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The article presents the abstracts of several papers on economics published in the October 1965 issue of the journal "Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft." The first paper of the journal "The Problem of Middle Europe, 1840-1940," by W.O. Henderson, discusses the possibility of extending German economic and political influence in central Europe. The second paper of the journal is "General Economic Theory and Spatial Economic Relations," by E.V. Böventer. Confronting the terms general economic theory and spatial economic relations the author examines the tools that have been developed for the analysis of a spaceless economy in the light of their capability to analyze problems of a space-economy. The third paper "Optimum Economic Policy for Stabilization With a Quadratic Criterion Function," by J.K. Sengupta, analyzes the nature and implications of instability generated by the so-called shock variables. The question of an appropriate stabilization policy emphasizing the two-fold objectives of stability and optimality is also discussed in relation to the Hicksian non-linear trade cycle model extended to include government expenditure as an additional variable.

Presents a follow up discussion on William Nordhaus' energy resources presentation in this issue. Comments from Henrik Houthakker where he takes issue with Nordhaus' contention that free markets cannot ensure an efficient pattern of resource allocation; Argument of the author; Notes that Nordhaus underestimated the importance of trade in existing assets; Contention that current energy problems stem from interference with free market business; Comments from Robert Solow who believes that research on intermediate technologies is vital; General Discussion within the panel members on the strengths and weakness of the report.

During the last twenty years the gas and electricity industries have come to play an increasingly important role in the British economy and by 1963 these two secondary energy industries were meeting about one-third of the country's total energy demands. During this same period both industries have been subject to changing location forces and it is to an examination of these that this paper is devoted. Many factors are, of course, important in influencing the location of gas works and power stations. One thinks immediately of the size of their markets, the level of interest rates on capital, the load factors of the plants and the like. But above all it is primarily a matter of relative transport costs which influences the orientation and hence the location of secondary energy production. Transport, therefore, along with the changing primary fuel base of the two industries, has a key role to play in this discussion. We shall explore its significance in the gas industry first of all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the decision about how rapidly to "deplete" or use up the gas reserves discovered under the North Sea in the late 1960s. There is considerable American literature on associated topics[1] but no clear solution in the context of fuel policy generally. The 1967 White Paper on Fuel Policy suggested that by 1975 natural gas might provide around 14% of United Kingdom primary energy requirements--perhaps 50 million tons of "coal equivalent" fuel. A rate of depletion of the reserves half as fast as that eventually decided might have kept the share well below 10%, and called into question much of the Gas Council's investment in transmission and conversion, running in the early 1970s at around _GCP_300 million a year. The existing gas purchase contracts will involve an annual cash flow to the North Sea producers of around _GCP_150 million per year in the mid-1970s. The speed of depletion or absorption affects the demand for, the output of, and investment in, coal and oil refining (and to some extent nuclear energy). Within the admittedly limited area of fuel policy these are large issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the allocation of energy resources in the United States. How some are worrying about the exhaustion of petroleum supplies; Discussion of the role of markets for resources; Details on the efficient allocation of energy resources; Recoverable energy resources in the world; Technologies used in processing energy resources; Cost of intermediate energy products without the cost of royalties; Terminal conditions and discount rates or backstop technology; Environmental constraints; Results of the basic case which states there are sufficient energy resources for two hundred years; Exploration of gasoline pricing; Role of foreign trade; Implications for energy policy.

The article reports global events related to nuclear research and development. A European Atomic Energy Community is to be formed composed at first of the six members of the Coal and Steel Community, including Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany. Great Britain has sent an invitation to the delegates at the Geneva Conference to visit Harwell and inspect its research facilities. In West Germany, an atomic energy bill will soon be prepared in the Bonn parliament to pave the way for creation of an atomic industry.

The article presents a feasibility of a policy on the improvement in the efficiency of use of energy that involves minimal change of the present life-style. The policy aims to make a major contribution to the solution of energy problem by effective utilization. It states that energy consumption has been increasing faster that the population and growing faster than the gross national product. It offers an overview of the energy consumption in the areas of industrial, residential, commercial and transportation.

The article reports on the impact of lighting standards in national energy consumption. It discusses the criticisms posed on the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) illumination standards for requiring above level quantities in the installation of lighting systems considering that increase in illumination levels results in increased energy consumption. It presents a background of the IES, its functions and the growth of illumination levels it recommends and discusses the conflict of interest between the IES committees and electric power industries in the setting of illumination standards.

The article examines the energy crisis. The term 'energy crisis' has served as a convenient layman's term for encompassing a wide variety of society's concerns with the energy situation. The author states that a coherent and long-range program to plan and manage the national and international energy systems is needed to address the crisis. Energy systems consist of a complex of interlocked activities, including fuel resources, the distribution of these fuels, the distribution of electricity generated from these fuels, and finally the many end uses of energy.

The article reports on issues and topics concerning international efforts towards the peaceful use of atomic energy. The seven-nation planning committee for the international scientific conference on peacetime atom developments convened at the UN headquarters in New York, on January 17, 1955, with Swedish diplomat Dag Hammarskjold presiding. A few days before the New York meeting, an announcement from Moscow offered the international conference a report on Soviet experience with power reactors gained from its 5,000-kilowatt reactor.

The article presents a response to the article "The Radiation Effects Controversy," by Arthur R. Tamplin and John W. Gofman, which urges for a decrease in the Federal Radiation Council guidelines for radiation exposure on the population, by the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in the U.S. The response reflects the AEC's rejection of Gofman and Tamplin's claim that the radiation protection standards are inadequate. Views and comments from the AEC regarding the issue, as well as an excerpt from a speech by AEC Chairman Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg are discussed.

This article presents an interview Dr. Lawrence Hafstad, director the Division of Reactor Development of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. He observes that the government's development of nuclear power and reactor development program is moving slowly. Hafstad asserts that nuclear energy will not have a revolutionary effect on the country's industrial economy as it will reply merely the boilers of conventional plants. However, he foresees the building of large nuclear power plants.

The article focuses on the arguments regarding the allowable dosage of high-energy radiation from different atomic-energy activities in the U.S. It has been stated that the Federal Radiation Council has set, in its present standard, 170 millirad per year of allowable dosage of whole body ionizing radiation. Consequently, investigators Arthur R. Tamplin and John W. Gofman suggested that the Radiation Protection Guidelines on exposure be reduced to 10-fold. They mentioned that the present standard would bring detrimental effects on the population such as physical or mental defects of infants, the incidence of leukemia, bone cancer and death.

The article discusses about communist leader of China Mao Tse-tung's conception about the nature of social inequality has undergone significant changes during his fifty-year career as a revolutionary. As a young student, he was concerned with the monopoly of power resources by the ruling elite in China. In recent years, he seems to have moved beyond Marxism by recognizing the multi-dimensional reality of social stratification. In dealing with concrete problems, Mao has contributed to the Marxist theory by affirming the existence of peasant classes as understood by peasants themselves. Since the cultural revolution in 1966, he has tried out various prescriptions for eliminating a variety of social inequalities in Chinese society.

The article focuses on public utility and national policy related to the electric power industry in the U.S. The federal government had launched an active public power program, involving hydro development, aid to state and municipal undertakings, and rural electrification, all of which created new and difficult problems of integration. State regulation had demonstrated its incompetence to deal with the organizational problem and federal regulation did not exist, except for the restricted function of licensing hydroelectric projects on navigable streams. The U.S. Congress passed minimal legislation designed to effect a partial abolition of holding companies and to establish limited federal control over interstate operations. The approach was negative, objectives limited and the technique restrictive. Three sectors of the industry—industrial power representing 20 percent of the total, private utilities representing 60 percent and public undertakings representing 20 percent—differ so fundamentally in outlook and motivation that it is impossible to unify them by voluntary action alone. If the potential advantages of integration are to be secured, positive governmental action on a national scale will be required.

The article offers information on the resolutions adopted by the governing council of the American Public Health Association (APHA), an organization of public health professionals in the U.S., from October 11-15, 1971. Those resolutions include the enforcement of consumer protection regulations, establishment of neighborhood health centers, coordination of federal government's health-related programs, and the development of rapid mass transportation systems. Also included in the resolutions adopted by APHA are the elimination of advertising that stimulates unnecessary drug use, the development of solid waste disposal systems, and the creation of a comprehensive national energy policy.

The article examines the effort of European countries to establish a common energy policy to solve the continent's increasing dependence on fuel imports. One development relative to the development of a unified energy policy is depicted in the report issued by Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), which cites the danger of a possible fuel shortage due to balance of payments difficulties and campaigns for the development of the continent's indigenous fuel production. Meanwhile, the three European Communities issue a joint memorandum to express their views on the possibility for a common energy policy.

The article discusses the atomic energy programs of Sweden for 1969, which include the building of a combined power and heat producing reactor to be completed during 1960-1961. Two power-producing units in the 100 megawatt range scheduled for completion by the middle of the 1960s, and one more power-producing unit of several hundred megawatts by the end of the decade. Harry Brynielsson, head of the semi-public AB Atomenergi, emphasizes that the country's output of electric power to 95% is based on the utilization of water power resources.

The article reports on issues and topics related to the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Joint Commission on Atomic Energy (JCAE) in the U.S. The AEC made known to persons with proper security clearance, the prices it will pay for fissionable materials produced by industrial reactors and the fees it will charge for materials used by the reactors. A two-day closed session was held in Washington in January 1955, where officials from the AEC laboratories reviewed the employee security procedures. Senator Clinton P. Anderson, chairman of the JCAE, announced hearings, public and executive, on the development and state of the U.S. atomic energy effort.