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The capacity to appreciate and produce metaphoric language is thought to develop at adolescence. Yet metaphors are frequently noted in the speech of preschool children. To resolve this apparent contradiction, a test that probed metaphoric capacity was devised. Matched groups of subjects ranging in age from 3½ to 19 were required to indicate knowledge of the literal meanings of antonymous word pairs and then to project these terms onto domains where they applied only in a metaphoric way. Though there was improvement with age, preschool children demonstrated considerable ability at this task; the order of difficulty of words and domains were regular across age, except for an isolated difficulty displayed by the preschool children in projecting words onto swatches of color; reasons for matches differ markedly across ages. Whether metaphoric capacity is attributed to children appears to depend upon whether the ability to select acceptable metaphors or an explicit awareness of the rationale for the metaphor is the criterion. Both the distinction between an operative skill and an awareness of its existence and the preconditions for metaphoric competence are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether adolescence is a period of disturbance for the child's self-image and, if so, at what age of adolescence and under what social conditions the disturbance is greatest. Several dimensions of the self-image were measured among 1,917 urban school children in grades three through twelve. Compared to children in the eight to eleven age group, the early adolescents, particularly those between twelve and thirteen, were shown to exhibit heightened self-consciousness, greater instability of the self-image, slightly lower self-esteem, and a less favorable view of the opinions held of them by significant others. Evidence is presented suggesting that the child's environment may have a stronger effect than his age in producing such changes. Children who had entered junior high school appeared more disturbed along these lines than their age-peers still in elementary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the outcome of the study on dogmatism during adolescence with reference to sex differences which involved Grade 8 students in Edmonton, Alberta. Loevinger mentioned in his study, a major aspect of ego development and proposes a continuum running from childhood to adulthood and that a realistic self-concept has developed which can be measured by self-report devices. The main supposition of the research is that there is a continuous decline in dogmatism with increasing age from Grades 8 to 12 and the second hypothesis focused on sex differences in dogmatism. Meanwhile, block showed that a major factor of dogmatism is a pattern of protective child caring. Bendig and Hountras proved that males are more dogmatic than females.

The article presents the text of a speech given by Viktor Lowenfeld, professor of art education at Penn State University, at the National Art Education Association Convention in 1957 in Los Angeles, California. He describes the changes in a person's intuitive world and social responsibilities during the transformation from childhood to adolescence. He enumerates some problems which result from the greater awareness toward the tasks of art education.

This article discusses the trends in broken homes among delinquent children. The importance of a continuing family structure for the child was recognized and given a prominent place in explanations of juvenile delinquency in former years, even though it was death which accounted for a large proportion of the broken homes for children. Nevertheless, of late there is a growing opinion that it might be better for children in unhappy homes if their parents were legally divorced, and some studies have been conducted which seek to compare children in unhappy intact homes and children from broken homes as to their general maladjustments. Information upon the kinds of broken homes among delinquent children over any long period of time is practically non-existent. During the period 1927-1936, the Children's Bureau assembled data from a number of courts, each of which severally included different classes of offenders, with no differentiation as to color. These gross data had little value except to serve as an indication of the high proportion of broken homes among delinquents, specially for females.

The paper is about the factors contributing to juvenile delinquency in the U.S. It has long been a problem why some children steal and not others, why some play truant, or why some set fires and damage property. Theories have been advanced from time to time to explain these things. Officers of the juvenile courts, child welfare associations, educational bodies, and mental hygiene clinics have been instrumental in bringing together a vast amount of data concerning juvenile delinquency, from which certain general conclusions may be drawn. Delinquency itself is socially inadequate adjustment on the part of the individual to difficult situations. The factors which go to make up these difficult situations, together with the mental and physical conditions which influence an individual's capacity to adjust, constitute the causes of delinquency. Each juvenile offense is the outcome of a complexity of causes, some of whose origins date back years before the committal of the offense and others whose origins are more obviously and immediately connected with the act of delinquency. It has been shown that a different set of causes is involved in each individual case. It is impossible therefore to state the group of causes which will invariably result' in any particular offense.

The spatial dimensions and arrangement of the dwelling can affect family interaction and privacy of individuals as well as dictate house use patterns of family members. Study was made of 20 five-member families in four stages of the life cycle who lived in controlled house space. The children of the last tow groups of families were no longer in the home. Analysis is made of differences and similarities in time spent in privacy and interaction by role positions and for families as a unit. Factors other than amount of space and family size which have bearing on interaction and privacy include stage of the family life cycle, allocation of space to persons and for use, age and sex of children, orientation to privacy by individuals, and husband's occupation demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarized some results from a larger investigation of the stability of behavior in a group of subjects who were part of the Fels Research Institute's longitudinal population. This report dealt specifically with the long term stability of passive and dependent behavior from childhood through adulthood. The Ss were 27 males and 27 females for whom extensive longitudinal information was available from birth through adolescence. One psychologist studied narrative reports based on observations of the child in various settings and rated each child on four variables describing types of passive and dependent behavior for ages 3 to 6 and ages 6 to 10. A second psychologist, who had no knowledge of the childhood data, interviewed each S in adulthood and rated each S on six variables related to aspects of adult passive and dependent behavior. In addition, each adult S was administered a tachistoscopic perception task in which scenes illustrating dependent activity were presented at seven different exposure speeds. The results revealed that passive and dependent behaviors were quite stable for women, but minimally stable for men. Over 60 per cent of the correlations between the childhood (ages 6 to 10) and adult ratings of dependency were statistically significant for females, while only 9 per cent were significant for men. For example, the correlation between passive withdrawal from problem situations for ages 6 to 10 and adulthood was .52 (p <.01) for women and .21 for men. Similarly, the correlation between emotional dependence for ages 6 to 10 and adult dependency on parents was .51 (p < .01) for women and .02 for men. The correlations between the ratings for ages 3 to 6 and adulthood were considerably lower and not statistically significant. It was suggested that environmental disapproval and punishment of dependent behavior in young males led to inhibition of and conflict over dependency in the growing boy. The social acceptance of passive and... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some points of interest. Do age groups have separate cultures? How the role of adolescence varies among different cultures. American adolescence as an extension of childhood. Marriage as a rite de passage as well as a union of persons. The significance of Confirmation, of the debut. Does old age really generally bring increased prestige? Do older women gain power as they graduate from chaperonage? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to consider stereotyping procedures in relation to another substantive area: that of adolescence. The main conclusions which can be drawn from empirical studies of racial stereotypes is that stereotypes have a considerable ability to resist change and to remain unaffected by new information. There can be little doubt as to the tenacity of racial stereotypes. However to argue that they are never subject to change in any degree is to misunderstand the import of empirical findings. The definition of adolescence cannot be divorced from those of childhood and adulthood. People process through each status over time. Since the procession is a temporal one there tends to be an association between each status and a particular age-range. In societies with instituted rites de passage the relationship between age and status is formally defined. The status of adolescence has important implications for the kinds of roles which are appropriate for actors. Adult status is characterized by the adoption of responsible roles. On the other band both children and adolescents are expected to play roles which are not responsible. However the status of children is such that they are not expected to play adult roles at all.

This article presents a study on the characteristics of physical growth and health during the adolescent years. A high significance of recognition of inter-individual variance was considered in rate of growth, body size, physique and functional efficiency during the period between childhood and adult maturity. A number of problem pertinent to the steroid phase of growth was discussed and questioned the concept of the normal boy. As with the assessment of growth, the matter of appraising and evaluating physiological efficiency and capacity in adolescents in clouded somewhat by conflicting reports and occasionally by undocumented opinion. The health of the adolescent is generally superior to that of persons in younger or older age groups. It is anticipated that school personnel will give increasing attention to the fulfillment of the marked potential of the schools for guiding pupils toward optimal levels of healthful living.

This article reviews the physiological aspects of development on children. The review of the research has been divided into the following general periods: (a) prenatal (b) birth and neonatal (c) preschool and childhood and (d) adolescent. The research found that adolescent acne have been attributed to an imbalance between the secretion of male and female sex hormones. The research also reported successful treatment of acne by dietary regulation and administration of vitamins of the B complex because of its psychological importance to the developing adolescent.

This article discusses on the intellectual changes during maturity and preparation in terms of the educational need to understand the psychology of the adult. the increasing percentage of older individuals in the United States and the augmented interest in the education of the adult in and out of school are accepted facts. This review will attempt to consolidate the information about intellectual changes from 1936 through 1941. A critical review of the area of adult intelligence up to 1936 has been made, Miles also critically appraised the psychological aspects of the aging process, indicating changes in usual interpretation. Lawton surveyed the literature on mental abilities at senescence. Several studies showing the relationship between childhood or adolescent in intelligence and subsequent adult status have been reported. The most significant generalization emerging from the literature on intellectual change is the differential decline of vocabulary, information, and verbal tests as compared with performance tests. Shakow and Goldman showed the increment of vocabulary scores from age fifty and beyond in groups differentiated by amount of schooling.

This study challenges the theory that adult political behavior is little more than an elaboration of patterns rooted in childhood. It is based on evidence from 421 state legislators in 4 states and 129 city councilmen from 23 cities. Comparing and contrasting those who entered politics early and late, the authors conclude that political experiences in childhood and adolescence are less important titan more relevant and pressing demands in orienting office- holders to their jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a list of the results of the distribution of subcutaneous fat in childhood and adolescence. The list includes a summary of group patterns in the amount and distribution of subcutaneous fat, a summary of the measurement of subcutaneous fat in other areas of the body, and a summary of relations between variables.

The article presents a list of figures related to the subcutaneous fat in childhood and adolescence. The list includes a figure on the critical ratios of differences between means for boys and girls in total fat breadth, a figure of the soft-tissue X-ray apparatus in use, and a figure on the means for breadth of fat in waist.

The article presents the summary and the implications of the study "Sexual Maturation and the Physical Growth of Girls Age Six to Nineteen." The process of sexual maturation in girls is initiated and controlled by endocrine factors. It starts with the budding of breasts, the appearance of pubic hair, and after some time culminates in the first menstruation. A final generalization is that the patterns of growth shown by tall versus short children and by children of North European versus Italian stock are very similar. Children of North European stock are taller and become progressively taller with age.

The article presents a discussion about heterosexuality in the monograph relative to sexuality of the child's development to adolescence, that was published in the May 1937 issue of "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development." It explains that among the main points of heterosexuality and information on social-sexual attraction are focused more on adolescents. It states that friendship-love relationships of adolescents are studied and observed based on letters. It adds that one of the basis of heterosexuality is mutual masturbation.

The article presents a discussion about autosexuality in the monograph relative to sexuality of the child's development to adolescence, that was published in the May 1937 issue of "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development." It states that the occurrence of autosexual practices such as masturbation is much more manifested in boys rather than girls. It explains that the association between masturbation and intercourse is ascribed to methodology and techniques rather than to geography.

The article presents a discussion about para- and homosexuality in the monograph relative to sexuality of the child's development to adolescence, that was published in the May 1937 issue of "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development." It mentions that twenty-one men and sixteen women told childhood interests and plays with excretory products, and in five other men and six women there was evidently a sexually derived interest in bodily waste. Pleasant thrills from defecation were reported by 26 men and 13 women.

The article presents a discussion about implicit sexuality in the monograph relative to sexuality of the child's development to adolescence, that was published in the May 1937 issue of "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development." It mentions the results from questionnaires relative to childhood sex impressions and problems. It shows that studies based from the results seem to reflect considerable cultural differentials, partly secular and partly geographic. Some differentials were also affected by other sources from older men, relatives, lectures, reading, observation and experience.

The article reports on the puberty of children and its relation to their mental growth. Puberty is considered the most important index of maturity for both physical and mental aspects. The relation of puberty to physical development and trait development were studied in connection with height, weight, chest girth and blood pressure to name a few. The results of the study show that differences in traits between the subjects continuous to grow until the end of adolescence. However, differences in height are not very evident after the 14th year.

The article reports on the rate of mental and physical growth. The use of curves of variability in mental and physical measures are considered in the study. The changes in the variability from a certain age to another was studied to be associated with changes in rate of growth. These variability plays a significant part in the study of the mental and physical measures. During the early years of adolescence, the physical growth is in accordance with the increasing variability in the physical traits of children. Moreover, the variability, whether relative or absolute, increases as long as the growth rate of the subjects is positively increasing as well.

The article presents a list of tables related to the subcutaneous fat in childhood and adolescence. The list includes a table on the distribution of number of sets of roentgenograms, by age level, a table on the critical ratios of differences between means for boys and girls, and a table on the means and medians for total fat breadth.

A list of books and articles on child development is presented including "Projective Techniques," by J.E. Bell, "The Adolescent Personality," by P. Blos, "The Adolescent," by W. Dennis, "The Psychology of Women," by Helene Deutsch, "Childhood and Society," by E.H. Erikson, "Developmental Task and Education," by R.J. Havighurst, "Rank Correlation Methods," by M.G. Kendall, "A Dynamic Theory of Personality," by K. Lewin, "The Psychology of Human Learning," by J.A. McGeoch and "Adolescent Development," by Elizabeth B. Hurlock.

The article presents a generalization and conclusion in the monograph relative to sexuality of the child's development to adolescence, that was published in the May 1937 issue of "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development." It states that the concept of differentiation, the reinforcement of a specific stimulus accompanied by extinction of slightly different ones, is useful in describing the facts of growing specificity in governing sex response as the decade develops and progresses.