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When looking at the historical past, questions of diversity and school reform seem to go hand in hand. The presence of diverse communities in American urban schools has helped foster a change in traditional educational practices and policies. At times, the goal for these communities was to be given their just share of receiving a fair, equitable, and democratic education. However, when evaluating America's historical timeline, issues of diversity in American urban schools emerge when major social and political events impact aspects of American social life. The period 1880-1900 saw vast numbers of immigrants, mostly from Europe, settling in America's metropolitan cities. Some of these immigrants had aspirations of beginning a new life in the United States, while others sought to work hard, make a bit of money and return back home with their newfound wealth. Those that did settle brought with them their customs and traditions, languages and religions as well as their unique views on education. This essay explores how several immigrant groups in the United States reacted to the already present modes of schooling, and how American schools responded to the educational needs and educational demands of these groups.

Describes a museum exhibit that portrays the role of Chinese immigrants in the growth of the U.S. west during the latter part of the 1800s. Discusses the growth of Chinatowns and their cultural attributes and the agricultural and industrial significance of Chinese immigrant workers during that period. (CFR)

Describes the history of Labor Day and its development from social movement to casual holiday. Emphasizes the inherent conflict in trying to arouse positive public opinion while providing organization for workers. Focuses on celebrations in New York (NY), San Francisco (CA), Los Angeles (CA), and Atlanta (GA). Divides the historical development into five periods. (DK)

Documents history of Lowell, Massachusetts, from the careful planning of town, the recruitment of farm family daughters into the labor force, the demise of the town, and Lowell's subsequent regeneration as a high technology center in the 1970s and 1980s. Suggests that the study of this town's history can illuminate the study of current U.S. urban and manufacturing cities. (NL)

Immigration and off-shore production have evolved into mechanisms for the massive incorporation of Third World women into wage-labor. There is a systemic relation between this globalization and feminization of wage labor. (KH)

Analyzes the consolidation of the world economic system as a condition for the emergence of migration as a labor system. Discusses effects of the growing presence of immigrant labor in the tertiary sector of all core countries. (Author/GC)

Describes an interdisciplinary unit involving English and social studies. Secondary students explore numerous aspects of immigration and industrialization in America and the contributions of various ethnic and racial minorities. (RM)

The Immigrant Networks exhibition at the Museo Italiano in Melbourne showcased the significant contributions made by non-Anglophone migrants to Australia's industrial development. The exhibition explored themes of diaspora, nostalgia, everyday racism, and hard work, highlighting personal stories of individual hardship and their impact on the nation's industry and urban landscape. Divided into four sections, the exhibition covered topics such as migrant camps, the Snowy Hydro Scheme, the Port Kembla Steelworks, and the transformation of Melbourne's suburbs. It also touched on the experiences of Chinese and Southeast Asian immigrants in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as the history of Woomera as a temporary home for World War II refugees. While the exhibition was praised for its micro-histories and documentation of key historical sites, it was noted that a more comprehensive account would be beneficial. [Extracted from the article]

The world is gradually shrinking that at the press of a button events happening in a far-flung part of the earth could be followed live via a cable network. Globalization or capitalist penetration of every economy is a new phenomenon. Industrialized nations of the West are growing richer and having access to natural resources of the third world. Most of the third world countries are experiencing a harsh economic turn. World trade organization (WTO) continues to harp on the need for free trade which is beneficial to the developed countries. Yet developed Western countries mount an impenetrable fortress to ward off immigrants from their paradise. Nigerian immigrants’ device different strategies to scale the protected Western fence at great cost. Employing newspaper, magazine reports, and other extant secondary materials as well as primary data such as oral interviews of those in the business of securing visas in Nigeria and eyewitness account of repatriated migrants, the paper attempts an analysis of this phenomenon. Also, Ernest Ravestin’s Push-Pull theory of migration is used to interrogate this quest to emigrate.

The article focuses on the Chinese immigrants as part of the industrial and agricultural changes in Alberta between 1881 and 1910. The arrival of the Chinese corresponded to the arrival of nineteenth-century industrialization in Alberta. In early 1880s, the railroad transformed the landscape and the coming of the railroad symbolized the end of one era and the arrival of another. Alberta from 1891 to 1911 witnessed the formation of Chinese communities throughout the province.

The purpose of the article is to discuss a few aspects of a very old, but current phenomenon: migration. The state we are focusing our approach on is Germany, a European country with approximately 81 million inhabitants, with the most developed European economy of the moment, which was, is and will be a state for immigration, as well as emigration, determined, along history, both by the local economic evolution, as well as the socio-political phenomena within the history of this country. Starting with 2014, Germany has become the declared destination of refugees in the Near East, whose number has permanently increased, even throughout 2015. This phenomenon was and continues to be influenced by multiple factors, which receive, at the beginning of the XXI century, as a result of planetary, but mainly regional political developments, new valences, with consequences that cannot be completely foreseen and, therefore, there can be no taken preemptive measures meant to prevent possible negative aspects at the level of local communities, as well as at global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secularisation theory would suggest that with increasing economic development, industrialisation and modernity, the influence of the church should be waning. However, more recent theories regarding religiosity in times of personal and contextual insecurity have suggested that secularisation is not a linear process. Existential security theory predicts that religiosity and religious practice are higher in times of insecurity. Given the economic crisis of 2008, the changes in many governments and subsequent austerity measures, it could be argued that all households in austerity countries are facing more uncertain times than they were before 2008, both personally and contextually. However, analysis of Irish, Spanish and Portuguese data from the European Social Survey (2002-12) using ordinary least squares regression and logistic regression generally does not support this theory in terms of contextual insecurity. There is some support for the link between personal insecurity and religiosity; recent immigrants are significantly and substantially more religious in terms of subjective religiosity, frequency of prayer and frequency of attendance at religious services than earlier immigrants and those who were born in a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the origins and growing popularity of the concept 'diaspora' and how forced dispersion, an experience associated with adversity, is increasingly seen as a strength and asset. Diaspora remittances and knowledge networks have become valued development options for national governments and international agencies. However, the increased permeability of borders, growing flow of migrants and weakened role of nation states have given rise to new concerns about the destabilising influence of transitional communities. The article offers an assessment of claims and counter-claims, drawing on the experience of two of the world' s largest diasporas, the Chinese and Indian, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is little doubt that both urbanization and industrialization changed the way people live and interact. However, even though family structure has long been considered as the best indicator of the changes induced, little is known, empirically, about its evolution. We take advantage of a large dataset of matched censuses in a fast industrializing city to investigate how families function in a new environment. We show that family formation confronted two structural forces: the sheer numbers of migrants and the company that dominated the labor market. The company tried to promote a new family model by allowing only some kinds of migrants, selected through housing and labor, to settle in the city. Many aspects of their lives were thus constrained by the firm's paternalistic organization. This process did not occur without resistance but it contributed to the integration of migrants in the city of Le Creusot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literary criticism is presented about an analysis of the literary works of José María Arguedas. It discusses discourses on indigenous life through Arguedas writings such as "The Foxes," which depicts the lives of migrants in the Peruvian coast enticed to work in steel mills and their search for identity, the destruction of the environment wrought by industrialization and the apathy of the government to improve the conditions. The efforts to cope with modernization among the Andean people is suggested.

While global cities obviously require a supply of skilled workers, the latter are equally dependent on high-level job markets and lifestyles offered by global cities. Drawing from empirical research on skilled Taiwanese migration to Shanghai, this article argues that, with the exception of those at the top rank, most skilled migrants cannot afford to be rootless, for a number of valid economic, social and cultural reasons. Many benefit from specific types of industrial development in the places they settle. Migrants also value the cultural attractions and lifestyles associated with particular destinations. Shanghai's emergence as the most favoured 'career city' for Taiwanese skilled migrants illustrates the fact that many contemporary metropolises present to both residents and outsiders a distinctive charm produced by combining high-level career opportunities with a theatricalised urban lifestyle. To Taiwanese skilled migrants, Shanghai is a present-day gold-rush destination-a place to fulfil modern economic goals and postcolonial cultural dreams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viewed against the backdrop of cities in the old industrial base in the northeast and taking a cultural approach, this article is an examination of the issue of migrants immersed in Shenyang from a social perspective and also an individual perspective. The proposal is that the fundamental issue of life is the search for its meaning. Helping migrants to construct and solidify the existential foundation of their lives within the framework of unfamiliar cities which are not their hometowns, so that their spirits have a place to rest, their concerns are addressed, their hearts are at peace, their souls are tranquil, they have a place to live and develop, and they obtain spiritual satisfaction, is the final destination in resolving the issue of the integration of migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I analyze how the association between Mexico¿U.S. migration and marriage varies across socioeconomic settings in origins. Using Mexican Migration Project data and employing bilevel survival analysis with controls for socioeconomic, migrant network, and marriage market characteristics and family size, I find that single people are most likely to migrate relative to those married in areas of recent industrialization, where the Mexican patriarchal system is weaker and economic opportunities for both men and women make post-marital migration less attractive. Marital status is not significant in agriculture-dependent areas, where the bargaining power of husbands might be higher relative to other settings; their age-profiles of earnings flatter; and remunerated female work scarcer, making migration attractive later in the life course. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Natural resources of North America ensured the existence of German immigrants in the late 17th century. In Pennsylvania and North Carolina, measures for forest protection and sustainable forestry were invoked at an early date. Efforts were based on inventory of the resources and controlled use. During the 18th and 19th centuries, German emigration was boosted by the scarcity of wood. Proto-industry in Germany strongly depended on wood and coal resources, causing negative effects in the forest and environment. Increasing population and developing industrialization devastated the forests. International scientific contact in forestry started during the American Revolutionary War. German influence on American forestry began in 1873, when the Austro-Hungarian government hosted an international exhibition in Vienna. German forest scientists and politicians focused on sustainable forestry and initiated a fundamental forest education system in the United States. An intensive German--American exchange ona professional basis took place until the beginning of World War II. The acquired historical knowledge on this subject demonstrates that German and North American environmental perception had interacted considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Komi is an extensive region in the North of European Russia. The region is rich in oil, coal, timber and other resources; therefore in the 20th century, it turned from a sparsely populated and purely agrarian region into industrial, urbanized territory. In 1921, Komi got the status of an autonomous area, and in 1936, an autonomous republic on the ground that the Komis comprised about 90% of the population of these lands. In the 1950s, the industrialization has in principal changed the ethnic structure of the population of the republic. The massive inflow of migrants caused by industrialization changed the ethnodemographic structure of the local population as well as the mode of relations between ethnic groups. The Komi Republic has not succeeded in forming a unified territorial community. Its population still remains a spilt society, which is unable to successfully integrate migrants into the society. This community is still extremely segmented and, despite its migrant nature, impregnated with antimigrant sentiments and xenophobia, which still cannot be quenched. These sentiments may sharpen internal conflicts at a future stage of the Republic's social development, when a new wave of migration is likely to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an overview of the Gilded Age, an era from the end of Civil War to the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, and the Supreme Court in the U.S. It cites that era began with the appointment of Chief Justice Salmon Portland Chase in late 1864 and ended with the death of Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller in 1910. According to the article, the Gilded age was the era of rapid industrialization and the arrival of streams of immigrants. Moreover, the political climate, the court, the justices as well as issues and cases in the era are discussed.

The article presents abstracts of planning. They include "The Fall and Rise of the Local Community: A Comparative and Historical Perspective," by Hellmut Wollman, "The Compact Versus the Dispersed City: History of Planning Ideas on Sofia's Urban Form," by Sonia Hirt, and "A Paradigm for Practice," by Ronald D. Brunner.

Why did the coolie's body speak so forcefully to nineteenth-century America of its future? And how did that body's loquacious, obscene ventriloquism shape the imaginary scaffolding of America's utopias, its science fictions? This essay answers those questions by reading Arthur Vinton's "Looking Further Backward" (1890), one of the first American novels to imagine a Chinese military invasion of the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This paper aims to examine the nature of market politics in a Latino/a community in Southern California, USA. Design/methodology/approach - Research methods combine orignial ethnographic and historical work with secondary sources on marketing and political activities in their relation to consumption. Findings - Findings highlight conflicts brought about by the burgeoning development of the consumer market for Mexican immigrants in the area, as proponents of conventional industrial and residential development projects clash with Latino/a consumers, Latino/a and Asian buisnessmen and women, and community activists. Research limitations/implications - A partial view of Latino community is provided that stems from the treatment of consumer culture as fragmented, contradictory, and increasingly mediated by marketing activity and social relations. Practical implications - Implications strive to re-imagine Latino/a community and develop policy directives by considering the place of consumption, labor, and capital, and by taking into account the fluid nature of identity, the porous and dynamic bounds of community, and in/formal structures of political power. Originality/value - This research contributes to our understanding of social relations between mainstream and minority groups as played out in marketing activity and consumer culture. It should prove valuable to academics, policy analysts, and community activists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the connections linking recent changes in Latino migration, the American meatpacking industry, and American immigration policy. As the meatpacking industry has vertically integrated and shifted to rural non-union areas throughout the South, it has grown increasingly dependent on short-term low-skilled employees. This process can be understood as the industrialization of meatpacking, where profitability depends on continuous high-throughput production. To succeed, the industrialization of meatpacking requires a large pool of easily replaceable labor that has no control over the pace work on of the shop floor. At the same time, as immigrants have been drawn to these new company towns, American immigration policy has turned increasingly towards border enforcement. We argue that the presence of illegal immigrants within the factories reduces the bargaining power of shop workers and increases employer control. Most studies of immigration have focused on the supply of migrant labor, the immigrants attracted to higher paying jobs. We argue that valuable insight is gained by looking at the manufacturers' demand for cheap labor and the implementation of an industrial strategy that requires it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of several studies on environment and planning. "Explaining the Growth of British Multiple Retailing During the Golden Age," by Carlo Morelli; "Cities in the Shade: Urban Geography and the Uses of Noir," by Matthew Farish; "Geographers and the Tennessee Valley Authority," by Ronald Reed Boyce.

The article addresses the magazine "Harper's Weekly," a popular illustrated magazine which began publication in 1850. The changes in the demographics of society, the industrialization of the major cities and the labor conflicts and spread of large corporations provided material for the largely conservative magazine. In depth analyses of the immigrants, industries and technological developments in major urban areas such as New York City and Pennsylvania were provided. The magazine presented a variety of thoughts and impressions, which represented the diversification felt throughout the country.

Examines the contribution of Chinese immigrants on suburban commercial developments in Canada. Description of the Asian-themed malls; Diversity of Chinese-Canadian views in the Richmond Hill debate; Difficulty in the local implementation of multiculturalism.