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The article assesses financial innovation and structural change in the early stages of industrialization based on the experience of the financial sector in Mexico from 1945-1959. A description of a traditional economy is included as is the transformation by which such an economy can become a developing economy through alterations in the production function. There are five ways, the article states, for financing innovation in developing economies, including self-financing, tax increases, direct financing, government securities, and indirect financing.

The revolution in management techniques of the last 15 years has spurred the growth of large international companies of a complexity hitherto unknown. A complete rethinking of traditional views of trade is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate price forecast is crucial when deciding on a new investment proposal for capital intensive commodities. In such industries as metals, plastics, and fertilizers, the sale price is the key profitability factor. New investments are too often based on specious forecasts which use historical price trends to predict the future. Another way to forecast prices which can provide more meaningful results is presented in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What are marketing's boundaries in a highly automated, industrialized society? What are marketing's social responsibilities today? These and other important questions are raised by the author. He contends that in an economy of abundance, marketing is more than a technology of the firm and that marketing responsibilities extend beyond the profit realm. Marketing is viewed as an institution of social control instrumental in reorienting a culture from a producers' to a consumers' culture. Appraisal of the many complex issues raised in this article requires a broader conception of marketing than commonly used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization has lured many underdeveloped countries as the fastest and surest method of economic development. But marketing problems are causing unexpected difficulties in many of these countries--difficulties that were not anticipated because production has been seen as almost the only problem. This article demonstrates the pivotal role of marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most marketing data on consumption and production are out of date before they are available or do not lend themselves to easy analysis. This article describes an easily understood technique for the analysis of market patterns, which uses reliable, timely, and available data to link specific production centers to specific consumption centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Channels of distribution are especially important in the economic life of an underdeveloped country like Egypt, because manufacturers typically delegate their marketing activities to them. The present article describes and evaluates the channels of distribution for consumer goods in Egypt. This information helps in the economic development of an underdeveloped country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses industrialization in the U.S. in the post World War II period. Industrialization is recognized as a switch from a specialization of nonmanufacturing industries to manufacturing. A study of 48 states in the U.S. was conducted to determine the number of production workers in manufacturing, value added by manufacture, manufacturing production workers as a percentage of the population, and value added by manufacture per capita. It was determined that a high degree of correlation exists between value added by manufacture and employment of production workers in the states evaluated.

The article discusses the United States' policy towards trade-marks and trade-mark laws. The author believes little attention was paid to trade-mark assignment law in the United States until Congressional hearings began on the Lanham Act in 1938. Trade-marks have increasingly become attached to goods to make them more recognizable, according to the author. He feels that the Lanham Act has been effective in clearing up some confusion in the transfer of a mark with the part of a business with which it is used, but it focuses on the concept that goodwill attaches to the business, not the mark itself. The author investigates the benefits and limitations of limited and free assignment in trade-mark law and believes the law should change under the Lanham Act to free assignment.

The article reports on the economic growth, industrial trends and future of California and the Pacific Coast region of the United States. The market is described as benefitting from the war industries of aircraft and shipbuilding and population growth, but also having great potential. The production growth of the iron, steel and steel related industries in California are tracked. Industries with local markets and national markets are discussed. According to the author, California's economic development in the periods before and after World War II has been faster than the rest of the United States.

The article discusses the use of the "machine methods" in marketing applications. Machine methods is this context refers to the automation efforts in the industrial sector. To use this application in marketing, sales management must utilize psychology in the analysis of the selling process. The machine method approach in marketing would require the standardization of the sales presentation, the utilization of machinery for processing the product, and the development of operatives proficient in the selling process and in the use of machinery for making sales.

A conference paper about the history of marketing in Latin America is presented. The author gives a brief account of race and nationality distribution in the region, followed by the effects of the World War I on the area. According to the author, Latin America faces difficulties in industrializing due to its inability to import the necessary machinery.

The article reports on the geographic divisions of the wholesale trade. 'Wholesale trade' is defined as trade between middle men or from merchants to retailers. The two most important concerns to wholesalers with regard to trading area are: determining the most appropriate trading area, and measuring the market potential in a specific territory. Trading areas are formed based on the size of a business, the type of product which is sold, and with regard to the geography of the region. The author states that industrial development needs a local population base for support. Denver, Colorado is discussed as a distribution center, as opposed to a regional industrial base.

The article investigates the organizational changes brought about by the introduction of automation technology in a baking plant. Information related to the impact of automation on the amount of supervisory responsibility and the plant's ratio of supervisors to workers is presented. A discussion is presented about the impact of automation on the plant's labor force. The study found that while automation allows for more efficient production of goods, it increases the work level of supervisors and managers.

The article discusses the impact of automation on the fulfillment of human dignity, creativity and potential of a free man. The author presents a definition of automation and discusses the overall importance of teamwork in automation. A discussion is presented about the expanded role differentiation created by automation. The author explores the relationship between automation and unemployment, and the moral and ethical aspects of implementing automation into an industrial organization.

There is little evidence that marketing research is being used to any extent in underdeveloped countries. Obstacles and technical difficulties in applying research techniques in these countries are discussed, and it is shown that marketing research practices often cannot be exported without modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a speech by Shrimati Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, delivered at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held in Stockholm, Sweden on June 5-16, 1972. She stresses that pollution is not a technical problem but it is due to science and technology. She discusses the industrial development that is happening in her country.

The article focuses on the transformation of resources in a modern metropolis in the U.S. It discusses the image of the downtown as an instrument for industrialization. However, alteration of resources should be considered in realizing such improvements in every city. Despite the sacrifices, the urge of realizing such development in metropolis area should continue to perform even when its environment is already populated with various cultural changes. In such, metropolis is being used as an option to menace resource scarcity and depletion. Nevertheless, the high demand of finding a solution in dealing the issue of critical resource has been discussed.

The article discusses fundamental issues that are related to the government support of basic scientific research. It claims that countries benefit through prestige of scientific accomplishment from the leadership in basic research. It believes that research is one form of investment, which involves human and material resources to possess knowledge. It therefore expects that the process will yield application of such knowledge for the welfare of the human population. Moreover, it suggests that a policy of allocating scientific research in backward areas would be necessary to encourage industrial development and answer problems of poverty.

The article comments on the article "Industrialization of Underdeveloped Countries: A Means to Peace," by P. C. Mahalanobis. He writes as if poverty of underdeveloped countries established a basic uniformity for analysis and policy, which is far from valid. Even within individual countries there is often regional diversity and the underdeveloped countries which compromise over one half of the world are extremely heterogeneous in resources and population density. He fails to mention the diversity of social attitudes and customs in underdeveloped countries and their relevance to economic development. The failure to recognize the heterogeneity of the underdeveloped world is accompanied by the failure to recognize an important characteristic common to underdeveloped countries.

The article addresses the problem faced by developing countries in applying scientific and technological innovation to achieve economic growth. It cites the problems of developing countries in meeting the requirements of such innovations, such as the number of people with technical skills and knowledge on science and technology. According to the author, developing countries can effectively use technology and science in achieving economic progress through the establishment of an institution that would formulate problems and organizational instrument to find applicable solution to the problem.

The article discusses the development of the domestic peaceful atomic energy program by Soviet bloc nations. The progress has depended on the countries' degree of economic and political stability and level of industrialization. The Soviet bloc nations depend on the technical assistance of Soviet Union which promised to assist in building power stations and other facilities. The recipient developing countries of the Soviet sharing involve Bulgaria, China, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Rumania.

The article highlights the issues and topics discussed during the second conference on the peaceful use of atomic energy, held between September 1 and 13, 1958 in Geneva, Switzerland. The public at large had become accustomed to the miracle of nuclear energy and its devices. In general, the second conference was preceded by somewhat methodical and elaborate preparations involving the scientists and engineers of all countries, in much the same way as are meetings in other fields. It was evident that engineers are now playing a much more important role in the field than they had previously. In addition, it was clear that the participants from the smaller nations of the world were now actively engaged in exploring the possibilities of nuclear energy.

The article focuses on the industrialization of developing countries as a means of peaceful living. There has been recognition of the need of economic development through industrialization. It has been assumed that such economic development would broadly follow the pattern of industrialization. With the progress of a country's industrialization, it would automatically follow that its own natural resources will exploit itself. In addition, it is also inescapable that commercial and economic relations with other countries would tend to become equal.

The article reflects the views of the author on the world development. The author believes that the changes which are taking place in the world are brought by the upsurge of science and technology and by the spread of industrial civilization. He notes that the enormous revolution is characterized primarily by rapid technological change. He cites industrial-scientific revolution, and believes to have had profound effects upon human populations. Results of innovations made by man over his environment is also cited by the author.

The article focuses on the balance between the needs and the achievements of underdeveloped countries. According to economic experts, sociologists, and natural scientists, the needs of developing countries are falling farther behind, as their needs grow faster than their achievements. Irrespective of political views and the countries they come from, almost all of them agree that these countries must have capital from abroad. Some say that without this capital the underdeveloped countries will not be able to avoid the horrors of the Soviet industrialization, with all that would mean to them and to the tensions of this coldly coexisting world.

The article presents a speech by Harrison Brown, professor of geochemistry, delivered during the annual convention of the American Society of Newspaper Editors at the California Institute of Technology, San Francisco, California. He discusses the spread of machine civilization, the industrialization throughout the world, and the rapid growth of human population.

The article focuses on the author's perspective on the suggestion that the economically underdeveloped nations should be giving more attention to solar energy development and not concentrating all their hopes on atomic energy. Because of the availability of other energy resources at lower cost, solar energy applications are only of marginal significance in the foreseeable future in the industrialized nations. The author suggests that solar energy development programs should be pushed through by United Nations' facilities and the U.S. government for the greatest benefit of the people who are striving for economic and social betterment.

The article discusses the role of automatized industrial processes in economic growth. The author observes that many operations in industry, commerce and services are enjoying improvement in their efficiency with the application of automation processes. However, underdeveloped economies may experience difficulty in terms of transitioning to automation processes. Some of the problems in the early stages of development are the lack of capital to buy the necessary equipment, scarcity of skilled labor and well-trained engineers and applied scientists.

The article discusses the role of atomic power on regional development. According to the authors, atomic power will be one of the most welcome addition to the existing power resources on various regions, specifically to the industrialized ones. However, they do not believe that nuclear power will be the revolutionary kind of force that will speed up economic development and raise standards of living. It was implied in the discussion that the introduction of atomic power into a region cannot totally not be equated with industrial and social transformation.

Western society is well embarked Oil the transition from the industrial to the post-industrial era. The structures of the industrial organization, in particular, are growing increasingly dysfunctional because they stand at the confluence of changes involving technology, social values, the economic environment, organizational design, job design and the practices of management. Unless their managers can adapt, these industries will be the first to be hit by crisis and massive dislocation. However, theoretical and practical studies in ' socio-technical systems ', under way in England, Norway and the United States during the last 20 years, suggest ways in which production organizations can fit themselves to the new characteristics inherent in the post-industrial field. In such a modified environment, jobs will be characterized by greater autonomy, adaptability, variety and participation. In return, workers will offer a higher degree of commitment to the job and the organization. Several examples and case studies are cited to support and illustrate the socio-technical approach to organizational design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the issues involving the laws, which prohibit women from some occupations or limiting their hours of work as well as the stand of the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission on such issues in the U.S. Before the World War I, states had started making laws that aimed at protecting workers which was considered to be a public achievement over unchecked industrialization. Since most of these laws only apply to women, governing their hours of work and conditions of employment, lawmakers are assessing protective law at urging of those who believe such legislation restricts women's access to jobs and places women at a disadvantage in competing with men. The banning of the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 threatened women's protective law.

The conditions which have been described in this study constitute an acute national manpower problem and none of the programs implemented or contemplated promises a solution. While the primary purpose of this study has been to examine the conditions prevailing within the agricultural labor market, the findings do suggest the outline of an effective remedial program. The first prerequisite to effective action in this realm must be the recognition of the true nature of the problem, that it is one of redundancy in the supply of agricultural labor. Second, it must be recognized that hired agricultural labor lacks the organizational resources for independently pursuing corrective measures. Given the economic interests of farmers and their political position in farm communities and state legislatures, it follows that responsibility for corrective action must reside with the federal government. Agricultural labor in general is probably the most geographically mobile of all sectoral labor forces, as evidenced by the extensive annual movements of migrant workers, so that, even though industrial development within farm areas would facilitate the integration of farm workers into industrial society, it should not be regarded as an essential element in a corrective program.

The article focuses on the economic and administrative environment within which labor relations evolve in a developing economy. The principal goal for industrialism in newly emerging countries is to aspire to higher living standards.The economic limitations and constraints of industrialization can be low level of technology and lack of natural resources. The strategic importance of managerial and administrative personnel is emphasized. The need for a strategy of high-level human resource development is emphasized. Manpower should be imported and career training provided.

In terms of resources as well as scope of interest and effort, the Inter-University Study of Labor Problems in Economic Development may well be the largest intellectual enterprise ever undertaken in the industrial relations field. The effort to draw off and unify the essence of the already incredibly large flow of research stimulated by this project is itself a sizable undertaking. In this review-article, the author provides a critique o[ this effort by the project directors to systematize the results thus far obtained and to establish a theoretical framework for research in industrial relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrusts of economic change began to stir Italy during the latter part of the eighteenth century, and the resurgence of patriotism during the first half of the nineteenth century joined the peninsula's finest spirits for independence and national unity. But decades after industrialization had transformed the productive systems of England, Belgium, France, and Germany, Italians continued to live predominantly by agriculture. Only since the end of World War II, when old as well as new nations emerged from age-long feudal and colonial imprisonment, has Italy's continual struggle for economic fulfillment over the course of 160 years arrested attention and converted Italy from a museum into a school for awakening countries. During those 160 years, Italy experienced almost every variety of economic, social, and political adversity, which have lately assailed countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe as they turned for salvation to nationalism, scientific agriculture, and mechanized industrial life. Like them, Italy endured centuries of domestic misrule or anarchy, followed by generations of humiliating foreign domination. In the beginning of the 20th century, Italy experienced its long-delayed industrial upsurge.

Among the factors producing economic and political unrest in the underdeveloped, or "backward," areas of the world, a particularly potent force, according to the author of this article, is the effect of archaic and inefficient supervisory practices on the outlook of native workers toward society. Not only do these outmoded practices contribute to social unrest, but they also inhibit the expansion of output essential to raising the extremely low levels of living in these areas. Development of supervisory training programs in underdeveloped areas, through the technical assistance program and foreign subsidiaries of American firms, is urged as a needed device in fostering economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an outgrowth of an attempt to draft a research plan for a comparative study of the "labor problem" in countries in various stages of industrial development. The authors find that the "standard analytical framework" is unsatisfactory for this purpose, and present here their views on the limitations of that framework and their proposals for a broader theoretical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relative roles of cultural background and degree of industrialization in the managerial beliefs of a sample of Greek managers? Findings are compared with the previous results reported by Haire, Ghiselli, and Porter (1966) and Clark and McCabe (1970). The Greeks were as inconsistent as those in these two previous studies in displaying little belief in their subordinates' capacities for leadership and initiative while advocating the practice of participative management. On two beliefs (capacity for leadership and initiative and belief in internal control) the Greeks tended to cluster with a Latin-European cluster, thereby suggesting a cultural explanation. On the other hand, regarding beliefs in sharing information with subordinates and participative management the Greeks clustered with a developing countries cluster, thereby suggesting an industrialization explanation. Exclusive focus on either explanation of managerial attitudes and beliefs does not seem warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imitation of institutional models from industrialized nations is disfunctional for the developing nation. The imported model often does not fit the needs of the host culture. Furthermore, the model is a product of particular historical circumstances in the exporting country. Members of that institution would not recreate it in its present form if they were free to build anew. Industrialized countries are also characterized by a high degree of specialization and by complex problems of coordination of specialties. The developing nation can progress best as it pursues an innovative strategy with an emphasis upon the integration among specialties. The argument is illustrated with cases drawn primarily from Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines three patterns of entrepreneurial succession in private enterprise in developing countries. The process may be thought of as the succession from entrepreneurs to executives. The findings suggest significant variation in the adaptability of each type to the development of modern organizations in which the function of management is distinct from the manager as a person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]