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Zn interfacial issues involved dendrite evolution and undesired parasitic reactions are tough challenges to impede the progress of Zn ion battery. Herein, dendrite‐free Zn anode with boosted stability is achieved by four‐in‐one functional additive triethyl phosphate (TEP). Experiments and theoretical calculation reveal that TEP additive participates in the generation of compact inorganic interface to prevent Zn from corrosion. Meanwhile, the interfacial electrical double layer (EDL) is reconstructed with adsorbed TEP molecules in inner layer and weakened Zn2+ solvation structure in diffusion layer, which efficiently shields Zn from active H2O and moderate electrochemical kinetics, thereby preventing water‐related secondary reaction and Zn electroplating on tip region. Additionally, TEP additive manipulates zinc growth direction by adsorbing on the (002) facet, thus enabling long‐lasting dendrite‐free deposition. Accordingly, Zn||Zn symmetric cell demonstrates an ultralong lifespan over 5000 h (almost 7 months) at 1 mA cm−2, 1 mAh cm−2 and remarkable coulombic efficiency (CE) of ≈97.6% for 1500 cycles. For practical demonstration, Zn||LiFePO4 full cell demonstrates an improved rate capability and an elevated capacity of 116.0 mAh g−1. These findings highlight interface chemistry manipulated by multifunctional additives as an efficient approach to stabilize Zn anode, holding promise for top‐notch Zn‐based batteries with improved longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The rise of virtual simulation technology and dental simulators has created a new pedagogical approach for undergraduate medical education. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of virtual simulation (VS) technology on improving the students' comprehensive abilities in periodontal probing teaching in pre‐practicum periodontology, such as increasing the accuracy of probing, tactile perception and performance on force control. Materials and Methods: Twenty students were randomly selected among the fourth‐year students and equally divided into VS technology teaching group (VS group) and traditional teaching group (TT group) by drawing half lots. One day later, students were required to probe the periodontal pathology model. The consistency rate between PD measurements and PD reference values, time consumption and final exam scores were recorded and statistically analysed using an unpaired Student's t test and p <.05 was considered statistical significance. Finally, questionnaires relating to teaching methods evaluation and the fidelity of the digital VS training system were distributed to students and teachers. Results: VS group had a significantly higher consistency rate (72.976 ± 6.811%) than TT group (64.107 ± 4.988%, p =.004). To specify, the difference of consistency rates between the two groups in posterior teeth was larger than anterior teeth. Similarly, a larger difference was also found in proximal surfaces compared with buccal‐lingual surfaces. As the pocket depth increased, the difference between the two groups increased too. These results indicated that VS is more efficient in complicated parts of periodontal probing teaching. In addition, students in VS group spent less time and gained a higher score than TT group (p <.05). The overall satisfaction rating in VS group was significantly higher than TT group. Lastly, teachers gave significant lower scores than students concerning the fidelity of VS system. Conclusion: Although there are much to improve, VS technology has obvious advantages in periodontal probing teaching in pre‐practicum periodontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of high entropy niobates with cation at A-site varying in size disorder and mass disorder is designed. High entropy niobates are all monoclinic structures with uniform rare-earth element distribution, but different space groups, which are closely related to the average radius at A-site. High entropy niobates possess excellent sintering resistance and ultra-low thermal conductivity due to stronger phonon-point defect scattering and shorter phonon lifetime. The effect of high entropy on average grain size and thermal conductivity is inversely proportional to size disorder. Moreover, the radiative heat transfer of (Dy 0.2 Ho 0.2 Er 0.2 Y 0.2 Yb 0.2)NbO 4 is substantially reduced due to the co-doping of active multi-component Dy3+, Er3+, and Yb3+, which broadens the range of intrinsic absorption band and improves lattice absorption derived from lattice distortion. Besides, the (La 0.2 Nd 0.2 Sm 0.2 Eu 0.2 Y 0.2)NbO 4 exhibits an ultra-high thermal expansion coefficient (12.34 ×10−6 K−1, 673 °C). The excellent thermophysical properties imply that high entropy niobates are more promising thermal barrier coating materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Heat shock (HSF) transcription factors are among the most important transcription factors in plants and are involved in the transcriptional regulation of various stress responses, including drought, salinity, oxidation, osmotic stress, and high light, thereby regulating growth and developmental processes. Astragalus mongholicus is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with important medicinal value and is widely used worldwide. Although the HSF gene has been reported in most species, it has not been thoroughly studied in A. mongholicus. This study not only confirmed all HSF genes genome-wide in A. mongholicus, but also conducted systematic bioinformatics analysis. At the same time, the expression patterns of AmHSF genes in different tissues of A. mongholicus and under light response were explored. These results will provide a theoretical basis for understanding the function of HSF genes. Astragalus mongholicus is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with important medicinal value and is widely used worldwide. Heat shock (HSF) transcription factors are among the most important transcription factors in plants and are involved in the transcriptional regulation of various stress responses, including drought, salinity, oxidation, osmotic stress, and high light, thereby regulating growth and developmental processes. However, the HFS gene family has not yet been identified in A. mongholicus, and little is known regarding the role of HSF genes in A. mongholicus. This study is based on whole genome analysis of A. mongholicus, identifying a total of 22 AmHSF genes and analyzing their physicochemical properties. Divided into three subgroups based on phylogenetic and gene structural characteristics, including subgroup A (12), subgroup B (9), and subgroup C (1), they are randomly distributed in 8 out of 9 chromosomes of A. mongholicus. In addition, transcriptome data and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that AmHSF was differentially transcribed in different tissues, suggesting that AmHSF gene functions may differ. Red and blue light treatment significantly affected the expression of 20 HSF genes in soilless cultivation of A. mongholicus seedlings. AmHSF3, AmHSF3, AmHSF11, AmHSF12, and AmHSF14 were upregulated after red light and blue light treatment, and these genes all had light-corresponding cis-elements, suggesting that AmHSF genes play an important role in the light response of A. mongholicus. Although the responses of soilless-cultivated A. mongholicus seedlings to red and blue light may not represent the mature stage, our results provide fundamental research for future elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of HSF in the growth and development of A. mongholicus and its response to different light conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the forbidden subgraph conditions for Hamilton-connected graphs. If the degree sequence of the graph is (4 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 2) and it is connected, then it is called hourglass Γ 0 . For integers i ≥ 1 , the graph Z i is paw, which is obtained by attaching one of the vertices of the triangle to one of the end vertices of a path with a number of edges i. We show that every graph G is Hamilton-connected if G is a Γ 0 -free, K 1 , 3 -free, Z 14 -free, and a 3-connected graph. Moreover, we give an example to show the sharpness of a paw-type forbidden subgraph in a 3-connected, Hamilton-connected graph. Our focus on the Hamilton-connected problem can be applied to data center networks (DCNs). In the future, we will remove the forbidden subgraph families from our conclusions when building the network to obtain the optimal communication cost. Our result extends the result of Ryjáček and Vrána (Discrete Mathematics 344: 112350, 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) has been recognized as an important gaseous signaling molecule in living systems, and is of great significance in many pathological and physiological processes. Misregulation of endogenous H 2 S is implicated in various diseases in the neuronal, gastrointestinal, circulatory, and endocrine systems. Fluorescent probe with large Stokes shift and near infrared emission, is ideal candidate for imaging applications to prevent excitation scattering, autofluorescence interference, matrix absorption caused signal loss, and sample destruction. In this study, a dual-side expansion approach was performed to develop spectra tunable hydroxyl functional flavylium derivative named HN8 with enlarged Stokes shift of 81 nm, lengthened emission of 671 nm, satisfied quantum yield of 0.23, and good fluorescence enhancement factor of 14.3-fold. Moreover, based on HN8 , the screened probe HN8DNP displayed 225-fold fluorescence enhancement containing linear correlations to H 2 S from 0 to 50 μM with good limit of detection (LOD) of 0.31 μM. Therefore, HN8DNP was then applied for imaging exogenous H 2 S and drug induced enzymatic H 2 S generation in living cells with satisfied results, revealing the relationship between intracellular H 2 S levels and related enzyme activities. In a word, the present work provided a potential fluorescence probe for highly selective and sensitive detecting H 2 S in vitro and in living cells. And the promising dual-side expansion strategy for regulation optical feature of traditional fluorophore may meet the increasing requirements of sensing and imaging applications. [Display omitted] • HN8 has Stokes shift of 81 nm, emission of 671 nm, and quantum yield of 0.23. • HN8 showed 14.3-fold fluorescence enhancement factor. • Probe HN8DNP displayed 225-fold enhancement and LOD of 0.31 μM to H 2 S. • Probe HN8DNP was applied for imaging exogenous H 2 S and enzymatic H 2 S generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Zwitterionic hydrogel nanolayer was synthesized by interfacial polymerization. • Zwitterionic monomer modulated the hydrogel layer structure and membrane characters. • Zwitterionic hydrogel hindered the adhesion of biomacromolecules and killed microbes. • The growth of biofilm on zwitterionic hydrogel nanolayer surface was inhibited. Ultralow-pressurized ultrafiltration membrane process with low energy consumption is promising in surface water purification. However, membrane fouling and low selectivity are significant barriers for the wide application of this process. Herein, an ultrathin zwitterionic hydrogel nanolayer was in-situ grown on polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane surface through interfacially-initiated free radical polymerization. The hydrogel-modified membrane possessed improved biological fouling resistance during the dynamic filtration process (bovine serum albumin, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), comparing with commercial polysulfone membrane. The enhanced biofouling resistance ability of zwitterionic hydrogel nanolayer was derived from the foulant repulsion of hydration shell and the bactericidal effect of quaternary ammonium, according to the results of foulant-membrane interaction energy analyses and antibacterial performances. In surface water treatment, the zwitterionic hydrogel layer inhibited biofouling and resulted in the formation of a loose and thin biofilm. In addition, the hydrogel-modified membrane possessed 22% improvement in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal and 134% increasement in stable water flux, compared to commercial polysulfone membrane. The in-situ grown zwitterionic hydrogel nanolayer on membrane surface offers a prospectively alternative for biofouling control in ultralow-pressurized membrane process. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal history sensors are valuable tools for thermal analysis of high-temperature components within aero-engines and gas turbines. However, most thermal history sensors have an upper temperature limit of ∼1200 °C, which is insufficient to meet the requirement of gas turbines. This study introduces a novel material for thermal history sensing capable of measuring temperatures up to 1400 °C. We show thermal history measurements based on the emission intensity ratio of a Eu3+-doped yttrium–aluminum mixture, whose luminescence characteristics undergo irreversible changes when exposed to high temperature. The primary mechanism is the decrease of the symmetry ratio owing to the phase transformation from YAG (Y 3 Al 5 O 12), YAM (Y 4 Al 2 O 9) to YAP (YAlO 3) utilizing the combination reaction of YAP induced by heat-treatment. The intensity ratio between 5D 0 →7F 1 and 5D 0 →7F 2 exhibits a monotonic decrease from 1.3 to 0.4 as the heat-treatment temperature increases from 1000 °C to 1400 °C. Moreover, we demonstrate that the irreversible change in intensity ratio after heat treatment remains insensitive to exposure time and oxygen partial pressure. Thus, the Eu3+-doped yttrium-aluminum mixture is a promising material for manufacturing high-temperature thermal history sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical cancer patients commonly experience psychological supportive care needs, necessitating diverse interventions to enhance psychological well-being and alleviate physical symptoms. This systematic review, covering English-published articles from January 1999 to April 2023, assessed the impact of psychological supportive care interventions on anxiety and depression. Twenty-Six studies, including 11,638 patients, were analyzed, comprising randomized controlled trials; quasi-experimental, and pre-post-test designs from PubMed; Science Direct; Wiley online library; Google Scholar; Cochrane Library; and JSTOR. The extraction of data was done by two independent authors and a third independent author checked the data extraction. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), 2020 statement was adopted. The population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) search strategy was applied. Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) tool was used to assess the quality of selected articles. Various interventions, such as psychological nursing, exercise, counselling, psycho-curative approaches, peer and family education, psychotherapy, and medication, were identified. Two studies incorporated homework sessions, predominantly administered by nursing staff. Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were commonly used instruments. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in anxiety and depression scores between treatment and control groups (p < 0.005) post-intervention across all studies. A subsequent meta-analysis of eight homogeneous studies, utilizing a random-effects model, showed a moderate-to-high overall effect size (1.35, 95% CI: 0.75 to 1.94), indicating a statistically significant positive impact. Various studies exhibited variability in effect sizes ranging from low to high. While the meta-analysis included 936 participants, the forest plot visually represents individual study effect sizes and the combined effect size. Preliminary evidence supports the positive impact of psychological supportive care interventions on cervical cancer outcomes, urging further research, especially exploring long-term effects and employing rigorous study designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in lung cancer worldwide, and immune escape plays a vital role in the process of metastasis. Clinical studies have proven that Jinfukang (JFK) can effectively treat lung cancer metastasis by regulating T lymphocytes. However, it is still unknown whether JFK plays a role in treating lung cancer metastasis by regulating T-cell receptors (TCRs). To explore the effect of JFK in inhibiting lung cancer metastasis by regulating TCR. A lung metastasis model was established in C57BL/6J and BALB/c-nude mice by tail vein injection of Lewis lung cancer cells. JFK was given by continuous intragastric administration. Anatomical observation combined with hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate lung metastasis. T cells, MDSCs, and macrophages in the peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry, and the proliferation and immune cell infiltration of lung metastases were observed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The diversity and gene expression of TCR in peripheral blood and lung tissues were detected by immune repertoire sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis was carried out. Compared with the control group, the number of pulmonary metastatic nodules in JFK-treated mice showed a decreasing trend, and it significantly reduced the burden of lung tumor metastasis in mice. We found that the expression level of Ki-67 protein in lung metastatic tumor tissues of mice treated with JFK was significantly reduced, while the infiltration level of CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells was significantly increased. In addition, we also found that JFK could significantly increase the proportion of CD4+ T, CD8+ T and NKT cells in the peripheral blood of mice. Moreover, JFK reduced the ratio of M-MDSCs and increased the ratio of PMN-MDSCs in the peripheral blood of mice. JFK increased the ratio of M1 macrophages in the peripheral blood of Lewis tumor-bearing mice. The sequencing of TCR in the peripheral blood and lung tissue of mice indicated that there was no notable difference in TCR diversity as the tumor progressed and JFK treatment was administered. However, the downregulation of TRBV16, TRBV17, TRBV1 and the upregulation of the TRBV12-2 gene in the TCR caused by tumor progression can be reversed by JFK. These results suggest that JFK may upregulate the proportion of CD4+ T, CD8+ T and NKT cells in peripheral blood, reverse the TCR changes caused by tumor metastasis, and promote the infiltration of CD8+ T and NK cells in tumor tissues, thereby inhibiting the growth of tumors and ultimately reducing the burden of lung cancer metastasis. This will provide new strategies for developing Chinese herbal medicine to treat metastasis by regulating TCR. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The surface changes during the malachite sulfidization process at the microscale were explored using various advanced techniques. • The in-situ change in malachite surface morphology after reagents adsorption was directly observed using AFM. • The effect of sulfide film formation on the interaction force between malachite particles and bubbles was determined. With the gradual depletion of copper sulfide resources, efficient flotation technologies for the recovery of copper oxide minerals, such as malachite, have received significant attention. Although sulfidization plays a critical role in malachite flotation, the fundamental theory of sulfidization flotation remains uncertain in the context of practical industrial applications. In this study, evolution of the sulfide product morphology on the malachite surface was observed after treatment with various concentrations of sodium sulfide. In addition, the valence states and phase compositions of the sulfide products were investigated using different X-ray techniques. Furthermore, the evolution of the malachite surface morphology after the formation of a sulfide film was investigated, as were the interaction forces between the malachite and bubbles under the action of butyl xanthate. As a result, it was possible to directly observe the growth process of the sulfide film on the malachite surface, and the presence of Cu(I) was confirmed in the sulfide products. Moreover, the compositions of the sulfide products were investigated using X-ray techniques. The obtained results demonstrated that the sulfide film facilitated the formation of butyl xanthate product layers on the malachite surface, whilst also enhancing the interfacial interaction forces between the malachite and the bubbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In future space-borne gravitational wave (GW) detectors, time delay interferometry (TDI) will be utilized to reduce the overwhelming noise, including the laser frequency noise and the clock noise etc., by time shifting and recombining the data streams in post-processing. The successful operation of TDI relies on absolute inter-satellite ranging with meter-level precision. In this work, we numerically and experimentally demonstrate a strategy for inter-satellite distance measurement. The distances can be coarsely determined using the technique of arm-locking ranging with a large non-ambiguity range, and subsequently TDI can be used for precise distance measurement (TDI ranging) by finding the minimum value of the power of the residual noises. The measurement principle is introduced. We carry out the numerical simulations, and the results show millimeter-level precision. Further, we perform the experimental verifications based on the fiber link, and the distances can be measured with better than 0.05 m uncertainty, which can well satisfy the requirement of time delay interferometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new method was developed for rapid quality evaluation of Panax notoginseng powder (PNP). • In identifying PNP grade and adulteration, the highest accuracy reached 100 %. • The evaluation system for adulterated PNP (AD-PNP) was established. • We found a relationship between the AIS information and the saponin content of AD-PNP. • The electronic tongue was more suitable for the quality evaluation of AD-PNP. Panax notoginseng powder (PNP) has high medicinal value and is widely used in the medical and health food industries. However, the adulteration of PNP in the market has dramatically reduced its efficacy. Therefore, this study intends to use artificial intelligence sensory (AIS) and multi-source information fusion (MIF) technology to try to establish a quality evaluation system for different grades of PNP and adulterated Panax notoginseng powder (AD-PNP). The highest accuracy rate reached 100% in identifying PNP grade and adulteration. In the prediction of adulteration ratio and total saponin content, the optimal determination coefficients of the test set were 0.9965 and 0.9948, respectively, and the root mean square errors were 0.0109 and 0.0123, respectively. Therefore, the grade identification method of PNP and the evaluation system of AD-PNP based on AIS and MIF technology can rapidly and accurately evaluate the quality of PNP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionThe composition of microbiota which correlates with infiltrating immune cells and clinical signatures is not clarified in CRC.We applied 4 kinds of bioinformatic tools GSVA (version: 1.42.0), ESTIMATE (version: 1.0.13), CIBERSORT (version: 2.0), and immune-related genes.We found that a total of 8 types of microbiotas appeared in the three immune correlation analyses. Among these microbiotas, significant enrichments in relative abundances associated with immune cell infiltration can be found for the dominant phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria. Moreover, there existed correlations between some of the 8 microbiotas and clinical-related indicators.We identified some novel microbiotas involved in immune regulation in CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Lymphoma has become 1 of the 10 most common cancers with increased prevalence in young- and middle-aged adults in China. This poses a tremendous burden on patients and their families and brings great challenges to maintaining the balance of family functioning in young- and middle-aged patients. Objective This cross-sectional study aimed to analyse the influence of resourcefulness on the family functioning of Chinese young- and middle-aged lymphoma patients. Methods A total of 172 Chinese young- and middle-aged patients with lymphoma were recruited from the oncology departments of two tertiary hospitals in Zhengzhou, Henan, China. They were invited to complete a survey that included a demographic questionnaire, the Resourcefulness Scale and the Chinese Version Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale II. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the related factors for family functioning. Results The multiple regression analysis revealed that the main influencing factors of family cohesion were resourcefulness (β  = 0.338, 95% CI (0.072, 0.173)), spouse caregiver (β  = 0.376, 95% CI (1.938, 10.395)), and cancer stage (β  = –0.274, 95% CI (–3.219, –1.047)). Resourcefulness (β  = 0.438, 95% CI (0.096, 0.181)), spouse caregiver (β  = 0.340, 95% CI (1.348, 8.363)), and family per capita monthly income (β  = 0.157, 95% CI (0.066, 2.243)) were the influencing factors of family adaptability. Conclusions Healthcare professionals and family scholars should value young- and middle-aged lymphoma patients' family functioning throughout the cancer treatment process, and family interventions should be designed by healthcare providers based on patients' resourcefulness. Moreover, healthcare providers need to pay attention to the risk factors of patients' family cohesion and adaptability, such as low family per capita monthly income, and consider employing corresponding measures to help them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), an example of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, is a potentially fatal complication of rheumatic diseases. We aimed to study the clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment schemes, and outcomes of different rheumatic disorders associated with MAS in children. Early warning indicators of MAS have also been investigated to enable clinicians to make a prompt and accurate diagnosis. Methods: Fifty-five patients with rheumatic diseases complicated by MAS were enrolled between January 2017 and December 2022. Clinical and laboratory data were collected before disease onset, at diagnosis, and after treatment with MAS, and data were compared between patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), Kawasaki disease (KD), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A random forest model was established to show the importance score of each variable with a significant difference. Results: Most (81.8%) instances of MAS occurred during the initial diagnosis of the underlying disease. Compared to the active stage of sJIA, the platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and fibrinogen level in sJIA-MAS were significantly decreased, whereas ferritin, ferritin/erythrocyte sedimentation rate, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and D-dimer levels were significantly increased. Ferritin level, ferritin/erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and platelet count had the greatest predictive value for sJIA-MAS. The level of IL-18 in the sJIA-MAS group was significantly higher than in the active sJIA group, whereas IL-6 levels were significantly lower. Most patients with MAS were treated with methylprednisolone pulse combined with cyclosporine, and no deaths occurred. Conclusions: Thrombocytopenia, ferritin levels, the ferritin/erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels can predict the occurrence of MAS in patients with sJIA. Additionally, our analysis indicates that IL-18 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MAS in sJIA-MAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: To investigate the effect of protopanaxatriol (PPT) on the drug resistance of paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells (MB231-PR cells). METHODS: The MB231-PR cells were constructed as cell models. They were treated with PPT, and incubated for a certain period of time according to the experimental settings. CellTiter-Glo was used to determine the viability of MB231-PR cells and MDA-MB-231 parental cells (MB231-PT cells). The change of sub-G1 phase was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot was used to evaluate the apoptosis-related proteins, such as cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), B-cell lymphoma2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and survivin. The activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was detected by luciferase reporter assay and immunofluorescence assay. The mRNA expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, chemokine CXC motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), chemokine CC motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CD44, NANOG, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) were detected by qPCR. The protein levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were measured by ELISA. Tumor sphere formation assay was used to evaluate the characteristics of stem cells. RESULTS: (1) The viability of MB231-PR cells was suppressed by PPT treatment in a dose-dependent manner compared with MB231-PT cells (P<0. 01). Besides, the viability of MB231-PR cells was decreased after combined treatment with PPT and PTX (P<0. 01), the accumulation of sub-G1 phase was induced (P< 0. 01), the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was elevated (P<0. 01), and the protein levels of survivin, cleaved PARP and cleaved caspase-3 were increased (P<0. 05). (2) After PPT treatment combined with PTX, the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1 and CCL2) and cancer stem cell-related markers (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, ALDH1 and CD44) was reduced (P<0. 05), and the protein levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were decreased (P<0. 01). The activity of NF-κB in MB231-PR cells was suppressed (P<0. 05), and the growth of tumor spheres from MB231-PR cells was damaged (P< 0. 05). (3) Immunofluorescence assay showed that PTX induced nuclear p-p65 expression, but this effect was attenuated by PPT. CONCLUSION: Combined treatment with PPT and PTX could attenuate PTX resistance of MB231-PR cells by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and cancer stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • IM-BTO membrane is prepared by homogenization spin coating strategy. • Homogenization spin coating achieves porous structure and catalytic site exposure. • IM-BTO membrane has high water flux and photocatalytic self-cleaning ability. • The selective coefficient of IM-BTOM relative to BTOM can reach 2.66. Photocatalytic membrane technology is a promising technology for advanced water treatment. However, as a simple, fast, and stable spin coating method for photocatalytic membrane preparation, the spin coating solution often used in spin coating can cause the pore plugging on the membrane surface and encapsulates photocatalysts, which seriously affects the flux of the membrane and the exposure of the photocatalytic active site. Here, this work adopted a homogenization spin coating strategy, using polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) solution as the spin coating solution to prepare the highly exposed imprinted bismuth titanate porous photocatalytic membrane (IM-BTOM). Due to the same composition of PVDF solution as the PVDF substrate membrane, IM-BTOM basically retained the good porous structure of the membrane. The homogenization spin coating strategy not only endowed IM-BTOM with high flux (4545.45 L m-2h−1 bar−1), but also prevented the encapsulation of IM-BTO powder materials, fully exposing the photocatalytic active sites, thereby obtaining better photocatalytic ability and selectivity. The degradation rate of tetracycline with IM-BTOM was nearly three times that with the conventional cellulose acetate spin coating membrane. Meanwhile, the existence of imprinting cavities also endowed IM-BTOM with high selectivity for the target pollutant, with a selectivity coefficient of up to 2.66. This work provides a new idea for preparing high-efficient photocatalytic membrane by spin coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Z-scheme silver phosphotungstate/polyimide photocatalyst was synthesized. • Self-assembly and in-situ solid-phase thermal polycondensation were utilized. • Keggin units act as the shuttle redox mediators for Z-scheme photocatalytic system. • The target photocatalysts exhibit enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. • Oil-H 2 O mixed system can enhance the degradation process of AFB1. Silver phosphotungstate/polyimide (MAPI) photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by a multi-step strategy combining the self-assembly and in-situ solid-phase thermal polycondensation. The construction of MAPI photocatalysts and their photocatalytic activity were investigated. The polyimide (PI) in MAPI photocatalysts obtains the weakened π-π stacking structure and more dendritic crystalline structure. However, the POMs-π interactions, charge-transfer form in conjugated organic ligands-modified polyoxometalate (POMs) materials, and the close contact between main components are beneficial to the charge transfer in MAPI photocatalysts. The coordination interactions of Keggin anions and organic ligands allow the Keggin units released during the thermal treatment process to act as shuttle redox mediators for Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts. The changes related to the physicochemical and interfacial interactions of the components enable the MAPI photocatalysts to exhibit the enhanced photocatalytic activity. Pristine PI shows little activity for photocatalytic degradation of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm) irradiation, but the rate constant k of 5-MAPI was 7.34 and 4.46 times than that of pristine AgPW and P25, respectively. The presence of H 2 O and the transfer behavior of AFB1 in the oil-H 2 O mixed system significantly promoted the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of AFB1 in peanut oil. Z-scheme charge transfer path and the photocatalytic degradation pathway of AFB1 were also proposed. Combined with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation results, AFB1 will be firstly degraded by the ·OH-induced cycloaddition reaction at the C19 = C20 of furan ring. Subsequently, methoxy (C23-O22), furan ring, lactone ring and carbonyl group (C9 = O10) are degraded in sequence. This work can provide some interesting insights into the construction of polymer/insoluble POMs photocatalysts and the photocatalytic degradation of exogenous harmful substances in vegetable oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence sensing technique has been used in environmental analysis due to its simplicity, low cost, and visualization. Although the fruit pulp-based biomass carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have excellent luminescent properties, aloe leaves possess the superiority of being easily accessible in all seasons compared to fruit pulp. Thus, we fabricated Aloe carazo leaf-based nitrogen doping-CQDs (N -CQDs) using a facile hydrothermal approach, which emitted bright blue fluorescence with a quantum yield of 21.4 %. By comparison, the glutathione-encapsulated copper nanoclusters (GSH-CuNCs) displayed strong red fluorescence. A blue/red dual emission based on the N -CQDs/CuNCs mixture was established for nitenpyram detection. At the 350-nm excitation, the N -CQD/CuNCs system produced dual-wavelength emitting peaks at 440 and 660 nm, respectively. Moreover, when nitenpyram was introduced into the system, the fluorescence intensities (FIs) of N -CQDs significantly decreased, whereas the FIs of GSH-CuNCs varied slightly; simultaneously, the solution color changed from bright blue to dark red. Both the spectral overlapping between nitenpyram's UV–Vis absorption and N -CQDs' excitation and almost unchanged fluorescence lifetimes indicated the occurrence of inner-filtering effect (IFE) in the dual-emitting fluoroprobe. In addition, the Stern-Volmer constant (K sv = 6.92 × 103 M−1), temperature effect, as well as UV–Vis absorption of N -CQD/CuNCs before and after the addition of nitenpyram corroborated the static-quenching behavior. Consequently, the fluorescence-quenching of N -CQDs by nitenpyram was attributable to the joint IFE and static-quenching principles. A good linearity existed between the F 660 /F 440 values and nitenpyram concentrations (0.5–200 μM) with a method detection limit of 0.15 μM. The dual-emitting fluoroprobe provided the satisfactory recoveries (95.0%–107.0 %) for nitenpyram detection in real-world waters, which were comparable with the results of traditional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method. Owing to its simple operations, low-cost, and adaptability for on-site outdoor monitoring, the newly developed dual-emitting fluoroprobe possesses great potential applications in routine monitoring of nitenpyram under field conditions. [Display omitted] • A dual-emitting fluoroprobe based on N -CQDs/CuNCs was fabricated for sensing nitenpyram. • The fluoroprobe is highly sensitive to nitenpyram, with a LOD of 0.15 μM. • The proposed method has equivalent accuracy to the LC-MS/MS for nitenpyram detection. • The IFE and static quenching contributed to the nitenpyram-induced fluorescence quenching. • The fluoroprobe sensors of nitenpyram is efficient, facile-operation, low-cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of high entropy rare earth zirconate ceramics, (5A 0.2) 2 Zr 2 O 7 , with single- or dual-phase structures were synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. The cations at the A site varied in terms of average ionic radius R A , atomic mass M A , radius (size) disorder δ R , and mass disorder δ M. Our results demonstrate that increasing the structural disorder degree promotes the transition from an ordered pyrochlore structure to a defective fluorite structure, and leads to poor sintering resistance. The structural disorder degree of the high entropy zirconates could be increased by decreasing the ionic radius ratio R A /R Zr , increasing the size disorder δ R and introducing Ce4+ at the A site. Meanwhile, large size disorder leads to strong partitioning of rare earth ions and deviation of the lattice constant from the predicted value. The presence of Ce4+ ions at A site could significantly increase the structural disorder degree and promote the sintering process, and the underlying mechanisms are proposed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joint impacts of air pollution and physical activity (PA) on sleep quality remain unaddressed. We aimed to investigate whether PA attenuates the association of long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) with sleep quality and its dimensions in older adults. This study included 3408 Chinese rural older adults. Annual NO 2 was estimated using the Space-Time Extra-Trees model. PA was assessed by International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Sleep quality was evaluated using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale. Linear regression models were used to assess the associations of long-term NO 2 exposure and PA with sleep quality and its dimensions, and interaction plots were used to depict the attenuating effect of PA on associations of NO 2 with sleep quality and its dimensions. Three-year (3-y) average NO 2 (per 0.64-μg/m3 increment) was positively associated with global PSQI (β = 0.41, 95 % CI : 0.23, 0.59), sleep duration (β = 0.16, 95 % CI : 0.11, 0.21), and habitual sleep efficiency (β = 0.22, 95 % CI : 0.17, 0.27), while PA was negatively associated with global PSQI (β = −0.33, 95 % CI : −0.46, −0.20) and five domains of PSQI other than sleep duration and sleep disturbances. The associations of NO 2 with global PSQI, sleep duration, and habitual sleep efficiency were attenuated with increased PA (P interaction were 0.037, 0.020, and 0.079, respectively). PA attenuates the adverse impacts of long-term NO 2 exposure on sleep quality, especially on sleep duration, and habitual sleep efficiency, in Chinese rural elderly people. Participating in PA should be encouraged in this population, and continued efforts are still needed to reduce air pollution. [Display omitted] • Long-term NO 2 exposure was positively associated with global PSQI, sleep duration, and habitual sleep efficiency. • PA was negatively associated with global PSQI and five domains of PSQI. • PA attenuates links between NO 2 exposure and global PSQI, sleep duration, and habitual sleep efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In crustaceans, especially economic shrimp and crabs, autotomy significantly affects the survival rate and growth performance. At present, the molecular mechanism of the limb regeneration process of economic crustaceans is rarely studied. In this study, we used the pressure method to remove the pereopods of Exopalaemon carinicauda and recorded the regeneration process in detail. Moreover, regenerated pereopod tissue was sliced and stained with H.E. Microscopic observations revealed significant changes in the type and number of associated cells including outer epithelial cells, granulocytes, embryonic cells, and so on. This study performed a comparative transcriptome analysis of samples from different stages of limb regeneration and identified multiple differentially expressed genes that may be associated with crustacean growth or molting. The sequence and expression characteristics of the innexin gene were analyzed. Our study explored the morphological and molecular changes during limb regeneration of E. carinicauda, and laid a foundation for further research on molecular regulatory mechanisms. With the increase in breeding density of Exopalaemon carinicauda, appendage breakage may occur, which seriously affects survival and economic benefits. To study the limb regeneration process of E. carinicauda, we induced autotomy of the pereopods. After a period of time, wound swelling disappeared, the pigment gradually accumulated, and a tawny film subsequently formed in the wound. The healing period of the wound occurred 24 h after autotomy, and the blastema formation stage occurred 48 h after autotomy. After 4 days of cutting, the limb buds began to differentiate, grow, and expand rapidly, and this process lasted approximately 15 days. Microscopic observations revealed significant changes in the type and number of associated cells including outer epithelial cells, granulocytes, embryonic cells, columnar epidermal cells, elongated cells, and blastoma cells, during the process from limb fracture to regeneration. A comparative transcriptome analysis identified 1415 genes differentially expressed between the J0h (0 h post autotomy) and J18h (18 h post autotomy), and 3952 and 4366 differentially expressed genes for J0 and J14d (14 days post autotomy) and J18h and J14d, respectively. Some of these genes may be related to muscle growth or molting, as indicated by the presence of troponin C, chitinase, actin, innexin, and cathepsin L. As a functional gene involved in epidermal formation, the mRNA expression level of the innexin inx2 in the pereopod of E. carinicauda changed significantly in the experimental groups (p < 0.05). The results of this study contribute to existing knowledge of regeneration mechanisms in crustaceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in bone health is closely associated with its function in vivo, and ERβ−/− mice have been widely utilized to explore the related influences. In this study, ERβ−/− female mice were established to investigate the differential expression of circular RNAs (circRNAs) by RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq). Among these circRNAs, mmu_circ_0011379 (named Circ-Spen) exhibited high expression in ERβ−/− female mice. However, the precise mechanism by which Circ-Spen regulates bone health remained unclear. This study identified Circ-Spen as a positive regulator of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (mBMSC) viability. The expression of Circ-Spen was markedly increased in ERβ−/− mice femurs tested by RT-qPCR. Moreover, Circ-Spen exhibited an enhanced expression during the bone formation process of mBMSCs. Qualitative experiments also demonstrated that Circ-Spen possessed a circular structure and was localized within the nucleus of mBMSCs. Functionally, it inhibited apoptosis via caspase-3, BCL-2, and BAX, while also promoting autophagy through BECN1 and P62 in mBMSCs tested by MTT assays, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Western blotting. These findings reveal the potential of targeting Circ-Spen as a promising therapeutic strategy for rejuvenating senescent mBMSCs and enhancing the efficiency of mBMSC transplantation, which lays the foundation for advancements in the field of bone therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cornus iridoid glycosides (CIGs), including loganin and morroniside, are the main active components of Cornus officinalis. As one of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of CIGs, geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS) catalyzes the formation of geranyl pyrophosphate, which is the direct precursor of CIGs. In this study, the C. officinalis geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (CoGPPS) sequence was cloned from C. officinalis and analyzed. The cDNA sequence of the CoGPPS gene was 915 bp (GenBank No. OR725699). Phylogenetic analysis showed that CoGPPS was closely related to the GPPS sequence of Actinidia chinensis and Camellia sinensis, but relatively distantly related to Paeonia lactiflora and Tripterygium wilfordii. Results from the quantitative real-time PCR showed the spatiotemporal expression pattern of CoGPPS; that is, CoGPPS was specifically expressed in the fruits. Subcellular localization assay proved that CoGPPS was specifically found in chloroplasts. Loganin and morroniside contents in the tissues were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography, and both compounds were found to be at higher levels in the fruits than in leaves. Thus, this study laid the foundation for further studies on the synthetic pathway of CIGs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a low‐grade malignant cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma that originates from memory T cells. It typically follows a unique and relatively indolent disease course. MF is used to be characterized by a tissue‐resident memory T cell (TRM) phenotype, although recent molecular research has revealed its complexity, casting doubt on the cell of origin and the TRM‐MF paradigm. Recent clonal heterogeneity studies suggest that MF may originate from immature early precursor T cells. During development, the tumour microenvironment (TME) influences tumour cell phenotype. The exact origin and development trajectory of MF remains elusive. Clarifying the origin of MF cells is vital for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deeply understanding the chemical heterogeneity of graphite anode is important because it can provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of electrode degradation and failure in battery systems. Herein, the chemical heterogeneity of graphite anode is imaged by X-ray fluorescence mode scanning transmission X-ray microscope (XRF-STXM) to space-resolve the chemical distribution and structure at C, O, F and Na sites. The synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis suggests that the solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) layer on graphite anodes contains a complex mixture of both organic (-COOR, -C-OR, etc.) and inorganic species (CO 3 2−, LiF, Li x PO y F z , etc.), which can vary with depth. Furthermore, XRF-STXM imaging combined with X-ray absorption spectra is used to map out the heterogeneity in the chemical spatial distribution of SEI composition and its location dependence, as well as its strong correlation with the distribution of conductive additives/binders and binders decomposition. The distribution of SEI exhibits a distinctive feature, with the CO 3 2− and LiF species being significantly thicker at edge plane than at basal plane and the distribution being highly non-uniform. The insights gained from the visualization of the spatial chemical distribution will deepen our understanding of SEI, which is crucial for delineating effective strategies for the development of Li-ion batteries. • Used SR-XPS, XRF-STXM, XAS to visualize chemical heterogeneity distribution of SEI. • SEI layer contains a depth-dependent mixture of organic and inorganic species. • Spatially mapped out SEI chemical distribution and correlation with additives/binders. • Non-uniform SEI distribution: thicker CO 3 2− and LiF at edge compared to basal plane. • Highlight XRF-STXM's potential for high-resolution chemical imaging of electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case report of a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), a rare genetic disorder that leads to the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in situ. The traditional treatment for EV and cSCC in situ is surgical excision, but this can result in disfigured or dysfunctional outcomes. The article presents a successful alternative treatment using 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT), which showed satisfactory results in flattening and shrinking the cSCC in situ lesions. ALA-PDT is a noninvasive treatment that selectively targets abnormal skin tissues without damaging healthy tissues. The article suggests that ALA-PDT may be a promising therapy for multiple cSCC in situ and can potentially prevent cancer development and progression. [Extracted from the article]

The mechanical performance of cement-stabilized macadam (CSM) is affected by the dosage of cement and age, while strength and fatigue life are two important mechanical indicators in pavement structure design. This study conducted uniaxial compression, four-point bending, indirect tensile strength, and fatigue tests on CSM, considering various cement dosages and ages. Equivalent stress was used to characterize the strength under a three-dimensional (3D) stress state. On the basis of the results of strength tests, the strength model parameters under 3D stress states were calculated. The characteristics of the tensile meridian, compression meridian, and the failure envelope surface under different conditions (different cement dosages and ages) were comparatively analyzed. The fatigue life data were processed by using the Weibull function and reliability theory to eliminate the dispersion. And the relationship between fatigue life and three-dimensional fatigue stress ratio (∆) was established. It turns out that the tensile meridian of CSM with older ages is above that of younger ones, and the same rule applies to the compression meridian. The failure envelope surface of CSM exhibits variations in both shape and size under different conditions. As the cement dosage and age increase, the failure envelope surface expands outward. The fatigue life curves under the three stress states processed by the Weibull function are very close and can be uniformly characterized. The fatigue life of CSM with 4 % cement dosage is more sensitive to ∆ than at other cement dosages, which with an age of 28 days changes faster with ∆ than that with an age of 90 days in the study. This work reveals the strength and fatigue characteristics of CSM under the 3D stress state at different cement dosages and ages. The findings serve as a valuable reference for the design of CSM base layers in diverse conditions. • The strength failure envelope surface of cement-stabilized macadam under different cement dosages and ages was established. • Based on Weibull function and reliability theory, the fatigue performance of cement-stabilized macadam under different stress states was uniformly characterized. • The variation characteristics of the shape and size of the strength failure envelope surface of cement-stabilized macadam were revealed under different cement dosage and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave hydrothermal treatment is a promising technology for the environmentally friendly disposal and resource utilization of dead pigs. However, the hydrothermal transformation mechanism of animal-based biomass is unclear, impeding the regulated conversion of target products. To address this, bovine serum albumin, glycerol-oleic acid, and glucose were selected as model compounds for protein (P), lipid (L), and carbohydrate (C), respectively. In this paper, the product distribution and related properties of single, binary, and ternary model compounds at different microwave hydrothermal temperatures (120–240 °C) were investigated, and the essential reaction pathway of the dead pig model compounds during microwave hydrothermal treatment was proposed. The results showed that lipids dominated the formation of bio-oil. L&C and L&P showed a slight synergistic effect on bio-oil yield at 240 ℃, while exhibited antagonistic effects at other temperatures. L&P&C showed antagonistic effects on bio-oil yield at all temperatures. The participation of glucose was more conducive to the formation of carbonized solid products. The model compounds of dead pigs underwent a series of reactions such as dehydration, decarboxylation, deamination and condensation during microwave hydrothermal treatment. To a certain extent, lipids promoted the Maillard reaction of protein and carbohydrate, while glucose promoted the esterification reaction of fatty acids. [Display omitted] • The microwave hydrothermal was selected to transform typical animal-based biomass. • The model compounds were used for learning the conversion mechanism of dead pig. • The interactions of model compounds for product distribution were investigated. • Exploration of reaction pathways of dead pig during microwave hydrothermal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • E–TiO 2 @rGO with OVs were prepared through crystal defect engineering. • Mixed crystal and OVs enhanced electron-hole pairs separation efficiency. • E–TiO 2 @rGO improved 2,4,6-TCP dichlorination process and degradation efficiency. • The toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP and its intermediates was evaluated via ECOSAR and DFT. Chlorophenolic pollutants pose serious threats to the aquatic ecosystem. Photocatalysis technology has broad prospects for decontamination. In this work, MXene-derived TiO 2 nanocomposites with mixed-crystal characteristics and oxygen vacancies (OVs) (E–TiO 2 @rGO) were successfully synthesized by atmosphere modulation. Compared with commercial TiO 2 and N 2 –TiO 2 @rGO (anatase phase), the rate constants of E–TiO 2 @rGO (0.06874 min−1) over 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) degradation increased 4 and 1.3 times, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic performance was attributed to the co-existence of anatase and rutile phases. On the one hand, the mixed-crystal phase narrowed the band gap, broadening the light absorption range. On the other hand, it induced the generation of OVs, which has been demonstrated by DFT calculation. The presence of OVs improved the adsorption and activation of O 2 and H 2 O molecules, beneficial for the formation of active free radicals. In addition, the incorporation of rGO promoted the separation of electron-hole pairs. The Gibbs free energy of 2,4,6-TCP degradation revealed that the OVs and mixed-crystal could reduce the energy barrier of the rate-determining step, thereby boosting the dichlorination efficiency of 2,4,6-TCP. The superoxide free radical (O 2 −) was determined as the dominant active species. Finally, a possible mechanism of 2,4,6-TCP degradation with E–TiO 2 @rGO was clarified clearly. The proposed mixed-crystal defect engineering represents a novel strategy in the design and synthesis of photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain diseases present a significant obstacle to both global health and economic progress, owing to their elusive pathogenesis and the limited effectiveness of pharmaceutical interventions. Phototherapy has emerged as a promising non-invasive therapeutic modality for addressing age-related brain disorders, including stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), among others. This review examines the recent progressions in phototherapeutic interventions. Firstly, the article elucidates the various wavelengths of visible light that possess the capability to penetrate the skin and skull, as well as the pathways of light stimulation, encompassing the eyes, skin, veins, and skull. Secondly, it deliberates on the molecular mechanisms of visible light on photosensitive proteins, within the context of brain disorders and other molecular pathways of light modulation. Lastly, the practical application of phototherapy in diverse clinical neurological disorders is indicated. Additionally, this review presents novel approaches that combine phototherapy and pharmacological interventions. Moreover, it outlines the limitations of phototherapeutics and proposes innovative strategies to improve the treatment of cerebral disorders. [Display omitted] ● Medicines targeting age-related diseases have not approached clinical expectations. ● Novel and non-invasive phototherapy has been rapidly developed in recent decades. ● Transocular flicker with 40 Hz white light can improve sleep and cognitive ability. ● Transcranial light activates photo-sensitive proteins and alleviates brain diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]