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This paper explores how the individual values of self‐direction, power, and benevolence predict career decisions (self‐ or paid employment). By observing heterogeneity in career patterns across countries, this research examines the moderating effect of cultural contexts (gender egalitarianism, performance orientation, and collectivism) on this relationship. Blending the theory of human values (THVs) and institutional theory (IT), we test hypotheses using the World Values Survey (WVS) Wave 6 data and GLOBE cultural dimensions from 21,286 individuals in 26 countries. The findings show that only self‐direction value increases the likelihood of being self‐employed. However, the post‐hoc analysis offers more insightful findings: the decision towards innovative entrepreneurship instead of routine self‐employment is explained by all values of self‐direction, power, and benevolence, together with individualistic culture. Overall, this study finds that the influence of individual values is greater than cultural context on career choice and it differs between self‐ versus paid employment and innovative entrepreneurship versus routine self‐employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas initially physical capital and later, knowledge capital were viewed as crucial for growth, more recently a very different factor, entrepreneurship capital, has emerged as a driving force of economic growth. In this paper, we define a region's capacity to create new firms start-ups as the region's entrepreneurship capital. We then investigate the local embeddedness of this variable and which variables have an impact on this variable. Using data for Germany, we find that knowledge-based entrepreneurship capital is driven by local levels of knowledge creation and the acceptance of new ideas, indicating that local knowledge flows play an important role. Low-tech entrepreneurship capital is rather increased by regional unemployment and driven by direct incentives such as subsidies. All three measures are locally clustered, indicating that indeed, entrepreneurship capital is a phenomenon that is driven by local culture, and is therefore locally bounded. Mientras que inicialmente el capital físico, y posteriormente el capital conocimiento, fue considerado crucial para el crecimiento, más recientemente un factor muy diferente, el capital empresarial de espíritu emprendedor ( entrepreneurship capital), ha surgido como una fuerza impulsora de crecimiento económico. En este artículo, definimos como capital empresarial emprendedor la capacidad de una región para originar la puesta en marcha de nuevas empresas. A continuación investigamos el arraigo local de esta variable y las variables que tienen un impacto sobre esta variable. Usando datos de Alemania, hallamos que el capital empresarial emprendedor basado en el conocimiento está motivado por niveles locales de creación de conocimiento y la aceptación de nuevas ideas, indicando que los flujos de conocimiento local juegan un papel importante. El capital empresarial emprendedor basado en bajas tecnologías aumenta con el desempleo regional y está motivado por incentivos directos como subsidios. Las tres variables están agrupadas localmente ( locally clustered), indicando que sin duda el capital empresarial emprendedor es un fenómeno motivado por la cultura local, y por tanto atribuible a una localidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the impact of immigration on entrepreneurship. I find clear evidence that immigration has a significant impact on entrepreneurship. The paper makes three important contributions to the research of both immigration and entrepreneurship. First, it proposes unique empirical evidence using a cross-section analysis in which the country's level of immigrants has a significantly positive affect on its level of entrepreneurship. Second, it adds to the theoretical understanding of the mechanisms and environments that characterize positive immigration effects on entrepreneurship. I suggest that country-specific characteristics - in particular urban, open, competitive and culturally diversified (including open minded for ethnic and gender diversity) - influence significantly the positive effect of immigrants on the country's level of entrepreneurship. Furthermore, these positive effects are magnified as the flow of immigrants grows. Third, it uses for the first time in the literature a cross-section data set of 176 countries of immigrants and entrepreneurial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper investigates selected practices of Asian-owned firms that have become franchisees rather than operating the private businesses discussed in previous literature. The findings suggest that in terms of opportunity recognition, background characteristics of the entrepreneurs enabled cultural niches to be identified (family, local and working knowledge). • Franchising enabled the ethnic background of the owners to be concealed to allow entrepreneurs to target 'mainstream' customers. • Business resources, i.e. financial and human, in running the franchise were accessed from family and the community. • Network issues within their community, both positive and negative, were seen as important to entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to illuminate social and cultural preconditions for networking and success in business in an African context. By in-depth studies of small-scale entrepreneurs in the wood business in Tanzania, we find that people belonging to an Asian subculture probably have a better standing for entering and thriving in business, due to group cohesion, mobility, and level of education. Through high-quality social networks, characterized by a high number and variety of relations, certain groups seem to be in a better position to enact their business environment and raise entrepreneurial resources such as motivation and ideas, information, capital, and trust. To reduce social discontent and inter-ethnic and religious conflicts in this area, we suggest that policy measures be taken to enhance levels of education and access to information for all citizens to create a“level playing field” in economic affairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The most recent media debate about a new ‘Turkish entrepreneurship’ in Germany triggered off the fundamental reflections on the necessarily critical conceptualisation of the relation between ‘culture’ and entrepreneurial action. The dominating concepts in the field of ‘ethnic business’, in which questions of cultural orientation in entrepreneurial action have been a central issue for some time, can serve as a starting point for this analysis. For understanding the term culture and the conceptualisation of culture in conjunction with entrepreneurial action, a few critical remarks and a shift in perspective are necessary. Contributions of economic geography inspired by the ‘cultural turn’, which shows alternative ways of thinking about the connection between culture and economy by using a new understanding of culture may be utilised here. Focusing on the group of ‘German-Turkish entrepreneurs’ and bearing in mind the idea of ‘transculturality in practice’ this paper will conclude with an outline of a number of conceptual considerations for action-oriented research on the relation between culture and entrepreneurial action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business groups are a special type of enterprise system existing in almost every market economy. Member firms do not operate as isolated units in the markets but have institutionalized relationships with each other and work coherently as an entity. Groups play a central role in economies in which they operate. For Taiwan, the largest 100 groups produced one third of the GNP in the past 20 years. Why does this organizational form exist in the first place? This paper reviews three relevant theories, market-centred theories, culturalist perspective, and the institutional approach, and employs the data of 150 Taiwanese groups for the answer. The market-centred theories and the institutional arguments are examined statistically and the latter is supported by the data. Following this evidence, the Boolean comparison of group firms with non-group firms confirms that lacking a coherent core in ownership and management makes firms unable to respond to institutional incentives promptly. Finally, the structure of family ownership network in business groups refutes the cultural perspective which argues that the equal inheritance pattern of family property drives entrepreneurs to establish separate firms rather than single hierarchies. While both markets and culture play a distinct part in the story, it is regulatory institutions that lead to group formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the determinants of green entrepreneurship from the perspectives of leadership, culture, and creativity. We prove that environmental leadership of top managers positively influences green entrepreneurship directly, and it also positively affects green entrepreneurship indirectly via green creativity. Furthermore, environmental organizational culture cannot directly influence green entrepreneurship, but it can indirectly affect green entrepreneurship through green creativity positively. In addition, we verify that green creativity plays a partial mediator role on the relationship between environmental leadership of top managers and green entrepreneurship, as well as a full mediator role on the relationship between environmental organizational culture and green entrepreneurship. Moreover, we demonstrate that both of proactiveness and risk‐taking propensity of top managers moderate the positive relationship between green creativity and green entrepreneurship. The results suggest enterprises to improve environmental leadership of top managers, environmental organizational culture, and green creativity to improve green entrepreneurship. Additionally, firms must develop top managers' proactiveness and risk‐taking propensity to increase the extent of the positive relationship between green creativity and green entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nigerian movie industry, known as Nollywood, has attracted an impressive degree of research interest since its debut in the 1990s, resulting in a dedicated transdisciplinary research niche called Nollywood studies. Nollywood is situated as disruptive of historic and contemporary African movie culture, underscoring Nollywood's significance as a phenomenon "fundamental to Africa's self‐representation." In this study, we examine Nollywood in relation to its collaborative model of innovation, its unique form of openness and other factors implicated in its creative diffusion as a phenomenon across Africa and its diaspora. We also explore Nollywood's emergence as an unexpected creative force in the world of entertainment. The study evaluates the evolutionary interface between technology and entrepreneurship as a dynamic process in the progress and transformation of Nollywood. Complementing the issue of technology, as a factor in Nollywood's evolution, the study identifies a complex aggregation of other factors, including culture, ethnicity, marketing and entrepreneurial ingenuity, liberal art infrastructure and Nigeria's abundant social capital and how they have coalesced to put entertainment alongside oil and agriculture as one of the highest employers of labour and as a surprising dispenser of economic oxygen in Africa's most populous country and its largest economy. Our starting premise is that Nollywood owes its evolution to technological innovation and many unexplored contextual contingencies. The study also identifies and examines forms of openness in Nollywood, within and outside of existing paradigms, and how they factor into the industry's success. Nollywood operates in a fluid borderline between formal and informal frameworks. In Nollywood, a pragmatic and evolving approach to intellectual property systems and openness reflects aspects of its unique business model with contextual sensitivity and, in a way, advances its transnationalisation, albeit counter intuitively. Nollywood represents a grassroots indigenous entrepreneurial cultural initiative. Our project provides insights into the scalability potential of the Nollywood phenomenon and its cross‐sectoral ramifications for innovation and entrepreneurship on the African continent. The study applies a combination of methodological strategies aimed at eliciting, reifying and drawing substantively on industry practitioners' voices and perspectives. It taps into stakeholders' mastery, institutional history, and knowledge of Nollywood's evolution and its modus operandi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reestimate McClelland's (1961) thesis on entrepreneurial culture and economic development. McClelland found a strong positive correlation between measures of need for achievement ( N achievement) imagery in school textbooks and the subsequent rate of economic growth. Benchmarking our findings against generally accepted empirical growth models, we find no support for his thesis. This leads us to rethink the relationship between entrepreneurial culture and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]