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This article describes the use of microwave irradiation in the synthesis of bis(cyclo carbonate) compounds (BCCs) in bulk (without solvent) from carbon dioxide capture using an epoxidized compound—a commercial epoxy resin—and compares this process to the conventional method. CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides is an ecological and efficient method for the formation of bis(cyclic carbonates). Moreover, the introduction of gas into the reaction mixture was carried out at atmospheric pressure with a controlled flow rate, which is advantageous from an economic point of view. Progressive structural changes and the presence of characteristic chemical groups were monitored using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform. The obtained crude products were purified to obtain three fractions, which were subjected to detailed structural analysis using FT-IR and 13CNMR. The formation of the main product with two cyclic carbonates was confirmed. The presence of monomers, dimers and trimers in individual fractions as well as their thermal stability were determined, and the molecular masses in individual fractions were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas hydrates are inclusion compounds of a water backbone that encloses gaseous molecules. Thanks to their applications in gas recovery, carbon capture and storage, gas storage, and flow assurance, generating high quality data and predictions of their properties is paramount. A review of novel techniques using first principles density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations methods coupled to auxiliary simulations methods is presented herein. Structure I (sI), structure II (sII), and structure H (sH) hydrates have been studied extensively, with studies of their material strength showing that it is often misleading to use the properties of ice instead of the difficult‐to‐determine gas hydrate properties. Key differences between the three structures and their possible guests are presented. The interfacial properties of gas hydrates display key behaviours that control nucleation and growth, which are important phases in controlling and monitoring their formation. Gas hydrate thermal properties are also examined, with key differences existing between guests and some unusual alignment in the cages shown for carbon dioxide, ethane, and ethylene oxide sI hydrates. First principles infrared spectroscopy is also examined, with techniques showing that these signatures can be tied to and predict material properties to improve the speed of analysis. Therefore, by quantifying, modelling, predicting, and explaining their formation and dissociation, and linking these to their thermal, material, and interfacial properties, a database of reliable data for science and engineering methods and applications is formed to provide a basis for further work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Critical properties, heat capacities, and thermal diffusivities were measured. • The thermal conductivities of the compounds under study were calculated. • Thermal properties were determined for liquid phase at atmospheric pressure. • Glymes are used for capture of CO 2 , H 2 S, and other gases. The critical temperatures, critical pressures, and thermal diffusivities have been measured for mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraglymes, compounds that are used for pre- and post-combustion capture of CO 2 , H 2 S and other gases. The critical properties have been measured using the pulse-heating method applicable to thermally unstable compounds. The combined relative expanded uncertainties with the 0.95 level of confidence are 0.01 and 0.03 for the critical temperature and pressure, respectively. The acentric factors of the compounds have been calculated based on the experimental data. The critical properties of these compounds have also been calculated by the group contribution methods of Wilson and Jasperson, Nannoolal et al., and Hukkerikar et al. in two variants. The Wilson/Jasperson technique provides the best estimation of the critical temperature and the Hukkerikar et al. one gives the best results for the critical pressure. The thermal diffusivities of glymes have been measured at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range from 303.15 to 353.15 K. The thermal conductivities of glymes have been calculated from the experimental data. The temperature dependence of the thermal diffusivities and thermal conductivities has been approximated by linear polynomials. The experimental thermal conductivities of glymes have been compared with those estimated by the methods of Govender et al. and Liu et al. The method of Govender et al. provides a good estimation of the thermal conductivity of glymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The efficacy of existing and newly-designed sealants are investigated for CCS applications. • X-ray tomography is used to visualize the microstructure of sealant samples. • Newly-designed OPC with CO 2 -sequestering additives maintains its integrity after strong thermal shocks. • Heat transfers more rapidly in sealant with higher thermal diffusivity, resulting in less thermal stresses. Sealants that can guarantee long-term wellbore sealing integrity are of great significance to the safe and sustainable storage of CO 2 in carbon capture and storage (CCS). In this study, we investigate how abrupt cyclic thermal shocks affect the integrity of four sealants of different compositions. These sealants include two reference OPC-based blends (S1 and S2), one newly-designed OPC-based blend that contains CO 2 -sequestering additives (S3), and one calcium aluminate cement (CAC)-based blend designed for CCS applications (S4). We have measured the thermal properties of these samples, followed by quenching and flow-through experiments to apply strong cyclic thermal shocks on samples of the four sealants, where we heated the samples to 120 °C, and quenched them in, or flowed through water of 20 °C. Using X-ray tomography (32 µ m/voxel) before and after the experiment showed that both S1, S2 (reference OPC-based) and S4 (CAC-based) broke after thermal-shocking experiments. Cracks and new voids developed in the samples. Post-treatment strength testing shows that thermal shocks reduce the unconfined compressive strength of these three sealants. This implies that these compositions may not be optimal materials for long-term wellbore sealing during CO 2 injection and storage afterward. For all these three sealant compositions, quenching resulted in a greater reduction in strength (by 53 % on average) than flow-through experiments (by 29 % on average). On the contrary, we have not observed any cracks after either quenching or flow-through experiments in S3 sealant (OPC with CO 2 -sequestering additives). We attribute the intactness of this sealant after thermal shocks to its higher thermal diffusivity than the other three sealants. Heat transfers more rapidly in this sealant and the associated thermal stresses are mild and insufficient to cause any damage to its integrity, which makes this sealant a good candidate for wellbore sealing material that can effectively withstand strong thermal shocks encountered during CCS, though further studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of living walls has been increasing around the world due to their several benefits. However, studies of suitable plant species for living walls, particularly in extreme climates, are quite limited. This study examines the performance of 12 plant species used in two living wall systems: a felt-pocket and a planter in a tropical climate in Thailand. All plants were monitored across wet and cold seasons for plant height, visual quality, thermal performance, and carbon sequestration. The findings show variations in plant performances across the 12 plant species. Increases in plant growth were observed for all plants except for herbaceous and succulent plants, which were less tolerant to wet conditions. Smaller plant increments resulted in poorer thermal properties and less potential for carbon sequestration. The planter system had a higher amount of carbon contents than the felt-pocket system due to its higher plant density. Over 6 months, living wall systems sequestered carbon, with averages of 48.2 g C·m−2 for the felt-pocket system and 166.7 g C·m−2 for the planter system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using carbon-neutral materials is a promising way to mitigate the CO 2 emissions of the construction industry. Biochar prepared from agricultural waste has a great potential to sequester CO 2. This study demonstrates a new sustainable method for preparing biochar from rice husk having class II category as it has less than 60% carbon content and is derived at a temperature of 500 ℃. The prepared biochar was partially replaced in cement paste and cured under a CO 2 environment for 7 and 28 d. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the replacement of biochar promoted cement hydration and mechanical properties. Addition of 3 wt% and 5 wt% biochar increased the compressive strength of the composite by 34.7% and 35.6%, respectively. However, a further addition to 10 wt% biochar reduced the compressive strength by 16.7%. Replacement of up to 5 wt% biochar successfully promoted the carbonation with 10.2% CO 2 uptake after 28 d of accelerated CO 2 curing. Carbonation of biochar-cement composite substantially improves thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity compared to control samples at 7 and 28 d. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) analysis revealed the numerous cement hydrates which enhance the bond strength after carbonation, and the carbonate densifies the microstructure, considerably enhancing mechanical strength and carbon binding capability. Biochar-cement composites with CO 2 could be innovative low-carbon building materials for sustainable engineering applications. • Rice Husk stubble was used to prepare Class II biochar at 500 ℃ pyrolysis having 9.2 µm mean particle size. • Replacement of up to 10% Biochar in cement paste with accelerated carbonation curing. • Compressive strength improved by 31% with 5% biochar replacement. • Carbon sequestration capacity enhanced by 43% with 5% biochar replacement. • Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity were noticeably decreased with increase in biochar replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production by coal direct chemical looping (CDCL) process with iron-based oxygen carrier is an attractive option to produce H 2 with sequestration-ready CO 2 . However, low reduction rate and high endothermicity are the two main difficulties of this process. In this work, the reduction rate of K-Fe-Al composite oxygen carrier by coal char, and the effect of Al 2 O 3 on the endothermic property and sintering of oxygen carrier during reduction were investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The feasibility of this process was preliminary analyzed using a fixed-bed reactor by simulating different reaction steps. It was found that the reduction rate of composite oxygen carrier increased remarkably with higher potassium amount, but decreased with increasing Al 2 O 3 amount. However, the addition of Al 2 O 3 into oxygen carrier could not only mitigate the sintering, but also alleviated the endothermicity of reduction by the exothermic formation of FeAl 2 O 4 . This preliminary feasibility analysis suggests that it is possible to produce H 2 using CDCL with the K-Fe-Al composite oxygen carrier [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a phase separation solvent which transforms into two liquid phases after CO 2 absorption, in order to establish an energy-saving CO 2 capture process. The CO 2 loading changes strongly with temperature increase during the phase separation, which enables us to reduce the temperature difference between absorber and desorber. The low temperature swing process economizes the energy requirement for the CO 2 capture process with highly-effective reaction-heat recovery. We evaluated the energy consumption of the CO 2 capture process with our novel phase separation solvent based on the CO 2 solubility. The energy requirement was estimated to be as low as 1.6 GJ/ton-CO 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are among the most promising candidates for the development of novel polymeric gas separation membranes for processes such as carbon capture and storage, natural gas treatment and biogas upgrading. As one of the approaches to optimize their performance, PIMs are functionalized by CO 2 -philic groups to improve the CO 2 separation by the enhancement of specific noncovalent interactions. In this work, we show the preparation of amine-PIM from the archetypal PIM-1, using borane dimethyl sulphide complexes in order to control the degree of conversion. The PIM-1 to amine-PIM-1 conversion was characterized by ATR-IR and NMR analysis. The influence of the amine moiety on the gas transport behaviour was investigated by two complementary techniques: gas permeation measurements by the time lag method and analysis of the sorption kinetics and the equilibrium sorption isotherms by the gravimetric method. Both techniques show that permeability decreases with increasing degree of conversion. The trends in the indirectly calculated solubility confirm those of direct analysis, although quantitative comparison of the two shows fundamental differences. A pressure and temperature study on a fully converted sample indicates that the solution-diffusion model should be expressed in concentration dependent transport parameters to be correct. The experimental work was supported by quantum mechanics studies and by molecular dynamics simulations to confirm the selective non-covalent interaction of CO 2 with the amino groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the structure-property relationships of a clay ceramic with organic additives (biomass and biochar) are investigated to develop an alternative material for thermal energy storage. The firing transformations were elucidated using X-ray pair distribution function analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the biomass increased the porosity, which resulted in a decrease of the specific heat capacity. On the other hand, the biochar remained in the clay ceramic without any interaction with the clay matrix up to 950°C. The specific heat capacity of the clay ceramic increased from 1.20 to 1.49 kJ/kg·K for a 30 wt% addition of biochar. The clay ceramic with a 30 wt% addition of biochar also conserved a high flexural strength of 11.1 MPa compared to that of the clay ceramic without organic additives (i.e., 18.9 MPa). Furthermore, the flexural strength only decreased by 23% after 100 thermal cycles. The crack growth associated with the thermal fatigue was limited by crack bridging and crack trapping. Hence, the current results suggest that clay/biochar ceramics can be as efficient as molten salts in thermal energy storage with the added benefit of an ease of use in the physical form of bricks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar thermosequences produced from the charring of poultry manure and freshwater macroalgae feedstocks between 300 and 700 °C were analyzed by pyrolysis-GC-MS to assess the nature of the thermochemical conversion of N-rich feedstocks. With increasing charring temperature (T CHAR ), the products of intact lignin, protein and polysaccharides decreased whereas those of charred aromatic domains (monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzonitriles) increased. These results are in agreement with thermosequences obtained from lignocellulosic feedstocks under the same analytical conditions. Therefore, we aimed to create a universal proxy of the degree of thermochemical alteration of biochar thermosequences from diverse series of feedstocks (gorse wood, chestnut wood, rice straw, poultry manure, freshwater algae and tannin) using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). From the PCA the relation of pyrolysis products with charring intensity was established and translated to Thermal Stability Indices (TSI p ), which then gave rise to calculations of TSI of the biochars (TSI b ). The TSI p varied only slightly between the different feedstocks suggesting that they could be used in future research to interpret pyrolysis fingerprints for a wide range of different biochars. In addition, TSI b can be used as a thermostability proxy for biochars and were found to be more reliable than other pyrolytic proxies such as the benzene/toluene or naphthalene/C 1 -naphthalenes ratios. This study marks the first attempt to develop a single proxy of stability for biochars at T CHAR from pyrolysis fingerprints using 157 common pyrolysis products. These proxies will provide a simple measure for the usefulness of a biochar for C sequestration and/or soil amelioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different thermodynamic properties of aqueous solutions of butyltriacetonediamine (BuTAD), unloaded and loaded with carbon dioxide, are studied experimentally. For unloaded mixtures of BuTAD and water, protonation equilibrium constants between 283 and 333 K and liquid-liquid equilibria between 313 and 353 K, including the lower critical point, are determined at atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, the solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of BuTAD between 313 and 393 K is determined at low loadings with an analytic method based on headspace gas chromatography and at high loadings with a synthetic method using a high pressure view cell. In the loaded system, solid precipitation, liquid-liquid phase split, and the presence of metastable states are observed in certain ranges. The data is interesting for assessing the aqueous solution of BuTAD as solvent for carbon capture. A short-cut method is used for comparing the new solvent with an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (MEA) with respect to the energy requirement of an absorption/desorption process for CO2 scrubbing. Furthermore, a new and simple gas chromatographic method for determining the loading with carbon dioxide of aqueous solutions of amines is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CO2 concentration of flue gas from a natural-gas-fired power plant is only about 50% of that from a coal-fired plant. In contrast, the O2 concentration is more than double, which makes it more difficult to capture CO2 from the former source. China Huaneng Group, which is the largest power generation company in the world, has demonstrated post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) in two coal-fired plants at a scale of 3 kt/y and 120 kt/y, and has now developed the capture technology for gas-fired power plants for the first time in China. A 100 kg/h CO2 capture pilot plant from natural-gas-fired flue gas has been built and the technology verification program has been conducted continuously for 4000 h. In this work, a novel PCC system with mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) was introduced, and the secondary pollutants from the absorber, material corrosion, solvent loss, and energy penalty during the verification test were investigated. From the aspect of pollutants control of the tail gas from the absorber, the volatile solvent content is less than 0.17 ppm, and total nitrosamine is less than 3 μg/Nm3. Compared with the traditional regeneration mode of steam, the energy penalty can be reduced by 10%∼15% by using the novel Steam-Flash-MVR system. This indicates that the system and process is technically feasible for CO2 capture from natural gas power plant, the solvent used is robust and reliable in long-time operation with a low corrosion and degradation rate. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green seaweeds from the genus Ulva are a promising feedstock for the production of biochar for carbon (C) sequestration and soil amelioration. Ulva can be cultivated in waste water from land-based aquaculture and Ulva blooms (“green tides”) strand millions of tons of biomass on coastal areas of Europe and China each year. The conversion of Ulva into biochar could recycle C and nutrients from eutrophic water into agricultural production. We produce biochar from Ulva ohnoi , cultivated in waste water from an aquaculture facility, and characterize its suitability for C sequestration and soil amelioration through bio-chemical analyses and plant growth experiments. Two biomass pre-treatments (fresh water rinsing to reduce salt, and pelletisation to increase density) were crossed with four pyrolysis temperatures (300–750 °C). Biomass rinsing decreased the ash and increased the C content of the resulting biochar. However, biochar produced from un-rinsed biomass had a higher proportion of fixed C and a higher yield. C sequestration decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperatures due to the combination of lower yield and lower total C content of biochar produced at high temperatures. Biochar produced from un-rinsed biomass at 300 °C had the greatest gravimetric C sequestration (110–120 g stable C kg −1 seaweed). Biochar produced from un-pelletised Ulva enhanced plant growth three-fold in low fertility soils when the temperature of pyrolysis was less than 450 °C. The reduced effectiveness of the high-temperature biochars (>450 °C) was due to a lower N and higher salt content. Soil ameliorated with biochar produced from pelletised biomass had suppressed plant germination and growth. The most effective biochar for C sequestration and soil amelioration was produced from un-rinsed and un-pelletised Ulva at 300 °C. The green tide that occurs annually along the Shandong coastline in China generates sufficient biomass (200,000 tons dry weight) to ameliorate 12,500 ha of soil, sequester 15,000 t C and recycle 5500 t N into agriculture. We provide clear parameters for biochar production to enable the beneficial use of this biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rapidly increasing percentage of the population living in urban centres, there is a need to focus on the energy demand of these cities and the use of renewable energies instead of fossil fuels. In this paper, we develop a spatial model to determine the potential per parcel for using shallow geothermal energy, for space heating and hot water. The method is based on the space heating and hot water energy demand of each building and the specific heat extraction potential of the subsurface per parcel. With this information, along with the available space per parcel for boreholes, the percentage of the energy demand that could be supplied by geothermal energy is calculated. The potential reduction in CO 2 emissions should all possible geothermal energy be utilised, is also calculated. The method is applied to Ludwigsburg, Germany. It was found that CO 2 emissions could potentially be reduced by 29.7% if all space heating and hot water requirements were provided by geothermal energy, which would contribute to the sustainability of a city. The method is simple in execution and could be applied to other cities as the data used should be readily available. Another advantage is the implementation into the web based Smart City Energy platform which allows interactive exploration of solutions across the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This article reports an exploratory study on the creep and recovery behavior of kenaf/polypropylene nonwoven composites (KPNCs), serving as a bio-based substitution for polypropylene (PP) plastics in the automotive industry due to the environmental concern. The creep and recovery behavior of KPNC and solid virgin PP were performed by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) which allowed it to be studied extensively. The linear viscoelastic limit (LVL) was found at 1 MPa. Two popular creep models, the four-element Burgers (FEB) model and the Findley power law (FPL) model, were used to model the creep behavior in this study. The FEB model was found only appropriate for characterizing short-term creep behavior. In contrast, the FPL model was satisfactory for predicting the long-term creep performance. The long-term creep behavior of KPNC in comparison to virgin PP plastic was predicted using the time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle. The 1-year creep strains were estimated to be 0.32% for KPNC and 1.00% for virgin PP at 40°C. A three-day creep test was conducted to validate the effectiveness of the TTS prediction. KPNC showed a better creep resistance and higher recoverability than the virgin PP, especially in a high-temperature environment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40726. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High P-T method is proved to be the simplest for ZnCO 3 synthesis. • The crystal structure of impurity-free ZnCO3 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. • Accurate thermal expansion of ZnCO 3 was quantified by single crystal X-ray diffraction at different temperatures. Carbonate materials have been increasingly favoured in terms of the development of flame retardants because of the eternal subject of inorganic carbon sequestration. In this regard, anhydrous zinc carbonate (ZnCO 3) has been deemed as suitable candidate thanks to its excellent flame retardancy compared to traditional hydroxid flame retardant. However, the single crystals growth, accurate characterizations of structural and thermal properties are still not entirely clear from previous studies. With this in mind, ZnCO 3 single crystals were synthesized under high-pressure-temperature conditions (high P-T; 3 GPa and 973 K). The crystal structure of impurity-free ZnCO 3 was determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). The symmetry was identified as R 3 ¯ c , while the unit cell parameters were a= 4.6463(3) Å and c= 15.0015(11) Å with a final R value of 0.0229. The quantitative analyses of Raman spectrum and infrared absorption indicate that the as-synthesized ZnCO 3 is anhydrous phase. Using Thermogravimetric (TG) / Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) measurements, ZnCO 3 was decomposed in the temperature range of 593–773 K, whereas the heat capacity and the endothermic peak were determined. According to the single crystal XRD from 150 K to 383 K, the thermal expansion coefficients were quantified as α a = 7.90 × 10−6 K−1 and α c = 22.8 × 10–6 K−1, as well as α Vunit cell = 38.8 × 10–6 K−1. These findings provide a precise characterisation and obtain important thermal parameters for the evaluation of its flame retardant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ignition behavior of coal and biomass blends was assessed in air and oxy-firing conditions in an entrained flow reactor. Four coals of different rank, an anthracite, a semi-anthracite, and two high-volatile bituminous coals, were tested in air and O2/CO2 (21-35% O2) environments. For all the coals, deterioration in ignition properties was observed in the 21%O2/79%CO2 atmosphere in comparison with air. However, the ignition properties were enhanced when the oxygen concentration in the O2/CO2 mixture was increased. Coal and biomass blends of a semi-anthracite and a high-volatile bituminous coal with 10 and 20 wt% of olive residue were also used in the ignition experiments under air and oxy-firing conditions. The ignition behavior of the coals improved as the additions of biomass increased both in air and oxy-firing conditions. In particular, the effect of biomass blending was more noticeable in the ignition of the high rank coal. Since industrial oxy-coal combustion with a wet recycle would result in higher concentrations of H2O(v), the effect of steam addition on ignition behavior was also studied. A worsening in ignition behavior was observed when steam was added to the oxy-fuel combustion atmospheres, although an increase in the steam concentration from 10 to 20% did not produce any significant difference in the ignition characteristics of the fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inone of our previous studies, several experimental measurementswere carried out on a thermal swing adsorption (TSA) process (adsorptionand desorption steps) used for the capture of CO2froma CO2/N2mixture. The present study deals witha two-dimensional modeling and simulation of the aforementioned TSAprocess. The models are described by partial differential equations(PDEs) including conservation equations, models for equation of state,equilibrium, thermodynamic, and transport properties. The resultingmodels involve different unknown parameters to be estimated from theavailable experimental measurements. An estimability analysis wascarried out in order to determine which parameters are able to beestimated from the available experimental results. The most estimableparameters are then identified, and the less estimable parametersare fixed from previous works or from literature. The resulting modelsare implemented and solved within Comsol Multiphysics software. Theresults show that the model predictions fit quite well with the experimentalresults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing concerns surrounding the rising carbon emissions have impelled the leaders around the world to make efforts to prevent catastrophic manifestations of climate change and global warming. This has led to the resurrection of vegetal concrete building materials using biomass, which have the added benefits of carbon sequestration apart from low embodied energy and renewability. Vegetal concretes are made up of an organic or inorganic binder, and biomass originating from agro-forestry industries such as rice husk, straw bale, hemp, kenaf, cork, and so on. Hemp concrete, a variety of vegetal concrete has been widely researched and is arguably one of the most researched building materials in current times. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art of hemp concrete research, with a view to identifying research gaps that shall guide future research for its implementation in the fast-growing green buildings industry. The reviewed aspects of hemp concrete include properties of hemp relevant to construction, binder characteristics, mechanical properties, durability, hygric and thermal properties, environmental credentials, manufacturing processes, and current applications. Several research gaps with regards to the hydraulicity of the binder, strength and durability, and fire resistance of hemp concrete were identified. It was also established that hemp concrete has very low embodied carbon and embodied energy, making it ideal for green building applications. The paper ends with a discussion outlining the need and direction for future research on improving the manufacturing processes and mechanical performance of hemp concrete for wider adoption by the construction industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]