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This document includes letters from the President, Treasurer, Secretary, and Editor's Introduction of the Earth Sciences History journal. The President discusses global representation within the society and acknowledges the efforts of the officers. The Treasurer provides a financial report, stating that the society is financially stable but may need to revisit membership rates in the future. The Secretary encourages membership renewal and spreading information about the society. The Editor introduces the current issue, which includes papers on the history of stratigraphy, geological travels, mining, and other diverse topics. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a summary of a collection of research papers in the fields of astrophysics and geophysics. The papers cover a wide range of topics, including big data, climate change, and remote sensing. They provide datasets and analyses related to landslides, detonation craters, coastal change, and spectroscopy. The research has potential applications in fields such as climate change and astronomy. The papers underwent peer review and are considered valuable contributions to the scientific community. The authors express their gratitude to the contributors and reviewers for their efforts. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents an in-depth analysis of global research trends in Geosciences from 2014 to 2023. By integrating bibliometric analysis with expert insights from the Deeptime Digital Earth (DDE) initiative, this article identifies key emerging themes shaping the landscape of Earth Sciences. The identification process involved a meticulous analysis of over 400,000 papers from 466 Geosciences journals and approximately 5,800 papers from 93 interdisciplinary journals sourced from the Web of Science and Dimensions database. To map relationships between articles, citation networks were constructed, and spectral clustering algorithms were then employed to identify groups of related research, resulting in 407 clusters. Relevant research terms were extracted using the Log-Likelihood Ratio (LLR) algorithm, followed by statistical analyses on the volume of papers, average publication year, and average citation count within each cluster. Additionally, expert knowledge from DDE Scientific Committee was utilized to select top 30 trends based on their representation, relevance, and impact within Geosciences, and finalize naming of these top trends with consideration of the content and implications of the associated research. This comprehensive approach in systematically delineating and characterizing the trends in a way which is understandable to geoscientists. Thirty significant trends were identified in the field of Geosciences, spanning five domains: deep space, deep time, deep Earth, habitable Earth, and big data. These topics reflect the latest trends and advancements in Geosciences and have the potential to address real-world problems that are closely related to society, science, and technology. The analyzed data of this study only contain those were included in the Web of Science. This study will strongly support the organizations and individual scientists to understand the modern frontier of earth science, especially on solid earth. The organizations such as the surveys or natural science fund could map out areas for future exploration and analyze the hot topics reference to this study. This paper integrates bibliometric analysis with expert insights to highlight the most significant trends on earth science and reach the individual scientist and public by global voting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock discontinuity information plays a key role in engineering activities. In severely fragmented and discontinuous samples, the identification accuracy of rock discontinuities can be improved with the help of geologic knowledge with identified spatial features and geoscience interaction mechanisms. Therefore, we proposed a new method – a knowledge-based intelligent recognition method for rock discontinuities that used point cloud data – to correct inaccurate identification by considering the spatial relationships of rock discontinuities. This paper integrated the geologic knowledge bases in rock discontinuity information extraction rules and combined the generative rule inference model with the region growing method for intelligent extraction. In the case study, we developed four typical rule sets as examples based on the constructed rule system to group rock discontinuities and subsume the fractured rock discontinuities. Results show that this new method is effective in identifying and classifying rock discontinuities of complex areas with a greater reduction in manual intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Editors and Staff of Earth and Space Science thank the reviewers whose selfless work has significantly contributed to the publication process of papers highlighting the best research in geophysics, planetary, and space science in 2023. Peer‐reviewing is a demanding and thankless job. It is however an essential component of the scientific process, requiring the highest standards of integrity and rigor. Reviewers check data and procedures and test reproducibility of methods and results; they share their expertise to verify that the interpretations and conclusions of a paper are consistent with assumptions and existing knowledge. Without this essential work it would not be possible to trust in the scientific process. Publication of papers in a multidisciplinary journal such as Earth and Space Science, that highlights methods, instruments, data and algorithms, relies directly on the expertise of its reviewers to verify and vouch for the quality of the papers that are published. We are indebted to all our reviewers and are delighted to acknowledge them publicly in this Editorial. Plain Language Summary: The Editors and Staff of Earth and Space Science acknowledge the importance of hundreds of peer reviewers who contributed to the scientific rigor of the papers published in the journal. The Editors wish to publicly recognize the 926 reviewers who gave selflessly of their time and expertise in 2023. Key Points: The editors thank the 2023 peer reviewers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a collection of personal reflections and tributes from scientists who worked with Richard W. Eppley, a renowned scientist in the field of biological oceanography. Eppley's research focused on phytoplankton and their role in biogeochemical processes. The article highlights his contributions to the field and his impact on his students and colleagues. Eppley's career spanned many scientific cruises and he was known for his integrity and curiosity about the ocean. The article also provides a biography of Eppley, describing his personal life and interests outside of his scientific work. [Extracted from the article]

Virtual reality is a technological development that, among others, has revolutionized Earth sciences. Its advantages include an opportunity to examine places otherwise difficult or impossible to access and it may also become an important component of education, fostering a better understanding of processes and landforms, geohazard awareness, and an appreciation of geoheritage. This paper reports on the GeoVT project, which aims to create a platform to build and disseminate Virtual Field Trips (VFTs) focused on geomorphology, natural hazards associated with geomorphological processes, and geoheritage sites. To put the GeoVT project in context, an overview of applications of VR in geosciences is provided. This paper subsequently proceeds with a presentation of the project and the GeoVT Authoring application, which is an innovative platform designed to help teachers and students, followed by brief presentations of a number of VFTs developed within the project. They address themes such as fluvial landforms and valley development, coastal landforms, evidence of past glaciation, coastal erosion, wildfire effects, mud volcanoes, and landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G‐Cubed) is a respected Earth science journal that publishes research papers, methods, and coding applications. In 2023, the journal received 485 manuscripts and published 244 of them. The journal credits its success to the voluntary contributions of over 764 reviewers who provided more than 937 reviews. The journal expresses gratitude to the reviewers for their time and expertise, as their efforts ensure that the published papers meet the high standards expected by the research community. The journal welcomes feedback on its peer review process and anticipates exciting advancements in the field. Additionally, the document is a list of names of individuals who have contributed to a report or study, organized alphabetically. The purpose of the document is to acknowledge the participation of these individuals, who come from diverse fields, in the research or study. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a summary of a special collection of papers presented at the Korea-Japan Joint Conference on the Geochemical and Cosmochemical Applications of Microanalysis. The papers discuss various advancements in microanalytical techniques for earth and planetary sciences. Topics covered include dating of Quaternary zircons, microstructural analysis of zircons, observations of Asian and Saharan dust particles, isotopic variations in planetary materials, a new compact magnetic separator, nanoscale analysis of noble gases, chemical analysis of lunar zirconolites, precision of Pb isotopic dating, determination of elemental abundances, development of a new standard material for meteorite zircons, and non-destructive isotope analysis using a negative muon beam. These developments have the potential to improve analytical data and contribute to the advancement of geochemistry and cosmochemistry. [Extracted from the article]

This paper provides an overview of the functionality of Arc Hydro, one of the components within ArcGIS. The purpose of using GIS, specifically the Arc Hydro component, is to prepare geospatial data (e.g., preprocessing digital terrain models, identifying river networks and watershed areas, etc.) during the pre-modeling phase within HEC-HMS. Arc Hydro provides a set of standardized attributes and a toolset for implementing the data model. The Arc Hydro tools generate several datasets that collectively describe the drainage pattern of a catchment. These tools are installed as an Arc Hydro toolbar, which includes the Terrain Preprocessing menu. This menu provides functions dealing with DEM processing and is mostly used once to prepare spatial information for later use. Arc Hydro is not a hydrologic modelling software but an excellent free tool to facilitate hydrologic modelling of watersheds. It is a unique GIS program that maintains the connectivity of hydrologic features. Using the example of the Bioštica River Basin, this paper will demonstrate the pre-modeling steps utilizing Arc Hydro. Additionally, the results obtained during the pre-modeling phase serve as the foundation for the watershed delineation method, using the Point Delineation option (it allows interactive delineation of a watershed upstream of a user-specified point). In this way, the study defines the watershed area for the Hydrological Station HS Bioštica, Bioštica River. Compared to the manual subwatershed and stream network delineation approach, the Arc Hydro toolbar offers significant time savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil Moisture (SM) monitoring is crucial for various applications in agriculture, hydrology, and climate science. Remote Sensing (RS) offers a powerful tool for large-scale SM retrieval. This paper explores the advancements in RS techniques for SM estimation. We discuss the applications of these techniques, along with the advantages and limitations of traditional physical models and data-driven Machine Learning (ML) based approaches. The paper emphasizes the potential of combining ML and physical models to leverage the strengths of both approaches. We explore the challenges associated with this integration and future research directions to improve the accuracy, scalability, and robustness of RS-based SM retrieval. Finally, the paper also discusses a few issues such as input data selection, data availability, ML complexity, the need for public datasets for benchmarking, and analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Earth and life sciences are replete with portmanteau (blended) words and neologisms. Researchers at the interfaces between the traditional disciplines within the Earth and life sciences have coined dual titles for 'new' disciplines, such as geobiology/biogeology and ecohydrology/hydroecology. An upsurge in such coinage over the last few decades reflects a healthy willingness of many researchers to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries and to include the human sphere within their domains. However, some of the titles cause confusion because their meanings are not self-evident; rather, they sometimes demand extra research to reveal their meanings, thus rendering science less 'open' at a time when Open Science is being vigorously encouraged. After discussing the question of disciplinary neologisms, the paper probes the interchangeability of 15 dual 'new' discipline titles and concludes that six are more-or-less synonymous, three are nonsynonymous, and six are indeterminate for varying reasons. We question the usefulness of some, but by no means all, disciplinary neologisms, given that their meanings are not immediately apparent. Looking beyond portmanteau titles and other neologisms, the paper discusses the rise of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research, as seen in the concepts of the Critical Zone, multifunctional landscapes, and Earth System Science, the last of which supports a conceptual model of the planet as an interdependent set of spheres from global to local scales that has the advantages of combining the biotic, abiotic, and human spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the problems of conventional water injection development difficulties and low recovery factor in low-permeability reservoirs, the method of high-pressure air drive is adopted to achieve the purpose of reservoir energy enhancement and efficiency improvement. This paper conducted an experimental study on the mechanism of low-temperature oxidation (LTO) for crude oil in the process of high-pressure air flooding, elaborated the relationship between the LTO properties of crude oil and the temperature, pressure, and water saturation of the reservoir, and analyzed the differences in LTO oxygen consumption and oil components under different reaction conditions. In addition, combined with the air flooding physical simulation experiment, the dynamic evolution law of recovery rate in the air flooding process was revealed. Findings from this inquiry indicate that an escalation in the oxidation temperature significantly amplifies the oxygen incorporation reaction within the crude oil matrix. This augmentation in oxidative conditions leads to an uptick in oxygen consumption, which subsequently precipitates a reduction in the lighter fractions of the oxidized oil while enriching its heavier components. Elevated pressures were found to enhance the propensity for the amalgamation of unstable hydrocarbons with oxygen, fostering comprehensive and heterogeneous oxidation reactions. Notably, an excessive presence of water was observed to detrimentally affect the thermal efficacy of crude oil oxidation processes. In the context of low-permeability reservoirs, air injection techniques have emerged as superior in effectuating oil displacement, although an increase in injection pressures has been associated with the phenomenon of gas channeling. Interestingly, adopting a sequential strategy of initiating water flooding before air flooding facilitated the conveyance of high-pressure air via established flushing channels, although it appeared to attenuate the intensity of crude oil oxidation, culminating in an oil recovery efficiency peaking at 51%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geostatistical prediction methods are increasingly used in earth sciences and engineering to improve upon our knowledge of attributes in space and time. During mining activities, it is very important to have an estimate of any contamination of the soil and groundwater in the area for environmental reasons and to guide the reclamation once mining operations are finished. In this paper, we present the geostatistical analysis of the water content in certain pollutants (Cd and Mn) in a group of mines in Northern Greece. The monitoring points that were studied are 62. The aim of this work is to create a contamination prediction map that better represents the values of Cd and Mn, which is challenging based on the small sample size. The correlation between Cd and Mn concentration in the groundwater is investigated during the preliminary analysis of the data. The logarithm of the data values was used, and after removing a linear trend, the variogram parameters were estimated. In order to create the necessary maps of contamination, we employed the method of ordinary Kriging (OK) and inversed the transformations using bias correction to adjust the results for the inverse transform. Cross-validation shows promising results ( ρ = 65 % for Cd and ρ = 52 % for Mn, RMSE = 25.9 ppb for Cd and RMSE = 25.1 ppm for Mn). As part of this work, the Spartan Variogram model was compared with the other models and was found to perform better for the data of Mn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a tribute to Dr. S. George Pemberton, a renowned ichnologist who passed away in 2018. It highlights his impact as a teacher, mentor, and scientist. Dr. Pemberton was known for his ability to blend scientific insights with life lessons, making him an inspirational educator. His work in ichnology, particularly in applied ichnology, has significantly influenced the fields of sedimentology, stratigraphy, and petroleum geology. He was also recognized for his teaching and mentoring abilities, receiving numerous awards and supervising many students throughout his career. Dr. Pemberton's contributions to the field of ichnology are extensive, with over 140 published works and thousands of citations. [Extracted from the article]

This editorial titled "Evolution of subcontinental and oceanic lithospheric mantle" discusses the significance of studying the history of the lithospheric mantle beneath continents and ocean floors to gain insights into plate tectonics. The editorial highlights the use of petrology, geochemistry, and geophysics to investigate the composition, attributes, and structure of the lithospheric mantle. It also mentions a compilation of six papers included in the Research Topic, which analyze various types of rocks and investigate the internal structure and dynamics of the lithospheric mantle using seismic wave analysis. The document specifically focuses on the analysis of seismic anisotropy in the Tibetan plateau, revealing crust-mantle coupling deformation in the northeastern Tibet and crust-mantle decoupling deformation in the southeastern Tibet. The authors emphasize the importance of these findings in understanding the structure and evolution of the lithosphere. It is important to note that the claims expressed in this document are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of their affiliated organizations or the publisher. [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the history of stratigraphy, geological and mining travels, and their significance within the Italian context of Earth sciences. The article highlights six papers presented at the STRATI 2019 conference in Milan, which aim to investigate and compare the development of stratigraphy with other research fields in geology and mining. The papers cover various topics, including the meaning of stratigraphic studies in Italian mountain areas, the role of mining and visual culture in Earth sciences, and the results of fieldwork undertaken by Italian geologists during extra-European travels. The article emphasizes the importance of these papers in reassessing the research on the history of stratigraphy and promoting interdisciplinary approaches within the historiography of Earth sciences. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a closure to a previous paper titled "Modeling Lifetime Performance of Monopile Foundations for Offshore Wind Applications." The closure addresses questions about the hyperplastic accelerated ratcheting model (HARM) discussed in the original paper. The authors explain that while the stress state in the model is defined by the total values of strain, plastic strain, and plastic ratcheting strain, the elastic response may depend on the plastic strain state and variation in the plastic hardening stiffness. They also discuss the advantages of the hyperplastic approach and the challenges of using three-dimensional finite-element analysis. The closure concludes with comments on gapping in pile-soil analysis and the "acceleration method." [Extracted from the article]

Rock mass is one of the most important load-bearing media in geotechnical engineering. It has been continually vulnerable to geological tectonic movements, natural calamities, and human excavation activities. Its inherent weak surfaces such as primary pores, joints, and fissures have resulted in varying damage degrees. In mining operations, the damaged rock mass has a variety of negative impacts on the stability of its overlying structures and is frequently disturbed by the load. To study the damage law of rock mass under cyclic loading, in this paper, an acoustic emission (AE) device was employed to monitor the rock under the action of two types of cyclic loads: the variable upper and lower pre-loads, and the fixed upper and lower pre-loads. The damage of the loaded rock was split into three stages in this research, based on the features of the AE signals of the rock under uniaxial load, and the damage evolution of the loaded rock was analyzed in distinct stages. The AE signals of the rock under cyclic loading were mainly emitted in the first loading stage. When the stress did not exceed the maximum stress value in the stress history of the loaded rock, few new AE event was generated in the loaded rock. After the low-frequency cyclic static load, the AE signals varied with the load-bearing stress of the rock during the whole process from initial loading to failure, which was consistent with the characteristics of the AE signals of the loaded rock. The research results can be adapted to rock mass in open-pit mines stability analysis and risk prediction while providing some references for the early warning and danger relief of rock masses in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive semidefinite kernels on spheres cross time are on demand in spatial statistics, machine learning and numerical analysis, motivated by applications in the climate, environmental and earth sciences. Most of the recent literature has focused on kernels that are isotropic on the sphere and stationary in time, but this assumption is often overly limited in quantifying spatial dependence properly. A broader class of kernels can be obtained by trading isotropy for axial symmetry, i.e., stationarity with respect to longitudes only. This paper challenges theoretical aspects by providing a spectral representation that uniquely characterizes space-time positive semidefinite kernels that are axially symmetric on the sphere and stationary in time. We also address the problem of partial Fourier inversion and show that it is feasible under mild technical conditions. The second part of the paper focuses on constructive methods to build nonseparable kernels having axial symmetry on the sphere and stationarity over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the well-posedness of a class of evolutionary variational–hemivariational inequalities coupled with a nonlinear ordinary differential equation in Banach spaces. The proof is based on an iterative approximation scheme showing that the problem has a unique mild solution. In addition, we established the continuity of the flow map with respect to the initial data. Under the general framework, we consider two new applications for modeling of frictional contact for viscoelastic materials. In the first application, we consider Coulomb's friction with normal compliance, and in the second, normal damped response. The structure of the friction coefficient μ is new with motivation from geophysical applications in earth sciences with dependence on an external state variable α and the slip rate | u · τ |. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The karst that is dominated by medium-weathered limestone and caves with various spatial features is widely distributed in the northern Fujian Province. This paper discusses the load-bearing behaviors of post-grouting tubular piles in karst region of north Fujian Province with reference to the prestressed tubular piles adopted in the residential buildings of Haixi Comprehensive Trade City Phase II Project in Sanming City. The load-settlement curve, pile side friction resistance, and pile end resistance of tubular piles are analyzed by finite element numerical simulations and field static load tests. The load-bearing behaviors of prestressed tubular piles under karst geological conditions with two different spatial features are comparatively investigated, and the effectiveness of tubular pile reinforcement is verified by field settlement observation. The results reveal that the finite element numerical model can effectively simulate the tubular pile-soil interaction. The use of pile end post-grouting of prestressed tubular piles in the karst region can significantly increase their load-bearing capacities. The top settlements of grouted tubular piles under the maximum test load can be reduced by 16.8%-22.3% compared with these of ungrouted test piles, and the theoretical simulated ultimate load-bearing capacity can be increased by 27.3%. The adoption of pile end post-grouting technique can reduce the pile end displacement of tubular piles and improve the proportion of pile end resistance. Plastic-hard plastic breccia silty clay can be used as a bearing stratum for post-grouting to achieve excellent grouting performance. The bead-shaped karst caves are more unfavorable to the exertion of load-bearing capacity of the tubular piles than the karst caves filled with plastic-hard plastic breccia silty clay to which the piles have direct access. The field monitored average settlements of the 19# and 17# buildings under karst geological conditions with two different spatial features are -12.88 mm and -8.98 mm, respectively, both of which do not exceed the warning value, indicating that it is feasible for the project to adopt the pile end post-grouting technique of the tubular piles. The achievements of this study help to further reveal the load-bearing mechanism of this type of pile, which can provide a basis for its engineering design and construction optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS) officially became the 33rd European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) on 25 April 2023 with the support of 17 founding member and observer countries. As a pan-European legal organization, ACTRIS ERIC will coordinate the provision of data and data products on short-lived atmospheric constituents and clouds relevant to climate and air pollution over the next 15-20 years. ACTRIS was designed more than a decade ago, and its development was funded at national and European levels. It was included in the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) roadmap in 2016 and, subsequently, in the national infrastructure roadmaps of European countries. It became a landmark of the ESFRI roadmap in 2021. The purpose of this paper is to describe the mission of ACTRIS, its added value to the community of atmospheric scientists, providing services to academia as well as the public and private sectors, and to summarize its main achievements. The present publication serves as a reference document for ACTRIS, its users, and the scientific community as a whole. It provides the reader with relevant information and an overview on ACTRIS governance and services, as well as a summary of the main scientific achievements of the last 20 years. The paper concludes with an outlook on the upcoming challenges for ACTRIS and the strategy for its future evolution. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The Aerosol, Clouds and Trace Gases Research Infrastructure (ACTRIS) is the new European Research Infrastructure Consortium for short-lived atmospheric constituents and clouds, supporting fundamental research and excellence in Earth system observation. The primary objective of ACTRIS is to produce high-quality integrated datasets in the field of atmospheric sciences and to provide services, including access to instrumented platforms, tailored for scientific and technological use. Established with a long-term perspective, with financial commitments from 17 European countries and the European Commission, ACTRIS services are open to the global community of scientists involved in atmospheric research and beyond. It is expected that ACTRIS will have a strong impact enhancing excellence in Earth system observation and research, providing information and knowledge for the development of sustainable solutions to societal needs. KEYWORDS: Atmosphere; Europe; Aerosols/particulates; Clouds; Trace gases, 1. Introduction Short-lived atmospheric constituents (SLACs) and clouds play a key role in regulating Earth's climate and impacting the quality of air and its effects on human and ecosystem health. [...]

Granite structure has the characteristics of discrete distribution and random distribution of minerals, which is particularly critical to the stability of surrounding rock of underground caverns, and the research process is extremely complicated. In this paper, the granite of Dagangshan tunnel in rock sections of class ? was taken as the research object, and the mineral composition and proportion, the macro and micro characteristics of granite was analyzed by XRD analysis, SEM and laboratory compressive test; Dagangshan tunnel's section model with surrounding rock of class ? was established using the particle flow program PFC and the numerical simulation was done, thus the influence of micro composition and proportion on surrounding rock masses' stability with the tunnel excavation was analyzed. Results show that: The content of illite and albite is the most, and illite is the weak mineral of the granite. For the granite of Dagangshan tunnel with rock masses of class ?, the rock failure is mainly caused by shear force and secondary by tensile force. Fracture is mainly concentrated in the enrichment area of "weakened minerals," where as the breakthrough point and expands to other parts, and further connects. The "enhanced minerals" are basically stable because of their high hardness and strong link between each other. After tunnel excavation, cracks of tunnel's side walls and the arch foots are more serious, so the supporting measures of these parts should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a practical approach to reflecting the properties of the formation, the slowness of near-wellbore formation is of great significance to geophysical exploration, which can be used to evaluate rock brittleness, wellbore stability, fracturing effect, and invasion depth. Although traditional slowness imaging methods perform well in areas where the thickness of the heterogeneous formation is greater than the length of the receiver array of the logging instrument, they may fail when encountering thin beds. The thin beds' axial thickness, radial invasion depth, and radial slowness are challenging to identify, resulting in obtaining an average slowness value without longitudinal resolution. This paper proposes a thin beds slowness imaging inversion method that can effectively invert the axial thickness, radial invasion thicknesses, and radial slowness variations of thin beds with higher axial resolution compared to traditional methods. The new method adaptively extracts slowness sequences with different radial depths by combining receivers with different source distances. It obtains their corresponding radial thicknesses through ray theory, which does not depend on the arrival times of the first wave. This method is sensitive to thin beds, and the axis thickness of thin beds can be estimated by the change of radial slowness sequence and the combined source distance length. Combining the results at different depths allows a slowness image of the thin beds near-wellbore to be directly obtained. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method are verified by synthetic data and field data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to improve performance across a wide range of Earth system prediction tasks. As with any application of AI, it is important for AI to be developed in an ethical and responsible manner to minimize bias and other effects. In this work, we extend our previous work demonstrating how AI can go wrong with weather and climate applications by presenting a categorization of bias for AI in the Earth sciences. This categorization can assist AI developers to identify potential biases that can affect their model throughout the AI development life cycle. We highlight examples from a variety of Earth system prediction tasks of each category of bias. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: As artificial intelligence (AI) grows in popularity, its methods are being applied to a wide range of Earth system prediction tasks. Although AI can facilitate more accurate prediction at many tasks, it is not without potential pitfalls, especially if the developers are not as familiar with its potential drawbacks. In this paper, we provide a classification system for the types of bias that one is likely to see in applying AI to Earth sciences. Our classification system will assist current and future AI developers to recognize where their AI system or data are biased so they can take steps to alleviate this bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geosciences modelling and 3D geovisualization is growing and evolving rapidly. Driven by commercial urgency and an increase in data from sensor-based sources, there is an abundance of opportunities to analyze geosciences data in 3D and 4D. Geosciences modelling is developing in GIS based systems, 3D modelling through both game engines and custom programs, and the use of extended reality to further interact with data. The key limitations that are currently prevalent in 3D geovisualization in the geosciences are GIS representations having difficulty displaying 3D data and undergoing translations to pseudo-3D, thus losing fidelity, financial and personnel capital, processing issues with the terabytes worth of data and limited computing, digital occlusion and spatial interpretation challenges with users, and matching and alignment of 3D points. The future of 3D geovisualization lies in its accelerated growth, data management solutions, further interactivity in applications, and more information regarding the benefits and best practices in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro‐continuum models are versatile and powerful approaches for simulating coupled processes in two‐scale porous systems. Initially oriented for modeling static single‐phase flow in microtomography images with sub‐voxel porosity, the concept has been extended over the years to multi‐phase flow, reactive transport, and poromechanics. This paper introduces an integrated micro‐continuum framework to model coupled processes in porous media. It reviews state‐of‐the‐art models and discusses applications in geosciences including Digital Rock Physics with sub‐voxel porosity, moving fluid‐solid interface at the pore‐scale due to geochemical reactions, fracture‐matrix interactions, and solid deformation. Finally, the paper discusses future developments in micro‐continuum models. Key Points: Micro‐continuum models are hybrid‐scale approaches for solving flow and transport in porous mediaState of the art micro‐continuum models handle full Temperature‐Hydrodynamics‐Mechanics‐Chemistry coupling in unsaturated environmentsApplications include Digital Rock Physics with sub‐voxel porosity, pore‐scale reactive transport, and poromechanics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a hot topic in Earth sciences, the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau has accumulated a large amount of sedimentary‐related data. We constructed a dataset of detrital components for Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau from 63 peer‐reviewed publications. The dataset thus comprises 1813 Late Proterozoic to Pleistocene sandstones from 84 stratigraphic units. For each sample, we present details on reference, detrital composition, GPS, geographic location, depositional age, tectonic setting and depositional environment. It becomes a high‐quality dataset after the information on each sandstone sample was standardized and reviewed by sedimentary experts. The dataset can be used for regional geoscience studies, exploring the general laws of the source‐to‐sink process. The dataset may also be useful in the field of utilities, such as assisting in finding suitable building stones, helping oil and gas and mineral exploration, and so forth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Earth Science discusses the impacts, dynamics, and system responses of highly intervened estuaries. Estuaries are globally degraded and threatened environments due to human-engineered interventions, land use changes, and pollution. The article emphasizes the need to understand the interactions between different impacts and their effects in order to manage and restore highly intervened estuaries. It also presents original research papers on various aspects of estuarine systems, including morphological and hydrodynamic responses, changes in natural functions, physicochemical degradation, and strategies for restoration and recovery. Additionally, the article titled "Anthropocene" explores the concept of the Anthropocene epoch, which refers to the current geological era characterized by significant human impact on the Earth's ecosystems. The authors discuss the origins and implications of the term, as well as the controversies surrounding its definition and recognition within the scientific community. They also examine the various ways in which human activities have shaped the planet, including climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the Anthropocene concept and its relevance to understanding the relationship between humans and the environment. [Extracted from the article]

Between 2014 and 2018, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration conducted the NOAA Satellite Observing System Architecture (NSOSA) study to plan for the next generation of operational environmental satellites. The study generated some important questions that could be addressed by observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs). This paper describes a series of OSSEs in which benefits to numerical weather prediction from existing observing systems are combined with enhancements from potential future capabilities. Assessments include the relative value of the quantity of different types of thermodynamic soundings for global numerical weather applications. We compare the relative impact of several sounding configuration scenarios for infrared (IR), microwave (MW), and radio occultation (RO) observing capabilities. The main results are 1) increasing the revisit rate for satellite radiance soundings produces the largest benefits but at a significant cost by requiring an increase in the number of polar-orbiting satellites from 2 to 12; 2) a large positive impact is found when the number of RO soundings per day is increased well beyond current values and other observations are held at current levels of performance; 3) RO can be used as a mitigation strategy for lower MW/IR sounding revisit rates, particularly in the tropics; and 4) smaller benefits result from increasing the horizontal resolution along the track of the satellites of MW/IR satellite radiances. Furthermore, disaggregating IR and MW instruments into six evenly distributed sun-synchronous orbits is slightly more beneficial than when the same instruments are combined and collocated on three separate orbits. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The results of this paper are significant because they inform decision-makers about the future configuration of the NOAA's environmental satellite constellation, which serves millions of diverse users. KEYWORDS: Remote sensing; Satellite observations; Sensitivity studies; Data assimilation; Numerical weather prediction/ forecasting, 1. Introduction As planning for future satellite systems takes a long time, in 2014, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) began evaluating existing and new opportunities for the design [...]

The Elat/Timna area in Southern Israel provides an unparalleled opportunity for geological field studies due to its unique geology, spanning from the Neoproterozoic to the Holocene. The well-exposed rocks document the variability and evolution of three major processes: the creation of the Arabian-Nubian Shield during the Neoproterozoic, the accumulation of the Cambrian to Eocene sedimentary sequence, and the Miocene to Recent evolution of the Dead Sea Transform, an active plate boundary. The area's geological diversity and extensive documentation of its geology have made it a particularly important study site for geoscience students. Recently the Geological Survey of Israel published new 1:50,000 scale geological maps of the area, updated by additional fieldwork and presented in a series of reports. This paper presents a brief geological overview and a description of six key locations, complete with maps and photos that are a showcase document to the area's geological uniqueness as an excellently-exposed window into 800 million years of Neoproterozoic to Holocene evolution at the NE African plate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article critiques the comments made by Landing et al. on their paper, emphasizing that their interpretation of Cambrian strata in the Caledonian Highlands is flawed and lacks scientific support. It also discusses the issues with forced lithostratigraphic frameworks, the inadequate correlation methods used by Landing et al., and the inaccuracies in their data and interpretations regarding the Cambrian geological record.

This document provides supporting information for an article titled "Bacterial magnetofossil evidence for enhanced Pacific Ocean respired carbon storage during buildup of Antarctic glaciation." It includes details of materials and studied sites, magnetic and geochemical analytical methods, model configuration and boundary conditions for climate simulation experiments, sea-ice fraction simulation results, the age model adopted for the studied sites, parameters associated with components identified from isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) unmixing analysis, and the BH/BS ratio from TEM results and IRM unmixing. The study collected sediment samples from two sites in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean to trace deep Pacific Ocean deoxygenation and its relation to Southern Ocean production variations. Magnetic and geochemical measurements were performed to analyze the sediment samples. This document provides information on sediment ages and climate simulation experiments. Sediment ages were determined using a revised age model, and various fluxes were calculated based on the mass accumulation rate. Climate simulations were conducted using the Community Earth System Model, which consists of multiple components that interact with each other. The simulations were based on the climate state at 35 million years ago and included factors such as vegetation distribution, orbital conditions, and CO2 concentrations. The document also includes figures and tables with additional data and results. The given text appears to be a compilation of data tables and references related to various scientific studies and research papers. The tables include numerical values and ratios related to different samples and measurements. The references provide sources for further reading [Extracted from the article]

This article discusses the sedimentary evolution and hazardous geology during the Holocene in the Yangtze River and Red River Deltas and their neighboring coastal areas. The deltas began forming during the early to middle Holocene and have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle. The research topic explores the sedimentary records, source-to-sink processes, and geohazards in these areas. The article provides a summary and analysis of nine papers that cover various aspects of the topic, including sedimentary evolution, geologic hazards, and hydrochemical characteristics. These studies contribute to a deeper understanding of the Holocene sedimentary history and geo-hazardous mechanisms in the region. [Extracted from the article]

The document titled "CONTENTS" is from the journal Earth Sciences History, Volume 43, No. 1, published in 2024. It contains a collection of papers from the STRATI 2019 Meeting in Milan, Italy. The papers cover various topics related to the history of stratigraphy, geological travels, mining, and the contributions of individuals to the field of earth sciences. The document also includes notes on contributors, guidelines for authors, and information on how to join the History of Earth Sciences Society. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Wind stress curl as a driving force of annual waves in the upper ocean for interpreting energetics at all latitudes." The correction addresses errors in equations and references in the original article. The corrected equations are provided, and a reference is updated with the correct information. Minor grammar-related errors are also corrected. The original paper has been updated. The publisher, Springer Nature, remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

High-resolution bathymetry provides critical information to marine geoscientists. Bathymetric big data help characterise the seafloor and its benthic habitats, understand sedimentary records, and support the development of offshore engineering infrastructures. From September 27th to October 20th, 2022, the new CNR Research Vessel GAIA BLU explored the seafloor of the Naples and Pozzuoli Gulfs, and the Amalfi coastal area (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) from 50 to more than 2000 m water depth, acquiring about 5000 km2 of multi beam echosounder data. This area is particularly vulnerable to abrupt changes driven by the dynamics of several volcanic complexes, active in the area, and by human-induced impacts reflecting the proximity to the highly populated and touristic coastal area of Naples and nearby famous islands. For these reasons, the seafloor of the area needs to be known and constantly monitored. The digital bathymetric data previously available are restricted to the shallow highly dynamic area of the Gulf of Naples and appear fragmented as they were acquired in successive years, with different goals thereby using a variety of devices, with markedly different spatial resolutions. In this paper, we present bathymetric maps of the Gulf of Naples and adjacent slope basins at unprecedented resolution using three state-of-the-art multi beam echosounders. These high-resolution data highlight the technological advances of geophysical surveys achieved over the last 20 years and contribute to assessing the most dynamic areas where changes in the seafloor over time can be quantified. The new digital multi-resolution bathymetric products are openly accessible via Marine Geosciences Data System MGDS (refer to section Data Availability, Table 8, for datasets and products DOIs), perfectly matching the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) and Open Science Principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth is the only known habitable planet in the solar system. Understanding how Earth developed its unique habitability has been the frontier of Earth sciences and has become one of the main themes of current deep-space explorations. What are the decisive factors that led to a habitable planet? What is the role of solid Earth processes in the origin of life and in modulating the surface environment? Are Earth's habitability studies relevant to current challenges that human beings face? These questions have attracted the interest of both scientists and the public alike. NSR spoke to Prof. Charles H. Langmuir from Harvard University in the USA, who is a solid Earth geochemist who carries out research on diverse aspects of the plate tectonic geochemical cycle, including ocean ridges, convergent margins and intraplate volcanism. Prof. Langmuir is the author of the book How to Build a Habitable Planet (www.habitableplanet.org), one of the best Earth science books published in 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay minerals and sheet silicates are the main constituents of lutites and clays. These materials are relevant in earth science research as well as in economic geology because of the great variety of applications, based on their particular features at different levels of aggregation in mineral assemblages and on the microstructural and structural characteristics of the mineral constituents frequently characterized by micro- and nanocrystalline appearance. Thus, X-ray diffraction is a main tool for fundamental and applied research of these materials. The present review concerns their microstructural research from powder X-ray diffraction data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying Arctic ice formation stays in the focus of research groups over the past decades in the context of ice cover changes, thermal budget and climate agenda in general. Nevertheless, the phenomenon's underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood and described. The main reason for the lack in understanding is the limited experimental access to the field data when it comes to the processes that occur below the ice floe. Thus, there is a need to build competent analogies between the natural (ocean water–ice) and laboratory (here: binary alloy) conditions of the experiment as a step of data preparation for the verification of the mathematical model. In the current paper, the existing qualitative models describing the process of melting and crystallization were expanded and the experimental method was developed copying the layering of the natural ocean water–ice mixture. The experimental set‐up for studying the solidification within the intermediate zone was designed for Al–Cu alloys being the system with appropriate solidus line for creating a sufficient concentration gradient and by that temperature dependent phase fraction under isothermal conditions. The gained experimental data were used for validating a binary phase‐field model for solidification considering moving boundaries. The model includes the description of the free energy of both phases and their respective diffusion coefficients. It allows modeling a binary system at a mesoscopic spatial level by including the concentration‐driven phase transition and resolidification in the two‐phase region. The novel results will help the quantitative understanding of solidification phenomena and are highly‐evaluated from interdisciplinary point of view, including glaciology and geosciences, being ultimately significant for the understanding the global climate change landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the advancements and challenges in seabed prospecting technology, emphasizing the importance of seabed geophysical data in understanding the planet and driving marine energy resource exploration and deep earth science research. It calls for further technical refinement in ocean bottom geophysical prospecting techniques and the integration of seabed exploration technology with big data and artificial intelligence. The article also introduces a special issue on seabed prospecting technology, which includes research papers covering a range of prospecting methods and geophysical applications. The document provides summaries of various research studies related to seismic data analysis and exploration, offering key findings and methodologies used in each study. [Extracted from the article]

Boron, as both a lithophilic and biophilic element with high solubility, provides profound insights into the history of the Earth and environmental changes through its isotopes present in sediments. However, there are still some challenges in the accurate and precise determination of boron isotopes in sediments, particularly in pre-processing. When using boron-specific resins for the purification and enrichment of boron, it is in an alkaline environment. During the pre-treatment process, insoluble hydroxides of Al, Fe, and rare earth elements precipitate, exhibiting strong boron adsorption in high-pH solutions. This has potential impacts on the accuracy of boron isotope measurements. This study assesses a method that uses Na2CO3 and K2CO3 for dissolution at reduced temperatures and a cationic resin combined with a boron-specific resin for the enrichment and purification of boron in sediments. All the Al, Fe, and rare earth elements, which can generate water-insoluble hydroxides, were mainly removed by the cationic resin column, and boron in the sample solutions without Al, Fe, and rare earth elements was extracted by the boron-specific resin. The boron isotope composition (δ11B) was determined using MC-ICP-MS. The results indicate that this method fully decomposes and efficiently purifies the sediments. The long-term instrumental external reproducibility of δ11B values for NIST SRM 951a, ERM-AE120, and ERM-AE121 were 0.01 ± 0.09‰ (n = 13), −20.28 ± 0.16‰ and 19.98 ± 0.14‰, based on the measurements using a series of international reference materials over the last three years. The measured δ11B values for the standards have various matrices. The δ11B values of GSR-1 (−13.14‰ ± 0.27‰), BHVO-2 (−0.66 ± 0.06‰), AGV-2 (−3.22 ± 0.14‰) and Nass-6 (39.83 ± 0.07‰) are in agreement with the published data within uncertainty. The samples from Sihailongwan Maar Lake (SMK), the Loess Plateau (Loess-1 and Loess-2), shale (SH-1 and SH-2), and basalt (BL-1 and BL-2) were treated. The δ11B values for SMK, Loess-1, and Loess-2 are −10.20 ± 0.29‰, −11.06 ± 0.16‰, and −10.79 ± 0.10‰, showing a close relationship with δ11B of the continental crust. The δ11B values for shale (SH-1 and SH-2) are −7.06‰ ± 0.32‰ and +2.28‰ ± 0.05‰, while those for basalt (BL-1 and BL-2) are −8.78‰ ± 0.09‰ and +2.50‰ ± 0.19‰. These results indicate a significant variation in the δ11B values across these samples. These findings imply that this approach is capable of efficiently enriching and purifying boron in sediments. It enables accurate and precise determination of δ11B in sediments, thus offering a reliable tool for conducting boron isotope studies in sedimentary earth science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying pre-seismic atmospheric and ionospheric anomalies is of research importance but also meets difficulties, especially for earthquakes with varying magnitudes, focal depths and focal mechanisms. In this paper, atmospheric‒ionospheric disturbances associated with earthquakes in Nepal (April 25, 2015, M = 7.8 and May 12, 2015, M = 7.3) are investigated using atmospheric and ionospheric parameters. Ionospheric (vertical total electron content (VTEC)) and atmospheric (outgoing long wave radiation (OLR), cloud mask, vertical temperature gradient (VTG)) parameters are archived from IGS GPS stations and INSAT 3D data from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) of Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. The abnormal VTEC signal was noticed 3 days and 10 days prior to April 25, 2015 event and 2 days and 6 days prior to the May 12, 2015 event. Inter-quartile range (IQR) and associated running median over one day were determined as the upper limit reference to a signature of VTEC for the 51-days period of the Nepal earthquake, it can be clearly observed that the total electron content (TEC) has increased from the limits of UB (upper bound) at the stations closest to the earthquake epicentre such as LCK-4, LHAZ than the far stations such as IISC, HYDE, SGOC and URUM. Prior to these earthquakes, UB observed a 54‒60% increase in relative amplitude of VTEC. The overall geomagnetic storm condition was thoroughly examined using the global planetary index (Kp) and storm time disturbance index (Dst) over the 51-days period. The IQR range method was used to analyse its abnormal positive and negative signals. We found no geomagnetic signatures caused by geomagnetic storms during the seismic regime The OLR varied from 240 to 340 watts/m2 observed 4 days before the event. The vertical temperature gradient varied from 4.3 to 23.2 K. Daily variations of 51 days for the OLR showed good anomalous atmospheric responses a few days before the event. The shallow depth of the earthquake gives the best coupling, releasing a large amount of energy from the seismic zones, and could be a causal factor in the enhancement of anomalous VTEC patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document serves as a preface to a special issue of SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences that focuses on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and its surrounding areas. The QTP is a significant region that impacts global climate change, organism distribution, and biodiversity patterns. The preface emphasizes the importance of understanding the geological evolution and tectonic dynamics of the QTP, as well as the stratigraphic framework and fossil faunas that contribute to reconstructing its history. The special issue includes 14 papers covering various geological periods and provides updated information on the QTP's paleogeography, paleoclimate, and natural resources. The document discusses the progress made in the study of the QTP and aims to stimulate further research in the area. [Extracted from the article]

The question as to whether foreign presence benefits or harms domestic firm innovation is yet to reach a definitive answer. This paper provides micro-level evidence to shed light on this topic. By incorporating insights from economic geography into the literature on foreign presence, we developed a geography-based foreign presence, defined as foreign presence weighted by geographical proximity between a focal domestic firm and each foreign firm in the same region. Based on theoretical reasoning and informed by the literature on geographical proximity and foreign presence, we proposed an inverted 'U'-shaped relationship between a domestic firm's geography-based foreign presence and its innovation performance in the context of the world's largest emerging economy, China. We argue that such a relationship is steepened for domestic state-owned firms and when the foreign firms within the region present a high level of innovation performance. By analysing a sample of Chinese firms in manufacturing industries between 1998 and 2014, we found support for our propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]