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The article describes the development of a simple, robust and portable apparatus which can be used by the field ecologist to survey considerable areas of woodland communities, particularly the measurement of sunflecks, their area, distribution and intensity. It analyzes a sample of data from Nigerian rain forest, of a type where under the midday sun some 20 to 25 percent of the area of the forest floor is occupied by sunflecks. It examines the effect of sunflecks on the biology of undergrowth plants in the Nigerian rain forest, as well as on the establishment of their seedlings, growth and reproduction.

The article presents the abstracts of several papers on economics published in the November 1965 issue of the "Scottish Journal of Political Economy." The first paper of the journal "The Need for Regional Policy in a Common Market," by Richard Bird, analyses the causes of regional differences. It opines that the increased economic interdependence and awareness resulting from an economic union will in general tend to accentuate regional differences within member countries. The second paper of "Direct Overseas Investment in Nigeria, 1953-63," by Ranald S. May, examines the constitution of direct business investment in Nigeria between 1953 and 1963 with the object of assessing the contribution to Nigerian economic development. The third paper "Economics and the Problem of Method: An Eighteenth Century View," by Andrew Stewart Skinner, argues that James Steuart sought to confirm economics in its character of a distinct branch of social science; one which is amenable to scientific treatment.

The article informs that the proceedings of an international meeting, even one in tropical Nigeria, are like an iceberg, only a fraction of the value of the exchange appears above the surface in the published transactions. Such is very much the case with the Ibadan Conference. Of course, the main communication gap that the Conference was explicitly designed to bridge was the one between social psychologists from the industrialized countries of Europe and America and their counterparts from the developing countries, particularly in Africa. The strategy of the Conference, seemingly confirmed by the result, was that communication toward collaborative planning for research, training and scientific communication could proceed most freely and constructively if it occurred after considerable discussion of concrete research topics and considerable opportunity to grow to know and like one another personally outside the formal Conference sessions. The formal papers that are included in this issue reflect the interests and current research of the conferees. As the reader has seen, they converge on issues of motivation for national development, of education and the diffusion of information, and of general research methodology.

The paper focuses on political change and assumes that education in Nigeria, as elsewhere in the world, will be expected to contribute to political reconstruction. The limitations of schooling for planned political socialization is analyzed. Although the paper's observations refer particularly to Nigeria, they are meant to apply generally to the relationship between school and society in any nation. It also discusses obstacles from several sources to using the schools as an instrument for political change that also cast serious doubt on their availability for such efforts.

This article is the author's reply to sociologist E.R. Yeld's paper on Islam and social stratification in Northern Nigeria. The author focuses attention on the inappropriateness of Yeld's data, methodology and mixture of problems. According to the author, Yeld's paper is an instructive exercise in the misuse of controlled comparison. She set out to compare the differing effects of two variables which were defined so as to overlap considerably. She presents no conclusions on this point, and neither indicates these effects nor compares them. Yeld undertook the analysis of social stratification in Hausa capitals, but for this she only had materials from Kebbi, which is not representative of these units either in its level of development, size, complexity, or in its depth of Muslim culture. The author says that Yeld has constructed a melange which is placed before us as a correct restatement of Hausa stratification.

The article presents a study about the vegetation of Olokemeji Forest Reserve in Nigeria. This paper focuses on the seasonal changes that are observed in the litter and soil in the savannas of the Olokomeji Forest Reserve. The present study investigated the climate and microclimates in the sites where a comparison was conducted with the wetter areas from the forest. Results showed significant changes in the vegetation, seasonal activities of the litter and soil. Comparison with previous works available are also discussed.

The article presents a study that analyzes the role of wind-dispersed wood species in the ecology of the Ibadan South Forest Reserve in Ibadan, Nigeria. It aims to test general observations in the Nigerian forest zone, which indicated that light wind-borne seeds and fruits are characteristics of many large trees, that lighter-seeded trees are characteristics of open habitat, and that larger seeds occupy more shaded habitats. Analysis of 150 woody species recorded in a small area of the forest found that wind-dispersed species are more abundant in the upper synusiae, or the natural community of species, than in the lower synusiae.

The generalized system simulation approach can improve information input to the decision-making process in general. This paper illustrates a particular application to problems of planning and policy making for agricultural sector development. An overview of a simulation model of the Nigerian economy is given, and results of a series of 15 Nigerian agricultural development policy simulation experiments are analyzed in detail. The main conclusion is that, at least for these 15 experiments, a technological transformation of agricultural export crop production is necessary for sustained economic growth. The paper concludes with a discussion of the approach's general applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the findings of research in Nigeria, Kenya, and Britain-with a side glance at the debate on the Negro family in America to suggest that people's conception of family relationships adapts really enough to economic circumstances and does not itself inhibit change. Whether the adaptation encourages individualistic achievement may depend more on how people perceive the opportunity structure, and the need for mutual protection, than the family traditions of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the Egba-Egbado Yoruba peoples of Nigeria there are several village psychiatric treatment programs. Nigerian psychiatrists believe that such village programs have greater therapeutic and economic efficacy than treatment modalities and structures commonly found in Western society. This paper discusses the identification and assessment of social and cultural elements which enhance or detract from the therapeutic potential of the village treatment programs. Psychological, social and cultural data are utilized to suggest comparisons between Yoruba therapeutic communities and Western psychiatric communities. The potential of these programs and further refinement of the concept "therapeutic community" are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African Ranches Ltd., a subsidiary of a Liverpool firm which later became part of the United Africa Company, was the only private cattle ranching enterprise ever established in Northern Nigeria. The company operated a 16,000-acre ranch in western Bornu province from 1914 until 1923, when it was given up to the government. Although ranching was officially discouraged, for a time it looked as though it might succeed. The vicissitudes of this early ranching scheme are chronicled in this paper, with data coming principally from the National Archives in Kaduna and Ibadan, Nigeria. and the Public Record Office, London. Although this is an historical study of a unique enterprise, it offers instructive comparison with recent state-owned ranches in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on the indigenous conditions of mixed cropping in Nigeria. Reason behind the difficulty experienced by extension agents in convincing farmers to change to a sole crop strategy; Factors that determine the types of crops grown in any area; Type of cropping that farmers use in areas faced by a marked seasonal distribution of rainfall.

During hydrobiological investigations on the River Oshun, plankton samples were taken with a hand net of fine mesh for 14 months (May 1968–June 1969). Thirty-seven of the sixty species of algae identified have not been previously recorded in Nigeria. The qualitative character of the Oshun algae indicates the dominating nature of the floods in mixing bottom-living and rock-dwelling algae with the few euplanktonic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the study of the results of seasonal changes in the growth and vegetation of seventeen perennial species which include mesophanerophytes and phanerophytes in the savanna site in Nigeria. The study examines the length, number of nodes, number of leaves, and diameter of sucker shoot as well as of mature perennial plants. It demonstrates that perennial plants' growth and vegetation are affected by fire, photoperiod, and rainfall. It also shows that the leaf relative turgidity of perennial plant species differs due to air, soil moisture, and leaf age.

The article reports on the seasonal changes in the herb stratum in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve savanna site. It mentions that growth in dry weight and height occurs most during the wet season, and fire and day-length initiate the flowering of many plant species. The herb stratum reaches a recorded maximum dry weight of 6.8 t/ha, and the index of the leaf area was 6.0. Through principal component analysis, the sample dates were ordinated showing a seasonal trend and difference between years. The result of a normal association-analysis showed that few of the thirteen common groups distinguished remain constant throughout the year indicating that a sample position may be allocated to different groups at different times of the year.

The article presents an environmental analysis of the savanna vegetation in Northern Nigeria. The study indicates that soil parent material is not a major factor in the arboreal vegetation of an area. It reveals that the main factors are the water availability in the soil and the degree of human interference. The factors control the general ordination of both noda and groups, soil water and human interference. Moreover, the general case differences in soil parent material do not necessarily imply differences in the arboreal vegetation.

The article describes the microclimates of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve as a prelude to studies on seasonal changes in the vegetation in Nigeria. This description is based on rainfall and temperature data from Olokemeji and for other climatic elements, on data from Ibadan. The mean length of dry periods is less than 4 days during the wet season and rises to over 50 days during the dry season. The results show that Olokemeji has a climate typical of it area of the country and of the forest/derived savanna boundary area in west Africa.

The article discusses the method of population division that was used in a study that analyzes a series of sample plots in Nigerian savanna. It eliminates the primary disadvantages found in the sample data but retains the population division process. Due to the difficulty of the earlier method, it proposes an alternative technique that makes use of an inter-plot similarity coefficient. It divides the Gombe sandstone vegetation into groups, thus yielding a result that corresponds closely with the empirical vegetation classification of the previous research work.

The article focuses on the science education program in Nigeria. The basic defect that causes the substandard programs in Nigeria is the lack of adequate financial support. What science is thought in the elementary school usually consists of infrequent effort to teach nature study, health science and rural science or agriculture. In Nigeria, no compulsory school law is needed. For more and more Nigerians, education provides an opportunity to serve the nation in the responsible posts of government and in business. Students who enter a secondary school are highly selected. Those students who do not have financial backing are eliminated. On the other hand, science curriculum and methods of teaching grew up in the past arose out of the need to Europeanize the natives. At its best, this educational system was only able to train a few Nigerians to enter professional. The success of any enterprise leading to a superior science program of science education in Nigeria depends on the zeitgeist, the culture and its intellectual characteristics.

The paper attempts to glean some information on differential fertility from data obtained in a survey of selected urban and rural communities in Western Nigeria. The results show that the attitudes of rural women are far more favourable to high fertility than those of urban women, though for both the groups model number of children preferred is five or six. The analysis also yields a total fertility of nearly six and an average family size of about live for both groups. No conclusive evidence of rural-urban fertility differentials has, however, been found. All that can he said on the basis of the available data is that the level of fertility in Western Nigeria is currently very high and that urban fertility is probably as high as rural fertility, though the probability of much larger errors in the rural than in the urban data may imply somewhat higher rural fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Nigeria's Universal Free Primary Education Scheme and its problem concerning the supply of teachers. Statistics showing the sudden increase in enrolment in Nigeria since 1946, particularly in the primary schools, are presented. This sudden increase raised administrative and financial problems, one of which is the problem in teacher supply. The categories of teachers embraced by the Nigerian teaching profession in its ranks are discussed. The requirements and qualifications for teacher certifications in order to join the teaching profession at each level are offered.

The article presents information about the International Conference on Social Psychological Research in Developing Countries which was held at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria from 29 December, 1966 to January 1967. Principal symposia were organized around the themes of the Motivational Aspects of Technological Development, Problems of Education and Diffusion of Knowledge and Major Issues in Social Psychological Research in Developing Countries. The Conference was organized by the Departments of Psychiatry, Sociology and Adult Education of the University of Ibadan and the Center for Research on Conflict Resolution and the Doctoral Program in Social Psychology at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Social delegates from various countries of Africa, the U.S., Europe, Australia etc. participated in the conference. Details of the discussion groups, plenary sessions are also given in the article.

Tropical Africa is unlike any other part of the world, and The problems of understanding the commercial systems of the area can be frustrating. Various physical, economic and social factors lead to marketing procedures that can be radically unusual. This author analyzes and describes the marketing patterns and techniques found in Nigeria and outlines some of the changes that are taking place as the country develops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The breakdown of discipline in the Nigerian Army during the two coups of 1966 is examined in order to elucidate problems which arise in the creation of new organizations in new nations. Stress is laid upon factors, such as high mobility rate; which are likely to characterize most newly created organizations, as well as upon the special problems which arise from reconciling latent, primordial identities with organizational loyalties. It is suggested that conflict was particularly severe because the Nigerian Army, like other militaries, is an organization in which the charismatic authority of the heroic leader is developed at the tower levels of the hierarchy, giving rise to stress when the charisma of subordinate commanders comes in conflict with that of their superiors and with the need for disciplined control and use of the means of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the role of senior bureaucrats in both developing and developed political systems is multifunctional, and that changes in the personnel, structures, and goals of a political system affect the multifunctional content of the senior bureaucrats' role. Merton's concept of role set is utilized to demonstrate how political changes in Ghana and Nigeria have affected the role of the senior bureaucrats in these two systems. From these two examples a set of tentative propositions are advanced on this subject, and an effort is made to relate these to Homans' theory of elementary social behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A predictive model is presented to test the hypothesis that the actor who perceives an administrative role conflict situation will fulfill the role that he evaluates as more legitimate and/or more obligatory. The legitimacy and obligation dimensions of role have been operationalized for an analysis of conflict resolution in five situations. The proportion of correct predictions made range from .842 to 1.000, in all cases significantly beyond chance expectancy. Data for the analysis were obtained by interviewing 71 district councilors, local officials in Idoma Division, Northern Region of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the sport culture of Nigeria. The cultural attribute of sport refer to those physical and mental activities and traditions engaged in for fun and exercise. The cultural aspects have ever been omitted in most of the literature of cultural and physical anthropology. Now, it is accepted that the influence of sport in modern industrial society is particularly important. A nation's play, suggestively, is very revealing of its society and values, and other facets of political and economic life. In Nigeria, there are many traditional sports, including wrestling, folk dancing, swimming, horse-racing, hunting, and boxing. These sports feature prominently in cultural activities such as the funeral rites of significant persons, new yam festivals, initiation to manhood and "Argungu" festivals. The degree to which the different ethnic groups practice the above sports depends on religious beliefs, geographic locations, and availability of natural facilities. Traditional sports are by and large practiced in the villages. The social position of women in Nigeria greatly influences their participation in sports. The place of sport in education in Nigeria is better reflected through the physical education programs in the schools.

Highlights several events related to weed control as of December 1961. 10th Pacific Science Congress at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu; Commission de Cooperation Technique en Afrique du Sud du Sahara/Food and Agriculture Organization Symposium on Weed Control held at Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria; Meeting of the Committee on Methods of European Weed Research Council at Brunswick, Germany.

The article discusses the changes in position of women in modern Africa and their implications for social work. The changes in the position of women that are discussed in this article mainly concern women in Lagos, a city in Nigeria. The Yorubas and the Ibos are patrilineal societies. The survival of the subsistence economy of patrilineal society is centered within the lineage. The head of the lineage has control of the services of all the wives within the compound. Furthermore, a girl's marriage is the concern of the lineage, and creates a bond between her lineage and that of her husband. The rise of urbanization shows a continuous increase in the number of occupations, roles, and activities which must be carried out by trained, specialized personnel of both sexes. This made men leave their traditional form of life and come to live in the cities, where they are no longer under lineage control. It also made women leave their homes and move into towns, where the lineage is less able to exercise control over them. The specialization and mobility both tend to bring the men and women together, and to introduce them to new forms of relationships, impersonal, associational, temporary and technical.

Discusses the lithofacies relations in the Late Quaternary Niger Delta complex. Three units of the Post-Glacial deltaic sediments; Chances for preservation of the lithofacies.

This article examines the factors affecting the adoption of the hydraulic oil press by farmers in Nigeria. A study was carried out at a cocoa production facility in a village where farmers process palm products as a subsidiary occupation. Rigorous efforts were exerted to inform the farmers about the value of the oil press, but the project was not realized due to certain technicalities. Through interviews, the researchers were able to determine the reasons for the women's withdrawal from the use of the oil press, though they were convinced of its benefits.

This article will present a brief analysis of what the writer believes are the most significant factors which make for attachment to the land in native Ibo communities of Southeastern Nigeria. These people cultivate the soil in accordance with the general West African pattern of hoe culture. The first factor and undoubtedly the most significant is, of course, this basic technique of land cultivation which makes possible a closer attachment to a restricted area than, for example, would be true among most hunting and gathering peoples who must exploit a wide territory to achieve a satisfactory food supply. It is well known that not all agriculturalists remain in a permanent habitation. Iroquois villages, for example, had to transfer to new sites at intervals of about fifteen years and certain Borneo groups had to move periodically because of soil exhaustion. However, in the Okigwi area, about 50 miles northwest of Ozuitem, the population density is well over one thousand persons to the square mile. Despite relatively intensive cultivation, it is extremely doubtful whether the simple agricultural techniques practised by these people could completely support the population of these crowded areas.

The article presents an ecological study concerning the water relations of Vellozia schnitzleinia in Nigeria. It reports that the plant is noted for its rapid response to drought, and the ability of its leaves to survive over five months without water and to resurrect within a few days after the unset of rain. It also reports on the plant's capabilities under cultivation in which the plants become quiescent whenever water is withheld. It notes that within 24 hours, chloroplasts in the leaf mesophyll begin to fragment and they disappear completely within 3 to 5 days. It mentions that with watering, chloroplasts begin regenerating within 24 hours, anthocyanins quickly disappear and sucrose content drops below moral, for a time.

The article presents a study on the vegetation classification and ordination in Nigerian Savanna, which is compared to the results of the study on 18 plant associations on the said location, using both the X2 coefficients and similarity coefficients. It states that the classification methods of W. T. Williams and J. M. Lambert have been used to classify the total savanna data, which were collected from six areas in Northern Nigeria, by their "normal" analysis into plot groupings and by their "inverse" analysis into species groupings.

The article describes the microclimates of forest and savanna sites in the Olokemeji Forest Reserve in Nigeria. This description is based on rainfall and temperature data from Olokemeji and for other climatic elements, on data from Ibadan. The mean length of dry periods is less than 4 days during the wet season and rises to over 50 days during the dry season. The results show that Olokemeji has a climate typical of it area of the country and of the forest/derived savanna boundary area in west Africa.

The article deals with a vegetation survey in the Nigerian Savanna conducted by the Soil Survey of Northern Nigeria from 1957 to 1958. It discusses the physical environment of the whole area, with a description of the field methods employed and sample data recorded. It analyzes data from all plots sited on one geological parent material. A description of the resultant vegetation communities is presented. The vegetation on other parent materials and the interrelationships between different environments as expressed in the vegetation are examined.

The article studies the seasonal periodicity in the growth and development of some forest trees in the rain forests in Nigeria. The climate is markedly seasonal at Ibadan, Nigeria, with distinct dry and rainy seasons, with six consecutive months each have less than 10 centimeter of rainfall, according to the author. Observations on seasonal periodicity were made during the period of 1957 to 1961 on a number of trees growing in the Botanical Garden of the University College in Ibadan. The trees, according to the author, are of natural occurrence, and had been growing under secondary forest conditions in the area before it was constituted into a botanical garden in 1949.

The article highlights the findings of a study which investigated the age at which periodicity is established in various forest trees in Nigeria. Observations made on nine species characteristic of the dry or mixed deciduous forest of Southern Nigeria reveal that the pattern of annual periodicity of leaf production and vegetative bud dormancy which is observed in mature trees is already established in the first year of growth in many species. The variation in the age at which periodicity of leaf production sets in appears to be related to the part of the forest ecotone to which the species is adapted. The onset of dormancy is late in species of the wetter areas and early in those of the drier areas of the forest region.

The article discusses a study on the flowering behavior of Coffea rupestris, carried out at the Main Station of the West African Institute for Oil Palm Research, near Benin City, Nigeria. The first three years' observations define when flowering occurs under natural conditions, viz. 3±1 after rain, or watering, during the period January to mid-April. First flowering, under watered conditions or using cut twigs, occurs about two weeks after the minimum day length, although maximum response is some weeks later. A hypothesis which fits the existing facts on the flowering of the species is that floral initiation follows short-day induction, and that dormancy of the fully-developed flower buds occurs under normal south Nigerian dry season conditions, due to water stress.

The article focuses on the vegetation of Katsina province in Nigeria. Katsina province is located across Africa from Senegal to the Sudan zone, where rainfall is sufficient for agriculture, however, it does not support a vegetation cover because of its density that is too difficult to clear with primitive tools, moreover, the area is free from tsetse fly. The survey has covered an area of about 3,500 square kilometers and was carried out by making traverses along the motorable tracks followed by an interpretation of aerial photographs. The result shows that the vegetation of Katsina province is largely controlled by biotic factors wherein, all the better soils are heavily cultivated as the province is in the final stage of transition from shifting to sedentary cultivation