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Green synthesis offers a superior alternative to traditional methods for producing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This approach is not only benign and safe but also cost-effective, scalable, and straightforward, operating under ambient conditions. Notable metals and metal oxide nanoparticles, such as manganese oxides, iron oxides, silver, and gold, have been produced using various bio-reductants derived from plant extracts. These biological agents not only expedite the reduction process but also stabilize the nanoparticles, serving dual roles as reducing and capping agents. This review presents the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) obtained from biogenic wastes and plant extracts. The green-synthesized nanostructured MnO2 nanoparticles are evaluated as a potential photocatalyst for water treatment and as an electrode material in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The green-derived iron oxide nanoparticles are examined as promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agents. Additionally, this review discusses the green synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles, specifically silver (Ag NPs) and gold (Au NPs), highlighting their potential medical applications in areas like antiviral treatments and cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomedicine is a potential provider of novel therapeutic and diagnostic routes of treatment. Considering the development of multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria and the commonness of cancer, novel approaches are being sought for the safe and efficient synthesis of new nanoparticles, which have multifaceted applications in medicine. Unfortunately, the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles raises justified environmental concerns. A significant problem in their widespread use is also the toxicity of compounds that maintain nanoparticle stability, which significantly limits their clinical use. An opportunity for their more extensive application is the utilization of plants, fungi, and bacteria for nanoparticle biosynthesis. Extracts from natural sources can reduce metal ions in nanoparticles and stabilize them with non-toxic extract components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis reduces the production of deleterious products through sustainable and eco-friendly synthesis procedures by using natural resources such as green materials. The present work reports the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles to minimise waste products and implement sustainable processes. Environmental sustainability will increase the healthy environment by reducing hazardous products to the environment. The research community attracts green plants and their products for materials production due to their nontoxic nature to the environment and human health. The current report is new experimentation for nanoparticles by use of green materials with biological reduction method. Silver and gold nanoparticles were synthesized by use of Butea monosperma plant leaves extract. Potential applications of the green derived nanoparticles are known for biological applications and environmental remediation is discussed. The mechanisms of the biological activity of the nanoparticles are also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Caralluma adscendens R.Brown var. bicolor was used for the phytosynthesis of nanomaterials. • Both nanoparticles exhibited greater pharmacological activities. • Prepared nanomaterials were characterized using FTIR, HR-TEM, EDX, and UV–Vis analysis. • Both nanoparticles showed higher wound-healing activity than CABL extract based on the MTT assay and fluorescence analysis. Nanomaterials employed in nanomedicine have the potential to function as both diagnostic and therapeutic tools for individuals. Over the past few decades, significant efforts have been made to synthesize a range of metal nanoparticles through the utilization of different plant extracts. Caralluma adscendens R. Brown var. bicolor leaves (CABL) extract was employed in this study as a reducing/capping agent for the synthesis of gold/silver nanoparticles (CABL@AgNPs/CABL@AuNPs) and explore their pharmacological properties. The successful synthesis of CABL@AgNPs and CABL@AuNPs was confirmed through the observation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 439 and 522 nm using ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis). High resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques were employed to evaluate the shape, size, and chemical composition of the as-synthesized CABL@AgNPs and CABL@AuNPs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the biomolecules responsible for the reduction of metal ions and the stability of metal nanoparticles generated using plant extract. An evaluation was performed to assess the antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of the prepared aqueous CABL extract, CABL@AgNPs, and CABL@AuNPs through the implementation of the disc diffusion technique. The results demonstrated that CABL@AgNPs exhibited greater efficiency when compared to both CABL extract and CABL@AuNPs. The dose-dependent nature of antimicrobial activities was clearly demonstrated through the results of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory experiments. The wound healing activity of the prepared nanomaterials was evaluated using a variety of techniques, including MTT assay, fluorescence staining test, and in vitro scratch assay. The wound-healing capacity of prepared nanomaterials was evaluated using an in vitro scratch assay with Fibroblast L929 cells. The impact of nanoparticles at the IC 50 concentration range was analysed through a fluorescence staining experiment and MTT assay to determine toxicity levels. The environmentally friendly approach of current study shown that both nanoparticles have the potential to be effective therapeutic agents for treating different illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eco-friendlybiosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and gold (Au NPs) nanoparticles by using Punica granatum and C. reticulata extracts were synthesized efficiently. Ag and Au NPs with sizes 8–10 nm and 30–40 nm were successfully synthesized and extracts serve as capping agents. Forming of NPs was confirmed through UV-visible spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) studies. The effect of NPs on the luminescence of Eu(TTFA)3 and Sm(TTFA)3 complexes was investigated. Luminescence intensities of the complexes were enhanced several times in the presence of silver and get quenched due to reabsorption of Au NPs. The nonlinear optical properties of NPs were calculated using open aperture Z-scan and degenerate four-wave mixing in the femtosecond region. The toxicity and antimicrobial activities of Ag and Au NPs were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the storyline of metal nanoparticles, green synthesis is emerging at a very fast pace. In this experimentation phenomena, nanoparticles of Titanium dioxide were coalesced using an extract solution of oscimum sanctum herba as a bioreductant. This is novel and interesting method for synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles. The prepared titanium dioxide nanoparticles were distinguished using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The girth range of TiO2 nanoparticles was evaluated to be in the range of 90-100 nm. Moreover, the reaction which was alkaline by behavior of the solution (pH = 8) resulted in the increase in absorbance (at 570 nm and 490 nm), which sparges the growth of the number of TiO2 nanoparticles in the studied solution. The microscopic technique showed that the diameter of TiO2 was in the range of 6-10 nm but with little agglomeration. Also, its Antibiofilm activity was accessed with correlation to optical densities, biofilm formation capability of microbes make their distortion tedious but fighting strategy of nanoparticles could be a revolution in antibacterial investigations 450 µg/l of nanoparticles from both the extracts targeted the biofilms of E.coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exploitation of various plant materials for the synthesis of nanoparticles is considered as a green technology as it does not necessitate any hazardous chemicals. Here we report the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using an aqueous rhizome extract of a medicinal plant, Costus speciosus by microwave assisted method. The silver and gold nanoparticles show high antimicrobial activities against both bacterial and fungal strains. Also, the nanoparticles exhibit high radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Furthermore, the nanoparticles show excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol and methylene blue in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology and nanoscience are presently going through distinct inaugurations that will govern diverse industries world-wide in due course. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) disclose remarkable hallmarks and perpetuate to allure researchers to explore new amendments to their valuation. Amongst the divergent metal NPs, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) NPs have stolen the spotlight. AuNPs and AgNPs are frequently synthesized utilizing toxic chemicals, which devastate the environment. The major portion of this review is demanded at the instigation of eco-friendly techniques to provoke the green synthesis approach. It will prospect the extensive reason why green reduction is preferred over conventional chemical reduction due to eco-friendly impacts. The extracts of plant-based bio-molecules are the spine of plant-mediated fabrication of NPs, which outshines conservative chemical procedures. The excellent benefits of eco-friendly approaches have also paved the way for captivating developments in the synthesis of NPs. This review provides comprehensive scientific enlightenment about the optimization parameters (exposure time, pH, etc), mechanism, and toxicological impacts of nanoparticles. Furthermore, compendious advancements in antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer applications of AgNPs mediated green sources from currently published articles were recapitulated. The green syntheses of nanoparticles fabricated by more than 65 traditionally utilized therapeutic plants are reviewed. This review outlines a literature study by classifying nanoparticles with a global market production from 2010 to 2025 and depicts an overview of applicable concerns provided by the accessible scientific data scrutinizing the green synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing plants. The fascination of this review is that it piles up all the recent information in a single platform which will inspect new intentions for young researchers. • Ecofriendly nanoparticles synthesis. • Bimetallic nanoparticles of gold and silver. • Environmental remediation. • Nanoparticles applications of ginger and garlic. • Biological activities of ginger and garlic extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has emerged as a prominent scientific discipline in the technological revolution of this millennium. The scientific community has focused on the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles as compared to physical and chemical methods due to its eco-friendly nature and high efficacy. Medicinal plants have been proven as the paramount source of various phytochemicals that can be used for the biogenic synthesis of colloidal silver and gold nanoparticles as compared to other living organisms, e.g., microbes and fungi. According to various scientific reports, the biogenic nanoparticles have shown promising potential as wound healing agents. However, not a single broad review article was present that demonstrates the wound healing application of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles. Foreseeing the overall literature published, we for the first time intended to discuss the current trends in wound healing via biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles. Furthermore, light has been shed on the mechanistic aspects of wound healing along with futuristic discussion on the faith of biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles as potential wound healing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two noble metals, such as silver and gold alloy nanoparticles, were successfully synthesized by the microwave assisted method in the presence of the Asparagus racemosus root extract and were used as an antibacterial and immunomodulatory agent. The nanostuctures of the synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The UV-vis spectrum exhibits a distinct absorption peak at 483 nm for the bimetallic alloy nanoparticles. The microscopic analysis revealed the spherical shaped morphology of the biosynthesized nanoparticles with a particle size of 10–50 nm. The antibacterial potential of the green synthesized single metal (AgNPs and AuNPs) and bimetallic alloy nanoparticles was tested against five bacterial strains. The bimetallic alloy nanoparticles displayed the highest zone of inhibition against P. aeurgnosia and S.aureus strains when compared to single metal nanoparticles and plant extract. In addition, the inmmunomodulatory potential of the root extract of A. racemosus, AgNPs, AuNPs, and Ag-Au alloy NPs is achieved by measuring the cytokine levels in macrophages (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and NK cells (IFN-γ) of NK92 and THP1 cells using the solid phase sandwich ELISA technique. The results showed that the root extract of A. racemosus, AgNPs, and AuNPs can reduce the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the macrophages cells, while Ag-Au alloy NPs can reduce cytokine responses in NK92 cells. Overall, this study shows that the microwave assisted biogenic synthesized bimetallic nanoalloy nanoparticles could be further explored for the development of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, metal nanoparticles have varied uses for different medical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications. Nanobiotechnology, combined with green chemistry, has great potential for the development of novel and necessary products that benefit human health, environment, and industries. Green chemistry has an important role due to its contribution to unconventional synthesis methods of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts, which have exhibited antimicrobial potential, among other outstanding properties. Biodiversity-rich countries need to collect and convert knowledge from biological resources into processes, compounds, methods, and tools, which need to be achieved along with sustainable use and exploitation of biological diversity. Therefore, this paper describes the relevant reported green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts and their capacity as antimicrobial agents within the agricultural field for fighting against bacterial and fungal pathogens that can cause plant, waterborne, and foodborne diseases. Moreover, this work makes a brief review of nanoparticles' contribution to water treatment and the development of "environmentally-friendly" nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanoherbicides, as well as presenting the harmful effects of nanoparticles accumulation in plants and soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis has gained wide attention as a sustainable, reliable, and eco-friendly approach to the synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials, including hybrid materials, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, and bioinspired materials. Plant flowers contain diverse secondary compounds, including pigments, volatile substances contributing to fragrance, and other phenolics that have a profound ethnobotanical relevance, particularly in relation to the curing of diseases by 'Pushpa Ayurveda' or floral therapy. These compounds can be utilized as potent reducing agents for the synthesis of a variety of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, and cadmium. Phytochemicals from flowers can act both as reducing and stabilizing agents, besides having a role as precursor molecules for the formation of NPs. Furthermore, the synthesis is mostly performed at ambient room temperatures and is eco-friendly, as no toxic derivatives are formed. The NPs obtained exhibit unique and diverse properties, which can be harnessed for a variety of applications in different fields. This review reports the use of a variety of flower extracts for the green synthesis of several types of metallic nanoparticles and their applications. This review shows that flower extract was mainly used to design gold and silver nanoparticles, while other metals and metal oxides were less explored in relation to this synthesis. Flower-derived silver nanoparticles show good antibacterial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activities and can be used in different applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]