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The aging population suffers from memory impairments. Slow-wave activity (SWA) is composed of slow (0.5–1 Hz) and delta (1–4 Hz) oscillations, which play important roles in long-term memory and working memory function respectively. SWA disruptions might lead to memory disturbances often experienced by older adults. We conducted behavioral tests in young and older C57BL/6 J mice. SWA was monitored using wide-field imaging with voltage sensors. Cell-specific calcium imaging was used to monitor the activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in these mice. Older mice exhibited impairments in working memory but not memory consolidation. Voltage-sensor imaging revealed aberrant synchronization of neuronal activity in older mice. Notably, we found older mice exhibited no significant alterations in slow oscillations, whereas there was a significant increase in delta power compared to young mice. Calcium imaging revealed hypoactivity in inhibitory neurons of older mice. Combined, these results suggest that neural activity disruptions might correlate with aberrant memory performance in older mice. • Slow wave activity disruptions lead to memory disturbances in older adults. • Older mice show impairments in working memory, but not memory consolidation. • Older mice showed abnormal synchronization of neuronal activity across the cortex. • Older mice exhibited aberrant activity of inhibitory neurons within the circuit. • The neural activity disruptions may be related to memory impairments in Older mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GEN-0828, a proposed clinical candidate for hemophilia and trauma hemorrhage treatment, is a novel recombinant activated human factor VII (rFVIIa). The purpose of this paper is to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GEN-0828 in hemophilia B mice with those of NovoSeven®, the only marketed rFVIIa product worldwide., GEN-0828 and NovoSeven® showed similar affinity bioactivity to recombinant tissue factor (rTF) in vitro. Pharmacodynamics data indicated a generally similar hemostatic efficacy (ED 50) of GEN-0828 (10.91 KIU·kg−1) and NovoSeven® (18.91 KIU·kg−1) at the doses studied in hemophilia B mice, while GEN-0828 represented a lower initial effective dosage compared with that of NovoSeven® in terms of both blood loss and APTT. GEN-0828 exhibited linear pharmacokinetic profiles in hemophilia B mice at the 30–338 KIU·kg−1 dose range, the comparative pharmacokinetic study with NovoSeven® indicated better characteristics than NovoSeven® in terms of the appropriate higher maximal concentration (C max) and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC last) and longer mean residence time (MRT). In conclusion, GEN-0828 was a promising new type of rFVIIa compound with favourable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate muscle perfusion in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) before and after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the limb by means of MR arterial spin labeling (ASL) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) under the resting state. Twenty-eight patients with lower extremity PAD were enrolled. Skeletal muscles in lower extremities were examined at rest by using ASL and IVIM at 3.0 T. Imaging metrics, including blood flow (BF), perfusion fraction f , diffusion coefficient D , and pseudodiffusion coefficient D ⁎ , were measured in the anterior, lateral, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscle groups. Paired t- test was used to compare the imaging parameters before and after PTA. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted between imaging parameter changes and ankle brachial index (ABI) changes after PTA. ABI was significantly improved after PTA (P < 0.001). For ASL and IVIM imaging, significant changes were noted in ASL- BF and IVIM- D values in the lateral, soleus, and gastrocnemius muscle groups (all P < 0.0125) when comparing pre- and postoperative measurements. Changes in ASL- BF and IVIM- f values in the anterior muscle group, and in IVIM- D ⁎ value in the anterior and soleus muscle groups after PTA, were found to be significantly correlated with ABI improvement (all P < 0.05). Multiparametric MR techniques including ASL and IVIM can detect the perfusion changes of lower limb tissue before and after PTA in patients with PAD under resting state. • This is the first study using both ASL and IVIM to assess muscle perfusion in PAD patients under resting state. • The study provided useful and complementary information about skeletal muscle perfusion before and after PTA. • The results revealed significant relationships of perfusion-related metrics with ABI measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a typical microwave hydrothermal-assisted synthesis method is utilized to fabricate Co/Sn co-doped Cu 3 SbSe 4 materials. Experimental results demonstrate that the formation of a nanoscale Co 9 Se 8 phase occurs when the solid solubility of Co is exceeded. This phase effectively enhances phonon scattering at the grain boundary's high-density dislocation region, leading to a significant reduction in lattice thermal conductivity. Simultaneously, the interface between Co 9 Se 8 and Cu 3 SbSe 4 exhibits an energy filtering effect, resulting in an improved Seebeck coefficient. The maximum zT value of 0.62 is achieved in the Cu 3 Sb 0.96 Co 0.04 Se 4 sample. To further regulate the carrier concentration, Sn atoms are introduced, leading to peak power factor and zT values of 865.98 μW·m−1·K−2 and 0.72, respectively. The incorporation of Co and Sn doping contributes to the enhancement of mechanical properties by reinforcing covalent bonds. Mechanical property testing of the materials indicates an improvement in mechanical performance upon doping with Co and Sn. This study provides valuable insights into the in-situ introduction of a second phase through element doping, thereby enhancing the comprehensive thermoelectric properties of Cu 3 SbSe 4 -based materials. Moreover, it establishes an experimental foundation for subsequent investigations into the materials' mechanical properties. • Co 9 Se 8 phase effectively enhances phonon scattering at the grain boundary region. • The energy filtering effect results in an improved Seebeck coefficient. • Sn doping was further performed to optimize the carrier concentration. • The mechanical properties enhanced by the strengthen of the covalent bonds. • The zT max of the Co/Sn co-doped sample was 0.72 at 673 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to investigate the flow structure and energy dissipation mechanism within centrifugal pump impellers. The velocity fields at the mid-sections of the flow passages of 4- and 5-blade impellers were measured under various flow rates using the Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (TR-PIV) technique; the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis was performed to extract flow structures with different scales; the dissipation rate was estimated using the large-eddy PIV method; the correlation between turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and dissipation rate was measured using the cross-correlation analysis. The findings are as follows: impeller with more uniform and stable flow, the scale and energy contribution of large-scale structures in lower order modes are smaller, leading to higher impeller efficiency; large-scale structures identified in the low-order modes correspond to locations of high TKE and dissipation areas; the high velocity gradients within the impeller passage and the interactions between large-scale flow structures encourage the breakup of large-scale turbulent structures into dissipative-scale structures; the correlation between TKE and dissipation rate reflects the extent to which large-scale flow structures within the impeller passage break up into dissipative scales. • The fluid in the impeller passages will be more uniform and stable the greater the fluid's capacity to follow the blades. • The "jet-wake" region is the primary dissipation zone in the impeller passages. • High-velocity gradients and the interaction of large-scale structures enhance the decomposition of turbulent structures. • The correlation of TKE and dissipation rate reflects the degree of large-scale structures break up into dissipation scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mogrol, the aglycone of well-known sweeter mogrosides, shows potent anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, forty-two mogrol derivatives bearing various pharmacophores with oxygen or nitrogen atoms were designed and synthesized via structural modification at C 24 site, and their anti-inflammatory activity were screened against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Compared with mogrol, most of derivatives exhibited stronger inhibition of NO production without cytotoxicity. In particular, compound B5 that contained an indole motif effectively suppressed the secretion of inflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-6, and inhibited the expression levels of TLR4, p-p65 and iNOS proteins. Molecular docking showed that the active B5 interacted with amino acid residues of iNOS protein through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions with binding affinity value of −12.1 kcal/mol, which was much stronger than mogrol (−8.9 kcal/mol). These results suggest that derivative B5 is a promising anti-inflammatory molecule and the strategy of hybridizing indole skeleton on mogrol is worthy for further attention. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased social media usage during the COVID-19 pandemic raised the concern about social media addiction (SMA), especially among adolescents. The current study aimed to assess the prevalence of adolescents' SMA in Hong Kong before and during the pandemic, to examine the effects of general parenting behaviors and Internet-specific parenting practices by fathers and mothers respectively on adolescents' SMA, and to analyze the moderating roles of general parenting behaviors in the relationship between Internet-specific parental practices and adolescents' SMA. This study employed a two-wave longitudinal design. A total of 878 secondary school students (53.9% were girls, age = 13.19 ± 0.52 years at wave 1) in Hong Kong completed a questionnaire-based survey in 2019 and 2020. Paired-samples proportions tests revealed that there was no significant change in the prevalence of adolescents' SMA between the pre-pandemic (10.7%) and post-pandemic (9.7%) periods. Multiple regression analyses indicated that paternal responsiveness was negatively and maternal responsiveness was positively associated with adolescents' SMA. Surprisingly, both paternal and maternal reactive restrictive mediations were positively associated with adolescents' SMA. Interaction analyses showed that paternal responsiveness moderates the effects of paternal co-use on adolescents' SMA, and maternal demandingness moderates the effects of maternal rule-setting on adolescents' SMA. The findings called for more comprehensive theoretical models that consider the interplay between general parenting behaviors and Internet-specific parenting, and highlighted the need for tailored interventions for fathers and mothers, respectively. Moreover, the counterproductive effect of reactive restrictive mediation deserves attention from researchers, social workers, and parents. • The prevalence of adolescents' social media addiction (SMA) in Hong Kong did not change after the pandemic. • Paternal responsiveness was negatively and maternal responsiveness was positively related to adolescents' SMA. • Both paternal and maternal reactive restrictive mediations were positively associated with adolescents' SMA. • Paternal responsiveness moderates the effects of paternal co-use on adolescents' SMA. • Maternal demandingness moderates the effects of maternal rule-setting on adolescents' SMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phthalate esters (PAEs), the most commonly produced and used plasticizers, are widely used in plastic products and agroecosystems, posing risks to agricultural products and human health. However, current research on PAE pollution characteristics in agricultural soils in China is not comprehensive; affecting factors and relationships with microplastics and plasticizer organophosphate esters have not been sufficiently considered. In this study, farmland soil samples were collected with field questionnaires on a national scale across mainland China. The results showed that the detection rate of PAEs was 100% and the Σ 16 PAEs concentrations were 23.5 - 903 μg/kg. The level of PAEs was highest in the greenhouse, and significantly higher than that in mulched farmland (p < 0.05). The PAE concentration in northwestern China was the lowest among different physical geographic zones. PAEs in farmlands posed a low cancer risk to Chinese people. PAE pollution in farmlands was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by agronomic measures (such as disposal method), environmental factors, and socioeconomic factors. Overall, PAEs were significantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05) with organophosphate esters but not with microplastics. This study aims to provide scientific data for relevant prevention and control policies, as well as actionable recommendations for pollution reduction. [Display omitted] • The phthalate ester (PAE) concentration was highest in greenhouses on different agricultural lands. • The farmland in northwestern China was the least contaminated by PAEs. • PAEs in farmland soils pose a low cancer risk to Chinese people. • The disposal method prominently affected PAE pollution in farmland soils. • PAEs may not indicate microplastics in farmland soils within huge regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles are a polymer of cellular innate immunity composed of a pair of proteins. The continuous activation of NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory vesicles induces the occurrence and enhancement of inflammatory response. In this study, a series of 3, 4-dihydronaphthalene-1(2 H)-one derivatives (DHNs, 6a-u , 7a-e , 8a-n) were synthesized and characterized by NMR and HRMS. We evaluated the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of all compounds in vitro , and selected 7a substituted by 7-Br in A-ring and 2-pyridylaldehyde in C-ring as effective lead compounds. Specifically, 7a can block the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by down-regulating the expression of NLPR3 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other inflammatory mediators. In addition, 7a inhibits the phosphorylation of inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα) and NF- κ B/p65 and the nuclear translocation of p65, thereby inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling. Molecular docking analysis confirmed that 7a could reasonably bind the active sites of NLRP3, ASC and p65 proteins. Therefore, 7a is predicted as a potential NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle inhibitor and deserves further research and development. Forty nitrogen-containing heterocyclic substituted DHNs were synthesized. Bromine and N -methylpiperazine substituted 7a exhibit lower toxicity and higher anti-inflammatory activity. 7a can block I κ Bα activation and phosphorylation of p65 and reduce the expression of NLRP3 to inhibit NF- κ B and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [Display omitted] • Forty nitrogen-containing heterocyclic substituted DHNs were synthesized. • Bromine and N -methylpiperazine substituted 7a exhibited lower toxicity and higher anti-inflammatory activity. • 7a inhibited LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines and nuclear translocation of p65 in RAW246.7 cells. • 7a can block I κ Bα activation and phosphorylation of p65 to inhibit NF- κ B and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is the first time that the room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) properties of a calcium-based metal–organic framework (named CaL-3) based on H 2 PZDC were studied. CaL-3 exhibits remarkable afterglow lasting 5 s at room temperature, which is mainly attributed to the unique framework structure of the Ca-MOF. [Display omitted] • The Ca-based MOF（named CaL-3) from H 2 PZDC is prepared at milder conditions. • CaL-3 shows efficient phosphorescence at room temperature. • Phosphorescence lifetime of CaL-3 exceeds 1 s at 77 K. • CaL-3 exhibits remarkable afterglow lasting 5 s at room temperature. A 3D calcium-based metal–organic framework (Ca-MOF) (named CaL-3) is obtained with 2,3-pyrazine-dicarboxylic acid (H 2 PZDC) and Ca(NO 3) 2 ·4H 2 O. It is the first time that the room-temperature phosphorescence properties of Ca-MOF based on H 2 PZDC were studied. Notably, CaL-3 exhibits a remarkable afterglow lasting 5 s at room temperature, which is mainly attributed to the unique framework structure of the Ca-MOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing global trend toward mobile electrification is primarily driven by the rising popularity of electric vehicles, leading to an unprecedented surge in demand for lithium-ion batteries. As a result, the importance of battery recycling has become increasingly apparent. Battery recycling aims to recover valuable materials from both spent batteries and battery manufacturing scraps. By recycling these resources, the reliance on raw material extraction is reduced, which benefits resource conservation and minimizes the need for new mining operations. While significant attention has been given to the recycling of spent batteries, less emphasis has been placed on the recycling and recovery of battery scraps. However, it is important to recognize that many gigafactories are still taking steps to improve their manufacturing processes, and end-of-life batteries take approximately 10 years to become suitable for recycling, the manufacturing scraps will serve as the primary sources for recycling in this decade. This review delves into the progress in recycling technologies associated with battery manufacturing scraps, shedding light on the challenges, opportunities, and evolving perspectives surrounding battery manufacturing scrap recycling. We aim to contribute to the knowledge base of battery manufacturing scrap recycling and promote a more comprehensive understanding of the subject. • Definitions of spent batteries and battery manufacturing scraps specified. • Comprehensive evaluation of battery manufacturing scraps for battery recycling. • In-depth analysis of the generation of battery manufacturing scraps. • Critical review of the present research on battery manufacturing scrap recycling. • Outlook on the challenges and perspectives for battery manufacturing scrap recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A high ZT of > 1.5 is achieved at 703 K in Sc/Te co-doped Mg 3.2 Sb 1.5 Bi 0.5. • Both Sc Mg and Te Bi point effects improve the overall thermoelectric performance. • First-principles DFT calculations are introduced to guide the overall material design. • Single parabolic band model confirms the optimized carrier density and ZT. Mg 3+ δ X 2 (X = Sb, Bi) based Zintl phases possess characteristics, such as non-toxicity, cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication, and a wide range of working temperatures, showing high thermoelectric potential as a n-type thermoelectric material. However, there exists a relative research gap in understanding the underlying mechanisms behind improving their thermoelectric performance through doping, and the corresponding influence on the micro/nanostructures of the materials. Here, guided by the first-principles calculations, we design Mg 3.2 Sb 1.5 Bi 0.5 -based thermoelectric Zintl phases co-doped with Sc and Te. Computational results indicate that the substitution of Mg with Sc as a cationic site dopant and Bi with Te as an anionic site dopant can effectively shift the Fermi level into the conduction band, leading to a significant increase in carrier concentration. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the co-doping, exhibiting a high power factor exceeding 20 μW cm−1 K−2 at 703 K. Furthermore, detailed micro/nanostructural characterizations revealed that doping induces a high density of point defects causing extensive lattice distortions. These lattice imperfections effectively scatter phonons, validating the achieved low thermal conductivity of 0.93 W m−1 K−1. As a result, an improved ZT value of 1.53 was obtained at 703 K in Sc 0.01 Mg 3.19 Sb 1.5 Bi 0.47 Te 0.03 bulk material. Additionally, we found that Sc doping significantly enhances mechanical properties, including elastic modulus, hardness, shear strength, and compressive strength, which is practically meaningful for its application in real device scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ionic liquid [dibmim]Cl with a dedicated electron pathway for electron stripping were designed and synthesized for metal dissolution which exhibited high metal dissolution rate for Au, Pd, and Cu, the recollected and recycled ionic liquid showed consistent metal leaching yields for 5 cycles. The metal dissolution mechanism was also exposed according to experimental and calculational results. [Display omitted] • Task-specific ionic liquid for highly efficient Au, Pd, Cu dissolution. • Rational design and construction of electron pathway in cation for electron stripping from metal nanoparticles. • Environmental benign dissolution system for metal recovery from secondary sources. A task-specific ionic liquid ([dibmim]Cl) showing a high dissolution rate for noble metals was reported herein, and the dissolution mechanism of Pd as representative of noble metals, was deduced from a series of characterization. The electron stripping and dissolution mechanism process was further verified using DFT calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To recycle high-value lithium-ion battery components, it is imperative to efficiently separate electrode materials from current collector foils and to separate cathodes from anodes. This study investigates the delamination behaviors of cathodes and anodes from their respective current collectors in aqueous media. Whereas anode films can easily detach from copper foils in water, the delamination of cathode films does not exhibit the same behavior in water; instead, the cation exchange reaction results in lithium leaching and aluminum corrosion in the presence of water. A buffer solution with surfactant additives has been designed to prevent aluminum corrosion and to improve solution wetting behavior, thereby facilitating cathode delamination. The delamination difference enables the sequential recovery of electrode materials and metal foils at different separation stages, simplifying the traditionally intricate processes within a one-pot recovery system. The recovered materials retain their crystal structure and morphology, and there are no signs of aluminum corrosion or residues on the metal foils. The sequential separation technique achieves nearly 100% separation efficiency for electrode materials from metal foils and over 98% separation efficiency for cathode and anode materials. • Complete anode-copper separation: achieved 100% delamination efficiency. • Buffer and surfactant prevent aluminum corrosion and enhance cathode delamination. • One-pot recovery: streamlined electrode/metal and anode/cathode separation process. • Material integrity retained: Crystal structure preserved; no corrosion observed. • Sustainable recycling: aqueous method for high-efficiency component reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biothiols are the main antioxidants in regulating the redox balance and resisting oxidative stress in various biological processes, but the long detection time of current fluorescent probes hinders their rapid imaging in vitro and in vivo. To reveal the influx of biothiols, we rationally develop an ortho -activation approach to accelerate the reaction between the probe and biothiols, by introducing electron-withdrawing fluorine atom into the ortho -site of the phenolic hydroxyl group in the NIR probe to generate an ortho -inductive effect. The ortho -fluorine helps to increase the chemical reactivity of the molecular structure, resulting in a significantly shorter detection time (within 5 min) as compared to previous reports (> 20 min for acrylates-based probes in aqueous solution). Based on this approach, our near-infrared probe 2F-RBX can sensitively and efficiently detect endogenous biothiols in living HepG2 cells and in vivo. These data suggest that ortho -activation is a simple and flexible approach to construct sensitive fluorescent probes for rapid imaging of biothiols, and perhaps other molecules in future, under biological circumstances. [Display omitted] • Rational design of an ortho -activation strategy to develop a NIR probe. • A novel turn-on NIR fluorescent probe rapidly detecting biothiols. • Capable of detecting endogenous biothiols in living cells. • Applicable to in vivo imaging in living mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cells and tissues in an inflammatory state are usually hypoxic. The hypoxic environment can affect the differentiation of immune cells and produce Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α). Inflammation is also a major contributor to the development and deterioration of Myasthenia Gravis (MG). There are limited studies on the immunopathological mechanism and targeted therapy associated with MG exacerbated with inflammation. This research aimed to explore whether BAY 87–2243 (HIF-1α inhibitor) ameliorates the symptoms of the Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis (EAMG) inflammation model and study its regulatory mechanism on cellular immunity and humoral immunity. We first establish the EAMG inflammation model using Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), BAY 87-2243 was applied to the EAMG inflammation model and its therapeutic effects were evaluated in vivo and in vitro experiments. The proportion of Treg cells was increased whereas Th1, Th17, and Th1/17 cells were decreased in BAY 87-2243-treated EAMG inflammation model. BAY 87-2243 ameliorated the acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) loss and the complement deposited at the neuromuscular junction of the EAMG inflammation model, declined the levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-6 in serum, and further attenuated responses in the germinal center and reduced the antibody levels by inhibiting the IL-6-dependent STAT3 axis. BAY 87-2243 restored the balance of CD4+T cell subsets and reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus acting as both an immune imbalance regulator and anti-inflammatory. The current study suggests that HIF-1α might be a potential target for the treatment of MG exacerbated with inflammation. BAY 87-2243 which targets HIF-1α inhibits the differentiation of CD4+T cells into pro-inflammatory T cells (Th1, Th17, Th1/17 cells) and promotes the differentiation into anti-inflammatory T cells (Treg cells), reestablishes the balance between CD4+T cell subsets, decreased the production of the proinflammatory cytokines by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and reduces the level of IgG secreted by B cells via regulating IL-6/STAT3 axis, thus regulating the cellular and humoral immunity of EAMG inflammation model rats. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carbon-rich material (DESysChar) was prepared from polysaccharide within a deep eutectic system (DESys) containing oxalic acid, and systematically characterized using various analytical techniques. The investigation of reaction mechanism revealed concurrent dehydration and etherification processes. This study commenced with the extraction of plant polysaccharide using the DESys-based mechanochemical extraction method from Dendrobium officinale. Subsequently, the DESys method was used to carbonize the extracted Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide and produce DESysChar. DESysChar was then used for the adsorption and determination of pollutants in water. This study represents a significant advancement in eco-friendly material synthesis, enabling the low-temperature (120 °C) carbonization of plant-derived polysaccharides, thereby reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. The effective adsorption of methylene blue by DESysChar underscores its potential in environmental remediation. This study presents a more responsible and efficient approach to polysaccharide extraction and carbonization, addressing environmental concerns. Embracing the 4S workflow (involving Sustainable raw materials converted into Sustainable degradable products, by using Sustainable technology throughout the process to create a Sustainable environment) promotes sustainability in material development, laying the foundation for future eco-friendly practices in various industries. In summary, this study propels sustainable polysaccharide development for widespread use. [Display omitted] • Carbon-rich material was prepared from polysaccharides in a deep eutectic system with milder conditions. • Dehydration and etherification both occurred during carbon-rich material formation. • Sustainable raw material to sustainable new material with sustainable method for sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carbon-rich material (DESysChar) was prepared from polysaccharide within a deep eutectic system (DESys) containing oxalic acid, and systematically characterized using various analytical techniques. The investigation of reaction mechanism revealed concurrent dehydration and etherification processes. This study commenced with the extraction of plant polysaccharide using the DESys-based mechanochemical extraction method from Dendrobium officinale. Subsequently, the DESys method was used to carbonize the extracted Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide and produce DESysChar. DESysChar was then used for the adsorption and determination of pollutants in water. This study represents a significant advancement in eco-friendly material synthesis, enabling the low-temperature (120 °C) carbonization of plant-derived polysaccharides, thereby reducing energy consumption and environmental impact. The effective adsorption of methylene blue by DESysChar underscores its potential in environmental remediation. This study presents a more responsible and efficient approach to polysaccharide extraction and carbonization, addressing environmental concerns. Embracing the 4S workflow (involving Sustainable raw materials converted into Sustainable degradable products, by using Sustainable technology throughout the process to create a Sustainable environment) promotes sustainability in material development, laying the foundation for future eco-friendly practices in various industries. In summary, this study propels sustainable polysaccharide development for widespread use. [Display omitted] • Carbon-rich material was prepared from polysaccharides in a deep eutectic system with milder conditions. • Dehydration and etherification both occurred during carbon-rich material formation. • Sustainable raw material to sustainable new material with sustainable method for sustainable environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type-II heterostructures have gained popularity in photocatalysis due to their ability to suppress carrier recombination. One distinctive approach towards achieving superior photocatalytic efficiency is by constructing heterostructures using 2D polarized materials. In this work, we constructed a GeS/Zr 2 CO 2 heterostructure and investigated its built-in electric field and photocatalytic properties using first-principles calculations, with a focus on the effects of biaxial strain engineering. Our results indicated that under biaxial tension, the band alignment of GeS/Zr 2 CO 2 heterostructure changed from a type-I to a type-II, while maintaining an indirect band gap. The GeS/Zr 2 CO 2 heterostructure possessed a built-in electric field induced by dipoles and interfacial effects from the GeS monolayer and the interface between two monolayers, respectively, which increased with biaxial tension. Additionally, the GeS/Zr 2 CO 2 heterostructure exhibited superior light absorption compared to individual monolayers, which was further enhanced by biaxial tension. The stretched 3% (4%) GeS/Zr 2 CO 2 heterostructure has a remarkable STH efficiency of 21.2% (20.6%). Moreover, their anisotropic m e * and lower m h * can enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions by suppressing carrier recombination. These results suggest that the GeS/Zr 2 CO 2 heterostructure hold great potential as water-splitting photocatalysts, and biaxial strain is a promising approach for developing high-performance photocatalysts in the foreseeable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate and compare the safety of four selenium supplements, namely Se-enriched peptides (SeP), yeast selenium (SeY), L-Se-methylselenocysteine (L-SeMc) and sodium selenite (Na 2 SeO 3), the subchronic toxicity study was designed by 90-day gavage administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. The doses of SeP, SeY, L-SeMc and Na 2 SeO 3 were 0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 mg/kg bw/day, with additional dose of 0.45 mg/kg L-SeMc (All dose calculated as Se). Symptoms like growling, hair loss and significant weight loss were found at 0.60 mg/kg of L-SeMc, but not in other groups. At the dose of 0.60 mg/kg, females in Na 2 SeO 3 , SeY and L-SeMc groups showed significant elevations in ALT and/or ALP. Pathologic manifestations such as bile duct hyperplasia and cholestasis were predominantly found in females at 0.6 mg/kg of L-SeMc and SeY groups, and in males at same dose of L-SeMc group showed marked testicular atrophy. 0.60 mg/kg of SeY and Na 2 SeO 3 , and 0.30, 0.45, 0.60 mg/kg of L-SeMc induced significant reductions in sperm motility rates, rapid movement and amount. In conclusion, the NOAEL of SeP, SeY, L-SeMc, Na 2 SeO 3 was all 0.30 mg/kg for female, and 0.60, 0.30, 0.15 and 0.30 mg/kg for male respectively. Liver and reproductive organs are possible toxic target organs of hyper selenium. • Subchronic toxicity of four typicial Se supplements was evaluated and compared. • The toxicity of Se supplements cannot be judged solely on the basis of organic or inorganic. • Organic Se such as L-SeMc showed more toxicity than Na 2 SeO 3 , SeY and SeP. • Major toxic target organs of hyper Se included liver and male reproductive syetem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA vaccination has great potential to treat or prevent avian influenza pandemics, but the technique may be limited by low immunogenicity and gene delivery in clinical testing. Here, to improve the immune efficacy of DNA vaccines against avian influenza, we prepared and tested the immunogenicity of 4 recombinant DNA vaccines containing 2 or 3 AIV antigens. The results revealed that chickens and mice immunized with plasmid DNA containing 3 antigens (HA gene from H9N2, and NA and HA genes from H5N1) exhibited a robust immune response than chickens and mice immunized with plasmid DNAs containing 2 antigenic genes. Subsequently, this study used pβH9N1SH5 as a model antigen to study the effect of dendritic polylysine (DGL) nanoparticles as a gene delivery system and adjuvant on antigen-specific immunity in mice models. At a ratio of 1:3 DGL/pβH9N1SH5 (w/w), the pβH9N1SH5/DGL NPs showed excellent physical and chemical properties, induced higher levels of HI antibodies, and larger CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocyte and CD3+/CD8+ T lymphocyte population, as well as the production of cytokines, namely, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 compared with the naked pβH9N1SH5. Therefore, multiantigen gene expression methods using DGL as a delivery system may have broad application prospects in gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a novel eXplainable Vision Transformer (eX-ViT), which provides model-inherent interpretability for WSSS tasks. • We propose a novel Explainable Multi-Head Attention (E-MHA), which provides model-inherent explainable attention maps and is robust to noise. • We propose the Attribute-guided Explainer (AttE) to recognize discriminative attribute features for a target object with image level labels. • We propose the attribute-guided loss function, which enables the self-supervised learning in the proposed eX-ViT. • Comprehensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed eX-ViT outperforms the state-of-the-art transformers in accuracy and interpretability. Recently vision transformer models have become prominent models for a multitude of vision tasks. These models, however, are usually opaque with weak feature interpretability, making their predictions inaccessible to the users. While there has been a surge of interest in the development of post-hoc solutions that explain model decisions, these methods can not be broadly applied to different transformer architectures, as rules for interpretability have to change accordingly based on the heterogeneity of data and model structures. Moreover, there is no method currently built for an intrinsically interpretable transformer, which is able to explain its reasoning process and provide a faithful explanation. To close these crucial gaps, we propose a novel vision transformer dubbed the eXplainable Vision Transformer (eX-ViT), an intrinsically interpretable transformer model that is able to jointly discover robust interpretable features and perform the prediction. Specifically, eX-ViT is composed of the Explainable Multi-Head Attention (E-MHA) module, the Attribute-guided Explainer (AttE) module with the self-supervised attribute-guided loss. The E-MHA tailors explainable attention weights that are able to learn semantically interpretable representations from tokens in terms of model decisions with noise robustness. Meanwhile, AttE is proposed to encode discriminative attribute features for the target object through diverse attribute discovery, which constitutes faithful evidence for the model predictions. Additionally, we have developed a self-supervised attribute-guided loss for our eX-ViT architecture, which utilizes both the attribute discriminability mechanism and the attribute diversity mechanism to enhance the quality of learned representations. As a result, the proposed eX-ViT model can produce faithful and robust interpretations with a variety of learned attributes. To verify and evaluate our method, we apply the eX-ViT to several weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) tasks, since these tasks typically rely on accurate visual explanations to extract object localization maps. Particularly, the explanation results obtained via eX-ViT are regarded as pseudo segmentation labels to train WSSS models. Comprehensive simulation results illustrate that our proposed eX-ViT model achieves comparable performance to supervised baselines, while surpassing the accuracy and interpretability of state-of-the-art black-box methods using only image-level labels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust evidence suggests a strong association between juvenile victimization and delinquency. Yet, there is a lack of research on the protective factors at the individual level that may buffer the relationship between victimization and delinquent behaviors. This study adopted a positive psychology perspective to examine the effects of three types of personal strength (self-regulation, interpersonal, and intellectual) on the relationship between different types of victimization and delinquency. Data were collected from 631 Chinese migrant children (mean age = 10.52 ± 0.92 years) via convenience sampling. Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire that assessed experiences of victimization in family, interpersonal, and community settings, involvement in delinquent behaviors, and personal strengths. The prevalence of different delinquent behaviors was significantly higher in the victimization groups than in the non-victimization groups. Regression analyses revealed that all three types of personal strength served as direct predictors of delinquency (B self-regulation = −0.46, SE self-regulation =.09, p <.001; B interpersonal strength = −0.23, SE interpersonal strength =.06, p <.001; B intellectual strength = −0.19, SE intellectual strength =.05, p <.001), while self-regulation further moderated the victimization-delinquency relationship. When self-regulation was high, the association between victimization and delinquency was significantly weaker than when self-regulation was low. Our findings suggest that personal strengths are important protective factors for youth exposed to experiences of victimization. Identifying methods to help victims recognize, develop, and use their personal strengths should be integral to support and intervention efforts for young victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a key component of tumors. We aimed to profile the proteome of cancer cell lines representing three common cancer types (lung, colorectal and pancreatic) and a representative CAF cell line from each tumor type to gain insight into CAF function and novel CAF biomarkers. We used isobaric labeling, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry to evaluate the proteome of 9 cancer and 3 CAF cell lines. Of the 9460 proteins evaluated, functional enrichment analysis revealed an upregulation of N-glycan biosynthesis and extracellular matrix proteins in CAFs. 85 proteins had 16-fold higher expression in CAFs compared to cancer cells, including previously known CAF markers like fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Novel overexpressed CAF biomarkers included heat shock protein β-6 (HSPB6/HSP20) and cyclooxygenase 1 (PTGS1/COX1). SiRNA knockdown of the genes encoding these proteins did not reduce contractility in lung CAFs, suggesting they were not crucial to this function. Immunohistochemical analysis of 30 tumor samples (10 lung, 10 colorectal and 10 pancreatic) showed restricted HSPB6 and PTGS1 expression in the stroma. Therefore, we describe an unbiased differential proteome analysis of CAFs compared to cancer cells, which revealed higher expression of HSPB6 and PTGS1 in CAFs. Data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD040360). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are highly abundant stromal cells present in tumors. CAFs are known to influence tumor progression and drug resistance. Characterizing the proteome of CAFs could give potential insights into new stromal drug targets and biomarkers. Mass spectrometry-based analysis comparing proteomic profiles of CAFs and cancers characterized 9460 proteins of which 85 proteins had 16-fold higher expression in CAFs compared to cancer cells. Further interrogation of this rich resource could provide insight into the function of CAFs and could reveal putative stromal targets. We describe for the first time that heat shock protein β-6 (HSPB6/HSP20) and cyclooxygenase 1 (PTGS1/COX1) are overexpressed in CAFs compared to cancer cells. [Display omitted] • Mass spectrometry analysis of cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer cell lines. • Proteomics characterizing cells from colorectal, lung and pancreatic tissues. • HSPB6 and PTGS1 overexpressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts. • HSPB6 and PTGS1 validated as stromal markers in human tumor samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate and sensitive in situ imaging of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is critical for the precise diagnosis and treatment of this disease, but it remains a challenge for fluorescent probes because of a more dynamical shift of pH in the intestinal tract than under other physical conditions. To address this issue, we report here that the rational introduction of the ortho -halogen bond at the electron acceptor can regulate the protonation and deprotonation of fluorescent dye, resulting in a pH-insensitive dye (pH 5–12). Therefore, constructing a near-infrared (NIR) probe, 2F-RBH , which effectively avoids this pH effect with a stable fluorescent signal and selectively indicates sites of inflammation in situ , by tracking peroxynitrite (ONOO−) in an acute colitis mouse model. Collectively, our results highlight that 2F-RBH is a promising probe for the imaging of IBD and that our pH-insensitive dye has potentially desirable properties for in vivo bioimaging. [Display omitted] • Rational design of a pH-insensitive NIR fluorescent dye. • A novel turn-on pH-insensitive NIR fluorescent probe selectively detecting peroxynitrite. • Capable of detecting endogenous peroxynitrite in living cells. • Applicable in acute colitis mouse model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work uses a one-step KOH activation for lignin precursors to produce ultra-high mesoporous activated carbons (ACs) with an unprecedented combination of the surface area of 3207 m2 g−1 and mesopore ratio of 76%. The ACs are applied for supercapacitors (SCs) and methylene blue (MB) adsorption. The capacitance of the SCs in the three-electrode system reaches 812.3 F g−1 and demonstrates a remarkable maximum MB adsorption capacity of 1250 mg g−1. By modifying the process conditions, the mesopore ratio of ACs could be controlled from 10% to 80%. Compared with one-step activation, a two-step method produced microporous carbons with a lower surface area of 1227 m2 g−1 and a high micropore ratio of 73%. The capacitance of SCs with two-step ACs reached 228.1 F g−1 and the maximum adsorption capacity of 476.19 mg g−1 for MB adsorption. The two-step method limited the surface area but had a higher oxygen surface functionality, benefiting its electrochemical performance. A techno-economic analysis reveals that the one-step KOH activation-based process develops ACs with a minimum selling price of $7648/ton. This work demonstrates tuning the processing-structure-property-performance relationship of lignin-based ACs to make an economically viable domestic carbon source. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic browning of fresh-cut potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an urgent problem to be solved in the potato industry. The transcript level of snakin-2 (StSN2) increased with prolonged fresh-cut potato storage time, and StSN2 overexpression reduced the enzymatic browning of fresh-cut potato compared to wild type (WT). Further studies suggested that overexpression of StSN2 effectively enhanced polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, decreased phenolic and soluble quinone contents. The measurement of total free amino acid results showed that the contents of proline, isoleucine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid were increased, and the contents of cystine, methionine, and tyrosine were decreased in StSN2- overexpressing transgenic lines. Quantitative phosphoproteome analysis showed that 1515 proteins were phosphorylated in transgenic fresh-cut potato. Among them, 123 kinases were found to change phosphorylation levels, and a kinase-substrate network of serine/arginine proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases was predicted. Our results indicated that overexpression of StSN2 inhibited the enzymatic browning of fresh-cut potatoes by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and decreasing phenolic and soluble quinone contents while also changing vital kinase and other protein phosphorylation levels. This study demonstrated a new function of StSN2 and provided target genes for enzymatic browning resistance breeding of potatoes. • StSN2 overexpression reduced the enzymatic browning of fresh-cut potato. • Overexpression of StSN2 effectively enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and decreased phenolic and soluble quinone contents. • The content of total free amino acid was changed in StSN2 overexpression tuber. • 1515 proteins including 123 kinases were changed phosphorylated level in StSN2 overexpression tuber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Sensory properties of cooked rice are important for consumer acceptance. • Autoclaving mainly affects stickiness of cooked rice, not hardness. • Sensory properties controlled by molecular structure of leached starch. • Molecular structure of leached starch is slightly affected by the cooking method. • Stickier texture of autoclaved rice from more amylopectin leaching during cooking. Abstract Autoclave cooking is used to produce "convenience" rice. In this study, autoclaving effects on sensory properties are investigated, and mechanistic explanations in terms of the underlying molecular structure are explored by analyzing this structure by size-exclusion chromatography and fitting the results with models based on biosynthetic processes. Compared to steam cooking, autoclaving produces stickier texture, and slightly affects hardness. It is found that molecular sizes of leached starch of both autoclaved and steam cooked rice are similar, but significantly smaller than that of the parent grain starch; model fitting parameters of leached amylopectin and amylose structures between autoclaved rice and steam cooked rice display no large variations. The amount of leached amylopectin (an important texture-controlling parameter) of autoclaved rice is higher than that of steam cooked rice. Correlation analysis indicates that, compared to steam-cooked rice, the stickier texture of autoclaved rice is caused by more amylopectin leaching during autoclaving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigated the effects of choline supplement on methane production from anaerobic digestion of sludge. Batch experiment with varied dosages (0.1–1.3 g/L sludge) of choline in terms of methane production, sludge degradation and process stability were carried out. The results showed that the addition of choline could greatly improve methane production, and the highest cumulative methane production of 225.7 mL/g volatile solids (VS) could be achieved with the optimal choline addition of 0.3 g/L, which was 30.0% higher than that of the control. Model simulation indicated that modified Gompertz model and Cone model well fitted the actual evolution of methane production. The parameters analysis showed the promotion of hydrolysis rate and methanogenesis potential of sludge by choline addition. Furthermore, the process lag phase was reduced by 32.8%. This study provided an alternative for efficient biomass stabilization and bioenergy recovery from sludge. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Choline addition enhanced methane production by 30.0%. • Kinetic analysis of methane production showed an increase in hydrolysis rate. • Functional enzyme activities throughout anaerobic digestion were stimulated. • Enhanced electron transfer was revealed from EDC investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for the determination of [ α /Fe] from low-resolution stellar spectra is presented. The proposed scheme includes the following three steps: firstly, the spectrum is decomposed by the multi-scale Haar wavelet, and the high-frequency components are removed to suppress the high-frequency noise; then, based on the correlation of the spectral data component with [ α /Fe], the spectral features are selected by the LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator) algorithm; finally, [ α /Fe] is measured by the multiple linear regression method based on the MARCS stellar spectrum library. The effectiveness of the method is verified with the low-resolution stellar spectra of ELODIE, SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey), LAMOST (Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope), and four star clusters. The systematic deviations and accuracies are as follows: (0.04 dex, 0.064 dex) for the 317 ELODIE spectra; (0.16 dex, 0.065 dex) for the 412 SDSS spectra; (0.05 dex, 0.062 dex) for the 1276 LAMOST spectra (with the signal-noise ratio in the g band (SNRG) greater than 20). The averages of [ α /Fe] obtained for the likely members of the globular star clusters (M13, M15) and open star clusters (NGC2420, M67) are in agreement with the literature values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Intestinal injury is common after radiotherapy. We aim to investigate the effects of lactoferrin (Lf) on X-ray-induced intestinal injury in Balb/C mice. Methods In assessing animal survival, a total of 40 animals were assigned randomly to 8Gy group, 2 mg Lf+8Gy group, 4 mg Lf+8Gy group, and 6 mg Lf+8Gy group. Mice were administered with Lf intraperitoneally and exposed to single whole-body X-ray irradiation. Lf administration lasted for 3 days. Survival rate was compared among groups. For the observation of intestinal injury, a total of 60 animals were divided randomly into control group, 5Gy group, 2 mg Lf+5Gy group, and 4 mg Lf+5Gy group. Lf was administered once a day. Five mice in each group were randomly sacrificed at days 1, 3, and 9 after irradiation. Fasting blood was used to determine serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, and anti-inflammatorycytokine IL-10. Intestinal tissues were collected to examine histological changes and determine the protein expression levels of NF-κB, IKKα and IKKβ. Results Mean survival time was 4.30 ± 1.34, 4.20 ± 0.71, 5.75 ± 2.44 and 6.70 ± 2.54 days in four groups, respectively, with significantly longer duration in 6 mg Lf+8Gy group than in the 8Gy group. Survival rate was significantly higher in 4 mg Lf+8Gy group and 6 mg Lf+8Gy group, compared with the 8Gy group. For intestinal histology, the radiation-induced injury was considerably improved in the 2 mg Lf+5Gy and 4 mg Lf+5Gy groups. Villus length and its ratio to crypt depth significantly increased in the two Lf intervention groups. Compared with 5Gy group, serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α significantly decreased in the two Lf intervention groups at days 3 and 9. Furthermore, Lf significantly reduced the radiation-induced expression of IKKα/β and NF-κB at day 3 and/or day 9. Conclusion Lf extended the survival time of radiated mice and improved intestinal injury by decreasing inflammatory cytokines and downregulating NF-κB expression. Highlights • Lactoferrin intervention increased survival rate in mice exposed to X-ray irradiation. • Radiation-induced injury was considerably improved by lactoferrin intervention. • Lactoferrin intervention significantly decreased serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α after radiation. • Lactoferrin intervention significantly reduced the radiation-induced expression of IKKα/β and NF-κB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Whole-rock geochemical and Sr Nd isotopic data, and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic data are reported for mafic–ultramafic intrusions in the Niubiziliang Ni–(Cu) sulfide deposit, located in the westernmost segment of the North Qaidam Orogenic Belt (NQOB), NW China. Ni Cu sulfide ores of economic interest are found within these intrusions, with the Niubiziliang III and IV intrusions hosting most of the Ni–(Cu) mineralization. The Niubiziiang mafic–ultramafic intrusions intrude biotite–plagioclase gneiss of the Paleoproterozoic Dakendaban Group. Zircons separated from the gabbro, plagioclase-bearing clinopyroxenite, and olivine websterite yield U Pb ages of 389 ± 2, 373 ± 2, and 380 ± 2 Ma, respectively, indicating a genetic linkage with Middle–Late Devonian regional magmatism (390–370 Ma). Gabbro zircons have εHf(t) values of 4.2–10.9 with older T DM1 ages (0.86–0.59 Ga). The Niubiziliang intrusions contain many xenoliths of Paleoproterozoic biotite–plagioclase gneiss, and the intrusions have similar trace element patterns with strong enrichment in LILEs (e.g., K, Rb, and Th) and moderate depletion in HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta, P, and Ti). The major and trace element characteristics, and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions indicate the parental magmas originated from a metasomatized, asthenospheric mantle source that had previously been modified by subduction-related fluids. The magmas experienced significant crustal contamination both in the magma chamber and during ascent, triggering sulfur over-saturation that resulted in the deposition and enrichment of sulfides. Considering the tectonic evolution of this region, we infer that the Niubiziliang mafic–ultramafic intrusions formed in a post-collisional extensional setting related to delamination of the subcontinental lithosphere. Highlights • Niubiziliang mafic-ultramafic intrusions crystallized during 389-373 Ma. • Metasomatized asthenospheric mantle source that had previously been modified by subduction-related fluids. • The initiation of post-collision extension in the NQOB at ca 389 Ma. • Ni-(Cu) mineralization under a post-collisional extension tectonism associated with delamination of subcontinental lithosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor based on Au NPs enhanced ECL signal of S 2 O 8 2−–O 2 system has been constructed for ultrasensitive detection of protein kinase activity. In the presence of ATP-s and protein kinase A (PKA), Au NPs can be captured on the thoil-phosphorylated peptides modified electrode surface, generating an enhanced ECL emission of S 2 O 8 2−–O 2 system. With increasing the PKA activity, more Au NPs can be captured on the modified electrode surface, resulting in the gradually enhanced ECL intensity of S 2 O 8 2−–O 2 system. Based on the Au NPs mediated the ECL amplification of S 2 O 8 2−–O 2 system, the activity of PKA can be detected sensitively with a limit of detection of 0.0002 U/mL, which is much lower than the most sensitive method in previous reports. The good conductivity and high catalytic ability of the Au NPs are revealed to account for the enhanced sensitivity in this ECL biosensor. The ECL biosensor has been successfully used for monitoring PKA activity in biological samples and screening of protein kinase inhibition. Graphical abstract ECL biosensor based on the Au NPs mediated ECL amplification of the S 2 O 8 2−–O 2 system has been designed for sensitive PKA activity detection and inhibitor screening. Unlabelled Image Highlights • ECL biosensor based on the Au NPs mediated ECL amplification of S 2 O 8 2−–O 2 has been designed. • Ultrasensitive detection of PKA activity and protein kinase inhibitor screening are realized. • Due to the good conductivity and catalytic activity of Au NPs, ECL signal for PKA detection is amplified. • This work presences an excellent PKA biosensor with a low detection limit down to 0.0002 U/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Owing to its high capacity of 994 mAh g−1, low cost, and environmental friendliness, tin (Sn) is considered as an advanced anode material for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, a facile strategy to fabricate core-shell structured Sn@NC composites with one-step and large-scale production is introduced in a liquid-phase reaction under room temperature. When used as anode materials for LIBs, the optimal Sn@NC composite delivers a high reversible discharge capacity of 761.2 and 476 mAh g−1 at a current density of 200 and 1000 mA g−1 after 200 cycles, respectively. A high capacity of 328.3 mAh g−1 can also be obtained even at a current density of 2000 mA g−1. The excellent cycling stability and rate performance of the composite can be ascribed to the synergistic effect of the nanometer size of Sn powder and porous structure of the carbon shell, both of which can effectively reduce the absolute volume change of electrode during the repeated charge-discharge cycles, and thus lead to excellent electrochemical performances at both rate capability and cycling life. Highlights • Core-shell structured Sn@NC composites have been developed through a facile strategy. • The robust carbon shell and doped nitrogen facilitate Li-ion diffusion. • The obtained Sn@NC composites show superior lithium storage performance with long life. • The strategy can also apply to prepare other metal@NC composites with large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Thin and opaque cirrus are the main sub-types of total cirrus clouds at nighttime. • Nighttime cirrus clouds have a strong warming effect at top of atmosphere and a very weak warming effect at surface. • Opaque cirrus clouds contribute most to longwave radiative forcing of total cirrus at nighttime. Abstract Cirrus clouds strongly influence weather and climate processes due to their effects on the radiative balance of the Earth-atmosphere system. In this work, longwave radiative forcing of nighttime cirrus was studied at grid-cell scales covering the regions between 60°S and 60°N. The measurements of CloudSat and CALIPSO were used to obtain the occurrence frequencies of cirrus clouds with different optical thickness, and then the SBDART radiative transfer model was employed to compute the radiative forcing. For the study region, the occurrence frequencies at night time for subvisual (τ ≤ 0.03), thin (0.03 ≤ τ < 0.3), opaque (0.3 ≤ τ < 3), and thick (τ > 3) cirrus types are found to be 7.43%, 9.83%, 8.62%, and 1%; the average occurrence frequency can reach ∼26.89%. Moreover, the mean effective radii are ∼22.87, 19.23, 19.82, 27.6 and 39.18 μm corresponding to total, subvisual, thin, opaque and thick cirrus clouds. We found that average longwave (4–50 μm) radiative effect (LWRE) for nighttime cirrus clouds is ∼17.38W.m − 2 at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and ∼1.14W.m − 2 at the Earth surface. Finally, the LWRF of opaque cirrus is identified to be the largest contribution to the warming effects at nighttime (∼ 7.76W.m − 2at the TOA, 0.68W.m − 2 at the surface), primarily due to their high fractions and optical thickness, appearing simultaneously. These findings provide valuable references to understanding the role of nighttime cirrus in regulating the radiation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar (N-biochar) is one of promising management practices recommended to improve soil fertility. A field trial based on seven treatments (control, urea, urea + biochar, KNO 3 , KNO 3  + biochar, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4  + biochar) were carried out in the field. Both rhizosphere and bulk soils were collected after harvest to investigate the response of microorganisms to N-biochar and the influence on N retention. The results showed that N-biochar increased total microbial biomass but did not change the relative proportions of microbial groups compared with the control. Principal component analysis suggested that microbial community structure in the rhizosphere differed from that in bulk soils, with lower ratios of G+/G– bacterial PLFAs, Saturated/Monounsaturated PLFAs and Cyclopropyl/Precursor PLFAs in the rhizosphere. More abundant biomass and better developed community structure in the rhizosphere could be ascribed to labile C from root exudates. The increased N content in soil-plant system as well as the relative high concentration of total N in the rhizosphere indicated that N-biochar benefited N retention towards near-root areas. Redundancy analysis and correlation analysis suggested that both fungi and bacteria were involved in promoting N retention, especially G– bacteria. Biochar-induced high soil pH favored G– bacteria development while the importance of labile C availability from biochar to G– bacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many hydrate-bearing sediments are featured with unconsolidated argillaceous siltstones, which can pose a great challenge for gas production due to the migration of fine clay and silt particles (or sandout) that can restrict sustainable gas flow. In this study, based on the geological characteristics of unconsolidated argillaceous siltstones in typical subsea sediment, a controlled sandout or limited sand production method was proposed and a mathematic model was established to simulate the multi-phase flow of sand-hydrate-gas-water in the process of gas production from hydrate reservoirs. The gas productivity and sand production have been assessed with different sand control design criteria. The simulation results indicate that sandout or sand control is critical for sustainable gas production from hydrate-bearing argillaceous siltstone sediments. An improper sand control design criteria (e.g. using large screens) can induce substantial silts migration and led to clay clogging in near well formations, restricting gas production capability. The accumulated gas production of a single well in a 5-year period with sand control design criteria of 6 μm can be only 8.17 × 10 6 sm 3 , while it can reach over 23 × 10 6 sm 3 when a proper sand control design criteria is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptive estimated probability distribution is used by lossless coding, i.e. entropy coding to encode the source when probability distribution is not stable. However, probability distribution prediction inaccuracy and its influence on coding performance cannot be quantitatively evaluated. In this paper, we treat the probability distribution prediction as a possibility distribution prediction process and use estimated possibility distribution to code the source. Possibility describes the likelihood of an event in one symbol while probability describe the frequency of an event in infinite symbols. We find that code rate is the cost for inaccurate possibility distribution prediction. We also increase the possibility distribution prediction accuracy from two aspects: 1. The best Exponential Smoothing Prediction (ESP) model parameter is derived. 2. A source reorganization algorithm which can significantly increase the correlation between accurate possibility distributions of different symbols is designed. Applying the proposed optimizations on lossless coding part in HEVC, great coding efficiency improvement can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas hydrate has been concerned as a potential shallow hazard during deepwater drilling. In this study, hydrate dissociation and gas flow into wellbore induced by circulation of high temperature drilling fluid when drilling through hydrate bearing formations have been investigated. A specially designed experimental setup based on sandpack model was used, which can simulate the process of methane hydrate dissociation and gas production in wellbore with circulation of drilling fluid. The experimental results show that the rates of hydrate dissociation and gas production are greatly influenced by the temperature of drilling fluid, hydrate saturation and pressure. A mathematical model was derived to simulate the process of hydrate dissociation and gas invasion into wellbore within a few hours when hydrate zones being penetrated during drilling. The effects of various parameters on gas invasion rate have been evaluated, including the inlet temperature and circulation rate of drilling fluid, the rate of penetration, the wellbore size, and the circulation condition with or without drilling risers. The results show that small to moderate gas invasion can occur when drilling through hydrate zones mainly depending on the inlet temperature of drilling fluid and hydrate saturation in near wellbore formation, which can be manageable when low-temperature drilling fluid is used and with a low circulation rate. Optimizing penetration rate, reducing wellbore size and drilling without risers are also beneficial to decreasing the gas invasion from hydrate zones into the wellbore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor immunotherapy is a new therapeutic approach that has been evolving in the last decade and has dramatically changed the treatment options for cancer. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with high stability, tissue-specific and cell-specific expression. There is growing evidence that circRNAs are involved in the regulation of both adaptive and innate immunity. They play important roles in tumor immunotherapy by affecting macrophage, NK and T cell function. The high stability and tissue specificity make them ideal candidate biomarkers for therapeutic effects. CircRNAs also represent one of promising targets or adjuvant for immunotherapy. Investigations in this field progress rapidly and provide essential support for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment guidance of cancers in the future. In this review, we summarize the role of circRNAs on tumor immunity from the viewpoint of innate and adaptive immunity, and explore the role of circRNAs in tumor immunotherapy. • Tumor immunotherapy is a new therapeutic approach that has dramatically changed the treatment options for cancer. • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with high stability, tissue-specific and cell-specific expression. • CircRNAs have a significant regulatory role in adaptive and innate immunity. • In this review, the role of circRNAs on tumor immunity and tumor immunotherapy is explored and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dicranopteris linearis is the best-known hyperaccumulator species of rare earth elements (REEs) and silicon (Si), capable of dealing with toxic level of REEs. Hence, this study aimed to clarify how D. linearis leaves cope with excessive REE stress, and whether Si plays a role in REE detoxification. The results show that lanthanum (La – as a representative of the REEs) stress led to decreased biomass and an increase of metabolism related to leaf cell wall synthesis and modification. However, the La stress-induced responses, especially the increase of pectin-related gene expression level, pectin polysaccharides concentration, and methylesterase activity, could be mitigated by Si supply. Approximately 70% of the Si in D. linearis leaves interacted with the cell walls to form organosilicon Si-O-C linkages. The Si-modified cell walls contained more hydroxyl groups, leading to a more efficient REE retention compared to the Si-free ones. Moreover, this [Si-cell wall] matrix increased the pectin-La accumulation capacity by 64%, with no effect on hemicellulose-La and cellulose-La accumulation capacity. These results suggest that [Si-pectin] matrix fixation is key in REE detoxification in D. linearis , laying the foundation for the development of phytotechnological applications (e.g. , REE phytomining) using this species in REE-contaminated sites. [Display omitted] • How hyperaccumulator plants detoxify excessive REE stress remain unclear. • Si supply can alleviate the REE toxicity in a hyperaccumulator fern. • Si mitigates the increase of pectin synthesis and modification induced by REE stress. • Most Si in the leaves form Si-O-C linkage with the cell wall component pectin. • [Si-pectin] matrix enhances the REE accumulation and retention capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adopting the framework of Dynamic Assessment (DA), this study investigates the effectiveness of a DA-informed writing enrichment program in promoting L2 English learners' academic writing development. Thirteen ESL students recruited from a U.S. university were randomly assigned to a DA-informed enrichment program group (n = 6) or a standard writing instruction group (n = 7). Prior to and following the 5-week instructional programs (Time 1 and Time 2), each participant completed a source-based essay independently, engaged in interactionist DA with a mediator to jointly review the writing while referencing an analytic rubric, and then revised their essay. All drafts were blindly scored by independent raters. Results revealed that the enrichment group outperformed the standard instruction group in the independent writing performed at Time 2, indicating their differential level of development. Although both groups showed enhanced writing performance following the DA procedures at both Time 1 and Time 2, the enrichment learners responded more favorably to mediation during DA at Time 2, indicating their greater emerging abilities. Implications for tying DA results to an instructional program targeting learner emerging writing abilities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Lung cancer is characterized by high incidence and mortality. 90% of cancer deaths are caused by metastases. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in cancer cells is a prerequisite for the metastatic process. Ethacrynic acid (ECA) is a loop diuretic that inhibits the EMT process in lung cancer cells. EMT has been related to the tumour immunemicroenvironment. However, the effect of ECA on immune checkpoint molecules in the context of cancer has not been fully identified. In the present study, we found that sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) and TGF-β1, awell-known EMT inducer, induced the expression of B7-H4 in lung cancer cells. We also investigated the involvement of B7-H4 in the SPC-induced EMT process. Knockdown of B7-H4 suppressed SPC-induced EMT, while B7-H4 overexpression enhanced EMT of lung cancer cells. ECA inhibited SPC/TGF-β1-induced B7-H4 expression via suppression of STAT3 activation. Moreover, ECA inhibits the colonization of mice lung by tail vein-injected LLC1 cells. ECA-treated mice increased the CD4-positive T cells in lung tumour tissues. In summary, these results suggested that ECA inhibits B7-H4 expression via STAT3 inhibition, leading to SPC/TGF-β1-induced EMT. Therefore, ECA might be an immune oncological drug for B7-H4-positive cancer, especially lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a protein closely related to various metabolic diseases, is recently considered to play an essential role in bone metabolism. However, the effect and mechanism of ApoE on implant osseointegration have not been clarified. This study aims to investigate the influence of additional ApoE supplementation in regulating the osteogenesis-lipogenesis balance on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) cultured on titanium surface, and the effect of ApoE on the osseointegration of titanium implants. In vivo , the bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) and the bone-implant contact (BIC) significantly elevated in the exogenous supplement of ApoE group, compared with the Normal group. Meanwhile, the adipocyte area proportion around the implant dramatically decreased after 4-week healing. In vitro , the additional ApoE substantially drove the osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs cultured on the titanium surface and inhibit their lipogenic differentiation as well as lipid droplet accumulation. These results suggest that ApoE, by mediating the differentiation of stem cells on the surface of titanium with this macromolecular protein, is deeply involved in facilitating titanium implant osseointegration, which reveals the potential mechanism and proposes a promising solution for further improving the osseointegration of titanium implants. [Display omitted] • Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays a critical role in the process of bone metabolism. • The influence of exogenous supplement of ApoE on osseointegration was investigated. • The addition of ApoE immensely elevated BV/TV and BIC around the implants in vivo. • ApoE drove the osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs on titanium surface in vitro. • ApoE facilitates osseointegration by regulating osteogenesis-lipogenesis balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Available range (AR) uncertainty is prevalent in battery electric vehicles (BEVs). AR depends on traffic conditions, weather conditions, road conditions, driving style, etc. This study aims to examine the role of AR uncertainty in BEV users' en-route charging and charging route choice behavior. A stated preference survey is designed and conducted to explore the two consecutive choice behaviors: (1) en-route charging and (2) charging route choice. Four model specifications for en-route charging and three for charging route choice are defined. AR uncertainty is, for the first time, considered in explaining en-route charging choice behavior, in addition to the conventional choice attributes such as travel time, charging duration, initial AR, average AR, etc. Socio-demographic and vehicle-related factors are also considered in the behavioral modeling. Furthermore, random parameters logit with error components model is utilized to capture the full panel effects. Results indicate that AR uncertainty significantly affects users' en-route charging choice behavior, thus being indispensable in behavioral modeling. In addition, average AR can modify the association between AR uncertainty and choice decision. Demand for en-route charging will be overestimated when AR uncertainty is not considered. Furthermore, there is considerable inter-respondentand intra-respondent heterogeneity in the en-route charging choice. The effect of AR uncertainty is stronger for female and high-income BEV users. The findings will contribute substantially to better en-route charging demand estimation and optimal deployment of public charging stations, particularly for medium- to long-distance trips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ba(Fe 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 (BFNO) thin films have been successfully deposited on (1 0 0) SrTiO 3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The structural characteristics, micro-topography and optical properties have been investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns suggest that all the films are good crystallization and show c-axis orientation. The X-ray photoelectron spectra analyses confirm the successful synthesis of BFNO material, and reveal the existence of the oxygen vacancies. The photoluminescence (PL) measurement is used to analyze the optical properties and carriers recombination mechanisms. The BFNO films have a narrow band gap of 1.37 eV, which show potential roles in solar cells and other photoelectric devices. According to the PL measurement, carriers recombination mechanisms are related with excitonic radiative recombination in our samples. This research not only lays a solid foundation on further researching BFNO thin films, but also opens an avenue to design various multifunctional devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical thermometry based on Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (YAG) single crystal optical fiber with end Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped is presented. The YAG crystal fiber with end Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped was grown by laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) method. Under a 976 nm laser diode excitation, the upconversion (UC) emissions, originating from 3 F 2,3 → 3 H 6 and 3 H 4 → 3 H 6 transitions of Tm 3 + ions, were investigated in the temperature range from 333 K to 733 K. Interestingly, the UC emission intensity of 3 F 2,3 → 3 H 6 transition was significantly enhanced with increase of temperature, as compared with the other Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped materials. The temperature dependence of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of these two emission bands ( 3 F 2,3 / 3 H 4 → 3 H 6 ) suggests that this doped YAG crystal fiber can be used as a highly sensitive optical thermal probe, which demonstrates a high absolute sensitivity with the maximum value of 0.021 K − 1 at 733 K. In addition, due to the compact structure, strong mechanical strength and high thermal stability, such thermal probe may be a more promising candidate for temperature sensor with a high spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]