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Purpose. As a scientific field, bioinformatics has drawn remarkable attention from various fields, such as information technology, mathematics, and modern biological sciences, in recent years. The topic models originating from the field of natural language processing have become the focus of attention with the rapid accumulation of biological datasets. Thus, this research is aimed at modeling the topic content of the bioinformatics literature presented by Iranian researchers in the Scopus Citation Database. Methodology. This research was a descriptive-exploratory study, and the studied population included 3899 papers indexed in the Scopus database, which had been indexed in this database until March 9, 2022. The topic modeling was then performed on the abstracts and titles of the papers. A combination of LDA and TF-IDF was utilized for topic modeling. Findings. The data analysis with topic modeling resulted in identifying seven main topics "Molecular Modeling," "Gene Expression," "Biomarker," "Coronavirus," "Immunoinformatics," "Cancer Bioinformatics," and "Systems Biology." Moreover, "Systems Biology" and "Coronavirus" had the largest and smallest clusters, respectively. Conclusion. The present investigation demonstrated an acceptable performance for the LDA algorithm in classifying the topics included in this field. The extracted topic clusters indicated excellent consistency and topic connection with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) through the internalized symptoms and stress coping strategies in badly-cared and orphan adolescent girls living in Tehran in 2022. Method: This was a correlational study of a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all adolescent girls aged between 12 and 18 under the direct or indirect supervision of Tehran's welfare center, of whom 200 were selected by the convenience sampling method. The participants answered the questionnaires of Collins and Reed's attachment styles, Billings and Moss's coping strategies, Achenbach and Rascorella's adolescent self-report, and Morris et al.'s SAD. Results: The findings of SEM demonstrated that the hypothesized model of this study has a good fit in the studied sample. The findings reveal that the secure attachment style is related to separation anxiety both directly (T=-4.18 and b=-.22) and indirectly through problem-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=-10.83) and emotion-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=-7.23). Avoidant attachment style is directly (T=4.98 and b=.25) and indirectly related to separation anxiety through problem-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=4.33) and emotion-oriented coping style (P<.01 and Z=8.79) and internalized symptoms (P<.01 and Z=2.61). Finally, ambivalent attachment style had no significant correlation (P>.05) with separation anxiety. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of attachment patterns formed under the influence of adverse conditions of the vulnerable group, and the lifelong effects of these patterns in the mental health of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The population of older adults continues to grow in Iran, with pharmaceutical costs as a leading driver of household health-related costs. The present study was conducted to estimate the out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and its socioeconomic predictors among households with the elderly in Iran. Method: This study is a secondary analysis using 2019 national household expenditure and income survey data in Iran. The sample size was 9381 households with at least one member older than 65. The double-hurdle model in STATA 16 was used to examine the association between independent variables and households' out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures. Results: The mean out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures for each household with elderly member was $8065 per year. There was a positive association between the (female) gender of the household head, urban residence, employment status, insurance expenditure and a higher level of education of the head of the household with the out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditures (P < 0.05). The income of elderly households did not affect these expenditures (P > 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that the socioeconomic characteristics of elderly families not only influenced their decision to enter the medicine market, but also the rate of medicine purchase. It is helpful to manage and control the pharmaceutical costs among the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the impact of high intake of sugar-sweetened beverages on type 2 diabetes, intervention to reduce their consumption can be a top priority for any health system. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to simulate the impact of policy options related to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) on the prevalence and mortality of type 2 diabetes in Iranian men and women. Methods: A discrete event simulation (DES) model was used to predict the effect of several policy options on the prevalence and death from type 2 diabetes in Azar Cohort Databases. Population age- and sex-specific prevalence and incidence rate of diagnosed diabetes were derived from the national health data. The Preventable Risk Integrated Model (PRIME) model was used for coding the input parameters of simulation using R and Python software. Results: The prevalence and mortality rate of type 2 diabetes under the scenario of reduced consumption of SSBs indicated that the highest and the lowest prevalence and mortality rates of type 2 diabetes for men and women were related to no policy condition and replacing SSBs with healthy drinks, like water, respectively. Also, the maximum "number of deaths postponed/ prevented" from type 2 diabetes was related to replacing SSBs with water (n=2015), and an integration of reformulation and applying 10% tax on SSBs (n=1872), respectively. Conclusion: Simulating the effect of different policy options on reducing the consumption of SSBs showed "replacing of SSBs with water" as the most effective policy option in Iranian setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop a model for managing primary health care (PHC) services for the elderly in Iran. Methods: This study consists of four main steps. Firstly, comparative research was conducted by reviewing literature and analyzing content from the top 10 countries ranked in the Global Age Watch Insights 2018. Secondly, a questionnaire was developed using items extracted from experts' opinions, which were evaluated for content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Thirdly, a crosssectional survey was conducted with 248 participants from April 8th to July 14th, 2021, and the reliability of the data was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Lastly, Bartlett's and KMO tests, the Varimax method, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were applied to select and arrange the items and main themes of the model. The analyses were performed using SPSS version 21 and AMOS 24 software. Results: The comparative research and literature review yielded a total of 70 items for the model. Through content analysis, CVI, and CVR, the number of items was reduced to 52. After conducting reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha (0.934) and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the final model consisted of 48 items and five main themes: planning, organization, control, financing, and coordination. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the designed model has good construct validity. Therefore, managers, policymakers, and health planners can utilize this model for the planning, development, and improvement of PHC services for the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine a hypothesized model which considers the role of neuro-psychological components (brain-behavioral systems) and emotional insecurity and emotional flexibility in Internet addiction. Method: The design of the present study was descriptive-correlational and structural equation modelling. The statistical population of the study included Iranian adolescents who lived in Shiraz in 2021. Among them, 587 adolescents (318 girls and 269 boys) were selected by cluster sampling method. Subjects filled Jackson's five-factor scale, Young's Internet addiction, emotional flexibility, and emotional insecurity questionnaires. After data collection, the relationship between variables was examined using SPSS and Lisrel software. Results: The findings suggest that the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) neither directly nor indirectly had a significant correlation (P> 0.05) with Internet addiction; the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) is only directly related to addiction to the Internet (P <0.01 and β = -0.18), and finally the Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) is directly (P <0.01 and β= 0.29); and indirectly (P <0.05 and β= 0.09) correlated with the mediating role of emotional insecurity and emotional flexibility, linked to Internet addiction. Conclusion: Among Gray's brain-behavioral subsystem theory, the FFFS is the strongest predictor of Internet addiction (both directly and indirectly, by influencing emotional flexibility and emotional insecurity), which may indicate that avoidance behavior plays a crucial role in Internet addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common mental health threat among youth and adolescents with various etiology factors. Extensive treatments have been proposed for this disorder, but there is a need for a therapeutic package with good efficiency and effectiveness. This study aimed to develop and validate a process-based therapeutic package for patients with NSSI disorder. Method: This was an applied study in terms of objective and qualitative in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study consisted of psychology experts in Tehran, Iran in 2022. Twentythree effective university professors who worked in this domain were selected via purposive selection sampling. The design and validation of the program were performed in four stages and 14 steps: reviewing the theoretical background and existing packages, developing the content of the package, validating it, and explaining the validation. Results: Grounded theory as a qualitative method was used to conceptualize the content. Investigator triangulation facilitated the data validation. Percent agreement of inner raters and content validity index (CVI) were used for assessment reliability and validity. The reliability of the program based on the percent agreement of inner rater was 0.98; CVR and CVI of all the sessions were 0.93 and 0.99, respectively. Conclusion: This study proposed process-based therapy package for non-suicidal self-injury disorder that is a reliable and valid comprehensive psychological therapy. This package is suggested to be used by expert in this domain to enhance the effectiveness of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to develop an explanatory model of assertiveness based on parenting styles mediated by anxiety and self-esteem. Methods: This study is descriptive-correlational modeling with partial least squares. The statistical population included singleton children of the sixth grade of the elementary school in the 3rd District of Tehran in the academic year 2017-18. The sampling method was multistage sampling; eight schools (four all-boys and four all-girls) were randomly selected from all primary schools in the 3rd District of Tehran, then, a sixth-grade class was randomly selected in each school. The singleton students of those classes participated in the present study as the study sample. The sample size was 118 students (81 girls and 37 boys). The instruments of this research included the Persian forms of adaptive and aggressive assertiveness scales (AAA-S), the Baumrind parenting scale, Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES). To analyze the data, the SPSS software, version 26. Results: The results indicated that authoritative and permissive parenting styles had a significant effect on assertiveness among the parenting styles. The total effects indicated that authoritative and permissive parenting styles explained 0.22 and 0.20 of the variances of assertiveness. The results also showed that the authoritarian parenting style had no significant effect on assertiveness. Discussion: The suggested model was acceptably fit, according to the results of the study. Permissive and authoritative parenting styles had impact on assertiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining a high level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy is a challenge among HIV/AIDS patients. The study aimed to explore the process of adherence to treatment with a grounded theory approach to help physicians and planners develop strategies to increase adherence to treatment. We conducted in‐depth interviews and a focus‐group discussion. The data were collected from 2016 to 2018. The participants were 39 HIV/AIDS patients treated with antiretroviral, their relatives (three people) and two treatment staff. The study was conducted at the Behavioural Counselling Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital, located in Tehran, the capital of Iran. The data were analysed at the stages of "analysis for concepts," "analysis for context," "bringing process into the analysis" and "integrating." We obtained a conceptual model to explain the relationship between the categories. "Motivation" was identified as the core variable and the "Becoming resilient" explained the adherence process. Several factors including the interfering factors, contextual factors and resilience factors were identified. The interfering and contextual factors, in the absence of the resilience factors, lead to decreased motivation and increased poor adherence to treatment. The role of motivation in long‐term adherence should be emphasised. We think strategies such as helping individuals with HIV/AIDS to form support networks, empowering and encouraging them to seek spiritual help will motivate them to maintain a long‐term use of antiretroviral medications and, hence, become more resilient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The new conceptualization for compassion towards others includes kindness, common humanity and mindfulness. Self-compassion could be related to compassion through different psychological processes. The current study aimed to explore the mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between self-compassion and compassion for others. Method: The research method was correlational and the statistical population consisted of all online responders in Iran above the age of 18, in the year 2021. An online sample of 412 individuals (M=37.89, SD=9.06, 18-64; 57.5% females) were selected using convenience sampling, and completed the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), developed by Neff in 2003, the Compassion Scale (CS), developed by Pommier in 2011 and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERS), developed by Garnefski et al. in 2001. In order to analyze data, descriptive statistics, correlation matrix and structural equation modeling were used with SPSS 21 and AMOS 22. Results: The results indicated that self-compassion and compassion were positively correlated. Furthermore, structural equation modeling revealed that self-compassion was only indirectly related to compassion for others through the mediating role of adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p<0.05). However, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies did not play a mediating role in this relationship (p>0.05). Conclusion: The findings indicate that adaptive emotion regulation strategies appear to have a central role in explaining the relationship between self-compassion and compassion towards others. Selfcompassion can be targeted when designing intervention programs to cultivate compassion and promote adaptive emotion regulation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the causal effects of automatic negative thought on craving mediating by cognitive emotional regulation. Method: This study had a descriptive and correlational design. The study population consisted of methadone maintained clients of the Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran City (n=78) and Mehr-Aein clinic in Rey city (n=42) who referred to treatment centers during February to April 2019. Data were collected through convenient sampling using craving questionnaires including Francken's Obsessive-compulsive Drug Use Scale and Visual Analog Scale. Other study questionnaires were Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire and Automatic Negative Thought Scale. For data analysis, we used multivariate linear regression using the structural equation modeling and path analysis using STATA software. Results: Findings revealed that there are significant correlations between automatic negative thoughts, cognitive emotional regulation and craving (P<0.001). Also, the results of hierarchical regression analysis indicate that cognitive emotional regulation can mediate the relationship between automatic negative thoughts and craving (P< 0.001). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that clients who have higher levels of automatic negative thoughts and higher negative strategies of cognitive emotional regulation, experience a higher level of craving. Thus, identifying the level of negative thoughts and cognitive emotion regulation strategies of methadone-treated clients can predict the severity of craving and their leave or retention of the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medical tourism is developing more rapidly, particularly in developing countries, as a tool to enhance economic growth and achieve a competitive position. The present study aims to investigate and identify contributory factors to the competitiveness of Iran’s medical tourism using importance-performance analysis. Methods: This is an applied study with a descriptive nature conducted using field studies and surveys. A conceptual model was adopted and contributory factors were extracted from previous studies. A questionnaire was designed based on extracted factors and opinions of experts who are specialists in the field of medical tourism. The statistical population consisted of tourism experts, health experts, physicians, and medical staff working in hospitals with international units. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: The results showed that “medical services” were more important than the two components “special factors of tourism” and “characteristics of medical tourism destinations”. It was also revealed that the current situation of “medical tourism destination characteristics” is unfavorable compared to the other two components. Conclusion: This study provided an insight into the importance and quality of performance of the factors affecting the competitiveness of medical tourism, which can be beneficial for managers and planners in Iran and other medical tourism destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Developing a chronic disease, like heart failure in older adults disrupts the foundations of the family and imposes a heavy burden on family members. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Family-Centered Empowerment Model (FCEM) on the care burden of family caregivers of older adults with heart failure. Methods: It was a quasi-experimental study with a controlled before and after design, which was conducted on 80 primary caregivers of older adults with heart failure referring to health centers affiliated with Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. The subjects were nonrandomly assigned to either the control (n=40) or intervention (n=40) groups. The program was implemented based on the concepts of the model (perceived threat, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and evaluation) in eight 2-hour sessions, twice a week for four consecutive weeks. Both groups answered the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) in the beginning, in the end, and one month after the study. The data were analyzed by Chi-square, t-test, and the repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS v. 16 software. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the pretest mean score of care burden (P>0.05). However, the groups' mean score of care burden was significantly different immediately after the intervention (P<0.05) and one month after the study (P<0.05). The repeated measures ANOVA illustrated a significant difference between the mean scores of care burden in the three measurement time points (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Implementation of the FCEM model reduces the burden of care in caregivers of older adults with heart failure. It is suggested that this model be used in training programs for older adults with heart failure and their caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Three categories of interventions are considered for reducing the prevalence of mental disorders in Iran: mental health promotion, increasing mental health and social service utilization and controlling mental health risk factors. In this regard, we designed a community action program in a national plan to provide comprehensive social and mental health services (SERAJ) that were implemented as a pilot in three districts of Iran: Bardasir, Oslo, and Quchan. In this study, we have reviewed the results of this pilot project. Method: This study was conducted based on the collaborative evaluation model; first, the program was described and the evaluation indicators of each component of the program were determined. Stakeholders were determined; also, data were collected through literature review, semi-structured interview, and focused group discussion and were analyzed by thematic analysis methods. Results: The community action program consists of four components: A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the departments of the districts, People's Participation House (PPH), Self-reliance Unit (SRU), and actions taken for stigma reduction. A total of 48% of the actions set out in the three MoU of three districts have been executed. The PPH was formed in all three districts. A total of 816 social referrals were admitted to SRU for which a self-reliance process has been initiated. Moreover, 47% of referrals have received services and at least 10 messages for stigma reduction and promoting mental disorders have been sent from different sources at the district level. Conclusion: Strengthening vertical cooperation between the national and provincial levels is essential for the full implementation of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and self-reliance processes. Referring individuals for receiving social support with collaboration between the primary and secondary programs reported to be successful, but feedback to the primary and secondary levels which provides basic and specialized services, is not transparent. Therefore, we suggest an electronic system as an option to solve this problem. The careful selection of representatives of the people's network and empowerment of PPH and directors of the district on community action skills are essential. The experiences of the governors and chairs of health networks of the three districts should be presented at a national conference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]