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The article assesses financial innovation and structural change in the early stages of industrialization based on the experience of the financial sector in Mexico from 1945-1959. A description of a traditional economy is included as is the transformation by which such an economy can become a developing economy through alterations in the production function. There are five ways, the article states, for financing innovation in developing economies, including self-financing, tax increases, direct financing, government securities, and indirect financing.

This article presents information on an alternative questionnaire strategy for conducting cross-cultural research on managerial attitudes. Previous studies attempted to link managerial attitudes with levels of industrialization. Support for the position was reported in the developing countries of Argentina, Chile, and India where attitudes clustered despite assumed variations in culture. The limitations of that position can be found in scholar D.S. Pugh's discussion of technology theories of organization. There are difficulties in conducting research with a single questionnaire without specifying exactly how the level of industrialization and the broader domain of culture arc expected to influence the managerial attitudes. Such a research strategy offers little in the way of explanation or prediction. Use of a second questionnaire that focuses on cultural traditions outside the field of business vastly improves the potential for explanation and avoids the paradoxes that have resulted from the single questionnaire research strategy. These studies reported that managers do not have a strong belief in the individual's innate capacity for leadership and initiative, yet they do believe in sharing information and encouraging participation and self-control by subordinates.

Southern counties more than 50 miles from an SMSA experienced nonfarm job growth in the 1960's. Manufacturing jobs, especially in electrical equipment, transportation equipment, chemicals, and furniture industries shifted more toward nonmetro locations. Consequently, the Southern nonmetro industry mix was not solely of the lowest-wage and most labor-intensive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the article "British Armaments and European Industrialization, 1890-1914: The Spanish Case Re-Examined," by R.J. Harrison. Harrison's article examined the economic and political conditions in Spain from 1890 to 1914. It is discusses the industrialization of European countries and how Great Britain was imbibed on building armaments. The article also considers Spain's working population that is engaged in agriculture during the period. It explores the scandal involving the Spanish naval program of the government of Antonio Maura. Official Assessor of the Naval Ministry, Juan Macias, accused the whole government of prevarication in the adjudication of tenders for the squadron.

The article looks at the economic and political conditions in Spain from 1890 to 1914, the period when European countries were industrialized and Great Britain was imbibed on building armaments. It discusses the controversy on the contract awarded by the Spanish government to a British company to construct several naval ships. The percentage of Spain's working population that is engaged in agriculture during the period. The article also discusses the Maura legislation, which involved the elimination of a program for the economic regeneration of Spain based on the improvement of agricultural yields, the development of communications, the extension of the market for consumer goods, and the creation and safeguarding of agricultural employment.

This article presents information on the industrialization of Europe. In recent years yet another reason has emerged for viewing industrialization in national terms, many of the countries attempting to industrialize today have to use the whole apparatus of state power to propel their industrial revolution forward so that it must appear as an act of political will. By analogy, this is then applied to Europe in the nineteenth century. This article will argue that the traditional view has reached its limit as a method both of exposition and of analysis, and that further advance must come from a new starting-point. It will argue that, useful as the national approach has been in the past, particularly by evolving testable models, it was based on faulty observation. The industrialization of Europe did not proceed country by country. It is this dynamic element, the method of transmission, which should be a major object of study, but has inevitably been lost sight of in the traditional approach.

Recent trends in historical scholarship view askance the reformers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Analyses, which range from the Pluralism of a Richard Hofstadter to the neo-Marxism of a James Weinstein or Gabriel Kolko differ markedly, yet contain similar viewpoints about the worth of a variety of American reform movements. Status anxieties, naive urges for capitalistic efficiency, racialist assumptions, and individual psychological make-ups, are imputed to the reformers of the Populist and Progressive eras. It is alleged that they failed to understand the forces of industrialization, and in time capitulated to the corporate powers that they apparently opposed. It is possible that by concentrating too strongly on the alleged failures of varied reformers, there is some misunderstanding of their accomplishment. The career of the businessman-reformer, Nelson Olsen Nelson, can sharpen one's awareness of those times, which gave various reform urges scope. It can trace a curve of acceptability, and provide a gauge for changing perceptions of debate and action. Nelson's persistent cooperative endeavors shed light on a complex strand of American reform, which has survived to play a continuing role in the formation of the world.

The article throws light on the industrialization and regional development in Ireland between 1958-72. Ireland lagged in industrial growth not only far behind Great Britain but also the rest of Northern Europe. Owing to the inability of the Irish Government to engender a viable economy, the 1950s were years of economic, social and psychological depression. In 1958 the first program of Economic Development was launched, marking the cessation of hostility toward foreign investment and the dismantling of protectionist barriers. The new economic strategy, implemented under the aegis of the Industrial Development Authority (I.D.A.), called for vigorous encouragement of foreign industry and promotion of a healthy export oriented economy. in Ireland the incentives surpass those offered elsewhere in Europe. Foremost among those are non-repayable cash grants for the cost of fixed assets of up to 35 per cent of the total cost. To promote a more harmonious regional balance the I.D.A. adopted a strategy of economic decentralization, meaning the discouragement of further industrialization in the immediate Dublin, Ireland, area.

This article assesses the future direction of organization development (OD) in the U.S. against the major issue of advanced industrial society, known as technicism. The study shows that grid OD and situational/emerged OD constitute two contrasting paradigms and that when the differences between them are distinguished, the meaning of and social implications that are inherent to the future evolution of OD are more clearly revealed. It is suggested that OD is and will become even more a means for providing the controlling elites of organizations with enhanced capability to manipulate organization members.

Evaluates the degree of rural industrialization among labor markets in the Southern States. Growth of nonfarm employment; Locational inducement of low-wage labor; Initiatives with relocation programs and aids to migration of the rural poor.

Examines the relationship between industrialization and urbanization in the context of economic development in the Southern States. Level of manufacturing activity in the region; Rural location patterns of industries; Differences of urban and rural areas in terms of wage rates and skill composition of the labor force.

This research reports how automobile workers in four countries which vary in industrialization become involved in a series of social systems extending from the family to the nation. If workers exposed to industrial discipline and urban organization remain peasants, uninvolved in external systems, the hope of a working-class social movement is lost simply because workers must see the social system in order to fight for a place in it. On the other hand, if industrialization and urbanization are accompanied by increasing involvements in non-local systems, participation in a working-class social movement is more likely. Scholars disagree both on the timing and consequences of such involvement. The findings of the study suggest that industrialization quickly affects the social lives of workers. In no country did the family completely absorb their free time as it allegedly does in traditional societies. Workers spent considerable time with workmates, fellow unionists and friends from other neighbourhoods and organizations. They knew the problems of the neighbourhood, community and nation, and could rank them in importance.

THIS article is concerned with some of the evidence for one of the most widely held and frequently expressed theories of industrial unrest--the 'state subsidy' theory of strikes. Holders of all forms of this theory assume a positive relationship between payments to strikers and their families (in the form of tax rebates, family allowances and supplementary social security benefits), and the extent and duration of stoppages of work. In its general form the theory implies that recent increases in the volume and level of state payments to some extent 'explain' general changes in the British strike pattern--i.e. increases in the frequency, size and duration of strikes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is focused on the state-wide economic impact of industrial tax concession programs. More specifically, the study attempts to measure the major benefits and costs of the property tax exemption programs for the seven states which actively promote industrial development on a state-wide basis through the use of property tax exemptions--Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Rhode Island and Vermont.
The effectiveness of exemption programs in attracting industry is not a settled issue. Theoretically, for state and local taxes to be significant location factors, interlocational tax differentials must exist that are quantitatively greater than the sum of differentials among other cost factors. However, the empirical evidence indicates that other interlocational cost differentials are generally more significant than tax differentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the problem related to the "underdeveloped study of underdeveloped countries." Development economics have been singled out as a special subdiscipline by economists for more than two decades. Universal models are still used by students of foreign-policy analysis to explain the policies of both developed as well as underdeveloped countries, with the implicit assumption that all these actors are interchangeable. This is just a reflection of the general assumption of many researchers who maintain a rigid distinction between national and international political systems despite mounting evidence that the distinction is breaking down. According to the author, if this was not the case, the tendency to view nation-states as monolithic units whose value systems and internal processes are of secondary importance for understanding their external conduct would not have been upheld for so long. Sociologists like the author, question this all-pervasive assumption. More generally the field of foreign-policy analysis is criticized for its inadequate theoretical content, its lack of rigor in analysis and-as far as third-world actors are concerned-its failure to establish a link in the proposed analytical constructs between the international behavior of these new national actors and the societal-psychological variables that constitute the essence of their identities. The article starts with an overview of the foreign policy literature concerning third world actors. It then proceeds to a more detailed critical analysis of the decision-making model and Rosenau's efforts at theory-building in foreign-policy analysis. The last part of the article suggests some hypotheses and an alternative model, the situation-role model for the analysis of foreign policy-making amongst third-world actors, based on these actors frame of reference. The author concludes with a note on the place of the proposed model in current international-relations theory.

The article looks into the significance of the replacement of revolutionary intellectuals by managerial modernizers in China. Managerial modernizers are a product of the modernization process. The replacement of the revolutionary intellectuals by these managerial modernizers appears to be a necessary condition for a country's successful industrialization. However, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is reluctant to implement the shift because it could mean a restoration of capitalism.

Examines changes in the socioeconomic characteristics of heads of households during the period of industrial development in the Midwest. Effect of in-migration and out-migration on the educational level of the population; Influence of industrial development on the income distribution of the heads of families.

Discusses findings of a study of private sector decisions to locate industrial expansion and the role industrial development agencies (IDA) in influencing those decisions. Percentage of the location decisions made by one man among responding firms location in metropolitan Denver, Colorado; Types of aid utilized in the location decision process; Types of assistance which metropolitan Denver IDA provided to locating firms.

Presents a case study which investigated the effect of industrialization on the rural poor in Ozarks Region. Effectiveness of policies for the rural poor; Theoretical considerations; Impact of the trickle-down theory on income distribution.

Focuses on the impact of industrialization on labor markets in Puerto Rico. Information on investment incentives; Failure of industrialization to reduce the level of unemployment; Shortages in agricultural labor.

The changes in economic and social structure of Southern Italy have determined a situation very different from the image made famous by the studies carried out in the fifties. A problem that deserves attention is the lag between economic growth and social development. This issue has been faced in a research publication by Hytten and Marchioni through an intensive study of an Italian town invested by a process of industrialization. The authors discard the socio-cultural interpretation of underdevelopment and attribute it to the colonialist attitude that has characterized industrial intervention in Southern Italy. This character of industrialization has implied a class alliance between the advanced industrial capitalist forces and the local reactionary bourgeoisie, whose patterns, particularly patronage have been exploited by the industry settled in the town. A contradiction, particularly in the conclusions, is that the authors propose reformist solutions which do not question the logic of the system, though they have found the causes of underdevelopment in the class structure of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the current state of knowledge about the effects of industrialization upon systems of social stratification. Taking societies as the unit of observation, we consider the relationships between level of industrialization and (I) the distribution of status characteristics in the population (the structure of stratification) ; (2) the pattern of interrelations among status characteristics (the process of stratification); and (3) the form of linkages between status characteristics and other aspects of social behavior (the consequences of stratification). A set of propositions is specified, a few of which are empirically well established but most of which yet require empirical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of the state of Kansas in terms of its social and industrial conditions. The fur trade was the most important industry in the early Middle West and Northwest before the missions were established in the place. The trade and westward movement contributed to the development of transportation facilities across the plains. On the other hand, agriculture became the chief occupation of the Indians and the white settlers following the establishments of the missions. St. Mary's Mission became the center of agricultural industry which aided the people in the founding of the place's industry.

The purpose of this article is to relate the patterns of population growth and decline to the industrial structure of southern non- metropolitan towns and chin. The 1950-1960, 1960-1970, and 1950-1970 population changes of the 789 southern nonmetropolitan towns that had between 2,500 and 9,999 inhabitants in 1950 and were separately enumerated in the 1960 and 1970 censuses of population were analyzed. This study shows that the industrial structure of towns at the beginning of a decade exerted a pronounced influence upon the population trends during the ensuing decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial man hypothesis holds that workers from different social and cultural backgrounds adapt rapidly to the occupational and social systems of industrial society, whereas the developmental hypothesis holds that adaptation vary according to stage of industrialization. The two explanations were tested by the use of data on automobile workers from rural and urban backgrounds in countries at different levels of industrialization: India, Argentina, Italy, and the United States. Data were obtained for participation and adaptation in the factory, labor union, family, neighborhood, community, and nation. The lack of persistent or systematic differences among workers from rural and urban backgrounds supports the industrial man rather than the developmental hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The affiliation of agrarianism and the social organization of U. S. agriculture is examined. Agrarianism, expressed by Thomas Jefferson for a nation of farmers and ruralites, has persevered despite massive changes in economy, polity, and society. An elaborate and proliferating social organization has developed in connection with U. S. agriculture. Agrarianism is stable, but the component of organization has changed. As the United States industrialized during the nineteenth century, farm organizations sought equality of farmers with nonfarmers; during the early twentieth century, when urbanization and industrialization had advanced, farm areas were to be rejuvenated in a context of amelioration; after World War I, public farm programs ameliorated the circumstances of commercial farmers whereas the circumstances of other farm or rural residents were not given regular or systematic attention by public or private bodies. Recent occupational or demographical changes and judicial rulings promise to subject U. S. agriculture to additional stress. However, agrarianism, if past performances are indicative, will persevere despite changes in the organization of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets forth a general hypothesis that relates instrumental activities of the family to unilineal emphasis in intergenerational ties and reviews the findings of a variety of studies which can be accounted for by this general hypothesis. The hypothesis states that, where there is succession in male instrumental roles, solidarity will be greater between the nuclear family and the lineal relatives of men, and where there is no succession, solidarity will be greater with the wife's family. Since industrialization does away with male succession in instrumental roles, the hypothesis explains the predominance of matrilateral ties between generations in industrial societies. Findings are reviewed from studies of intergenerational solidarity in pre-industrial and industrial societies. The data on intergenerational solidarity include household sharing, residential proximity, interaction and ties of sentiment, and exchanges of help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on certain findings of an investigation made to determine the impact of a sizeable industry on a rural area and presents a theoretical frame of reference for analyzing these findings. The purpose of the study was to test various hypotheses relating to industry as a practical solution to the social and economic problems of rural areas. The study showed that industrialization served to raise levels of living substantially but did not change social participation, social institutions, and farming endeavors to a great extent. The general conclusion of the study is that judgments regarding the impact of industrialization on a rural community can be made only after it has been determined whether or not industry will represent a new and unique situation. Prior judgments regarding the impact of industrialization on a rural community are hazardous. In a low-income community the economic impact of industrialization can be predicted. On the other hand, if industrialization represents only a slight situational change, because of previous experiences, social patterns will be disrupted minimally.

The industrialization of rural Brazil has contributed to an increasing complexity of social life. Among the important results of this process have been the development of rural factory towns, new patterns of social interaction among workers, and their exposure to new sources of social knowledge. Data on mass media use, social visiting, and contact with outside persons were collected by questionnaires, case histories, and field observation methods. The author concludes that in the Brazilian rural town community, there have developed patterns of information exposure related to status in the socioeconomic structure. Further analysis of the social structural foundations of information exposure in developing world areas may have utility for communication research, for theories about development and change, and for building understanding among nations and people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural depopulation is a world phenomenon associated with industrialization. A great many factors are involved. The standards of providing a variety of public utility services and extending social organizations in villages with persistently decreasing population are compared with those in villages of increasing population. The attitudes of residents in villages where population has persisted for a long time differ considerably from those of people of the "outside world," and in these villages little interest is taken in local government, education, or the organization of local social activities. Employer-employee relationships are often strained. Many reasons contribute to the initial decision to leave the home in the country. No nation in the world has a higher proportion of paid workers in agriculture than the United Kingdom. This gives workers greater mobility and, since there are fewer owner-occupied holdings, less chance of promotion. Once emigration has begun, it tends to generate its own momentum-fewer people can support fewer services, and fewer services will tend to make the area less attractive. Mechanization would have created unemployment without the substantial rural depopulation, but the rate of loss today is felt to be out of proportion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The town of Popayán, in southwestern Colombia, became, soon after its founding, the favorite place of residence of great landholders and wealthy mine owners. Mines were worked out, the slaves were freed, but the colonial mentality and concepts remained entrenched in Popayán, and extensive cattle grazing increased in importance, becoming the summum bonum of the wealthy, who have for centuries had their minds fixed in the molds of the political, social and economic status quo. The retarding influence of the cultural background-particularly prestige land holding-has overcome the favorable factors of the physical environment and has invested Popayán with its personality of arrested development, for, although capital and labor have both been amply available for industrial development, there was neither the vigorous enterprise of the capital-accumulating business man nor the independence of spirit of the freeholdçr to engage in the struggle for the abolition of colonial feudalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses the industrialized labor pattern and outstanding facts regarding the history of farming in California. Intensification of agriculture constitutes the physical basis for the shift from dependence upon laborers of the familiar "farm hand" type, to dependence upon unstable "industrialized" masses of hand workers. Contrasting sharply with California are the farm labor patterns of Iowa and Mississippi, which have been selected for purposes of comparison. Iowa typifies corn and hog production on the family farm. Mississippi represents cotton culture under the share-tenant system. Demand for farm labor in California is not only heavy because of intensive crop production; it is also concentrated to a marked degree because of the scale of farm operation. Together with crop intensification and large-scale production, organization has come up with commercialization of California agriculture, higher capitalization, increased production for a cash market, and a high cash expenditure for wage labor. Each of these developments contributes to the industrialization of labor relations.

The article focuses on some aspects of industrialization and the convergence of contemporary Japan. Thus, this paper examines some of the aspects of change in Japan since the end of the Pacific War, specifically; changes associated with the ways men are managed in the modern sector of the Japanese economy. More recently, some writers have developed the relationship between technology and change. Their examination of the problems of labor and management in economic growth is rooted in the relatively common effects of common technologies in all developing economies. They emerge with a "convergence hypothesis" which argues that almost everywhere the world is in the grip of industrialization. This study takes technology as central in industrialization. Japan remains the only nonwestern nation which can be said to be industrialized. The streets of Japan's major cities are almost as choked with motor traffic as any American city of comparable size. Television antennas obstruct and mar the beauty of Japanese architecture. Yet, by no means can it be said that Japan is a western nation since many vestiges of pre-industrial Japan are readily apparent. Japanese tend to view themselves and their institutions as unique, a view that appears to be shared by many western scholars.

The article focuses on the relationship of unemployment to crime and delinquency. It would appear that rises in juvenile crime go hand in hand with industrialization and economic affluence. In India, a country with a generally low delinquency rate, a sudden rise of delinquency in Orissa province coincided with the erection of a new steel plant and anew urban, industrial center in the area. Advocates of rapid industrialization stress the positive social effects of economic well being, pointing out that providing employment opportunities gives people the means of escaping from the antisocial consequences of poverty. In order to have a clear look at the relationship between employment and crime, one must discard the idea that a simple cause and effect relationship can be isolated. It is necessary to explore the exact nature and operation of the variables intervening between these two conditions. Initially, rates of adult crime and rates of juvenile crime must be separately examined since considerable evidence suggests that they are not positively correlated.

This article examines whether an increase in population occurred in the same places where the action of capitalism was exerted. Between 1650 and 1950 the population of the area of European settlement grew. Therefore, the great increase of population in territories occupied by Europeans coincided with the industrial expansion of those territories. The early 19th century rise if population in Ireland was related to the increased market for food provided by advancing England. Adam Smith, witnessing the early stages of the relation between industrialization and population, gave it a general formulation: the demand for labor is what makes population grow.

The article focuses on the interpersonal relations within formal organizations in Turkey. Since the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the country has been pursuing a course of deliberate economic development based on increasing industrialization. In spite of a rapid increase in new plant construction and increased mechanization, over 60% of the male labor force is employed in agriculture and more than 70% of the population lives in centers having less than 2,000 population. Turkey is very much in the process of transition from a traditional agriculturally based society to a modern technology based society. The data in the article were collected in 1958-59. The primary focus of organization in Turkish society has been the extended family with a tight family group characterized by strong emphasis on family loyalty. In the larger scale organizations, where the general manager cannot have direct knowledge of the behavior of every employee and where presumably universalistic standards would be especially important, it is find that the organization broken down into little sub-families with the relationship of the employees being one of extreme dependence on their immediate superiors.

At present we are in the midst of arguments between advocates and critics of automation—arguments which have led to conflicting predictions about the future consequences of the use of automatic machines in business and industry. An individual's perception of, acceptance of, and resistance to automation is undoubtedly related to his attitude toward automation. Furthermore, is society's agents continue to increase their reliance upon computers, some resistances must be changed to acceptance. Thus, a study of the variables which produce a change in attitude toward automation would be valuable. Requisite to this understanding is the construction of a reliable and valid instrument to assess attitudes toward automation. The purpose of the present study was the development of such an instrument. A slightly modified version of Likert's method of summated ratings was used to develop reliable items for the scale. To establish concurrent validity, the scale was administered to three groups. These groups were chosen because it could reasonably be assumed that they held markedly different attitudes toward automation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of organized labor in economic development in Africa. The following interpretations are analyzed: the interpretation of the Inter-University Study of Labor Problems in Economic Development; the political unionism viewpoint; and the interpretation of those who believe that the role of labor is to contribute to rapid economic growth. The author points that the role of organized labor to regulate conflict has been weakened in the developing areas. Thus, labor's contribution to industrialization and economic development remains an elusive one.

The article looks at the social security programs in the U.S. The country's social security programs are reported in this article to have a tendency toward expansion and liberalization and that the proportion of the national income spent on such programs tends to increase in the course of industrialization. The article discusses several reasons social security came relatively late to the U.S. It then offers a look at substantial evidence of growing support for a more effective social security program. It also predicts that expansion and liberalization are likely to continue, but there will be an increasing need for a more vigorous attack on inequities and complexities and for improvements in methods of financing.

Several measures of average farm size are developed, using resource endowment, degree of industrialization, factor proportions as the explanatory variables for 53 countries. The three determinants explain much of the variation in average farm size, using cross-sectional regression techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until only a decade ago, Japan's rice policy had been primarily designed to procure "cheap" rice for the industrial population from domestic and colonial producers. For the promotion of industrialization and economic growth the price of rice, the principal wage good, had been kept low to prevent the rise in the wage rate of urban industrial workers, The shift from the traditional cheap rice policy to a recent policy of high price supports is due to the decline in the role of rice as a wage good. The rapid rise in per capita income and the dramatic transformation of Japan's industrial structure contributed to the policy change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with the characteristics of consumer protection in an industrialized food system. Relation of consumer problems to the food industry; Key consumer issues in food distribution and consumption; Possible roles of extension and research in agricultural economics.

Comments on a study which dealt with the impact of industrialization of hired farm workers on the agricultural economy of the United States. Problems in farm labor; Evolution of agriculture and rural society; Factors which contributed to the industrialization of the hired farm work force; Concepts in the industrialization of hired farm labor force.

Discusses the process of institutional obsolescence and the necessary activity of institutional innovation in the field of agriculture. Ideology on economic dynamics in the industrialization process; Argument on the self-adjusting market; Information on the pervading problems of external effects.

Identifies problems and issues which relate to the economic and social organization of the food and fiber sector in the United States to enhance marketing research. Need to understand the dynamics of the economy; Changes in the food and fiber sectors; Consequences of scientific industrialization; Mentality about science and technology.

Pakistan offers a fascinating environment in which to study problems of industrialisation in low income countries. Manufacturing industry has grown very rapidly since independence in 1947; the expansion over the past decade has been well sustained. Yet the difficulties faced in the manufacturing sector have been great. Supplies of raw materials and capital equipment have often been uncertain. Technological skills have hardly existed for many branches of industry. Industrial and commercial enterprises have had to be created in a society which in the past placed no emphasis upon them. This paper attempts to analyse one major problem affecting the manufacturing sector in Pakistan, namely the extent of excess productive capacity in various industrial categories, and to assess the possibilities for remedying the problem. The early parts of the paper discuss the policy techniques applied to Pakistan's manufacturing industries as well as some general features of the economy. The available evidence on capacity use is presented. The latter sections represent an attempt to work out whether or not this excess capacity is mainly the result of weak administrative arrangments, shortages of foreign exchange, and a failure to equate overseas and domestic prices through a "realistic" exchange rate. The standard explanation in Pakistan has been in terms of the shortage of foreign exchange and the peculiarities of project aid and tied loans or grants. The study casts doubt on this interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the development and problems of administrative training in Africa. During the past ten years over forty institutes of public administration have been established in Africa which corresponds roughly with the number of countries that became independent sovereign states during the same period. The establishment of many institutes/schools of public administration has been motivated by the exodus of expatriate civil servants with the approach of independence and the need to train their replacements, the expansion of the scope of government activities which results inevitably from independence and the increasing awareness of the need to train officials locally in the country, partly on economic grounds and partly for nationalistic considerations.

The article discusses the dialogue between the Commissariat gé né ral du Plan and the Corps Pré fectoral on internal administrative reform and regionalism in France. Metropolitan France is divided into ninety such departments, whose average area of 2,360 sq. miles, is nevertheless double that of the corresponding average English county. The French four-year plans have been regionalized in the context of a need to strike a balance not only between Paris and the provinces, but also between the declining agricultural regions with little or no industrial tradition and the well established industrial areas, where self-sustaining economic growth is assured. The plans differed from the programs in having no time scale: they laid emphasis on favoring a harmonious geographical distribution of the population and its activities and were to guide the location of public and private capital investment.

Focuses on the changes in emphasis and comments on the book `Industrialism and Industrial Man' which deals with industrialization. Problems confronting developing countries; Role of elites; Impact of technology.