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Infiltration of binary solution of hexane and ethanol into chromatography paper associated with their evaporation was found to generate unexpected initial rapid advancement of wicking front followed by its receding and readvancing in our previous research. In the present study, paper chromatography development of hydrophobic dye, Sudan III, and hydrophilic dye, Acid Blue 9, was carried out using binary solutions of hexane and ethanol in open environment, allowing the developing solvent been evaporated. Sudan III was developed with initial rapid advancing wicking front, while Acid Blue 9 was scarcely developed. On the other hand, Acid Blue 9 was developed with the readvancing second wicking front, while the spot of Sudan III scarcely migrated. Thus, the unexpected illusional phenomenon, overtaking the spot of Sudan III by the spot of Acid Blue 9, was observed. The readvancement of the second wicking front was found to be enhanced as increasing the relative humidity in the environment. Surface temperature of the chromatography paper was measured during the chromatographic development in open environment to show that it became lower than the dew point when the experiments were carried out in relatively high humidity. Solubility of Sudan III in a binary solution of ethanol and water remarkably decreased as increasing the content of water. It was thus suggested that the water vapor condensation to induce water mixing into the mobile phase to decrease the solubility of Sudan III to inhibit its chromatographic development to realize the illusional spot overtaking of dyes of their chromatographic development associated with solvent evaporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A ratiometric fluorescent strip is designed based on IFE for detecting Sudan I-IV. • The fluorescent spectrum of Tm@Er has more overlap with the absorption of Sudan I-IV. • Single Tm@Er with core–shell structure provides a more stable ratiometric signal. • UiO-66 improve the adsorption and DMIPs realize the selective detection of Sudan I-IV. • Sensitive and portable application is realized in chilli powder with complex matrix. The addition of Sudan dyes with carcinogenic effects to food threatens human health. Herein, a ratiometric fluorescence strip consisting of core–shell upconversion particles (NaYF 4 :Yb,Tm@NaYF 4 :Yb,Er), metal–organic frameworks and dual-template molecularly imprinted polymers was developed to selectively and sensitively detect four Sudan dyes based on inner filter effect (detection time only takes 8 min). The high adsorption capacity of metal–organic frameworks and the greater overlap between the emission of NaYF 4 :Yb,Tm@NaYF 4 :Yb,Er and the absorbance of four Sudan dyes enable the signal responses to be more sensitive. The limits of detection in chilli powder samples are as low as 29.87 ng/g, 37.55 ng/g, 47.89 ng/g and 51.02 ng/g, with satisfactory recovery (93.32–103.4%) and minor relative standard deviations (≤4.3%). This method broadens the idea for low-cost and portable detection of multiple illegal additives in complex substrates with high selectivity and sensitivity based on one kind of fluorescent strip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ag nanoparticles were employed as signal amplification for detection of Sudan I. • Graphene oxide as flexible substrate was used to construct disposable electrode. • As-constructed paper-based electrode exhibited high sensitivity and selective for Sudan I detection in chili powder. In this study, a high-performance flexible reduced graphene oxide (rGO) paper electrode composed of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for the detection of Sudan I was fabricated. Ag NPs were doped with rGO nanoheets by self-assemble and assembled into a paper electrode with layer-by-layer structure via vacuum filtration. Thanks to the highly efficient electrocatalysis of Ag NPs towards reduction of azo bond, the as-prepared hybrid paper can be used alone as a flexible sensor for the detection of Sudan I in chili powder, with the high sensitivity (22.93 μA μmol/L) and the low detection limit (41.3 nmol/L). The sensor also expressed good selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, stability and recovery between 96.1% and 101.8% (RSD < 6%). With the advantages of low-cost and scalable production capacity, such Ag NPs/rGO functional papers can be used as flexible disposable sensors for electrochemical detection of Sudan I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia possess diverse natural resources and a substantial labor force that permit forming a successful trade integration. However, the recent dispute over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) project between Ethiopia and downstream countries, Egypt and Sudan, has weakened the bilateral relations and disrupted trade flows among the three countries. This paper investigates the pattern of trilateral trade between Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia during the period between 1995 and 2018. The study also examines the prospects and challenges for establishing a trilateral trade integration between the three countries. The study adopted the gravity model approach, along with the export diversification and trade complementarity indices, in order to scrutinize the pattern and structure of trade between the countries under study. The analysis indicated that Egypt is the most diversified economy with many crucial comparative advantages, which may grant it a leader position in the integration. Moreover, the paper revealed many challenges that may hinder the implementation of trilateral trade integration including, export concentration, poor infrastructure and disputes over water resources. Finally, the paper recommends that facilitating bilateral trade among the riparian countries of Eastern Nile Basin would mitigate the complex clashes over water rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil has played a determinant role in the economic development of Sudan and South Sudan before and after their separation. The introduction of oil into the Sudanese economy in 1999 has been associated with many challenges, especially those related to export diversification, and institutional quality. Oil dependency increased with the growth of oil share in total exports. Therefore, the secession of South Sudan in 2011 represents a great shock to both economies. This event creates a situation in which the new country experienced a sudden influx of oil revenues. At the same time, the parent country witnessed a sudden loss of 70% of its proven oil reserves. This makes the case of Sudan unique and provides a very rare opportunity for macroeconomists to address the impacts of this shock on both economies. This paper uses the recent secondary data of both counties to analyze and compare the impact of oil revenues transfer on Sudan and South Sudan's economies in the post-secession period. The conclusion of this paper shows that oil loss has created incentives for better economic performance in Sudan. Reciprocally, South Sudan experiences a premature oil dependence that led to export concentration, institutional degradation, and macroeconomic instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media platforms play a vital role in determining valuable tourist objectives, which greatly aids in optimizing tourist path planning. As data classification and analysis methods have advanced, machine learning (ML) algorithms such as the k-means algorithm have emerged as powerful tools for sorting through data collected from social media platforms. However, traditional k-means algorithms have drawbacks, including challenges in determining initial seed values. This paper presents a novel approach to enhance the k-means algorithm based on survey and social media tourism data for tourism path recommendations. The main contribution of this paper is enhancing the traditional k-means algorithm by employing the genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the number of clusters (k), select the initial seeds, and recommend the best tourism path based on social media tourism data. The GA enhances the k-means algorithm by using a binary string to represent initial centers and to apply GA operators. To assess its effectiveness, we applied this approach to recommend the optimal tourism path in the Red Sea State, Sudan. The results clearly indicate the superiority of our approach, with an algorithm optimization time of 0.01 s. In contrast, traditional k-means and hierarchical cluster algorithms required 0.27 and 0.7 s, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Finance is the property of Academic Finance Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the beginning of the latest violent crisis, which began in April 2023, Sudan has been suffering the consequences of an armed conflict, that is worsening the humanitarian crisis and sociopolitical instability. In this context, it is worth analysing how this conflict affects the neighbouring region and the influence of the nearby countries and regional and world powers. The aim of this paper is to present the consequences of this conflict for Sudan's neighbours and the degree of interference of the external powers in Sudan. In relation to this latter issue, it will be established if the foreign presence is a positive influence (a way towards peace) or a negative one (defense of the national interests in the region). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of agricultural machinery in countries with a developing economy can have a significant impact on improving well-being and pro-poor growth. However, this requires farmers to buy into mechanized farming, which is more likely to happen if the machinery meets their needs. The objective of this paper is to identify deciding factors for traditional farmers to adopt machinery and identify design requirements. Payback models were developed based on these design requirements, willingness to pay, and expected returns. Thirty-six farmers in Sudan were interviewed throughout 2019–2021. Six of these farmers were provided tractors during 2020 and 2021. Differences in net-profits between the 30 control and 6 treatment farms during the mechanized farming seasons were used in the models for expected profits. There were no significant differences in tractor design preferences between the treatment and control groups. Two cost models were estimated using a 95% confidence interval: entire Δ profit (entire additional profit from mechanized farming above nonmechanized) and percentage of total profit (percentage of total net-profits willing to spend). For the average farm size in this study (44.39 acres) and a market available tractor that satisfied all farmer needs, payback was 3.92 years [2.34, 8.54] and 4.57 years [3.39, 6.38] for the models, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Africa, specifically Nigeria, has witnessed a dramatic increase in population over the last century, prompting efforts to ensure sustainable food production and quality. Concerns for soil sustainability and food security have led to the exploration of cost-effective methods, such as biochar, to enhance soil quality. Researchers in Nigeria and Africa as a whole have investigated biochar's potential to improve soil fertility and crop performance across various agroecological zones. This paper aims to review recent biochar research priorities on soil fertility and crop performance with an emphasis on various sole biochar applications and combinations with fertilizers to determine the research gaps that need to be developed more in biochar research in Nigeria. From the papers reviewed, sole biochar applications and biochar + macronutrients and biochar + manure combinations were studied more dominantly, while biochar + micronutrients research projects were scanty despite their low content in the semi-arid soils of Nigeria. The studies were spread across the country with the majority taking place in derived savanna and humid forest, while Sudan savanna and Sahel savanna received less research attention despite being characterized by a low-fertile soil and vast area of land. Research involving BC in the context of Sahel savanna (SLS) and Sudan savanna (SS) soils is strongly encouraged in Nigeria. This research should encompass a wide range of investigations, including sole BC applications and combinations of BC with macronutrients, micronutrients, and manure, as well as exploring its potential as a slow-release fertilizer. Incorporating exclusive biochar in substantial amounts appears economically unfeasible within the context of local biochar production. However, it can be utilized in the synthesis of slow-release fertilizers, requiring smaller quantities and potentially offering cost-effectiveness. This approach enhances soil condition and crop productivity. Challenges are faced due to less commercial production as a result of inadequate power and structural facilities. Exploring the modification of local biochar for slow-release fertilizers through future research offers potential profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most readers of this paper will likely have written a PhD thesis, will be in the throes of writing one, or perhaps will be aspiring to write one. There is a huge literature on the practice and experience of PhD research – on designing a thesis, on writing and research, on the student–supervisor relationship, on the doctoral student experience, and so on. In this paper, however, I reflect on a specific question less often asked: in what ways does a PhD thesis live on beyond the time when it can only be thought of as "work in progress"? I develop an answer to this question along four dimensions – the material, instrumental, epistemic, and personal afterlives of a PhD thesis. For this reflection I use my own PhD thesis, awarded in 1985, as the case study. While the paper is therefore autobiographic, it is intended to provoke more general considerations about the longevity of PhD theses and their formative role for their authors and their authors' subsequent careers. While a PhD thesis can be understood as having a variety of afterlives, those that matter the most are perhaps also those that are less easily recognised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The humanitarian crisis precipitated by the ongoing conflict in Sudan poses profound risks to the health and welfare of the country's children. This paper explores essential policy interventions to safeguard child mental health services under these challenging circumstances. Crucial strategies include enhancing healthcare accessibility for children and their caregivers, promoting education, and improving household living conditions. Additionally, it is vital to provide improved access to information about nutritious food and strengthen health systems in areas directly exposed to conflict. Cooperation with international aid organizations is paramount to delivering medical supplies to functioning health facilities. The paper also recommends partnerships with local non-governmental and humanitarian organizations to execute public health programs effectively. These multi-faceted policy measures underscore the importance of a comprehensive response to ensure the health and well-being of children amid the turmoil in Sudan. Through these strategies, we aim to provide a blueprint for policymakers and humanitarian organizations to mitigate the devastating impacts of the conflict on the country's most vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along the western coastal plain of the Red Sea, the discovery of lithic tools proved that the occurrence of archaeological remains belonged to the Stone Age era. Unfortunately, until recently, most of the Stone Age site plans in the western Red Sea periphery have been unknown because of change in climate in addition to covering these sites with a large layer of sand. Recently, remote sensing (RS) data have proven to be effective at identifying buried archaeological sites using radar satellite imagery due to their ability to penetrate the land surface. This paper aims to identify and reconstruct several potential Stone Age sites using radar satellite images in the Tokar region, North-Eastern Sudan, on the western plain of the Red Sea. Radar (Sentinel-1 SAR GRD: C-band) data were processed utilizing the advantages of the Google Earth Engine platform and Snap software. The results of this research showed that some potential settlements belonging to the Stone Age era (expectedly dating back to the end of the Pleistocene and/or the initial phase of the Holocene) have subcircular shapes with some interior subcircles. These results shed new light on the potential construction technique, size, and function of the settlement in the Stone Age era and can provide some initial insights into the ancient lifestyle in this region. Additionally, this study can aid in future archaeological surveys and excavation missions in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the changing Sudanese political landscape in the wake of the uprising, which toppled the Islamist regime in Sudan after 30 years in power. It provides an overview of various determinants that would propel shifts in the country's political map and the balance of political forces in any future democratic elections. The purpose of this conceptual study is to deliberate impact factors that will largely influence the Sudanese democratic political environment. These significant issues include the changing demography, decline of traditional forces, fragmentation of political forces, emergence of new actors and the loss of interest in political parties. The article is based on thematic review of these issues, and argues their dynamics underpin the contention upcoming electoral map in Sudan would be different. It discusses the potential scenarios in the political arena as a result of the ensuing impact of these factors. The fragmented electoral map could prompt continuous instability in the democratic system. The paper highlights the transitional period offers the prospect for energising the political forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the National Islamic Front (NIF) regime came to power in Sudan in1989, the international community was alarmed. Among other things, the treatment of Sudan's minorities was a chief concern. For instance, in his ten-hour visit to Sudan in 1993, Pope John Paul II warned against imposing Islamic law on the country's large Christian population. The concerns about the NIF regime's treatment of minorities were due to its ideological background, since particular interpretations of Islamic law discriminate against minorities. The paper examines the regime's policies toward the largest ethnic minorities in Sudan. It illustrates that the regime's treatment of minorities lacked coherence toward both Christian and Muslim ethnic groups. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the regime's minority policies were the result of shifts in alliances that followed internal divisions within the regime. As the Islamist leadership fractured, the ruling faction sought to coopt new allies, including ethnic groups, to strengthen its position in the face of relentless opposition from ousted Islamists. The paper draws on material collected through fieldwork as well as secondary sources to make its claims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building an optical filtration function into a microfluidic chip is a promising way of simplifying the optical detection system of a microfluidic device. In this paper, a PDMS microfluidic chip filter that is capable of transmitting chlorophyll fluorescence and blocking interfering light in the visible wavelength range was developed for living algae detection with a smartphone. The chip was fabricated by sealing a layer of crystal violet solution in a PDMS layer on the top of the Sudan II-doped PDMS slab, which has a straight microchannel. Optimum dye concentrations and thicknesses for the crystal violet solution layer and Sudan II-doped PDMS slab were investigated and determined by spectrum measurements. It was found that the cut-on range of this integrated microfluidic chip is extended to about 625 nm and the transmittance in the chlorophyll fluorescence range (650 nm to 710 nm) is as high as 95%, when 25 mg L−1 Sudan II-doped PDMS slab (with a 3 mm thickness) and 2 mg L−1 crystal violet solution (with a 0.3 mm thickness) were used. Living algae detection using this chlorophyll-fluorescence-filtering PDMS microfluidic chip and a smartphone-based imaging platform was achieved, and the results compared favorably with those using a commercial filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world battled to defeat a novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19), a respiratory illness that is transmitted from person to person through contacts with droplets from infected persons. Despite efforts to disseminate preventable messages and adoption of mitigation strategies by governments and the World Health Organization (WHO), transmission spread globally. An accurate assessment of the transmissibility of the coronavirus remained a public health priority for many countries across the world to fight this pandemic, especially at the early onset. In this paper, we estimated the transmission potential of COVID-19 across 45 countries in sub-Saharan Africa using three approaches, namely, R 0 based on (i) an exponential growth model (ii) maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and (iii) a time-varying basic reproduction number at the early onset of the pandemic. Using data from March 14, 2020, to May 10, 2020, sub-Saharan African countries were still grappling with COVID-19 at that point in the pandemic. The region's basic reproduction number ( R 0 ) was 1.89 (95% CI: 1.767 to 2.026) using the growth model and 1.513 (95% CI: 1.491 to 1.535) with the maximum likelihood method, indicating that, on average, infected individuals transmitted the virus to less than two secondary persons. Several countries, including Sudan ( R 0 : 2.03), Ghana ( R 0 : 1.87), and Somalia ( R 0 : 1.85), exhibited high transmission rates. These findings highlighted the need for continued vigilance and the implementation of effective control measures to combat the pandemic in the region. It is anticipated that the findings in this study would not only function as a historical record of reproduction numbers during the COVID-19 pandemic in African countries, but can serve as a blueprint for addressing future pandemics of a similar nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to document Qatar's recent contribution of humanitarian, development, and peace-related efforts to the Sudanese in Darfur. It delves deeply into Qatar's involvement in Darfur by tracing the flow of foreign assistance provided between 2011 and 2018, while analysing the relevant mediation efforts to settle the conflict in the region. The paper calls for adopting the Triple Nexus approach – or humanitarian development-peace nexus in dealing with Qatar's role as a third party in Darfur both as a donor and mediator. Contextualising Qatar's role in this context necessitates considering its foreign assistance and peace-related efforts in conflict-affected contexts and its positioning in relation to the Triple Nexus. While Qatar has not publicly committed itself to the Triple Nexus reforms directed to OECD-DAC donor countries, the paper argues that adopting the Triple Nexus approach might develop the prevailing humanitarian and development and peace-related assistance practices in Qatar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed to explore the possibility of the use of logistic regression in the prediction of drought in Sudan. In this paper Regression models were used to predict drought in 5 states in Sudan. Results showed that the average prediction error for above-average and below-average years is reported for each station. Area-specific statistics are listed in Table1. Correlations between predictions and observations range from r = −0.31 to r = −0.68, with the model performing slightly better in predicting the number of wet days in drier years. In general, however, the simple linear model displays an average absolute error ranging between 9 and 22 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health digital GIS map provides a great solution for medical geographical distribution to efficiently explore diseases and health services. In Sudan, tuberculosis disease is expanding in different areas, which requires a digital GIS map to collect information about the patients and support medical institutions by geographical distribution based on health services, drug supply, and consumption. This paper developed a health digital GIS map to provide a fair geographical distribution of tuberculosis health centers and control the drug supply according to medical reports. The proposed approach extracts the unfair distribution of medicine, as some centers receive medicine but do not receive patients, while others receive a large number of patients but limited amounts of medicine. The analysis results show that there is a defect in some states representing the distribution of tuberculosis centers. In the Northern State, there are 15 tuberculosis centers distributed over all localities, serving about 84 tuberculosis-infected patients only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the dynamics of pastoralist herd mobility in West Darfur State, Sudan, a region affected by persistent conflict. The paper examines the annual cycle and seasonal trajectories of mobility for camels, cattle, and sheep, comparing mobility patterns by livelihood specialisation and reviewing the mobility of multi-species herds. Using social research tools and remote sensing livestock tracking technology, the study found diverse livestock mobility patterns within the region. Conflict and insecurity have reduced the freedom and flexibility of these movements. Persistent insecurity combined with climate shocks have led to adaptations, including changes in herd species composition and owner preference, and a shift from long to short-distance mobility closer to the home area. Ultimately these changes have undermined the resilience of the pastoral system. The paper considers the implications of these changes in pastoralist mobility for humanitarian needs, building livelihood resilience and promoting peaceful integration with other users of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicine is a reliable source for treating many diseases in Sudan. It is widely recognized in Sudan, as no Sudanese house is devoid of medicinal herbs. The Sudanese people and their historical stock of knowledge are distinguished by their knowledge and the many applications of herbs in treatment. This reference paper aims to collect all the available information about the use of medicinal plants in Sudan to treat disease or prevent it. Sudanese medicinal plants include a variety of plants and there are many medicinal applications for these plants in the world. According to the information reached by the paper, there are many therapeutic medical applications of these plants in the treatment of various bacterial infections, including digestive diseases, malaria, diabetes, rheumatic pain, respiratory diseases, jaundice, urinary tract infections, wounds, cancer and various microbial infections, according to the information reached by the paper. This reference is for a few groups of Sudanese medicinal plants such as tamarind, hibiscus, Acacia nilotica, Combretum hartmannianum, and Guiera senegalensis, etc. This review article also showed that these plants contain many biologically active substances as active ingredients, including flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, stimulants, terpenes, tannins, fatty acids and essential oils. Even though Sudanese people use herbal medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, more research is needed to show that these plants are safe and effective for people to use. For example, phytochemical analysis, biochemical activity tests and toxicology studies should be done to show that these plants are safe and effective for people to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the long-term history underpinning the tension between the "national" army and provincial "militias" that led to the outbreak of conflict in Sudan in April 2023. Sudan's British colonizers created the distinction between what would later become a professional military in the northern region of the country, and what were deemed as "tribal", irregular and ethnically defined forces elsewhere. The aspiring revolutionaries of the post-independence era hoped they could use the military as a short-cut to social change and modernization that would sweep away the neo-tribal system of "Native Administration" imposed by the British, but by aligning themselves to an unreformed colonial army and economic system, found that they forced violent reactions in marginalized regions. The reactions included Western Sudanese involvement in attempts to change the regime in Khartoum by force in 1971, 1975, 1976, and 2008, which this paper documents. These crises exposed the broader tensions within Sudanese nationalism, based as it was on the ideal of synergy between military and people. The paper draws on a wide range of Arabic and English sources, including newspapers and archival content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems can reduce the energy demand from the grid and significantly increase the power available to it. However, rooftop solar PV has not yet been widely adopted in many sub-Saharan African countries, such as Sudan, although they are endowed with high solar radiation and in dire need of additional power. This paper investigates risks and policies to increase grid-connected rooftop solar PV adoption in Sudan. A simplified United Nations Development Program Derisking Renewable Energy Investment framework is adopted to investigate this over three stages. For Stage 1, a list of risks and barriers was produced based on a literature review of solar PV studies in Sudan and interviews with nine stakeholders. Affordability was the risk most often mentioned (eight times from nine interviewees), followed by concerns about poor utility grid infrastructure. For Stage 2, policy de-risking instruments and financial de-risking instruments were listed to overcome the barriers. These include the introduction of net metering, the use of a third-party organization to monitor policy implementation, upgrade of the grid infrastructure, public awareness campaigns and energy-saving schemes. For Stage 3, the levelized cost of electricity was estimated for a typical 2-kW rooftop PV system without policies (0.11 $/kWh) and with a net-metering policy (0.07 $/kWh). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's digital era healthcare establishments find information technologies invaluable in daily tasks. The paper strongly based upon a research that is currently being conducted by the author and according to the results from the research survey only 20% of healthcare establishments in Sudan has security initiatives for their employees and make use of electronic security systems or even physical instruments to protect their assets and patients' information, whilst on the contrary, 80% have no security measures or any security policies. This is due to there is a lack of academic and professional literature about information security management and information security culture. Moreover, as grew to the best knowledge of the author and extracted from the results, healthcare community thought their role is to heal patients and they do not have any responsibility to protect patients' information, whereas they deem such role belong to the computer department, even if, these security breaches computer related (e.g. viruses), or socially motivated (e.g. theft of equipment). Therefore, the overall aim of this paper is to identify factors that assist the implementation of information security culture and practices within healthcare establishments, and assist when conducting awareness programmers, so it discusses the need to promote information security issues within contemporary Sudanese healthcare establishments and the consequent need for appropriate training and awareness schemes. In addition, the paper highlights sequence basic elements that healthcare establishments should consider when construct a training and awareness program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this research is to illustrate systematic literature review, investigating the importance of Egypt and Sudan cooperation in terms of logistics and transport networks through conducting a SWOT analysis to determine the main opportunities and barriers behind this cooperation and how to overcome these barriers. Design/Methodology/Approach: In order to highlight Egypt and Sudan relations to offer and integrate various transportation networks and methods, a systematic literature review of 34 published research papers on Egypt and Sudan connectivity was conducted over 18 years. The main goal was to report on the most important research studies that matched the research keywords across multiple databases, report the research gap by displaying the research theoretical framework, and state what other researchers should consider. Consequential is the strategic analytical tool, SWOT analysis, which is based on the results of the systematic review analysis to evaluate internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats that Egypt should address in integrating with Sudan. Findings: It was determined that an insufficient number of research investigations has used the waterway connection to impede the flow of commerce to ascertain multimodal transportation. There has also been no additional investigation into the border terminals and route networks between Egypt and Sudan, which could potentially help in the enhancement of the countries' import and export operations. Taking into consideration the main results and variables of the study, that should be tested in further studies, it was found that enhancing activities, services, and hubs may be beneficial to the transportation networks, seaports, and logistics networks that surround both nations. Research Implications/Limitations: The current research presents a narrative and systematic representation of logistics transportation networks resulting in pointing up the research theoretical framework, then a SWOT analysis to highlight the main strength points and opportunities for Egypt and Sudan for their transport and logistics development and for attaining greater benefits for both nations. Nevertheless, achieving this goal requires additional research and fact-finding. Originality: Through identifying the effects of collaboration on the transport sector by enhancing inter-modality services and logistics services between the two nations, the research provides a significant addition to the literature, as there were a lack of studies investigating the cooperation between Egypt and Sudan and limited studies highlighting its importance. The theoretical models and findings from actual investigations developed by the researchers will aid in the infrastructure of transport networks connecting Egypt and Sudan, but this will necessitate extensive research and testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper examines the determinants of participation in non-farm activities in rural Sudan. It also investigates whether the factors that influence participation in non-farm activities vary across agriculture sub-sectors. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopts the multinomial logit and probit methods on labour supply participation theory using the Sudanese National Baseline Household Survey (2009). The analysis was applied across job types and agriculture sub-sectors. Findings: The results indicated that educational level, means of transportation, lack of land and access to formal agricultural credit are the most significant factors that push rural farmers to participate in non-farm activities. Surprisingly, the effect of household income was positive and significant, implying that individuals from rich households have higher opportunity to engage in non-farm activities compared to their poor counterparts. The results also revealed some variations in the factors that influence participation in non-farm activities according to the agricultural sub-sectors. Originality/value: The originality of this article lies in investigating the factors that influence participation in non-farm activities across irrigated and rainfed systems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study identifying the determinants of participation in non-farm activities across agriculture sub-sectors. Therefore, the paper fills an important gap in the literature and helps in designing appropriate pro-poor policies to allocate infrastructures across irrigated and rainfed areas in Sudan. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2022-0092. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to offer an overview of a unique and decade-long Ethiopian peacekeeping deployment in Abyei, where Ethiopian contingents comprise almost the entire force, where the deployment ended in an ungraceful manner because of disapproval from the government of Sudan. The paper reveals that the Tigray conflict which resulted in the desertion of the Ethiopian peacekeepers and Egyptian pressure on Sudan because of the GERD have contributed to the withdrawal of Ethiopian peacekeepers and the Ethiopia--Sudan border dispute brought a dark shadow on their relations in addition to the disruption of the peacekeeping deployment. The paper concludes that unless Ethiopia makes a progress on internal stability and reboots its relations with its neighbours, Ethiopia's role as a peace mediator and peacekeeper in the region becomes an ignominy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nationalism in Asia and Africa is generally understood as a modern secular movement for independence. However, this idea is contestable. Analysing nationalism in India and the Sudan, this paper argues that nationalist movements there actually had their origins in Islamic religious resistance against the British colonial rule preceding the development of secular nationalism. Depending on political development following the colonial advancement, the secular elite‐led nationalism also largely fostered religious communal nationalism in India and the Sudan. This substantiates the argument that religion never ceased to play the most central role in the nationalist movements in India and the Sudan. Following an inter‐continental approach to study nationalism, this article explores exclusively the connection between religion and the first ever generic nationalist movements in the context of colonialism in India and the Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown pigment typically found in the lysosomes that contains a mixture of molecules including lipids, metals and misfolded proteins. The use of Sudan black B to detect lipofuscin accumulation, a well described marker of cellular senescence and ageing, was first described in 2013 by Georgakopoulou, et al. Here, we provide an optimisation of the original protocol. Firstly, we adjusted the staining methodology for increased ease of use on cultured cells. Secondly, we show that Sudan black B-stained lipofuscin emits strong fluorescence in the far-red channel making it suitable for fluorescence microscopy detection and quantification. Moreover, we also demonstrate that this optimised protocol can be utilised in conjunction with standard immunofluorescence staining techniques, making possible the simultaneous detection of lipofuscin and other cellular proteins of interest, like additional markers of senescence. This is a significant advantage over the most commonly used method for senescence detection, based on beta galactosidase enzymatic activity. We therefore believe that these findings and the provided optimised protocol will represent a useful tool for the scientific community in the field of cellular senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the analysis of a religious text coming from the reused blocks in Amun temple B 700 at the capital of the Napatan Kingdom (713–290 BCE), in the Sudan. This is the first fragmented Osirian hymn attested in Kush, while its integral version was found in Thebes, in the inner walls of the chapel erected by the Divine Adoratrice Ankhnesneferibre at Karnak North. The article presents the content of this hymn and its commentary, investigating the possible origins of the cult of this solarised form of Osiris associated to a local deity such as Dedwen in Nubia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the interplay between semidefinite programming, matrix rank, and graph coloring. Karger et al. (J ACM 45(2):246–265, 1998) give a vector program in which a coloring of a graph can be encoded as a semidefinite matrix of low rank. By complementary slackness conditions of semidefinite programming, if an optimal dual solution has high rank, any optimal primal solution must have low rank. We attempt to characterize graphs for which we can show that the corresponding dual optimal solution must have rank high enough that the primal solution encodes a coloring. In the case of the original Karger, Motwani, and Sudan vector program, we show that any graph which is a k-tree has sufficiently high dual rank, and we can extract the coloring from the corresponding low-rank primal solution. We can also show that if a graph is not uniquely colorable, then no sufficiently high rank dual optimal solution can exist. This allows us to completely characterize the planar graphs for which dual optimal solutions have sufficiently high dual rank, since it is known that the uniquely colorable planar graphs are precisely the planar 3-trees. We then modify the semidefinite program to have an objective function with costs, and explore when we can create an objective function such that the optimal dual solution has sufficiently high rank. We show that it is always possible to construct such an objective function given the graph coloring. The construction of the objective function gives rise to heuristics for 4-coloring planar graphs. We enumerated all maximal planar graphs with an induced K 4 of up to 14 vertices; the heuristics successfully found a 4-coloring for 99.75% of them. Our research was motivated by trying to use semidefinite programming to prove the four-color theorem, which states that every planar graph can be colored with four colors. There is an intriguing connection of the Karger–Motwani–Sudan semidefinite program with the Colin de Verdière graph invariant (J Combin. Theory Ser B 50:11-21, 1990) (and a corresponding conjecture of Colin de Verdière), in which matrices that have some similarities to the dual feasible matrices of the semidefinite program must have high rank in the case that graphs are of a certain type; for instance, planar graphs have rank that would imply that the primal solution of the semidefinite program encodes a 4-coloring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the verbal argument coding by a system of person indexing and the alignment type of Beria. Beria is a Saharan language spoken in the Sudan and Chad. The data presented here is from the Wagi dialect. The person indexing system has been analyzed as exhibiting split-S alignment with two types of intransitive verb classes: agentive and patientive verbs. Patientive verbs – though mostly encoding one-participant events – are, however, formally transitive. This morphosyntax-semantics mismatch poses a challenge for the split-S analysis and calls for a reassessment of the transitivity status of the patientive verb class. The present study takes morphosyntactic facts into account that have not been considered in previous contributions. It provides evidence from the verbal number marking system which corroborates an analysis in terms of a split-S alignment type with typologically unusual features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a literature-based review methodology, this paper examines the questions, fairness, and implications relating to the inclusion of the 14-Mile Area in the September 2012 Cooperation Agreement signed between Sudan and South Sudan. It finds that previous colonial arrangements and the subsequent inclusion of this area under the rubric of disputed territories muddied the waters, thus giving a wrong impression to the public about what was originally unintended and sanctioned. Second, it finds that the Malual Dinka community remains justified in arguing that the 14-Mile Area is undisputed. The fact that Arab nomads from Sudan have been permitted to enjoy access to the grazing and crossborder trade benefits does not confer right of ownership over the strip. Seen from this context, the article examines the implications of including the 14-Mile Area in the Cooperation Agreement and arrives at policy recommendations designed to ensure community resource management and investments in the area. Thus, the article advances not just community-to-community peace, but also regional peace and stability. It concludes by beseeching the governments of both Sudan and South Sudan to exclude the 14-Mile Area from any discussion of disputed areas of international borders. The article advocates that local communities should be given an unencumbered opportunity to manage issues of access to grazing areas by Sudanese nomads based on community-to-community negotiations, which have always been the tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce epistemicide as an emerging theoretical framework for critical library and information studies alongside the well-known ones extensively covered in the literature of our field. Definitions of epistemicide and an aggregate of related concepts drawn from recent research are reviewed and examined through the lens of the ethics of information and knowledge organization (KO). A detailed historical background about Nubia and Kushite kingdoms along the river Nile is chosen as a case study. It focuses on the early conditions that led to racism, marginalization, and discrimination of the civilization of the Nile Valley in Sudan and its tangible cultural heritage. Facts are drawn from a vast literature review, documentary films, checked in knowledge organization systems (KOS, indexing languages and classifications) and museums. The paper concludes with an appeal to information scholars and professionals to address epistemicide as an ethical and crucial issue for information professionals responsible for the credibility and accuracy of the information they handle in every field of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovations are needed to address the global issue of access to high-quality education, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This paper shows quasi-experimental evidence that a digital game-based learning programme ('Can't Wait to Learn') led to significantly greater improvements in mathematics competency, Arabic literacy competency, and psychological wellbeing of children aged 7–9 in Sudan, compared to state-provided education for out-of-school children, 6 months after the start of the programme implementation (n = 221). These findings were corroborated and extended by qualitative data from 33 focus group discussions and key informant interviews with children, learning directors, caregivers, community leaders, and supervisory staff. We found no difference between groups on child-reported hope, and we found evidence for a significant negative intervention effect on child-reported self-esteem, though the psychometric properties of these instruments were not adequate. We report several considerations related to the experience of local facilitators, programme implementation challenges, and the importance of community acceptance and engagement for fidelity of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across a 1000‐km stretch of the River Nile, from the 1st Cataract in southern Egypt to the 4th Cataract in Sudan, many hundreds of drystone walls are located within active channels, on seasonally inundated floodplains or in now‐dry Holocene palaeochannel belts. These walls (or river groynes) functioned as flood and flow control structures and are of a type now commonly in use worldwide. In the Nile Valley, the structures have been subject only to localised investigations, and none have been radiometrically dated. Some were built within living memory to trap nutrient‐rich Nile silts for agriculture, a practice already recorded in the early 19th century C.E. However, others situated within ancient palaeochannel belts indicate construction over much longer time frames. In this paper, we map the distribution of these river groynes using remote sensing and drone survey. We then establish their probable functions and a provisional chronology using ethnoarchaeological investigation and the ground survey, excavation and radiometric dating of the structures in northern Sudan, focusing on the Holocene riverine landscape surrounding the pharaonic settlement of Amara West (c. 1300–1000 B.C.E.). Finally, we consider the historical and economic implications of this form of hydraulic engineering in the Nile Valley over the past three millennia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small town of Maji in Southwest Ethiopia has long been considered the periphery of the periphery. It was founded as a kätäma (fortified settlement) in 1898 by officers of Emperor Menelik II's imperial army after its conquest of the area by his general Ras Woldegiorgis Aboye, and it developed as a small hub for trans-regional trade and as an imperial border post near British Sudan. It was founded in the territory of the Dizi people and was lightly "governed" and economically marginal. Well into the Dergue period, Maji was seen as an economic and social backwater, as a place of "exile" for political administrators and army officers who had "failed" or incurred the displeasure of their superiors. Its reputation was notorious, as it emerged basically a place based on exploitation or predation of the hinterland after its foundation in 1898: for foreigners (Baluchi and Swahili traders, gold diggers and big game hunters), Ethiopian state agents, long-distance traders, modern-day state bureaucrats, and today also for tourist visitors. Building on pioneer work by historian P. Garretson and a few others, in this paper I reconstruct the outlines of Maji's socio-cultural history as a microcosmos of Ethiopia's history and political economy, reflecting structures of power on the local and national level as well as cultural "ranking" and diversity. Following Garretson, I thereby rephrase its reputed "isolated" status then and now: while economic and political connections to the wider society, mediated by youth agency and Internet connection, are slowly emerging, its image of an "isolated place" is still dominant, buttressed by the town's geographic fringe location. Whether Maji's current modest growth and transport connectivity are redefining its status as a 'remote periphery' and reshape its link to wider political-economic-social networks remains to be seen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has caused far-reaching humanitarian challenges. Amongst the emerging impacts of the pandemic is on the dynamics of human trafficking. This paper presents findings from a multi-methods study interrogating the impacts of COVID-19 on human trafficking in Sudan—a critical source, destination, and transit country. The analysis combines a systematic evidence review, semi-structured interviews, and a focus group with survivors, conducted between January and May of 2021. We find key risks have been exacerbated, and simultaneously, critical infrastructure for identifying victims, providing support, and ensuring accountability of perpetrators has been impeded. Centrally, the co-occurrence of the pandemic and the democratic transition undercut the institutional and governance capacity, limiting the anti-trafficking response and exposing already vulnerable groups to increased risks of human trafficking. Findings point to increased vulnerabilities for individuals with one or more of the following identities: migrants, refugees, females, and informal labourers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many applications in agriculture as well as other related fields including natural resources, environment, health, and sustainability, depend on recent and reliable cropland maps. Cropland extent and intensity plays a critical input variable for the study of crop production and food security around the world. However, generating such variables manually is difficult, expensive, and time consuming. In this work, we discuss a cost effective, fast, and simple machine-learning-based approach to provide reliable cropland mapping model using satellite imagery. The study includes four test regions, namely Iran, Mozambique, Sri-Lanka, and Sudan, where Sentinel-2 satellite imagery were obtained with assigned NDVI scores. The solution presented in this paper discusses a complete pipeline including data collection, time series reconstruction, and cropland extent and crop intensity mapping using machine learning models. The approach proposed managed to achieve high accuracy results ranging between 0.92 and 0.98 across the four test regions at hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An up-conversion molecularly imprinted ratiometric fluorescent probe with a monodisperse nuclear-satellite structure and its test strip are designed which can avoid fluorescent background interference to detect Sudan I in chili powder highly selective and sensitive. The detection mechanism is based on the selective recognition of Sudan I by imprinted cavities on the surface of ratiometric fluorescent probe and the inner filter effect between Sudan I molecules and the emission of up-conversion materials (NaYF4:Yb,Tm). Under optimized experimental conditions, the response of fluorescent ratio signals (F475/F645) of this test strip show a good linear relationship in the range 0.02–50 μM Sudan I. The limits of detection and quantitation are as low as 6 nM and 20 nM, respectively. Sudan I is selectively detected in the presence of fivefold higher concentrations of interfering substances (imprinting factor up to 4.4). Detection of Sudan I in chili powder samples show ultra-low LOD (44.7 ng/g), satisfactory recoveries (94.99–105.5%) and low relative standard deviation (≤ 2.0%). This research offers a reliable strategy and promising scheme for highly selective and sensitive detection of illegal additives in complex food matrix via an up-conversion molecularly imprinted ratiometric fluorescent test strip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the use and function of interruption in Sudanese women's casual conversation. The main objective of the study was to uncover the way in which Sudanese used interruption in their casual conversation and examine the purpose for using it. Data was collected via recording of casual conversations among three groups of women in Sudan. The subjects were briefed about the purpose of recording and the use of the resulting data for research purposes, and their consent was taken before the recordings. A threehour recording was made, out of which about forty minutes of the recorded data was used for analysis. Results showed that interruption was used by Sudanese women for a number of purposes, including gaining solo speakership, commenting on a current topic, sharing a similar experience, and eliciting talk. The analysis indicates that the participants accept interruption as a strategy of cooperation, leading to continuation of speech rather than cutting a speaker off or dominating the conversation flow. Results implicate that further investigation of Sudanese women discourse may uncover interesting ways and strategies women use to fulfill their communication demands in both casual and formal conversations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find funding sources for social health insurance in Sudan to cover vulnerable families. Design/methodology/approach: The concept of this paper is to look into the causality relationship between insured and directly paid poor people and their incomes through using the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) and using a survey raw data carried out in 2010 in Sudan. Findings: The findings show that insured vulnerable people and income-generating activities have a significant positive relationship. The results, on the other hand, show a marginally negative effect on income for those who have directly paid poor people. Originality/value: Previous research on the position of zakat has focused primarily on its role in poverty alleviation and has given little consideration to its role in social security. This study is characterized by improving the possibility of changing the mechanism of distributing zakat funds in favor of health financing to maximize the benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines income inequality in Sudan, using data of the national labor surveys carried out by Ministry of Labour, in 1996 and 2011. It attempts to explore the contribution of different income sources to over-all income inequality, by disaggregating the Gini measure of household per capita income, and change in the sources relative marginal effects between the two years. A Gini coefficient of 71% is indicated in 1996 with a lower value of 61% shown for 2011. Wages and paid labor income are found to represent the largest share of household per capita income and ranked first among the different income sources in contribution to overall inequality (63.5% in 1996 and 43% in 2011). Income from agricultural and livestock represented the second largest share (36%) in income composition in 2011 and in relative contribution to inequality (39%) compared to a lower contribution of (around 9%) in 1996, when one fifth of total per capita income was made of remittances and transfers. In 1996 both income and remittances seemed to have benefited the top income recipients. It is argued that this can be attributed to the harsh economic measures implemented in mid-1990, which privatized the provision of vital services to agriculture, including provision of credit. An increase in contribution of non-agricultural income in 2011 seemed to produce favorable impact on inequality as indicated by a marginal effect of -.003. Also in 2011, though contributing less to income than in 1996, remittances and transfers had an equalizing effect on overall inequality (marginal effect of -0.02). It is suggested that improvement in agricultural infrastructure, and provision of inputs like water and credit facilities, especially to small producers, and creation of off-farm activities in rain-fed areas, and support to self-employed and small producers in services and trade in urban areas, would have a favourable impact on employment and income distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper relocates the study of contemporary Islamic law from state judiciaries and reformist polemics to the learning circles of late colonial Sudan. It focuses on the careers of two Mālikī jurists: ʿUthmān b. Ḥasanayn Barrī al-Jaʿalī (d. 1960) and Abū Ṭāhir Ḥasan Fāy al-Bijāwī (d. 1984). Hardly indifferent to the pressures of modernity, each attempted to resuscitate a Mālikī school beset by colonial reforms from above and revisionist critiques from below. A Sufi, political advisor, and traditionalist, al-Jaʿalī composed an homage to the "slavish imitation" of Mālikī jurists (taqlīd) that nevertheless admitted the intervention and frequent rebuke of its author. al-Bijāwī did the opposite, employing his expertise in ḥadīth to recast demands for dissolving legal schools (madhhab s) in a clever justification of Mālikī doctrine. Together they highlight examples of internal reform, as well as the significance of Africa's jurists, that remain understudied in the contemporary history of Islamic law. Less the dissolution of the madhhab than its resilience, they attest to the ways in which Mālikī scholars continued to defend the classical legal tradition long after its presumed demise at the hands of modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium isotopes with high abundances (6Li and 7Li) are crucial for the advancement of nuclear energy. In order to achieve the effective separation of 7Li, a Sudan I-[HMIm][BF4]-anisole extraction system was built employing Sudan I (1-benzeneazo-2-naphthol) as the extractant and hydrophobic ionic liquid [HMIm][BF4] as the co-extractant. By optimizing the organic and aqueous phase components, the extraction rate of the system could reach up to 26.30%, and the single-stage separation factor of the system could reach 1.015 ± 0.001. Meanwhile, the mechanism of the extraction process was investigated, and it was found that the ratio of Sudan I to lithium ions is 1 : 1, and the thermodynamic enthalpy change of the extraction process was less than zero (ΔH < 0), indicating that the extraction process of the system was an exothermic process. The construction of the Sudan-ionic liquid extraction separation system provides a new idea for the study of 7Li enrichment and separation and also provides a possibility for the industrialization of high-abundance 7Li enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle Nile Valley offers exceptional environmental conditions that allow the preservation of organic materials, including textiles. This paper presents the results of the analysis of 17 samples collected from wool, cotton, and silk textiles excavated in the ancient capital of Old Dongola from layers dated to the 17th and 18th centuries CE. Chemical analysis using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) have identified both plant and animal dyes. Locally produced textiles, mostly from wool and decorated with blue, green, orange, and yellow hues, were dyed with woad (Isatis tinctoria), flavonoid plants, and madder‐type roots, which were already known and used by medieval dyers in that area. For the first time, kermes (Kermes vermilio) and lac‐dye (Kerria species) have been also identified as a dye source in samples from this group. Imported fabrics, of cotton and silk, were dyed blue with woad (I. tinctoria) but also with indigo (Indigofera tinctoria); dyer's broom (Genista tinctoria) and kermes (K. vermilio) were other dyes identified in this second group. The results of this study provide the first dye identification for textiles produced in the 17th–18th c. Sudan and contribute new data to the research on textile production and trade in post‐medieval Sudan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Floods are the most frequent natural disasters with a significant share of their mortality. Preparedness is capable of decreasing the mortality of floods by at least 50%. This paper aims to present the psychometric properties of a scale developed to evaluate the behavior of preparedness to floods in Sudan and similar settings. Methods: In this methodological scale development study, experts assessed the content validity of the items of the developed scale. Data were collected from key persons of 413 households living in neighborhoods affected by the 2018 floods in Kassala City in Sudan. A pre-tested questionnaire of sociodemographic data and the Flood Preparedness Behavior Scale (FPBS) were distributed to the participants' houses and recollected. Construct validity of the scale was checked using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency of the scale was checked using Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability was assessed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Item analyses and tests of significance of the difference in the mean scores of the highest and lowest score groups were carried out to ensure discriminatory power of the scale items. Results: Experts agreed on the scale items. Construct validity of the scale was achieved using EFA by removing 34 items and retaining 25 items that were structured in three factors, named as: measures to be done before, during, and after a flood. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the construct obtained by EFA. The loadings of the items on their factors in both EFA and CFA were all > 0.3 with significant associations and acceptable fit indices obtained from CFA. The three factors were found to be reliable in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficients for all factors were > 0.7) and test-retest reliability coefficient. In item analysis, the corrected total item correlations for all the items were > 0.3, and significant differences in the means of the highest and lowest score groups indicated good item discrimination power. Conclusion: The developed 25 items scale is an instrument which produces valid and reliable measures of preparedness behavior for floods in Sudan and similar settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]