in formal academic learning, many have been focused on argumentative writing in math or science classes. Much less is known about teacher-led argumentation and the youngest children's emerging argumentation in language art classes, where argumentation is formally and systematically introduced and learned. This paper reports a year-long ethnographic study on argumentation in a first-grade English language art classroom in the United States. Ethnographic discourse analysis was conducted to analyze two key literacy events from the daily reader's and writer's workshop. It is supplemented with qualitative analysis of the researchers' field notes and the students' artifacts. Our findings highlight the inherent intertextual nature of children's argumentation and a critical role the teacher played in eliciting and steering the children's argumentation construction through strategic instructional conversations (especially accountable talk). Our findings also revealed teacher-led children's intertextual argumentation as a powerful heuristic process and tool to enrich students' learning. The paper concludes some classroom argumentation teaching practices based on the research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to the United Nations Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), children and adolescents represent 41% of all forcibly displaced individuals. They have to deal with conflicts, violence, and the many difficulties of flight and resettlement during a critical stage of their emotional, social, cognitive, and physical development. They are more likely to experience mental health problems during migration. Despite the several known risk factors, it is frequently challenging for refugees and asylum seekers to get mental health care. In this paper we review available studies on interventions aimed at promoting mental health and at preventing common mental disorders in immigrant adolescents and children. Methods: The relevant PubMed, Scopus, PsychINFO and Web of Science databases were searched for papers published until March 21, 2023, using ("immigrants" OR "migration" OR "asylum seekers" OR "refugees") AND ("promotion" OR "prevention") AND ("mental health" OR "mental disorders" OR "psych*") AND ("children" OR "adolescents" OR "young adults") as search string. Fourteen articles qualified for the detailed review. Results and Conclusions: The majority of available interventions, although highly heterogeneous in format and content, showed significant improvement in several psychopathological dimensions, including trauma-related symptoms, psychological stress, anxiety, depressive and cognitive symptoms. Available studies on interventions for the prevention of mental disorders and the promotion of mental health in refugees and asylum seekers children and adolescents indicate that provided interventions were associated with a global improvement for participants. Implementation strategies to improve their scalability are highly needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Side comments and conversations in focus groups can pose challenges for facilitators. Rather than seeing side comments as problematic behavior or "failed" data, we argue that they can add to and deepen analyses. Drawing on focus group data with grade nine students from a study on early work, in this methodological paper we discuss three patterns. First, side comments have highlighted where participants required clarification, and illustrated their views and questions about the research process. Second, side comments added new data to our analysis, including personal reflections, connections to others' comments, and information about participants' uncertainties about the research topics. Third, these comments offered insight into peer relations and dynamics, including participants' reflections on age, and how they deployed gender relations in their discussions. Provided that their use fits within established ethical protocols, we argue that there is a place for attention to side comments, especially in focus group research with young people where adult-teen hierarchies and peer dynamics might lead young people to engage more with peers than directly respond to researchers' questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the escalating trend of pediatric patients, particularly non-urgent cases, going to the emergency departments (EDs) in New South Wales, Australia, prompted the establishment of virtualKIDS, a nursing-led telehealth service. This service, initiated in June 2021, operates 24/7 and provides comprehensive care through audio-visual consultations emphasizing a patient-centered approach. Three elements—COVID-19 Outpatient Response Team (CORT), virtualKIDS Acute Review (vKAR), and Virtual Urgent Care (VUC)—addressed specific needs during and beyond the pandemic, showcasing the adaptability and impact of virtual care. vKAR focuses on post-discharge support, allowing families access to telehealth for up to three days. Preliminary data indicates a 44% reduction in ED visits within 48 h. VUC employs nursing-led triaging paired with audiovisual assessment, demonstrating a 69% hospitalization avoidance rate. Hybrid ambulatory models such as a sleep study at home project, day-only tonsillectomies, and arthroscopic knee surgeries showcase innovative approaches to reducing hospital admissions and enhancing patient outcomes. This paper presents the evolution and diverse models of care implemented by the virtualKIDS service, offering insights into its potential as a nursing-led alternative to ED visits in acute-care pediatrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prior research has explored the association between women's employment status and breastfeeding at the individual level, however; a notable gap in scholarly inquiry exists regarding the relationship between labor market performance and breastfeeding at the population level. Research Aim: The aim of this paper is to investigate the association between labor market performance and breastfeeding prevalence in the United States. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of the association between labor market performance and the prevalence of breastfeeding. Our analysis is conducted at the state level using data published up to late 2021 from the Current Population Survey and the National Immunization Survey. The first dataset was used to construct aggregate and sex-specific state level indicators of labor market performance for both males and females. The second dataset supplied the proportion of mothers breastfeeding for the corresponding birth cohort from each state. Results: Higher average weekly hours worked by females in the year before giving birth was associated with a lower prevalence of breastfeeding, but employment rates among females did not significantly affect breastfeeding prevalence. Among males, current employment rates were positively associated with breastfeeding prevalence; however, no significant relationship was observed between breastfeeding prevalence and average weekly work hours worked. Conclusion: Sex-specific labor market performance may play a role in breastfeeding decisions and the timing of labor market performance relative to childbirth is important. Furthermore, these results highlight that employment rates and hours worked might be associated with child health through breastfeeding prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this scoping review was to systematically map research on the effect of classroom acoustic conditions on children's mental wellbeing and identify existing gaps in knowledge to inform future research. This scoping review followed the PRISMA-ScR protocol. A comprehensive search of four online databases (ERIC, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted using the search term classroom AND (acoustic* OR noise OR reverb*) AND ("mental health" OR emotion OR wellbeing OR "quality of life" OR anxiety OR depression). Peer-reviewed papers were included if they were written in English, included children in the primary school age range (i.e. 5–12 years), and included a measure of children's mental wellbeing. Six papers met the criteria to be included in the review. Overall, this review suggests that poor classroom acoustic conditions can negatively affect children's mental wellbeing. Given the small number of studies, future research suggestions are proposed to fill current gaps in knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classroom acoustic conditions are often suboptimal, so how do they affect children's cognition? This review synthesized research assessing the effect of different classroom acoustic conditions on children's attention and memory. A comprehensive search of four online databases was conducted in January 2022 using the search term classroom AND (noise* OR reverberat* OR acoustic*) AND (cognit* OR attention OR memory OR processing). The results revealed 21 relevant papers plus an additional 10 from their references. The papers assessed the effect of a range of chronic and acute acoustic exposures on different attention and memory processes. Overall, the majority of studies showed a negative effect or no effect of higher noise levels, longer reverberation times, or lower speech clarity on children's cognition. It would therefore be beneficial to improve classroom acoustic conditions if possible. Suggestions for future research to more fully understand the effect of different classroom acoustic conditions on children's cognition are posed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Idiopathic childhood constipation is a prevalent condition that initially brings the child under the care of the primary health care team. Although it is acknowledged that health education is crucial to reducing chronicity, the range of evidenced-based non-pharmacological health education provided to families has not previously been reviewed. For this scoping review, 4 research questions sought to identify papers that provide information on the utilization of guidelines, the range of health education, who provides it, and whether any gaps exist. Methods: Following a registered protocol and using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews, searches of 10 online databases, reference lists, Google Scholar, and book chapter references were made. Eligible papers were original research published in English between January 2000 and December 2022. Results: Twelve worldwide studies (2 qualitative and 10 quantitative) reported that: evidence-based guidelines are not consistently used by primary care providers; the range of non-pharmacological health education provided is inconsistent; the non-pharmacological health education is provided by doctors, nurses, and pharmacists; and that gaps exist in non-pharmacological health education provision. Conclusion: This review demonstrates that rather than a lack of guideline-awareness, decreased specific idiopathic childhood constipation knowledge (and possibly time) may be responsible for inconsistent non-pharmacological health education. Inappropriate treatment and management of some children escalates risk for chronicity. Improving health education provision however, may be achieved through: increased collaboration; better utilization of nurses; and through developing the child's health literacy by involving both child and family in all aspects of health education and decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review children's and their families' needs after a child's traumatic injury and assessment tools to measure needs. Data sources: Medline, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO databases (2005-September 2017) were searched and screened for papers (of any design) investigating children's and families' needs after a child's traumatic physical injury. Review methods: Data regarding children's and families' needs were extracted by two independent raters. Methodological quality of the identified papers was not assessed. Thematic content analysis drew out the key needs. Results: A total of 12 studies were identified, involving 932 participants including 105 injured adolescents and 827 family members or professionals. The needs of children under 12 years were identified indirectly from families or professionals. Most studies focussed on traumatic brain injuries. Two groups of needs were identified: person-related and service-related. Person-related needs were categorized into adolescent- specific needs, need for support with cognitive, emotional, social and physical problems and help with practical problems. Service-related needs were categorized into the need for information, educational needs and support during care transitions (specifically access to community-based services). These needs were largely unmet, particularly regarding information, emotional support and care transitions, which were compounded by professionals' limited understanding of the children's difficulties. We found no published measurement tools to assess children's and families' needs after a child's traumatic injury. Conclusion: The evidence about children's and families' needs following a child's traumatic injury was limited, but needs for information, emotional support and access to community-based services were consistently unmet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continue to experience significant delays in diagnosis and interventions. One of the main factors contributing to this delay is a shortage of developmental-behavioral specialists. Diagnostic evaluation of ASD by primary care pediatricians (PCPs) has been shown to be reliable and to decrease the interval from first concern to diagnosis. In this paper, we present the results of a primary care ASD diagnosis program in which the PCP serves as the primary diagnostician and leverages the infrastructure of the primary care medical home to support the child and family during the pre- and post-diagnostic periods, along with data on parental satisfaction with this model. Methods: Retrospective data from a cohort of patients evaluated through this program were analyzed to determine the mean age at diagnosis and interval from referral for evaluation to diagnosis. We used survey methodology to obtain data from parents regarding their satisfaction with the process. Results: Data from 8 of 20 children evaluated from April 2021 through May 2022 showed a median age of diagnosis of 34.5 months compared to the national average of 49 months. Mean interval from referral for evaluation to diagnosis was 3.5 months. Parental survey responses indicated high satisfaction. Conclusions: This model was successful in shortening the interval from referral to diagnosis resulting in significant decrease of age at diagnosis compared with the national average. Widespread implementation could improve access to timely diagnostic services and improve outcomes for children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children in care of the state are amongst the most disadvantaged in society. They have often experienced adverse childhood experiences leading to their care entry including abuse and neglect. Longitudinal data suggests problems children in care of the state experience within adolescence persist into adulthood, showing "a continuing legacy of adversity." Emerging literature shows that edge of care interventions can bring about benefits. These interventions support families to meet their child's needs and prevent, or reduce, the likelihood of children going into care. However, it is not clear how or why these interventions work. It is important to develop this understanding to inform the development of effective, theory-informed practice to benefit this population. We reviewed and synthesised published literature to expose mechanisms by which interventions may promote and support family preservation for children at the edge of care. Our synthesis uses a realist approach to examine mechanisms by which interventions, in various contexts, can promote and support family preservation for children at the edge of care. Previous work by the team shaped the initial search strategy and in line with RAMESES realist review guidelines, no restrictions were placed on the types of study to be included in the synthesis. From 7,530 potentially relevant references identified, 61 papers were included in final extraction. Extracted data was themed, prior to developing narrative and formulating programme theories. Effective edge of care service operation seemed to be based on four core programme theories pertaining to the need for family skills training, home-based delivery, dedicated worker, and rapid response to need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One's attachment style forms early in life and can aid in dealing with future setbacks. Equally, Coping and resilience are two specific psychological mechanisms that form how one deals with problems and recovers from stressful situations. These three concepts are well-known interrelated concepts within psychology but to what extent they overlap is still unclear. The present study investigated attachment, resiliency and coping using structural equation modeling. Participants (N = 390), aged between 9 and 12 y old, completed an paper survey including Experiences in Close Relationship-Revised questionnaire (ECR-RC-12), Resiliency Scales for Children & Adolescents (RSCA), and the Brief-CPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced). Path analysis revealed strong associations between attachment and resiliency as well as strong associations between resiliency and coping. Specifically, the predictive value of anxious attachment on resiliency was seen for all three resiliency sub-scales. However, the predictive value of avoidance attachment on resiliency was only revealed for two of the resiliency sub-scales. The two resiliency protective factors (sense of mastery and sense of relatedness) have a positive predictive value for three coping strategies. Equally, the resiliency risk factor (emotional reactivity) also positively predicted two coping strategies. The current findings demonstrate clear associations between these three concepts. Equally, the theoretical connections are discussed in light of these findings. Equally, stemming from this study, clinical implications are discussed that can inform practice in terms of approaching psychopathologies from different angles (resilience, coping, and attachment) as well as, the development of coping and resilience skills in order to support healthy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses convent archive sources from five Irish Sisters of Mercy run industrial schools to examine the role of children's families at committal to the schools and explore how the sociocultural climate of Ireland at the time formed this experience. Such an analysis sheds light on the system's operation 'from below' and the variety of reasons, motivations, and emotions surrounding the committal process. It reveals the complicated nature of familial relations and facilitates a greater understanding of the behaviours, responses and protocols that arose from poverty and dependency. In doing so, it also progresses understandings of the power of those in control to influence such decisions as well as families' attempts to use the system as a strategy for survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proctored remote testing of cognitive abilities in the private homes of test-takers is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to standard psychological assessments in test centers or classrooms. Because these tests are administered under less standardized conditions, differences in computer devices or situational contexts might contribute to measurement biases that impede fair comparisons between test-takers. Because it is unclear whether cognitive remote testing might be a feasible assessment approach for young children, the present study (N = 1,590) evaluated a test of reading comprehension administered to children at the age of 8 years. To disentangle mode from setting effects, the children finished the test either in the classroom on paper or computer or remotely on tablets or laptops. Analyses of differential response functioning found notable differences between assessment conditions for selected items. However, biases in test scores were largely negligible. Only for children with below-average reading comprehension small setting effects between on-site and remote testing were observed. Moreover, response effort was higher in the three computerized test versions, among which, reading on tablets most strongly resembled the paper condition. Overall, these results suggest that, on average, even for young children remote testing introduces little measurement bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review provides guidance and ideas for researchers through a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the present state, trends, and hotspots in the pediatric fracture literature over the past 6 years. Methods: We used Citespace 6.1.R6 software to explore the country/region distribution, institutions, journals, keyword analysis, and co-cited references of the literature from Web of Science core database. Results: There are 6472 pieces of pediatric fracture–related literature, including 2962 from 2017 to 2019 and 3510 from 2020 to 2022. The country with the most papers is the United States, and US institutions and journals also have a pivotal position in this field. Research hotspots for pediatric fractures in 2017–2019: The topic with the most attention is bone mineral density leading to related bone diseases. Treatment for pediatric fractures, including supracondylar humeral fractures, Monteggia fractures, forearm fractures, knee fractures, and ankle fractures in children, is another topic of greater interest. Brain injuries and dental injuries in children due to abuse and trauma are also concerning issues. Research hotspots for pediatric fractures in 2020–2022: comparison with 2017–2019 revealed a relative decrease regarding ankle-related epiphyseal injuries, but there is a higher focus on the epidemiology of fractures in children, risk factors, and reasons for childhood trauma. We have confirmed through literature co-citations that the literature of high interest is also in these aspects. Conclusion: Researchers and clinicians can quickly learn about topics of interest through authoritative journals and highly cited literature and rapidly master the current status and frontiers of the field through study, providing ideas for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]