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Humanity is in more danger from escalating greenhouse gas (G.H.G.) emissions, making the world warmer. The study examined the relationship between China's environmental technologies, ecological innovation, and carbon emissions using time-series data from 1975 to 2020. The N.A.R.D.L. approach is used to examine the cointegration of variables in the short and long run. In the short run, environmental technologies, industrialisation (I.N.D.), positive shocks to natural resource depletion (N.R.D.), negative shocks to renewable energy (R.E.) use, and technical advancements affect carbon emissions. On the other hand, positive shocks to environmental technologies and financial development (F.D.), negative shocks to N.R.D., R.E. consumption (E.C.), and technical innovation all have a long-term effect on carbon emissions. Granger causality was used to examine the causal link between variables. According to the findings, environmental technologies, F.D., technical innovation, N.R.D., and economic growth (E.G.) cause carbon emissions. The impulse response function revealed an inverse link between asymmetric environmental technology and carbon emissions. In contrast, F.D. and N.R.D. directly affect environmental degradation over time. The outcome of the variance decomposition revealed that negative shocks of F.D. would likely exert greater pressure on achieving sustainable environmental agenda. Investment in environmental technology, F.D., technological innovation and R.E. should be encouraged by the Chinese government to achieve sustainable prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better help resolve the dilemma of more demand for bank lending and increasing defaulted bank loans, this paper develops a pricing model on SMEs' group lending practice using a gaming method. The optimization method and the game analysis are used to model the dynamical interest rates of group lending in order to maximize the profits for SMEs and to guarantee basic income for commercial banks. A simulated empirical analysis is used to obtain the optimal lending rate and expected profits, and the results provide support for the proposed model. The result of this study provides valuable insights on designing effective incentives to encourage commercial banks to provide funds to SMEs and to encourage SMEs to pay back the loans to commercial banks, and thus is able to help resolve the funding dilemma between commercial banks and small and medium enterprises in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of entrepreneurs have used crowdfunding to raise funds for their startups. While crowdfunding has attracted many entrepreneurs and investors, serial crowdfunding provides a new way to meet the financing needs of startups at different stages of development. Based on 281 serial crowdfunding projects that have raised funds in three key crowdfunding networks in China, this study investigates the impact of venture investors' monitoring of crowdfunding projects on product innovation performance in the follow-up projects. The results show that venture investors' monitoring of crowdfunding projects has a positive impact on product innovation in the follow-up projects, and the financing performance mediates the relationship between venture investors' monitoring and product innovation. This result can help venture capital better understand the impact of crowdfunding projects on financing performance and further on product innovation in follow-up projects, which will have important practical implications. The findings of this study can also help increase the popularity crowdfunding as a new financing tool in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims—based on past research works which have shown that transformational leadership has positive impact on knowledge sharing—to explore the impact of different leadership dimensions of transformational leadership on knowledge sharing and further to explore the mechanism through which transformational leadership affects employee knowledge sharing in China. Design/methodology/approach: Based on the transformational leadership theory and the team learning theory, it is proposed that all four dimensions of transformational leadership, including intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation and idealized influence, have unique impact on employee knowledge sharing. It is further proposed that psychology safety and team efficacy mediate these relationships. Then data were collected from over 400 employees from knowledge-based companies in China to empirically test the proposed relationships with the method of structural equation modeling. Findings: The results show that psychological safety fully mediated the impact of intellectual stimulation on knowledge sharing, and team efficacy fully mediated the impact of inspirational motivation on knowledge sharing. Both factors also mediated the impact of individualized consideration on knowledge sharing. The results thus provide empirical support for the impact of transformational leadership on employee knowledge sharing in an international context. Originality/value: The past years have seen increasing interest in leadership and knowledge sharing in emerging markets, yet the mechanism through which leadership affects employee knowledge sharing remains understudied. This study explores the impact of different dimensions of transformational leadership on employee knowledge sharing, and further shows that psychological safety and team efficacy mediate these relationships in a collectivistic society where knowledge sharing is consistent with cultural norms. The findings help develop more robust knowledge sharing theories in the international context and provide insightful suggestions for management practitioners in emerging markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has become one of the most important economies in the global market, but negotiating with the Chinese remains a great challenge for most Westerners. This study is to help better understand Chinese business negotiation styles with an indigenous perspective by exploring the impact of Confucian ideal personality on business negotiation process in China. This study tests the effects of three key components of Confucian ideal personality-benevolence (Ren), wisdom (Zhi), and courage (Yong) on Chinese negotiation behaviors and further on negotiation outcomes with 200 business students in a simulated negotiation exercise. The results support the significant effects of benevolence and courage on Chinese business negotiation styles but wisdom is not found to have any significant impact in China. The overall pattern of the results substantiates the strong influence of Confucianism on Chinese negotiation styles, and provides an important supplement to negotiation theories developed in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose -- This study is to identify key factors that facilitate knowledge sharing in collectivistic cultures and further to help better understand knowledge management in the international context. Design/methodology/approach -- Using a survey method, this study collected data from over 200 managerial employees in knowledge management based project teams from China. Regression analysis was then conducted to analyze the impact of individual differences and environmental factors on the willingness to share knowledge among team members in order to identify key factors for successful knowledge retention in the constantly changing organizational environment in a collectivistic context. Findings -- The results show that incentives are very important in individual's decision to share knowledge in project teams even in a collectivistic culture like China and both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated individuals tend to share more knowledge with their team members. Individuals with high altruism are also found more likely to share knowledge with others. Moreover, a trusting environment and explicit knowledge will facilitate knowledge sharing for better retention. Research limitations/implications -- More studies should be conducted in other collectivistic cultures in order to explore cultural barriers in knowledge management in the international context and comparative studies using samples from different cultural backgrounds are also encouraged to help extend the theories on knowledge management. Originality/value -- While it is well known that knowledge sharing is essential for organization to maintain competitive advantage, relatively few studies have examined knowledge sharing in collectivistic cultures, and even fewer have done so in China. This study adds values to the literature by identifying key factors for knowledge sharing in China and thus helps refine the knowledge management theories and provides insights for multinationals on knowledge management in the Chinese market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is always a challenge to deal with ethical dilemmas in negotiations and it is even more difficult when the other party is from a different culture. Understanding the differences between what is ethically appropriate and what is not in an international context has thus become important for a better understanding of different negotiation practices across the globe. This study explores the likelihood of Chinese negotiators' using unethical strategies in negotiations by examining Chinese managerial employees' perceived appropriateness of five categories of ethically questionable strategies. The results show that, in comparison with their counterparts from the USA, Chinese managers are more likely to consider it appropriate to use ethically questionable negotiation strategies in all five categories except the traditional bargaining strategies. In addition, contrary to the West where women tend to maintain higher ethical standards, no gender difference is found in China in the perceived appropriateness of using these strategies in all but one category. Implications for negotiation practitioners and international managers that often participate in international negotiations with the Chinese are then discussed, along with potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethical dilemmas are inescapable components of business negotiations. It is thus important for negotiators to understand the differences in what is ethically appropriate and what is not. This study explores the cross-cultural differences in business ethics between Canada and China by examining the perceived appropriateness of five categories of ethically questionable strategies often used in business negotiations. The results show that the Chinese are more likely to consider it appropriate to use ethically inappropriate negotiation strategies, but the impact of cultural values on ethically inappropriate negotiation strategies is much stronger in Canada than in China when negotiators choose to use these strategies. In addition, there are more gender differences in Canada, where men are more likely to consider it appropriate to use ethically questionable strategies in all five categories than women; while in China no gender differences are found in the perceived appropriateness of using these strategies in all but one category. Implications are also discussed along with potential future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the personal values and value types of Chinese accounting practitioners and students, using the values survey questionnaire developed and validated by Schwartz (1992, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25, 1–65). A total of 454 accounting practitioners and 126 graduate accounting students participated in the study. The results show that Healthy, Family Security, Self-Respect, and Honoring of Parents and Elders are the top four values for both accounting practitioners and accounting students, although these values are not ranked in the same order. Social Power, An Exciting Life, Devout, and Accepting My Portion in Life are the lowest rated four values for the accounting practitioners whereas Devout, An Exciting Life, Detachment, and Accepting My Portion in Life form the bottom four values for the accounting students. Both accounting practitioners and students ranked Security as the highest value type and Tradition as the lowest one, and the students rated Self-Direction as significantly more important than the practitioners. With respect to gender differences, both the male accounting practitioners and students rated the value type Achievement significantly higher than their female counterparts and there were several significant gender differences in personal values for both accounting practitioners and students. In addition, the perceived values are linked to social and cultural factors as well as to the influence of Western values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — The purpose of this study is to examine whether conflict management styles are able to predict actual behaviors in business negotiation in two different countries. Design/methodology/approach — Subjects were recruited from both Canada and China to participate in a laboratory study. Three simulated business negotiations were used for participants to negotiate deals in both countries in order to compare the validity of conflict management styles in predicting negotiation behaviors. Findings — This study shows that conflict management styles are valid predictors of actual negotiation behaviors in Canada, but not in China. The results also show that Chinese people use a more avoiding approach and demonstrate a higher level of integrativeness during business negotiation simulations, while Canadians use a more compromising approach and show a higher level of distributiveness. Practical implications — Practical implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the usefulness of self-reported conflict management styles for negotiation researchers and practitioners in training seminars and in terms of the effectiveness of first offer as one negotiation strategy to achieve better negotiation outcomes. Originality/value — This study is particularly pertinent, given that the relationship between conflict management styles and actual behaviors in negotiation receives little attention and that even less attention is given to this relationship in a cross-cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers believe that personality affects both the negotiation process and outcomes, but have yet to provide reliable evidence. Using a culturally balanced personality scale SAPPS, we explore the impact of personality on negotiation within a collectivist context–China. Hypothesized relationships based on a buyer/seller model are supported that assertive negotiators are more likely to behave competitively, which leads to better economic outcomes, and open-minded negotiators are more likely to use an integrative approach, which leads to higher satisfaction. This result, similar to those obtained in North America, suggests a universal model of negotiation might exist. Our study also indicates, however, that personality only accounts for a small portion of variance in negotiation behaviors. More research from other perspectives is needed for further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose This study aims to explore the impact of well-educated young Chinese employees’ notions of work on their conflict management styles in the increasingly turbulent workplace to help better manage work-related conflict in the time of transition in China.Design/methodology/approach Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from over 400 young Chinese employees. The data were first factor analyzed to explore the underlying dimensions of contemporary work notions in China’s transition period. Hierarchical regression analysis was then conducted to explore the relationship between dimensions of work notions and conflict management styles.Findings The results showed that well-educated young Chinese employees’ notions of work consisted of sense of control, fulfilling and rewarding, holistic concerns, personal growth and development and meaningfulness. The results further indicated that young Chinese employees with strong needs to satisfy individual interests in their work tend to use competitive methods to manage work-related conflicts, employees with strong needs to satisfy group interests in their work prefer to use collaborative methods and those who believe in collective efforts in achieving individual goals through group goals’ obtainment are more likely to use collaborative and compromising approaches.Originality/value This study provides a new perspective to manage work-related conflict in the Chinese context. The findings of this study are able to help enrich conflict management theories in China and suggest insightful conflict resolution approaches to work-related conflicts in China’s changing environment. This study also helps bridge the research gap between work notions and conflict management styles. The results of this study can greatly facilitate Chinese companies’ endeavors toward crafting a more innovative workforce and help improve employee performance in China’s transition to industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]