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Comments on several papers on humanities geography presented at an Association of American Geographers session inspired by the geographical work of David Lowenthal. Lowenthal's views of geographic knowledge and geographic attitudes; His use of landscape in geography; Geographical scholarship and the humanities; Human role in the environment.

The article focuses on an interdisciplinary conference organised by the Kent Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities in April 2004. The title of the conference, Connecting Cultures attracted an extraordinarily diverse range of papers covering subjects from Caribbean narratives to translating India, to representing terrorism, and included papers on British Asian cinema and television, narrative and memory in South Africa, post-apartheid prose writing and culture contact in Border Zones. The paper of Terence Ranger, a speaker at the conference, considers a mode of translation as he explores the dynamics of the postcolonial interactions that exist in the system of Zimbabwe asylum appeals. He assesses the usefulness of examining asylum narratives both with the grain and against the grain to debate issues surrounding postcolonial assumptions both in Zimbabwe and in Britain. The papers that follow expand on various themes of the conference, commencing with a group of papers that discuss narrative and memory in South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Presents a comment from the author on the work of Mark Ashton, commenting the former's article "Education for Capability: A Critique." Views on conceptual analysis; Concept of a person's capability to fulfill his tasks and responsibilities; Discovery of a hidden message in the author's work in what Ashton cites as a highly satirical passage.

Adaptation is a key concept in long‐term human adjustments to climate change. Despite the centrality of human decisions and actions in adaptation, much of the climate change literature is thin on humanities and social science which are the primary approaches for understanding human activity. This situation is particularly pronounced in Louisiana's discussions about its disappearing coast line where research has concentrated in understanding biophysical processes and solutions prioritize short‐term adaptations. This paper reviews the relationship of adaptation and long‐term transitions in the global change discussion and traces how disjointed adaptations in coastal Louisiana have contributed to a perilous environmental situation there. It proposes a shift from discrete adaptations to efforts that incorporate interrelated biophysical and human adaptations that can sustain long‐term transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper gives an account of the 'political understanding' of education, that is, the relationship of power and authority between government, teacher, parent and pupil. This political context of education is usually neglected in accounts of political education, and yet the one affects the other, especially where political education, more broadly conceived, is concerned with controversial areas of social life, which is a central concern of the humanities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show why the humanities are more necessary than ever as part of the university education in our contemporary cosmopolitan age. We need the humanities if our educational institutions are to overcome the threats from narrow-minded politicians and business people to reduce education in schools and universities to simple instruction in management without guidance from the cultures of the world as expressed in art and literature, knowledge of languages, history, and philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will attempt to specify a literary genre of farm narrative, canonically exemplified by Schreiner, Lessing and Coetzee, in order to raise the question of what alternative narratives there may be. Narratives of entrapment or regression will be juxtaposed with artistic and autobiographical expositions offering a pioneering myth and logic, served to open up overlooked questions of autonomy and local community. Particular attention will be given to one illustration (author will supply illustration), literally a watercolour painting that can be seen to undo certain expectations of the farm setting established by the dominant literary tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacobson maintains that, as a child growing up in Kimberley, he had invested with fantasy the landscape of the historical route from the Cape Colony to the African interior, one that is said to have registered an unconscious anxiety that there might, in fact, ‘be nothing there’. On his return as adult to this landscape, he wonders whether or not he will discover a void in the heart of the imagined plenitude. In this paper, I explore the relationship between the putative landscape of history and the landscape of fantasy, arguing that, by problematising the boundary between them, Jacobson's account of his journey along the ‘missionary road’ creates productive ambiguities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the representation of proto-national identity in Indian?–?English fiction before the formative nationalist novels of the 1920s and 1930s. Questioning theoretical connections between Indian?–?English fiction and the secularism of the Nehruvian national project, my essay argues that primordialist nationalism and culturally transacted concepts of communal/racial identity were key elements in the political imagining of early Indian fiction in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feature of contemporary South African fiction is that it explores the intricate complicities of personal, cultural and racial identities in terms of an uneasy relation to place—in both a physical and a figurative sense. Mpe's Welcome To Our Hillbrow poses a radical challenge to notions of ‘community’, of what constitutes ‘home’ in the same instant that the narrative is generated by these notions. The novel is written in the second person, which has the disorientating effect of simultaneously distancing, but engaging the reader in the implied community signalled by the ‘our’ of the novel's title. In this paper I explore Mpe's treatment of identity as a response to place as a physical and a linguistic inscription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I aim to use Douanier Rousseau's La Bohémienne (1897) as the starting point for an exploration of how personal memory intersects with cultural history, in terms of the relations between the present and the past, and the individual and the community, as complexly determined by separation, distance and exile. Literary and cultural criticism in recent years has been steadily drawn towards an exploration of boundaries, which has allowed an expansion of ‘connections’ across literatures, without however always taking into account the implications of that expansion. I want to seek out some of the implications of ‘reading’ a remembered image from the colonial past in the present, while thinking about what constitutes ‘home’ for former colonials like myself, hovering between detachment and complicity, yet provoked by the amorality and amnesia of postmodernist criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses some of the crucial aesthetic issues and concerns brought about by the advent of digital media. Utilizing a philosophical approach, I investigate the ways in which computer-mediated art serves to challenge existing Western aesthetic theory. Specifically, this paper focuses on feminist aesthetic theory as a framework for re-evaluating aesthetic concepts and aesthetic criteria. In this paper, I argue for the implementation and application of a feminist aesthetic paradigm and present a new aesthetic paradigm for computer-mediated art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What should be our society's relationship with nature? What are the intellectual causes of the current environmental crisis? These ’great questions’ of environmental studies are essentially humanistic inquiries into ethics and values. Humanists have often debated these questions in terms of Christian and Jewish traditions. One school of thought in particular holds the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) responsible for fostering despotic ideas towards nature. This paper demonstrates that the Bible's most persistent environmental message is that God confers human dominion over nature to righteous or faithful people, whereas God punishes transgressors with natural disasters. Recent advances in studies of the Bible as literature reveal ways to interpret the theme of human dominion over nature, with the resulting evolution of that concept throughout the books of the Bible. The biblical notions of natural justice and righteous individuals in harmony with animals find current expression in the modern environmentalist movement. A comparison of contemporary American personal beliefs with modern geography suggests further research on the disparity of a secular discipline addressing a largely religious American public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which is worse: Doing evil or being evil? If we are free to define ourselves through our choices, as existentialism posits, then the latter is worse. This paper attempts to resolve the issue of the difference between religious (group) ethics and the ethics of a person of faith that embraces individuals with an existential understanding. In the existential view, the individual (whether the self or the other) is the primary concern, and so the issue of personal relational morality supersedes religious narratives, social morality and popular ethics (White, 2002). If we think and choose, there is the possibility that we may occasionally make a mistake and do evil. However, if we do not think about our choices, and if the conventions we hold happen to be flawed in some way, then we become defined by a continual cycle of mistakes. Existentialism teaches that we become who we are in the process of making choices; therefore the difference between doing evil and being evil can be found in the small but important flow of thinking, relating and choosing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a variant of the open vehicle routing problem in which vehicles depart from the depot, visit a set of customers, and end their routes at special nodes called driver nodes. A driver node can be the home of the driver or a parking lot where the vehicle will stay overnight. The resulting problem is referred to as the open vehicle routing problem with driver nodes (OVRP-d). We consider three classes of OVRP-d: with no time constraints, with a maximum route duration, and with both a maximum route duration as well as time deadlines for visiting customers. For the solution of these problems, which are not addressed previously in the literature, we develop a new tabu search heuristic. Computational results on randomly generated instances indicate that the new heuristic exhibits a good performance both in terms of the solution quality and computation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the different ways to evaluate journals. It focuses on indicators that deals with journals in humanities. Then it uses samples of Australian journals on humanities to try a particular method. The indexes used are degree of holding in huge academic libraries abroad, scope and limitations of international databases, established ways of refereeing, evaluation by co-researchers, the patronization in source journals. The outcome are then differentiated to weigh the validity of the indicator.

This article reviews the methods commonly used to evaluate journals, looking particularly at indicators relevant to journals in the humanities. It then applies these methods to a sample of Australian humanities journals. The indicators used are: level of holdings in large overseas academic libraries, coverage in international databases, standards of refereeing, peer evaluation by researchers, and frequency of citation in ISI source journals. The results obtained from each indicator are compared to establish the validity of the indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the relationship of art and labor. Historical views about labor are presented. It describes a circumstance in which the idea of an artist hero was developed. Artists' approaches to labor to create art works are discussed. There is a pattern in which an artist produces his works.

Context: Storytelling is a powerful tool for encouraging reflection and connection among both speakers and listeners. While growing in popularity, studying the benefits of formal oral storytelling events within graduate medical education remains rare. Our research question was: could an oral storytelling event for GME trainees and faculty be an effective approach for promoting well-being and resilience among participants? Methods: We used multiple approaches to gather perspectives from physician participants (storytellers and audience members) at an annual oral storytelling event for residents, fellows, and faculty from seven academic health systems in Minnesota. Data sources included short reflections written by participants during the event, an immediate post-event survey exploring participants' experiences during the event, social media postings, and targeted follow-up interviews further exploring the themes of connection and burnout that were raised in post-event survey responses. We performed a qualitative analysis using both deductive and inductive coding to identify themes. Results: There were 334 participants, including 197 physicians. At the event, 129 real-time written reflections were collected. There were also 33 Twitter posts related to the event. Response rate for the post-event survey was 65% for physicians, with 63% of physician respondents volunteering for targeted follow-up interviews. Of those, 38% completed the follow-up interview. Themes that emerged from the multi-modal qualitative analysis included a sense of connection and community, re-connection with meaning and purpose in work, renewal and hope, gratitude, and potential impact on burnout. Conclusion: The large turnout and themes identified show how an oral storytelling event can be a powerful tool to build community in graduate medical education. Qualitative analysis from multiple sources obtained both in real-time at the event and upon deeper reflection afterwards showed the event positively impacted the well-being of participants and that oral storytelling events can be an effective approach for promoting resilience in GME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feminist research in the disciplines of art history, art criticism, and aesthetics has challenged the canon of each of these disciplines and the understanding of art which they collectively produce. This paper traces major directions of feminist scholarship in these disciplines and draws implications for art education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Provides validated statistical information and a delineated historical context on doctoral degrees in the humanities in Great Britain. Use of computerized database of candidates; Rates of completion and submission; Length of time taken; Students' nationality, gender and age.

Focuses on the problems faced in collaborative work in the field of philosophy. Arguments commonly encountered by philosophers from their colleagues; Reasons collaboration in philosophy is rare; Information on collaborations in editing.

The article presents the author's experience of learning and teaching in nuclear science. He reveals about his interest in humanities as well as science when he joined an all men's college in Massachusetts. He begun his career as a humanities' teacher in Chicago and currently teaches English at Mount Allison University, Canada. He shares his experience of teaching college students for the first time.

When reasoning about the stories and dramas of television series, it is useful to resort to an ethical and anthropological criterion. This approach calls for distinguishing between an anthropological reason applicable to people in the real world and thedramatis personae. There are two coherent anthropological behaviors that may contribute to a viewers’ active position. The first one is to consider that Aristotle's Poetics and the contemporary extension of his content can rationally account for those stories and dramas, today precisely qualified as ‘tragic’. The second one is to understand the real world and its dramatic representations, in accordance with the Leonardo Polo’s transcendental anthropology, the vision which Jürgen Habermas finds in religions, and Joseph Ratzinger - articulating reason and faith - has summed up as livingveluti si Deus daretur. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Focuses on the role of humanities disciplines in responding to the nuclear threat. Inclusion of philosophy, literature and the arts in interdisciplinary courses to move students to deeper perspectives on the arms race and the consequences of nuclear war; Use of documentary films in general nuclear courses.

An examination of Library and Information Studies literature about scholarly communication reveals that less attention has been paid to the outcomes of reference management instruction in academic libraries than on comparisons and evaluations of reference management software (RMS) and surveys of levels of its use. While there are studies examining the reference management practices of academics and students, the practices of those not using RMS have remained largely unexplored. This article reports on the findings of a small-scale applied research project aimed at understanding the reference management practices of postgraduate students and academics in the Arts Faculty at Monash University. A questionnaire was completed by 81 students and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 students and 13 academics in the Faculty. Analysis shows that the reference management practices detailed in this study are individual and personal, and do not always involve the use of RMS. The reasons for adopting these practices are informed by a wide range of institutional and personal factors. RMS use itself is also varied, with few of the interviewees utilising all the core features of the software. A broader approach to reference management instruction and support would increase the relevance of library instruction. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Presents a response to an article on the concept of egocentricity as applied to geographic orientation and sense of community. Relationship between social egocentricity and sense of place; Confusions that seems to be in assuming a correlation between self-awareness and social egocentricity; Basis for the concept of sense of self for predicting what the priorities will be when conflict between self or family interest and community interest.

The address explores three questions that are important for operational research: 'Where do we come from?', 'What are we?' and 'Where are we going?' First, it looks briefly at the history of O.R. from Babbage to Blackett and the importance of a 'union of theory and practice' in our work. Then it looks at O.R.'s identity and image and argues that we do have a reasonably clear idea of our identity, although we do not give sufficient prominence to our contribution to improving system design. It also argues that the 'brand image' of O.R. has become diluted and needs to be simple, distinctive, relevant and compelling. In considering how we might achieve that, by addressing the third question, it proposes that we should grow our capability and activity in accommodating 'analytics', in building in behavioural science, in coping with complex systems, in developing design thinking and in encouraging evaluation. It also suggests strengthening bridges between academics and practitioners, between those working in different specialisms and in diverse sectors and between O.R. and the public. Finally, it argues that such developments would assist O.R. to reinforce our bridge between science and the humanities and enable us to better meet the challenges of the 'real world'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the role of systems theory, proposed by German sociologist and legal scholar Niklas Luhmann, on the relation of law to humanities. It mentions that the systems theory is used as a method to interpret individual works to understand literature and other humanities research as a system. Meanwhile, philosopher Jürgen Habermas proposes that the concept of public opinion emerges from legal institutions that represents the realm of social life.

This article offers information on the European perspectives of inheritance, law, heritage, and heredity. It underscores the relationships between property inheritance laws and customs and scientific and political developments, both modern and premodern. It also mentions that the cultural concept of "generation" is identified from late 18th century aspects through 20th century modifications. It also forwards that the article concludes by highlighting the value of humanities insights on the notion of inheritance. This article was translated by Kendall Jackson.

The Italian political philosopher Giorgio Agamben's conclusion that the camp has replaced the city as the biopolitical paradigm of the West is as difficult to digest as it is easy to see how it responds to contemporary political tendencies in the world today. In this introduction to this theme issue on Giorgio Agamben and the spatialities of the camp, a detailed exposition, emulating the structure of Agamben's seminal book Homo Sacer, is conducted, tracing the genealogies of Agamben's ideas and commenting on his swiftly enhanced importance in the social sciences and humanities. The introduction concludes by outlining some possible research fields in human geogrphy where much insight could be gained if Agamben's work is given more detailed consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the various perception of artists on the definition of art. Some considers that art is only a thing of the past as they bring back to life what has been lost. Art is a difficult term to define because it has no exact definition and agreed-upon usage. The usage of art in the cultures of Africa and Europe is also discussed.

Phenomena may preferably be appreciated as essences, and describing phenomena and their essences is a common methodological goal in phenomenological research, e.g. in the area of health and well-being. Consequently it is important to explore the meaning of essences, thereby answering the questions, What are phenomenological essences? How do they come to be? What are their characteristics? In this article I suggest some possible answers to these questions through an analysis of Husserl's philosophy and especially his understanding of intentionality. Further, I want to show that the analysis of essences in empirical research never can be separated from the context of the phenomenon. Here I draw on the philosophy of Merleau-Ponty and especially his philosophy of “the flesh”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the issue concerning the relationship between art and labor. Manner in which art distinguishes itself from labor is described. The uselessness of art gives the labor involved another special distinction. The labor of art making is considered to be different from any other form of labor.

Starting with a reading of a translated text from an Islamist website, this essay looks at the underlying cultural and literary traditions that have influenced the translator's strategy. The author suggests that the horizon of expectation of the potential readership has been shaped by centuries of textual anxiety about Central Asia, a region perceived as a cradle of savagery and anti-modernity since the Middle Ages. From the creator of the C13th Mappa Mundi who added a note to the effect that all kinds of horrors were to be found in the region, through the age of the Tamburlaine, then through the Afghan wars that triggered the start of the Great Game to Umberto Eco's most recent novel similar negative representations of the region can be found. The veracity of traveller's accounts is mediated through the mythical construction that continues today in reporting on the region and in the language selected by translators. Underpinning the essay is the question posed by translator scholars concerning the ethics of acculturation as a textual strategy. The author argues that there are historical, extra-textual reasons that determine the choices available to translators in this context [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the book "Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences," represent orthogonal views of concepts and categories stemming from two very different philosophical traditions. Classifications are both conceptual in the sense of persistent patterns of change and action, resources for organizing abstractions and material in the sense of being inscribed, transported, and affixed to staff. Both can be construed as in agreement with the correspondence between categories and concepts maintained by cognitive scientists: Categories are used to refer classes of things in the world, and concepts are mental correspondents of the categories.

This article considers ways of theorising the now, or the contemporary, in South Africa. It seeks a method of reading that offers unexpected and defamiliarising routes through the cultural archive. The article discusses notions of race, class and space both in a general and historical sense and, in the second part, as they relate to new literatures of the city now emerging in South Africa. By focusing on urban `philosophies' of the street it examines city life and city forms in fictional work on Johannesburg in particular. The article attempts to make an overall argument about how we might read the contemporary South African space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For at least the last two-and-a-half decades, critical theory in the humanities and social sciences has been concerned, amongst other things, with exploding the myths and fictions of nationalist thought. Instead of the coherence of 'imagined communities', or even the unity of the individual subject, it emphasises the multiple, shifting, fragmented and often contradictory modes of identification that characterise what are referred to variously as the 'postmodern', 'postcolonial', 'posthistorical' or 'postideological' conditions of the contemporary world. Yet recent history has seen a burgeoning of nationalist sentiments and struggles, and numerous bloody wars have been fought over inclusive and exclusive conceptions of identity. In less violent, although no less compelling, ways, countries such as South Africa are struggling with the competing demands of difference and unity as they seek to reconstruct themselves in more humane and equitable ways. Far from disappearing, arguments about national belonging and cultural difference have had increased prominence in the 1990s. The dangers of exclusive or 'ethnic' nationalisms are graphically evident in the history of the twentieth century. However a simple retreat from nationalism into multiplicity, division and difference can be immensely disabling in contexts, such as the South African one, in which the rebuilding of society requires a common commitment and a sense of shared responsibility. In this article, I investigate the possibility of reconciling the demands of difference and national belonging. Specifically, I argue for what I call a recuperated or revindicated nationalism, based not on the fictions of imagined unity, but on a shared problematic: a mutual implication in a history of difference, which acknowledges local as well as global affiliations. The humanities and social sciences have a crucial role to play in the developing of these understandings and, towards the end of the article, I set out what I perceive to be the challenges of this project for those involved in such teaching and research. I argue against a short-sighted state tertiary educational policy in South Africa which, despite its rhetoric of human development and Africanisation, promotes the 'hard' over the 'human' sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by concern about promoting civic participation and preserving the liberal democratic state, political theorists have recently reignited a debate about the nature of political education in a liberal society. These theorists' arguments in favor of teaching toleration are significant for the progress of education reforms currently being debated and implemented in current liberal democracies and some emerging nations. Despite the increasing attention paid to the value of liberal civic education, however, its specific content is typically left virtually blank. This article aims to redress this gap in the literature by developing a coherent and comprehensive (albeit still very general) curriculum for liberal political education. To this end, Section I analyses the nature of the ideal liberal democratic state and develops a general curriculum for liberal political education based on the type of citizens needed to preserve and take advantage of such a state. It concludes by introducing two potentially illiberal outcomes of this curriculum: children's forced development of the capacity for autonomy, and the reduction of diversity in the state. Section II argues that the development of autonomy is actually central to liberal theory and liberal education more broadly conceived, while Section III suggests that civic and social diversity will persist, but rightly play a secondary role to the goals of liberal political education. The article concludes, therefore, with a reassertion of the content and importance of liberal political education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of its history, Europe has shown itself capable of the best and the worst. Among the best is that it was able to create the conditions for unprecedented material progress, a progress replete with possibilities and abounding in political and social values. Among the worst is the fact that it gave rise to two world wars, which actually were its own wars. However, Europe has recovered and today the "cradle of the West" is full of vitality. What is more, it is also a focal point of civilization, which other continents admire and emulate. Europe is now at crossroads, somewhat confused at the end of what Hobsbawm has called the short century. It is no idle thing that the events of 1989 that so perplexed the international community took place on continental soil. Europe is now looking for a concept of itself that must inevitably be sought, at least in part, in its historical roots.

The article focuses on the sequentiality of art programs. It analyzes the role art education can play in the development of the future fellow citizens. It is reported that the development of educated sensibilities does not occur entirely because of having painted or printed a few pictures, having made a few junk or other sculptures. The majority of art teachers in secondary schools claim decisively that they are not training the children to be artists. Paul Oliver in his research paper described the role certain school leavers will eventually play as public representatives.

The article presents a sociological commentary on the literary prose of 1960s. The author comments on the article "Self-Searching Prose and Its Hero," by A. Lanshchikov that has been published three times. According to the author, Lanshchikov considers the article as a kind of program of his views. Lanshchikov goes on to blame the comfortable generation for maliciously creating its own literary genre, confessional prose and confessional heroes. According to him, the confessional heroes undertake some decisive deed, groundlessly claiming for themselves some special role in social life. The author says that Lanshchikov's pen is filled with such satirical bile and defamatory pathos that it is easy to foresee that he will not be satisfied simply to accuse "the fortunate ones of that generation" of a colossal masquerade undertaken to acquire "privileges" and "ensure a comfortable future" for themselves in society. Lanshchikov does not think it is at all necessary to demonstrate his strange view of things with examples from literature, let alone from real life, although the mere fact that it is so strange would seem to make such proof all the more necessary.

There is nothing new in the observation that differing (and sometimes conflicting) currents coexist in geography as it is practiced today. The same situation is found in other sciences. Nonetheless, contributions that view this problem from the fundamental perspective of the philosophy of science are scarce. Yet, precisely this perspective signals the way to enlightenment from the dilemma. Central to this article is a basic philosophical concept: the image of man. The point at issue is that social sciences such as geography have shown too little concern for the content of their “cognitive objects”. This is distressing because the view of man influences the research process in all its parts. Using the image of man as a spotlight, this article illuminates the geographic mainstreams of the moment. At the same time, the image of man serves as a first stepping stone on the path to a renewed flow of ideas between those currents. In addition to these aims, the major goal of this article is to sharpen our insight into the approaches common to geography, thereby providing a better basis on which to choose among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the limitation of humanistic geography. Phenomenology and and interpretation humanistic geography; Style of thought characteristic of the humanities.

The article presents a discussion related to the missing art of dance. In an attempt to extract what sense could be extracted from writing on art and the arts, the author found himself tracing the vicissitudes of the heritage of ancient Greece, a congenial territory to one of his training, and have come to assign ever more decisive importance to one transformation of that heritage, the system of the "fine arts" elaborated in the middle of the eighteenth century. The inner dynamics of that system exercised a pervasive influence over the things that have been said and not said about art ever since, even and especially when the speakers knew nothing of the eighteenth century and regarded the concept of the fine arts as a piece of obsolete preciosity.

Focuses on the condition of the private schools in Australia. Increase in the enrollments of private schools; Success of state teacher unions and parents' committees with enrollment impact assessments in preventing funding of new schools or classes; Interpretation of the patterns of specialization in the humanities, the physical sciences and mathematics.

Examines the importance of introducing the subject of philosophy to school children. Pursuance of ideas and problems discussed since ancient times through dialogue; Encouragement of questioning and probing in the learning process; Availability of philosophical topics that are directly essential to children like fairness, truth and freedom.

Presents a response to the article "Education for Capability: A Critique," written by Keith Thompson. Question posed on whether or not people must act without thinking first of the consequences that might occur; Dichotomy between thought and action, between thinking about things and actually doing them; Discussion of the philosophy of life from philosophers such as Aristotle.

The article discusses the attack on novels made by the authors during 1906-30. School novels are increasingly drawn on as sources for educational history. The insistence on truth as the chief criterion can be swiftly illustrated from two works written in the middle of 1906-30 period. There are many possible reasons why the theme of false stereotypes being driven out by true experience seems to become so abruptly less popular after 1930. The author of a novel published in 1930 put into the mouth of an English teacher the view that any truth about schools in fiction is not permanent and universal but pinned to a particular time and place. Lan Hay, who was himself later to write a highly successful novel set in school, made the contrast between fictional stereotypes and fact the major theme of his sketches called "The Lighter Side of School Life," 1914. The distinction between the anticipation of imagination and discovered reality, the shift from stark drama to deliberately more pedestrian events, was inevitably accompanied by a change in the nature of the protagonist.