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The article presents the speech of David C. Duncan as convener at the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society in Birmingham, England in April 1958. Duncan highlights the three demands of a psychologist posed by Geoffrey Vickers's paper about the role of expectation in economic systems, as well as the three models of economic man discussed by G. L. S. Shackle's paper. Duncan points out the usefulness of the general theory of the normal behavior for the economist.

The article presents information on recent events and updates in Israel. The Yonina Talmon Fund and The Hebrew University announce that the 1973 Yonina Talmon Prize has been awarded to Dr. Caroline Ifeka-Moller of the University of Birmingham for her paper "Social Structural Factors in Conversion to Christianity: A Critique of the Intellectualist Theory with Special Reference to Nigeria, 1921-1966". Bar Ilan University conferred 86o degrees, certificates, and diplomas last June; 375 were in the Social Sciences, 187 in Jewish Studies and Humanities, and 140 in Natural Sciences. Last August the Israeli Cabinet unanimously approved the establishment of an open university. Israel's National Center for Technological and Scientific Information of the National Council for Research and Development of the Prime Minister's Office has published data concerning scientific research projects in Israel. The University of the Negev in Beer Sheva is to have a new library to be named after the late Zalman Aranni, who was Minister of Education for several years. The library now has 125,000 volumes, but there will be space for 500,000 in an area of 11,000 square meters.

The article presents a comparative study of the development and influence of large urban populations on social structure and politics in Birmingham, England and Lyons, France. Birmingham and Lyons were two of the most important towns in Europe in the period between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the Revolutions of 1848. Before discussing the obvious differences, it is important to stress three points which the towns had in common: Neither town was distinguished by big enterprises. The second point that the towns had in common has been less frequently-stressed. The workers in Birmingham and Lyons were relatively well off--when in employments-compared with workers in other parts of England and France. The voice of the Birmingham and Lyons working classes was more than the voice of hunger. It was frequently, however, the voice of unemployment. The important difference between the social structure of Birmingham and Lyons should be stressed. While the social structure of Birmingham made for middle-class cooperation with the working clashes, the social structure of Lyons made for social antagonism and conflict. While the tendency in Birmingham was to try to build up political organizations based on cooperation between the classes, the tendency in Lyons was for fabricants, chefs d'ateliers and compagnons to meet and organize separately.

This article focuses on the gun merchants and bankers Samuel Tertius Galton and his successors in Birmingham. The Galton gun business had been started in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, perhaps by 1702, by an ironworker turned gunsmith, Joseph Farmer, a convinced' friend, who occupied a Smith's shop's in the corner of Old Square in Birmingham.' In 1735, he moved house and business into the premises in Steel-house Lane that remained the firm's main offices for the rest of its days. Farmer has generally been described as an ironmonger like his forebears and relatives in Bristol, but in 1737 he said he was a manufacturer of steel wares at Birmingham'. On Joseph Farmer's death the business and property passed to his son James. Galton seems to have been born in Birmingham in 1720, though connected with Bristol, where earlier generations of Galtons and Farmers were hardware and iron merchants, perhaps dealing in Birmingham-made ironmongery brought down the River Severn. The gun trade in Birmingham, and this would seem to include the firm of Galton, despite the references to their gun-works in Steelhouse Lane,' was based on hundreds of small specialist firms, each making just one part of a gun or completing one process on a gun, such as fitting the gunlock or browning the barrels.

The article presents the paper that discusses about Hollymoor Hospital, an urban mental hospital located at the southwest of Birmingham, England. An analysis was done on the data related to the build-up of the long-stay patients resident for two years or more in the hospital, the reception area, the staff, as well as the total patient population. The patients who stayed long in the hospital starting December 31, 1964, and details of the patients admitted during the period 1953-62 were examined. There was a prediction in the hospital's future long-stay bed need. The causes of prolonged institutionalization were emphasized. The remedies and the provision of specialized facilities for treatment and research were suggested as the proper function of this urban mental hospital in the future.

The article offers information on a conference on public policy making which was held on October 21 to September 3, 1973 in Birmingham, England. It is stated that the British side consisted of academic political scientists, led by professor Peter Self and senior civil servants. Professor Richard Rose presented a paper on coping with urban change.

The inadequacy of the church-sect typology for the analysis of the changes taking place in the structure of traditional religious groups within urban-industrial societies has made necessary the development of new conceptual tools for the study of the processes and directions of change in such groups. One such typology is derived from the distinction between community and association, and a typological continuum extending from communal to associational churches is proposed. While churches may develop in either direction along this continuum, it is to be expected that churches will become more associational in the urban environment. This model has been applied to the analysis of a city center church in Birmingham, England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The University of Aston. Birmingham, began a one-year diploma course in nursing administration in 1967 - the first in England. It combines middle and cop level management preparation, firmly based on the behavioural sciences. Its most discussed feature is a term of attachment to a wide spectrum of outside organisations. The course is limited to nurses, but students are chosen from as many different branches of nursing as possible. Formal qualifications for university entrance are at present waived in certain cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about the annual meeting of the British Ecological Society which was held at a Soirée in the Botanical Department in Birmingham, England on January 6-7, 1928. The event was highlighted with the issue concerning the financial position of the Society which showed a steady improvement. The Society's Account for 1927 was read and confirmed in the meeting. It is revealed that the Society has a satisfactory financial position.

Provides information on a study which investigated the intelligence level and personality of drug users in Birmingham, England. Subjects and methodology of the study; Measures used for the intelligence tests and personality inventory; Discussion on the results of the study.

This article examines in detail the early history of Messrs Ingall Parsons Clive and Co. Ltd. of Birmingham, England, a firm which continues to dominate the British coffin furniture industry. The manufacture of coffin furniture, therefore, formed one of the multitudinous Birmingham metal trades, though its Midland location dates only from the middle decades of the eighteenth century whence it had removed from London. At about that time an enterprising workman employed in the Birmingham stamped metal trade resolved to compete with the London coffin furniture manufacturers by producing at a lower cost, and with determination and borrowed capital Mole succeeded in persuading Messrs Wagstaffe, a leading London firm of undertakers, to accept some of his patterns. Subsequently Mole's creditor pressed for repayment and shortly forced him into bankruptcy. During that time the principal feature of the industry's geographical distribution continued to be that of localization in Birmingham, though in 1851, in addition to the nine master manufacturers in Birmingham employing between them, some two to three hundred men, women and boys, there were two other firms, one in Bristol and the other in Dublin.

This article presents information on child animism. It is informed that young children pass through a stage where their relationship to the physical world is characterized by "animism," defined broadly as the tendency to regard objects as living and endowed with will. The present status of this concept is somewhat uncertain. Information on a study is being provided wherein 98 Hopi subjects were evaluated. Research on the psychology of European children was carried out in Birmingham, England. Written tests were given to 452 school children aged 7-12, and 262 more aged 5-11 were personally interviewed. The types of objects considered included sun, moon, cloud, wind, and such other active and moving ones such as bicycle, candle, and motor car. The results look somewhat odd, being grossly at variance with most other research in the field. Thus in the oral administration, the over-all percentages of animism obtained from 5, 6, and 7-year olds were respectively 1,17, and 7. The general incidence of animism according to the written test was about 21 percent, with a comparable figure of only 6 percent for the interviews.

Examines how the rise of the Lloyd family in seventeenth and eighteenth century English industry illustrates one source of industrial capital and entrepreneurial skill. Background on the family, including Sampson Lloyd I; Details of the iron trade business that Lloyd created in Birmingham, England; Importance of steel as a commodity; Focus of the business on the manufacture and distribution of iron; Trading links; Details of the family business; Elements in the success of the business.