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The current era of the fourth industrial revolution combines digital, physical, and biological knowledge in ways never seen before. This revolution has resulted in disruptive technologies and trends, such as robotics, internet of things (IoT), virtual reality, and artificial intelligence (AI). The African continent is still behind with preparations for its future, through relevant unique educational practices for its populace in this era. This is because very little has changed in the curriculum content of African education, and post colonial education in Africa is essentially a colonial legacy. The curriculum is still designed after western models and paradigms, which have little or no relevance to life in Africa. This paper records the epistemological evisceration of African-centered intellectual traditions in formal education as a major cause of this challenge. Proposing the introduction of an itinerant curriculum in the African higher education sector as a viable solution to this epistemicide, this paper first argues that all bodies of knowledge(western and indigenous) are valid and significant, and should therefore be infused together without one placed as superior over the other. The study concludes that curriculum should reflect the intrinsic value of African culture, language, customs, and practices. The integration of all bodies of knowledge is the hallmark of an itinerant curriculum, should support the inclusion of a wider diversity of knowledge in curriculum theory, and practice.

At the fin de siècle the Industrial Revolution created egregious physical, emotional and spiritual conditions for American society and especially for the worker but who would come forward to alleviate those conditions? Protestants implemented their Social Gospel Movement as a proposed cure to these problems. Secular Progressives engaged in a more activist role both materially and through legislation. Both of these groups had limited successes with disappointing outcomes. America's Catholics, more accustomed to living and working in industrialized neighborhoods, eventually developed their own programs and agenda to address social and labor concerns. However some scholars believed that Catholic efforts merely replicated what others had achieved. It was the actions of America's Catholics in answer to these issues that propelled them onto the national scene with a sense of purpose, inclusion and equality. This paper examines each group to ascertain their programs, relevant accomplishments and demonstrate how resolutions to solve social and labor problems proceeded yet stagnated for some. For America's Catholics their agenda for social reconstruction empowered them to assert themselves as equals with a long lasting viable program of future corrective action.

This paper discusses the role of labor force in industrialization in Algeria by entering the spending in education as a mediator variable. From a theoretical point of view, there are good grounds for believing that labor force can play an important role in promoting industrialization, but if education had been incorporated in manufacturing, this will facilitate the conduct of manufacturing operations. At this, the authors will use the method of Path Analysis in order to calculate the impact of the labor force on industrialization in Algeria with the presence of education expenditure as a variable mediator during the period from 1970 to 2014. It is therefore concluded that education expenditure plays an important mediator role in the enhancement of workforce's capacity to strengthen manufacturing in Algeria during the study period.

Is it possible to measure the green performance of the manufacturing sector? Which world regions are doing better in terms of green industrialization? This paper develops a novel methodology to respond to these questions by improving the green industrial performance (GIP) index through the refinement and expansion of the green product list that lies at its core. The paper constructs a new database using international comparable data sources such as the UNIDO's industrial statistics database and the UN COMTRADE, to compute the GIP index and rank 116 economies in terms of their ability to produce and export green industrial products. The paper shows that industrialized economies outperformed other economies with Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, Czechia and Austria topping the GIP ranking of industrial green performance in 2019. Then it estimates and compares the relative green industrial performance of eight country groupings to conclude that Northern America, Europe and Eastern Asia perform significantly better than the other country groupings. Our analysis of Europe and Eastern Asia serves to display significant differences in green industrial performance of economies even within these two leading country groupings. Finally, the paper puts forward recommendations for future research and measurement of the green performance of the manufacturing sector of the world's economies and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most Latin American countries entered the ranks of middle-income levels almost simultaneously with Japan and South Korea. However, while Japan and South Korea embarked on the path of economic development through technological innovation and industrial upgrading, Latin America fell into the middle-income trap. By examining the history of industrial and technological development in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico, three representative countries in Latin America, this paper finds that the fundamental reasons for Latin America falling into the middle-income trap lie in the tension between the choice of industrialization path and primitive accumulation, as well as the institutional deficiencies in technology and industrial development. Latin America, which has fallen into the middle-income trap, finds it hard to upgrade its technology and is trapped in premature industrialization and the middle-technology trap. It can be said that Latin America has fallen into a double trap, which reinforces each other and forms a solid trap pattern. The warning from the Latin American experience is that late-developing countries need to maintain an open attitude during the process of technological catching up, build a complete technological innovation system, enhance industrial and technological governance capabilities, and seize the window of opportunity for technological and industrial upgrading. Otherwise, there is a significant risk of falling into the middle-income trap and even the double trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's digital economy development is a strategic decision to construct a new development model for the nation's economic growth and to pave the way to fostering high-quality economic growth. Since the Chinese government first introduced its strategy for developing digital economy in 2016, the Chongqing Municipal Government has responded positively by implementing various policy initiatives. This paper examines and evaluates the overall level of Chongqing's digital economy from 2014 to 2021 and analyses the development process through a mixed research method. The results show a growth trend of continuous improvement, with the speed of digital economy development in Chongqing significantly accelerating after 2017. However, there are still some challenges, such as weak innovation capacity, lagging digital service capability, imbalance in the internal structure of digital economy, and uneven development within the region. Therefore, Chongqing must make some efforts to support the advance of digital economy by developing infrastructure, cultivating market players, and enhancing innovation capabilities, thereby forming a solid foundation for growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on regional economic development theories, industrial development strategies implemented by governments can distort factor market allocations, change the viability of firms, and thus bring about structural changes in industries. How such policy changes will affect regional environmental performance has been relatively little discussed in the existing literature. This paper attempts to explain whether the implementation of an industrial catch-up development strategy can be a major influence on the level of regional environmental performance from the perspective of comparative advantage, and how this influence can be achieved by changing technological progress. As for the measurement of environmental performance, this paper innovatively adopts two improved measurements based on by-production technology theory to measure the regional environmental performance of Chinese provincial regions from 1997 to 2016. Moreover, the other main novelty is that it adopts Tobit regression models to explicitly explore the effective effects and impact mechanisms of government development strategies on regional environmental efficiency in China. The key findings are as follows (i) the implementation of an industrial catch-up development strategy that defies the comparative advantage of a region can lead to poor environmental performance. (ii). the comparative advantage defying strategy adopted by the eastern regions with higher level of economic development and the regions with priority protection of resources and environment has less inhibiting effect on environmental performance than the central and western regions. (iii). development strategy does impact environmental efficiency through technological progress; more precisely, through technology import and technological transformation rather than independent R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Victorian Age was a period of economic progress for England, driven by technological advancements and the expansion of power. During this era, the British Empire dominated much of the world, and the imperialists bragged that the Sun never sets on the vast empire. The main factor behind this rapid economic progress was industrialization, which was marked by the establishment of various industries across the nation. But the industrialization of Great Britain was not without its consequences; the advent of the Industrial Revolution brought with it an increased demand for cheap industrial labour. It was the poor working-class families that were brought in to supply this cheap labour to meet the increasing demands of the fast-progressing nation. Many children from such families were also hired to keep the nation's economic graph pointing upward. Child labour, thus, became a by-product of industrialization in England. While the mighty nation revelled in the glorious result of the Industrial Revolution, the poor children toiled hard, hidden away in dark, gloomy factories. This paper aims at exploring the issue of child labour during this period through the poem A Voice from the Factories: In Serious Verse by Caroline Norton, a prominent Victorian poet and activist. It examines the sufferings and depravity of child labourers in Industrial England as addressed by Norton and many of her contemporaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewage treatment carbon emissions are one of the notable sources of total carbon emission in industrial parks. In order to explore the evolutionary characteristics of sewage treatment carbon emission in industrial parks and its coupling relationship with industrial economic development, based on the quarterly sewage quality monitoring data and regional economic development data of an energy and chemical industry park in Northern Shaanxi from 2016 to 2020, this paper analyzes the evolutionary characteristics of sewage treatment carbon emissions and the coupling relationship between economic development in the industrial parks by using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change carbon emission accounting method and the coupling coordination degree model. The results show that the total carbon emission of sewage treatment in the industrial parks is increasing year by year, and the indirect carbon emissions occupy the dominant position. In 2020, the direct and indirect carbon emissions in the sewage treatment process accounted for 2.4% and 97.6% of the total carbon emission, respectively. It was found that the coupling and coordination relationship between sewage treatment carbon emissions and the economy has experienced the transformation process of serious imbalance—lagging economic development, lagging carbon emission and lagging economic development. In the past five years, the coordinated development degree of the two systems has increased year by year, and the benign mutual feedback mechanism between the two systems has gradually formed. However, regional economic development has lagged due to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, so speeding up regional economic development while protecting the environment is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small cities located on the periphery of large cities have long faced challenges such as difficulties in economic development and population loss, especially in China. The concentration of a few super-large cities in China has hindered the growth of per capita income in most small cities and led to a widening income gap between cities. In addition, studies have shown that central cities can have a polarizing impact on surrounding areas thereby hindering economic growth. To address these issues, this paper examines Baoding, a small city close to the capital, Beijing. Through literature and policy research, we analyse how Baoding can take advantage of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration policy and pursue its urban development in the presence of neighbouring large cities. By providing theoretical suggestions the research contributes to Baodin's urban development through five potential industries: healthcare, automotive, electronics, digital, and tourism. Furthermore, we emphasize the practical contributions such as: the importance of higher education as a key driver of sustainable development for the city. Based on our analysis, we suggest that Baoding's strategic development direction should be aligned with Beijing's needs while recognizing that such alignment is merely a means to an end. The goal of urban development should always be to improve the living standards and well-being of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The logistics industry is closely related to the high-quality economic development. At different levels of industrial structure, the relationship between high-quality development of the logistics industry and the high-quality economic development will vary, resulting in different roles and paths in promoting economic development. However, there is still a lack of research on the relationship between high-quality development of the logistics industry and high-quality economic development at different levels of industrial structure, and further empirical research is needed. It used the benchmark regression model to analyze the impact of the high-quality development of the logistics industry on high-quality economic development, and the panel threshold model was used to analyze the impact of the logistics industry on high-quality economic development at different levels of industrial structure development. The results show that the high-quality development of the logistics industry has a positive role in promoting the high-quality economic development, and in different levels of industrial structure development, the impact of high-quality development level of logistics industry on the high-quality economic development is different. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the industrial structure, promote the deep integration and development of logistics and related industries, and continue to promote the high-quality development of the logistics industry. And when formulating development strategies for the logistics industry, governments and enterprises need to consider factors such as changes in industrial structure, the overall goals of national economy, people's livelihood, and social development, in order to provide solid support for achieving high-quality economic development. This paper demonstrates the importance of high-quality development of the logistics industry in high-quality economic development, and it encourages the adoption of different strategies at different stages of industrial structure development to promote high-quality development of the logistics industry, and achieve high-quality economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Industrial development is crucial in converting all resources to humanity's use and benefits. Economists observe that the development and utilisation of the industrial sector are essential in a country's economic growth. Disaggregating the industrial sector into various components, this paper empirically analyses the performance of the industrial sector on economic growth in Nigeria over the 1970-2015period. Hence, to evaluate the relationship between industrial development and economic growth in Nigeria. Design/Methodology. The paper adopted autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) as the technique of data analysis. Findings and implications. The results further revealed that the coefficients of all industrial subsectors, such as manufacturing, solid minerals and crude petroleum and gas, have positive and statistically significant influences on economic growth in both the short and long run. Among the industrial subsectors, the crude petroleum and gas sector appears to be the highest driver of Nigerian economic growth compared to other industrial subsectors, showing that the Nigerian economy is still far from diversified. Limitations. Limitation emanates from the problem of missing data from the source of data on the variable labour. However, effort has been made to overcome this challenge by applying a two-year moving average gap for periods of missing data. This method conforms to the rational expectation hypothesis (Muth, 1961). Originality. The development of the industrial sector of any economy can be measured by the contribution of various components (Isiksal & Chimezie, 2016). It is expected that as an economy becomes transformed, the share of industrialisation should be increasing (UNECA, 2011). The examination of industrial sector performance involves its sectoral components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past few decades, developing countries have been pushed by international economic institutions and developed countries to effectively abandon promotion of industrialization and structural transformation as a key developmental agenda. In addition, the 'development' debate of recent decades has tended to focus solely on internal factors as if external economic forces are always benign. Within this context, this paper analyzes the key ideas of Gebrehiwot Baykedagn (GHB) (1886–1919), traces their lineages and considers their feasibility and relevance for current developing economies. In a nutshell, for GHB, the main keys to economic development are the creation, accumulation and use of knowledge and skill, technology, innovation and technical change and the means of economic development are deliberate, dynamic and comprehensive sets of state-directed, synergistic interventions that aim at moving an economy away from 'nature-intensive' economic activities towards knowledge-, skill-, technology- and innovation-based ones. Based on analysis of historical and theoretical evidence, this paper argues that the main ideas of GHB and his colleagues are still valid, feasible and relevant for today's developing economies as long as they are innovatively tailored to the unique context of each country and to the broader international policy context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bantustans were created during the apartheid period of South Africa's history and represented one of the key pillars of planning for 'grand apartheid'. A major challenge was the promotion of economic development in these territories in order to give them a facade of economic legitimacy. Four of the ten Bantustan ethno-states eventually acceded to the grant of 'independence' which created a changed environment for territorial economic development. The article explores a transition in economic development planning by the apartheid state from Bantustan industrialization to a focus on tourism and casino resort developments as a potential driver of Bantustan economic progress. In terms of methods and sources the paper applies an historical approach that blends secondary sources with primary documentary material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a young but vigorous international city cluster with a complete industrial system and is taking the lead in China's economic development. This paper analyzes the economic and industrial development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and measures the industrial agglomeration index and homogeneity index among different cities in the area. After our analysis, we found that the cities in the area showed apparent differences in their economic development levels. Therefore, this paper suggests improving the competitiveness of the Greater Bay Area through systematic division and collaboration of industries, further achieving rational industrial structure and high-quality economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to revisit the nature of the link between trade openness and industrialization in Africa over the period 1990–2019. Given the fragility of the traditional openness indicator, we use the new index proposed by Squalli and Wilson (2011). This index has the advantage of taking into account the country's weight in world trade, making it a better measure of trade openness. The methodology used is that of dynamic panels with the application of the GMM system estimator. We arrive at the results according to which: (i) trade openness, as measured by the Squalli and Wilson (2011) indicator, is a positive factor explaining the level of industrialization in Africa; (ii) the relationship between industrialization and the level of wealth is nonlinear. Beyond the role that factors such as investment, the level of education, natural resources, ICT and governance can play, the results we have reached recommend that trade openness should be prioritised as a fundamental determinant of industrialization to remain one of the keys to Africa's economic development. This result remains consistent after several robustness tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents structural changes occured in manufacturing of the European Union member countries over the last decade and a half, and trends of specialization or diversification of the industry in different countries. Highlighted aspects confirm the results of theoretical assertions and empirical research that the industrial specialization occurs according to a „curve in U", which links it to the country's development. The comparison between the trends which became manifest in Romania and that presented by most member countries highlights the existence of numerous congruities and, also, discrepancies, between the compared entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is a crucial component of industrial development and the provision of essential services, as well as an essential element of economic development. Therefore, improving the integration of environmental and energy-efficiency concerns into environmental, economic, and social policies is an essential task for all nations. During the last decades, the trends in energy consumption are determined by economic activities, demographics, lifestyle changes, and weather. In these contexts, the objective of the current research will be to analyse and evaluate the correlations between energy efficiency, energy productivity, energy use and economic development using the linear regression method. Based on the results and the validated/invalidated hypothesis, the paper will propose, also, ways and means for a positive correlation and influence among the studies variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of wireless communication and the Internet of Things has promoted the construction of smart cities and is the technical basis for the construction of smart cities. The influence of regional economic development level on smart city construction cannot be ignored, and it constitutes the external environment of smart city construction. The combination of the two will play a driving role in the construction of smart cities. Therefore, the planning and construction of smart cities must be coordinated with the realization of the two. This paper adopts a combination of literature analysis and field investigation to analyze the decoupling between smart city construction and regional economic development, conduct research on relevant cities, and combine the current situation of smart city construction to collect the problems encountered in smart city construction and regional economic development. Through analysis, it provides suggestions for the development of smart cities and regional economic development. The survey results show that in the process of smart city construction and regional industrial economic development in the context of the Internet of Things, information security and lack of talent are the most prominent problems. Among the relevant suggestions on these issues, the proportion of talent introduction is about 45%, and the proportion of rational planning of industrial structure is about 28%. Based on the experience of existing research results, this study uses optimization algorithms to make the impact of various factors more specific, which is helpful for each region to make scientific planning based on its own actual situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the analysis and research on the development of digital industry and further understand the industrial development trend, in view of the continuous growth of the scale and quantity of digital industry and the continuous increase and expansion of digital industry economy, this paper uses the most popular intelligent deep learning algorithm to verify and research the efficiency of digital industry development under intelligent technology. Finally, it is considered that the application of intelligent deep learning algorithm not only meets the development needs of digital industry in the intelligent era but also improves the accuracy of economic development of digital industry and the overall development power. It has important strategic significance in promoting the economic prosperity of digital industry in the later stage, improving the advantages of industrial development and improving people's livelihood, and has a new awareness of China's economic development in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization in China has faced severe problems such as resource depletion and environmental degradation. The Yangtze River economic belt (YREB) strategy is one of the essential strategies for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy. Maximizing economic benefits while using the least resources and the least pollution to the environment is critical for China's sustainable development strategy. This paper proposed the DEA to measure industrial eco-efficiency in the YREB from 2009 to 2018. It analyzed its temporal evolution and spatial differentiation and adopted a spatial econometric model to study how interference in influencing factors affects industrial eco-efficiency. The results revealed that (1) the eastern area of YREB has the highest industrial eco-efficiency compared with the other regions. (2) The industrial total factor productivity in the YREB has been rising over the years, and its change trend shows an inverted "W" pattern of first rising, then falling, then rising, then falling. (3) By further analysis, we observed a statistically significant spatial difference in the Industrial eco-efficiency among the areas in YREB, which suggests that the change scale presents the rule of "downstream bigger than Midstream region and midstream region bigger than "upstream region." (4) The level of economic development, science and technology innovation, and human resources have significantly positive effects on industrial eco-efficiency, and the effect of economic development is of most significant importance. The industrial agglomeration demoted the efficiency of industrial ecology; Science and technology innovations, on the other hand, had a positive spillover effect, while the industrial concentration had a negative spillover effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a theoretical basis for the concept of rebalancing and applies it to China, where it is currently a topical issue. Rebalancing here means the correction of economic and social imbalances built up during industrialization. This correction is accompanied by a structural transformation towards a more inward- and consumption-driven growth path, associated with growth slowdown. Attempts to mitigate this growth slowdown by either retarding this structural reform process or by using expansionary stimulus programmes as done over the past decade in China create new imbalances that have to be corrected (rebalanced) again. Managing these multiple rebalancing tasks together is a tremendous undertaking, as this paper shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the process of urbanization and industrialization, a growing attention has been paid to the energy–environmental efficiency in China's industrial sector. Such researches mainly focused on calculating the efficiency and exploring its driving factors at sectoral, provincial and regional perspectives. In this paper, we proposed to evaluate the energy–environmental efficiency of China' industrial sector and its driving factors at a dynamic change perspective. Combining super-slack-based measure (Super-SBM) model and Malmquist index, this paper calculated the energy–environmental efficiency of China's 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) from 2012 to 2016 and captured its dynamic change. Then we aggregated China's 30 provinces into three groups based on their relevant dynamic change values, namely high-growth, mid-growth and low-growth groups. Finally, we verified the impact of investment in pollution control on industrial energy–environmental efficiency in different groups. The results showed that: Beijing, Inner Mongolia, Guangdong, Hunan, Tianjin and Shaanxi performed efficiently during the whole study period. Most provinces have improved their energy–environmental efficiency from 2012 to 2016. The decomposition results indicated that the technology change was responsible for the growth of energy–environmental efficiency. Economic development level positively and significantly influenced the energy–environmental efficiency of the industrial sector as a whole and three groups, while pollution control investment had a significantly negative effect on energy–environmental efficiency of high-growth and low-growth groups. This study concluded that all the provinces should pay attention to technology progress and sustainable pollution control investment for improving the energy–environmental efficiency in the long term. Additionally, differentiated strategies to improve energy–environmental efficiency for different provinces and groups should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety science is a relatively new research field because it didn't become an academic domain until the 1970s. In recent years, many scholars have carried out a great deal of safety science research. To understand the future development of safety science research, this article discusses the future trends in five safety science research directions (namely safety human factors, safety natural science, safety technology science, safety social science and safety system science) using mainly three methods, including typical literature search and review, speculation, and comparative analysis. Meanwhile, by reviewing some typical theoretical research achievements on safety science of the Safety & Security Theory Innovation and Promotion Center (STIPC) of Central South University (which is a representative research institution in the field of safety science theory in China) in recent years, this paper briefly introduces China's recent theoretical progress on safety science research from nine aspects (namely new disciplines of safety science, new safety theories, safety science methodology, safety science principles, theoretical safety models, comparative safety science, similarity safety systematology, safety culturology and safety informatics) respectively. The results show that the global research trends of safety science have undertaken a drastic shift, and safety science research has closely followed the demands of social and economic development. In a word, the theoretic foundation of safety science is gradually becoming mature and enrichment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of access to skilled labor in explaining firms' sales growth subject to the controlling influence of a wide range of firm-specific characteristics and country-level economic and non-economic factors.Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses a consistent and large firm-level data set from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys that includes 138 developing countries. An instrumental variables model with a GMM estimator is used for estimating the impact of access to skilled labor on firm performance. In order to obtain more robust estimators, the analysis introduces country-level controls reflecting the influence of economic and institutional factors, such as economic and financial development, institutional governance, education and technological progress.Findings The results document a significant and positive association between access to skilled labor and firm performance in the developing world. The explanatory power of access to skilled labor remains broadly robust after controlling for a wide range of firm-specific characteristics: sectoral and geographical influences matter. The results also show that the association between labor skill constraints and firm performance is mitigated by country-level factors but in diverse ways. Development, institutions, education and technological progress exert various mitigating effects on firm-level behavior regarding access to skilled labor.Originality/value The paper's novel contribution is threefold: first, it uses joint firm, sector and country-level information to analyze the role of access to skilled labor on firm performance; second, it uses consistently produced information at the firm level from 138 developing countries; and, third, it considers the controlling impact of a wide range of country-level factors that reflect a country's overall development, institutions and evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic growth of South Korea, particularly from 1962 till now, has been at the least outstanding. There have been many explanations of the causes of this remarkable achievement of South Korea, with most of the explanations attributing the rapid industrialization and growth of South Korea to the adoption of an outward-looking strategy by the country in the early 1960s. The South Asian countries have been trying to adopt trade oriented strategies for many years now. But none of the South Asian countries has been able to reach the 'developed country' status as yet. Hence, this paper is an endeavor to find out what explains the differences in growth between South Korea and the developing countries of South Asia, and what we can learn from all this. The results suggest that the main factors that have evidently caused the differences in per capita GDP between South Korea and Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka, on average, are labor, per capita human capital and physical capital. Trade openness is also another significant determinant, but their exact effects are not overwhelmingly positive, if the marginal effects estimated in this paper are taken into account. Financial liberalization is seen to be impacting differences in per capita physical capital more than differences in per capita GDP, but it is not statistically significant in all specifications. Hence, the most important lesson to be learnt from the South Korean growth experience is that, no matter how much a country increases trade or liberalizes its economy, if the country does not manage to improve its human capital and production technology through these policies, it will not prosper in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid industrialization and economic development have caused a tremendous increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in China. China began implementing a policy of MSW disposal fees for household waste management at the end of last century. Three charging methods were implemented throughout the country: a fixed disposal fee, a potable water-based disposal fee, and a plastic bag-based disposal fee. To date, there has been little qualitative or quantitative analysis on the effectiveness of this relatively new policy. This paper provides a general overview of MSW fee policy in China, attempts to verify whether the policy is successful in reducing general waste collected, and proposes an improved charging system to address current problems. The paper presents an empirical statistical analysis of policy effectiveness derived from an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) test on panel data of China. EKC tests on different kinds of MSW charge systems were then examined for individual provinces or cities. A comparison of existing charging systems was conducted using environmental and economic criteria. The results indicate the following: (1) the MSW policies implemented over the study period were effective in the reduction of waste generation, (2) the household waste discharge fee policy did not act as a strong driver in terms of waste prevention and reduction, and (3) the plastic bag-based disposal fee appeared to be performing well according to qualitative and quantitative analysis. Based on current situation of waste discharging management in China, a three-stage transitional charging scheme is proposed and both advantages and drawbacks discussed. Evidence suggests that a transition from a fixed disposal fee to a plastic bag-based disposal fee involving various stakeholders should be the next objective of waste reduction efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines industrialization and structural change induced thereof, which are the main drivers and bearers of economic development. The author observes that the industry of the Republic of Serbia is devastated due to sudden and premature tertiarization as well as inadequate reforms. The current structures of both the economy and the industry do not have a sufficient capacity to ensure sustainable economic development; hence, the aim of the research presented in this paper is to emphasize the importance of reindustrialization and the implementation of structural changes in the Republic of Serbia. The paper starts from the premise that industry is the main driver and the bearer of economic growth and development. Therefore, it is necessary for the Republic of Serbia to turn to reindustrialization and implement structural changes in this sector given the fact that the levels of the development and competitiveness of the industry are correlated to the intensity of industrialization. The research findings indicate that developed industrial countries are characterized by more effective structural changes and more propulsive production that creates higher value-added products. This reflects not only at the level of the industrial development but also at the level of the competitiveness, volume and quality of exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper analyses the ecological properties of taiga topsoil during its commercial development and assesses the consequences of impact which will be made by the future facilities on the environment (taking into account the types of impact, their characteristics, the tendencies of transformation in the nature systems growing with the increase of service life, which were detected at the producing fields), sanitary and socioeconomic aspects of the facilities operation under the conditions of specific geographical complexes. The object of study included waspodzolic and swamp-podzolic soils located in the Uvat district in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Region of Tyumen region, in the area of potential impact of industrial facilities. The method of study implied the selection of soil specimens and their examination according to the standard practices. Ten specimens were taken from each of three areas of sampling. The specimens were subjected to office study in order to determine eleven parameters. The sources of impact made by the oil and gas facility on the environment were the material objects (buildings, constructions etc.), elements and assemblies of basic and auxiliary technologies which result in pollutants emission. The major impact on topsoil at the stage of preparatory works and construction of facilities was the mechanical damage to the natural state of soils. It is primarily connected with sites stripping from forestry and ground leveling. The paper reviews the issues of ecological condition of topsoil and forecast of possible changes while commercial development of the studied area. A negative load on soil may be decreased through planning and implementation of organizational measures on assessment of current state of the topsoil within the field and environmental threat from basic and auxiliary industrial facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine the level of competitiveness of national economies and their resulting hierarchy in the world economy. Based on the assumption that there is a structural relationship between the competitiveness of a national economy and the level of its economic development, we identify the main structural factors of international competitiveness. These factors are the degree of diversification of the productive structure of a national economy and the strength of its domestic sectoral productive linkages—which are both related to the level of industrial and technological development and the technological structure of exports. The Technologically Advanced Domestic Value Added in Exports, which condenses the above structural factors, is proposed as a measure of the level of competitiveness of national economies. This measure is implemented in order to determine the hierarchical position of 43 economies in terms of their international competitiveness. In addition, another measure of international competitiveness, the Economic Complexity Index, is examined and tested. When comparing the examined economies' hierarchical positions obtained by using the two measures, a high correlation and a strong positive linear relationship between them is revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural environment is of great importance when it comes to developing a city, as it shapes its spaces, defines its roles and performs climatic and protective functions. Industrialization often requires removing landscape obstacles and vegetation to erect new buildings. An urban planner should be aware of the borders that must not be crossed. Designing new streets and buildings should follow a sustainable growth pattern, if the city landscape and its climatic conditions are to improve for the generations to come. This paper discusses the aspects of planning and managing urban spaces in such a way so as to provide their users with healthy and comfortable living conditions. The paper is based on a survey conducted to gather the opinions of members of a city community on the environment in which they live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unemployment is considered as a negative element of economic development that affects in varying proportions all countries, especially those underdeveloped and those in transitions to the market economy. This paper presents the "Economic and Social Effects of Unemployment in Romania", where we presented the unemployment in the contemporary world, its typology and its measurement, namely: the evolution of the number of unemployed, a rate of unemployment and its structure in Romania. Unemployment has become a problem, along with industrial development, since the second half of the 18th century, in times of recession, when industrial enterprises shrank their production and therefore released a large number of workers who became unemployed. In Romania, unemployment is partly due to the transformation of the structure of a national economy, according to the criterion of efficiency, in order to adapt to the competitive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-Strait economic activities are no longer unidirectional. The Taiwanese government opened the doors to Chinese investment in 2009. This paper addresses the following crucial question: What is the impact of Chinese investment on Taiwan's high-technology industrial development? Two further questions immediately follow: Will Chinese investment put Taiwanese industrial development at risk? Will an influx of Chinese investment lead to a turning point for Taiwanese industry? The paper first reviews Chinese investment in Taiwan under the framework of the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) and then explains why we have chosen to focus here on the high-technology industry in Taiwan. It then outlines the main elements of Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) before seeking to answer the above research questions. Fieldwork for this paper was conducted from December 2014 to March 2016. Interviewees include Chinese investors, along with consultants from a Taiwanese institute created to promote industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidisciplinary study and practice of high-precision engineering, metrology, and manufacturing have made a direct contribution to industrial and economic development in the world, providing new value creation and enhancing productivity and product quality. This special issue focuses on the latest studies in the field of precision engineering. The special issue especially features advanced technologies in the manufacturing process, metrology, machine tools, machine elements, and nano/micro mechanisms. Besides these technologies, to enhance reliability and safety in the production processes, there is a need for usability and functionality based on IoT-related technology, which is represented by Industrie 4.0 or the Industrial Internet. Therefore, many researchers have now begun to focus on cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), which can detect anomalies and self-optimize the production process by comparing actual results extracted from sensors and simulation results. From this viewpoint, advanced research related to CPPS, such as simulation-based technique, sensor-based technology, and in-depth understanding and modeling of the manufacturing process, is covered in this special issue. In this special issue of IJAT, there are 14 research papers on precision-engineering-related topics as mentioned above. The papers, revised and extended according to the editors' request, were originally presented at the 17th International Conference on Precision Engineering (ICPE2018), held in Kamakura, Japan, in 2018. We express our sincere thanks to the authors and reviewers for their meticulous work in helping publish this special issue. We hope these articles will encourage further research on precision engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the long‐term relationship between regional inequality and economic development. Our data set includes information on national and regional per capita GDP for four countries: France, Italy, Portugal and Spain, compiled on a decadal basis for the period 1860–2010. Using parametric and semiparametric regressions, our results confirm the rise and fall of regional inequalities over time although in recent decades they are on the rise again. Finally, we identify structural change as being a significant transmission mechanism of the inverted‐U relationship. The arrival of technological shocks, beginning during the onset of industrialization, and the transition from agrarian to industrial economies, would explain this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent decades have witnessed an alarmingly phenomenal rise in population and economic growth, increasing the global resource demand and environmental degradation. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between population, industrialization, affluence, technology, and sustainability. Approaching sustainability, a couple of viewpoints including weak and strong sustainability establish two different priorities, albeit with possibly the same factors as in the IPAT and STIRPAT models. This paper employs STIRPAT equation to estimate the relationships between population, industrialization, affluence, technology, and sustainability in MENA and OECD countries during 1975–2015. The results suggest that weak and strong sustainability, albeit slightly, is affected negatively by population and industrialization, and positively by technology and international agreements on environment, in MENA and OECD countries during 1975–2015. Therefore, the policy-makers in sustainability are advised to develop preventive and qualitative strategies for population and industrial activities, but inflationary ones for technology; besides the governments are suggested to confirm, join, and sign the international treaties on environmental conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• GIS grid technology can monitor the EEQ of industrial park. • Environmental planning and design of industrial park can better address pollution issues. • The EKC and CCD models provide insight into the synergy between EEQ and ED. Industrial Park is a part of urban development and plays an indispensable role in promoting regional economic development. However, the high consumption of resources and the concentrated emission of pollution pose a great threat to the ecological balance and human health. Therefore, the future of industrial park needs to be balanced with economic growth while realizing resource conservation and environmental improvement as much as possible. However, there is still a research gap in analyzing the relationship between ecological environment quality (EEQ) and economic development (ED) at the industrial park scale. This paper first constructs the new remote sensing ecological index (RSEInew) model to measure the EEQ of Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) from 2000 to 2020. Then this study constructs an ED index system to evaluate its economic situation. Finally, this paper utilizes the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model and the coupled coordination degree (CCD) model to deeply analyze the relationship between EEQ and ED. The results show that: (1) The average annual growth rate of EEQ in SIP is −1.50 %, with a general downward trend. Over the past 20 years, the ecological environment of SIP has not deteriorated extensively. (2) The ED of SIP is steady and rising, with an average annual growth rate of 10.17 %. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the EKC between EEQ and the ED of the SIP takes on an inverted "N" shape, with its CCD rising from barely coordinated to highly coordinated. This study can provide a reference for studying the quality development of areas at the industrial park level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agropreneurship is a powerful tool for shaping today's economic development. This article focuses on how governments, academics, and policymakers on agropreneurship programs can prepare both existing and potential agropreneurs to continue contributing to the economic growth and development of the country. This paper draws out the key findings of existing literature relating to the growing field of agropreneurship by critically and constructively reviewing literature that examines issues and perspectives on agropreneurship and the agricultural sector within the Nigeria context, especially with careful analysis of historical data and current data. The review is in line with the need to create sustainable development through agropreneurship initiatives: in an economy presently facing a high rate of unemployment, extreme poverty, poor earnings from foreign exchange, and insufficiency of food items, this article argues for the need to adopt an overarching agriculture value chain to ensure a rapid industrial and economic development across Nigeria. Therefore, an integrative framework for effective agropreneurship practice in Nigeria is proposed to build the capacity of the Nigerian agricultural system, which has a multiplier effect on both the socioeconomic and industrial advancement of the country because of its multifunctional nature. Specific recommendations for the capacity of the Nigerian agricultural system through agropreneurship initiatives are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate critically the narrative that the informal economy in Africa has no place within the framework of economic development. Considered as a sign of “backwardness”, “traditionalism” and “underdevelopment”, the informal economy in Africa has persistently grown notwithstanding Africa’s economic destabilisation through the adoption of neo-liberal economic interventions and free-market policies. This paper argues that the informal economy cannot be marginalised at the fringes of economic development, in the construction of a holistic development pathway.Design/methodology/approach The methodological basis is discourse analysis.Findings The outcome is a call to re-think and open up the feasibility, and possibilities for, alternative economic futures beyond free-market capitalism.Originality/value This paper makes a critical consideration on one of the multiple narratives that continue to inform economic policy making in Africa, by contesting and deconstructing its basis in order to encourage a pluralistic approach and understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of a country's economic development not only increases the gross national product, but is also bound to change with the development of the industrial structure. Using the industrial structure in the United States as a frame of reference in this paper, we compared China's industrial structure system to US's through specific gravity value, the proportion of employment, industrial deviation comparing labor productivity and other indicators. According to the comparison of two in the industry structure and development, it could be summed up that China's first industry proportion continued to decline, but the proportion and structure of the deviation is still high; proportion of secondary industry output value rise slowly, and manufacturing is at the bottom end of the value chain; third industry proportion is too small, and the internal structure of development is imperfect. The traditional service such as catering, wholesale and retail, is still the main issue. Then the paper proposes suggestions to continue to consolidate the status of agriculture as the foundation to improve the educational level of the rural population, restructure secondary industrial to accelerate the development of labor-intensive industries, increase investment in science and technology research; then persist in promoting the production of services, improving the internal structure of the tertiary industry. This article attempts to provide the basis and reference for the Chinese government's industrial restructuring policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization is considered as main engine of growth in economic development of the most emerging markets. This is especially true for Central Asian transitional countries as Kazakhstan, which obtained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. For enhancing country's competitiveness potential, Kazakhstan National Program for 2010-2014 aimed to accelerate industrial-innovative development of the country. While many papers published about the importance of industrialization activities in Kazakhstan, few have focused on examining the current capacity of labor market to meet the industry demand. Main aim of this paper was to investigate if current manpower is adequate to maintain the planned rate of growth in the country. Higher level of economic production led to higher demand of engineering labor force. High demand with low frequency supply created an imbalance in the labor market that resulted what we see as shortage of technically skilled labor. Low frequency of supply is influenced by such factors as high engineers' outflow rate, low students' enrolment and graduation rates, and lack of practical skills of the graduates hired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of the article observe the evolution of the economic cooperation between the Sverdlovsk region in Russia and the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the research two major stages of the collaboration between two countries can be traced clearly: "the nomenklatura partnership" in the second half of the 20th century and "the market pragmatism" at the beginning of the 21st century. The aim of the paper is to investigate the ways of integration of the Sverdlovsk area as an old industrial region in the system of economic interaction with the People's Republic of China, and define the reasons and factors for the dominant position of PRC in the foreign trade and economy of the Sverdlovsk region and the Urals, in general. The novelty of the study is to identify the particularity of the economic relations between one of the regions of the Russian Federation and the PRC under different conditions of the planned and market economic models using the demonstration of the exact examples. The research problem is to identify the risks and the drivers of the intensification of economic relations between the Sverdlovsk region (including its capital city of Yekaterinburg) and the PRC. Current research is carried out on the basis of a concrete - historical approach to the study of the stages of economic interaction between the USSR and Russia with the PRC using systemic and logical methods of analysis of the problems considered in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional impact analysis method for the economic development of marine industries does not consider the impact weight of different marine industries, which leads to an unsatisfactory effect on sustainable development after the optimized management of resources. Therefore, a new method is designed to solve the above problems; by analyzing the scale, hierarchical system, and optimizing the spatial resource framework of the marine industry, the influence of different marine industries is comprehensively measured, and the final demand dependency of the marine industry economy is obtained. The comprehensive index system is designed to evaluate the economic development of the marine industry, and the linear weighted sum method is used to calculate the sustainable development degree of marine industry economy in different regions. The results show that the final evaluation score of the marine biological industry in Shandong Province is 64.97, which is affected by comprehensive factors. The scores of capital and environmental governance are between 84.03 and 82.87, respectively, which are the main factors to achieve sustainable development. After the optimization of this method, the demand dependence of relevant regions is reduced, and the sustainable development level is effectively improved, indicating that the sustainable state of this method is better. The resource optimization path given by the research can be further applied to the construction process of marine and industrial economic development in other provinces and cities so as to comprehensively improve the quality and effect of marine economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between industrialization and economic growth in Nigeria between 1981 and 2015, by employing cointegration approach known as Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The empirical results of the study confirm our expectations and indicate that a long run relationship exists between industrialization and economic growth in Nigeria. Equivocally, going by experiences of other emerging economies, especially; the Asian Tigers, Nigeria will in no time get out of her doldrums; if she tolls rigorously the path of industrialization, as panacea to economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)