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Background: Despite the many advantages of flipped learning, it is challenging for educators to ensure that students complete the pre‐class learning assignments before the in‐class session. Objectives: Using a learning analytics approach, this study analysed students' pre‐class video‐watching behaviour in flipped learning with a focus on learners' resource management strategies, procrastination, and repeated video‐watching. Methods: For the empirical study, three types of data (i.e., log data, survey and exam) were obtained from 70 undergraduate students who were enrolled in pre‐service teacher program designed in a flipped classroom including pre‐class videos and in‐class session. Results and conclusions: The findings showed significant differences between the non‐procrastination group and procrastination group in their video watching time and resource management strategies. Those who watched the pre‐class videos at home/dorm greatly outnumbered those who did not, and they performed better than students who watched the pre‐class videos in other locations. What are the major takeaways from the study?: This finding highlights the importance of resource management strategies in terms of the time and study environment to promote success in flipped learning courses. However, the number of times students accessed the pre‐class videos or watched the videos before class was not correlated with learning achievement. The reason for re‐watching pre‐class videos is a suggested future direction so instructors can design effective flipped learning courses. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic?: Flipped learning is a type of blended learning that combines two teaching and learning modes: face‐to‐face learning and online learning. The effectiveness of flipped learning has also been demonstrated in many empirical studies and meta‐analyses.Despite the many advantages of flipped learning, it is challenging to ensure that students complete the pre‐class materials before class.Data‐driven decisions based on the learning analytics approach can help instructors revise the in‐class activities more adoptively and individual learners can be more engaged in flipped learning. What this paper adds?: Using a learning analytics approach, this study analysed students' pre‐class video‐watching behaviour in flipped learning with a focus on learners' resource management strategies, procrastination, and repeated video‐watching.We also examined the correlations among pre‐class video‐watching behaviour variables and learning achievement.This study highlights the following: (1) The no‐procrastination group had better resource management strategies than the procrastination group; (2) students who watched pre‐class videos at home outperformed those who watched them in other locations: (3) the number of times students accessed pre‐class videos was not correlated with learning achievement; and (4) whether or not students watched pre‐class videos prior to the in‐class sessions was not correlated with learning achievement. Implications for practise and/or policy: Although flipped learning gives students considerable autonomy in terms of when and where to watch pre‐class videos at their convenience, it is necessary to help students develop resource management strategies by providing role models, best practises, and statistics in previous flipped learning classes.Research findings suggest that instructors should provide guidelines and learning strategies on how to review or repeat the pre‐class videos to improve the quality of learning.To encourage students to repeat the videos, the pre‐class videos should be short and concise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Substance use, that is of cigarettes, alcohol and chemical inhalants, is a major contributor to health‐compromising behaviors and the related consequences among adolescents around the world. The purpose of this paper is to examine trends in this phenomenon in South Korea among sexually active adolescents who reported sexual minority behaviors as compared to their heterosexual (HS) peers. Design and Methods: This study used data from the annual web‐based survey called Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey in 5‐year intervals: 2006, 2011, and 2016. From 2017, the questions regarding the gender of sex partners were excluded from the survey, thus no data is available for sexual minorities after 2016. Selected data (Unweighted n = 10,029) was used to assess whether substance use increased, decreased, or remained unchanged among adolescents who reported same‐sex (SS) behaviors and bisexual (BS) behaviors compared to their peers reporting HS behaviors. Demographic variables included age and assigned gender. Substances referred to are cigarettes, alcohol, and chemical inhalants. Logistic regression models were sex‐stratified according to assigned gender. Trend analyses were carried out to examine disparities in substance use among sexually active adolescents across the three survey years. Results: Across the three survey years, cigarette use, alcohol use, and problematic drinking declined among all sexually active youths, but there were some differences among the subgroups. In 2016, SS girls were more likely to use cigarettes than HS girls. The prevalence of alcohol use and problematic drinking among BS girls was relatively higher than among girls who exhibited either HS or SS behaviors. Inhalant use was very high among both boys and girls with SS and BS behaviors. Practice Implications: The findings of the study reveal disparities in substance use between sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents in South Korea. This creates an alarm for collecting data separately for sexually diverse youth in future Korean national surveys with a goal of reducing substance use among all adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preschool‐age children in hospitals are at a high risk of unexpected incidents. Safety incidents in hospitals can cause serious damage to the children. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the mobile‐type mHealth Safe Kids Hospital (SKH) application (app) for the prevention of hospitalized child safety incidents. Design: This study used a three‐group, randomized controlled trial pre‐post design. Setting(s): This study was conducted in the pediatric ward of three general hospitals in Korea. Participants: A total of 124 eligible hospitalized children and their caregivers were enrolled in the study from June to December 2018. Of these, 116 finally participated in the study, and 8 were excluded because they were discharged before the intervention. Methods: Hospitalized preschool‐age children and their caregivers were randomly allocated into three groups: experimental group I (n = 39), experimental group II (n = 39), and the control group (n = 38). Experimental group I received the SKH app intervention, the experimental group II received a paper‐based intervention, whereas the control group received the usual intervention. Participants' outcomes of awareness, knowledge, and behavior related to hospital safety, were assessed at two time points: baseline and 24 h after the intervention. Results: Hospital safety awareness had a higher increase after intervention in experimental groups I and II than in the control group. Among the four subdomains of hospital safety awareness, there was a significant increase in the scores of experimental group I on three subdomains after the intervention: falls (F = 8.19, p < 0.001), burns (F = 6.73, p = 0.002), and medical devices (F = 6.81, p = 0.002). In hospital safety knowledge and safety behavior, experimental group I had the highest average score after the intervention compared with experimental group II and the control group; however, there was no statistically significant difference in the average score of the three groups. Conclusions: Using the SKH app is easy to attract the interest of preschool‐age children and is also easy for nurses to use in clinical trials; thus, it is considered to be a useful educational intervention to prevent safety incidents in clinical fields in future. Clinical Relevance: It is thought to contribute to the prevention of preschool‐age children's safety incidents in pediatric wards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to establish the mechanism by which virtual reality (VR) media characteristics affect learning transfer in a VR‐based job‐training environment. The two main determinants of learning transfer are the technology and the learner, but not many studies have considered both factors simultaneously. Objectives: This study aims to ascertain the mechanism by which VR media characteristics affect learning transfer with flow as a mediator, and to explore whether presence moderates the effect of VR media characteristics on flow. Methods: A survey of semiconductor facilities engineers who received VR‐based job training was conducted. A total of 106 responses were used in the statistical analysis. A path analysis was conducted to determine the promotional mechanism that connects VR media characteristics, flow, and learning transfer. Results and Conclusions: The results were as follows. First, VR media characteristics had a positive impact on learning transfer. Second, flow acted as a mediator in the relationship between VR media characteristics and learning transfer. Third, presence played a moderating role in the relationship between VR media characteristics and flow. Key takeaways: This study is significant as it identifies elements to consider in relation to both the technological and learner aspects of VR while designing a VR‐based job‐training programme. A corporation should consider VR media characteristics from a technological perspective, and flow and presence from a learner's perspective. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Corporations provide virtual reality (VR)‐based job training because of its positive impact.Interactions between the VR environment and learners impact flow.Presence is important as learner's subjective awareness affects efficacy. What this paper adds: VR media characteristics influence learning transfer in VR‐based job training.VR media characteristics affect flow, which, in turn, affects learning transfer.Presence moderates the relationship between VR media characteristics and flow. Implications for practice and/or policy: VR media characteristics influence learning transfer in VR‐based job training.VR media characteristics affect flow, which, in turn, affects learning transfer.Presence moderates the relationship between VR media characteristics and flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Language learners are taking advantage of the increased accuracy afforded by machine translation (MT) tools like Google Translate. There is a growing debate as to whether these tools support or hinder English as a foreign language (EFL) education. Some EFL students are drawn to MT tools to save time and energy when communicating, but how this use relates to second language acquisition needs to be clarified. Objective: This study investigated the perceptions and practices of MT tools among university EFL students in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Methods: The study surveyed Saudi (n = 310) and South Korean (n = 160) university students to explore the use of MT tools in EFL learning. It used mean scores, correlation analysis, and structural equation modelling to understand the perceived benefits and limitations of MT tools and their influence on the use of translation websites. The findings were triangulated using content analysis of open‐ended items. Results and Conclusion: Findings indicate students showed a high level of acceptance and utilization of MT tools. English avoidance behaviour (B = 0.43), benefits (B = 0.32), and foreign language proficiency (B = −0.19) predicted 61% of actual use of MT tools like Google Translate. Further, students frequently used MT tools despite the reported concerns about accuracy mistakes. Saudi students listed a more comprehensive array of why they use MT tools than Korean students, while Saudis and Koreans frequently used MT tools for individual word and sentence translations. Implications: Students should edit MT output when writing and are encouraged to use the voice recording and other functions of MT tools to learn language skills. Instructors must prevent overuse and dependency on MT tools, especially among low‐proficiency students who want to avoid using English. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: Students use translation tools to complete foreign language assignmentsStudents have a positive view towards translation toolsInstructors have mixed feelings on their students' use of translation tools What their paper adds to this: A mixed method study to learn strengths and limitations with translation toolsCross‐cultural study to compare perceptions from two regionsIdentified benefits to pronunciation skills through voice recording functionsLimitations with translation accuracy did not negatively influence actual use Implications of study findings for practitioners: Identified benefits with translation tools can be applied to writing instructionLimitations identified including over‐dependency and cheating should be avoidedStudents are recommended to use the speech function to practice pronunciationPost‐editing (revising) is an important part of using translation tools [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is underway. However, there are not many studies on the use of masks, which are essential for infection prevention. This descriptive study aimed to understand the factors influencing the use of masks by Korean adults during COVID‐19. We conducted an online survey with 280 adults in South Korea between August and September 2020, analyzing the data using SPSS version 24.0. Multiple regression analyses were performed to understand the factors that influence individuals' use of masks. The participants' perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers, other people's dignity, compliance with public order, reasonable decision making, and subjective norms explained 21.6% of mask use. Mask use is expected to increase further if people perceive a personal need to wear masks, if their peers perceive the importance of mask use, and if they possess civic consciousness that considers society as a whole. This paper makes a significant contribution to the field of public health, with evidence‐based recommendations for increasing mask use, going beyond simply attributing mask use to individual preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nursing & Health Sciences is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose To examine the effect of auricular acupressure therapy on primary dysmenorrhea among female high school students in South Korea. Design A randomized controlled trial was employed. Methods The study sample consisted of 91 female high school students, with 45 participants in the experimental group and 46 in the control group in two regions of South Korea. The average age of the participants was 16.7 years, and the average age of menarche was 12.2 years. Auricular acupressure therapy including an auricular acupressure needle on skin paper tape was applied on an ear for 3 days during periods of extreme primary dysmenorrhea. The acupoint names were Jagung, Sinmun, Gyogam, and Naebunbi. For the placebo control group, only the skin paper tape without an auricular acupressure needle was applied on the same acupoints. Measures used were the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire to assess primary dysmenorrhea, and the visual analog scale to assess abdominal and back pain of participants. Findings There were significant differences on abdominal pain ( t = 24.594, p < .001), back pain ( t = 22.661, p < .001), and primary dysmenorrhea ( t = 32.187, p < .001) between the two groups. Auricular acupressure therapy decreased abdominal pain, back pain, and primary dysmenorrhea of female high school students in South Korea. Conclusions Auricular acupressure therapy was an effective intervention for alleviating abdominal pain, back pain, and primary dysmenorrhea of female high school students in South Korea. For feasibility of the auricular acupressure therapy in practice, it is needed to train and learn the exact positions of acupoints in ear. Clinical Relevance Health providers should consider providing auricular acupressure therapy as an alternative method for reducing abdominal and back pain, and primary dysmenorrhea in female high school students in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the global COVID‐19 pandemic, online learning became the only way to learn during this unprecedented crisis. This study began with a simple but vital question: What factors influenced the success of online learning during the COVID‐19 pandemic with a focus on online learning self‐efficacy? Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationship among self‐efficacy (SE) in time management, SE in technology use, SE in an online learning environment, and learning engagement. Methods: The participants of the study were 1205 undergraduates who were enrolled in a residential undergraduate program in South Korea in spring semester, 2020. The online survey was administered to collect data for this research and the survey results were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results and Conclusions: SE in technology use had a significant but negative influence on learning engagement and had a positive impact on SE in an online learning environment. SE in time management had a significant positive impact on SE in an online learning environment and learning engagement. SE in an online learning environment also significantly influenced learning engagement. Implications: SE in technology use itself did not enhance learning engagement. In addition, indirect effects of SE in technology use and SE in time management on learning engagement through SE in an online learning environment were confirmed in this study. This indicates the influential role of SE in an online learning environment on learning engagement of online learners. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: COVID‐19 forced almost all students to learn online.Time management plays a major role in the success of online learning.Technology self‐efficacy is a requirement in online learning.The learning engagement variable explains learning achievement and attitudes. What this paper adds: Self‐efficacy (SE) in time management and SE in technology use enhanced SE in an online learning environment.SE in technology use itself did not enhance learning engagement.SE in time management and in SE an online learning environment significantly influenced learning engagement.SE in an online learning environment mediated the relationship between SE in technology use and learning engagement as well as between SE in time management and learning engagement. Implications for practice and/or policy: It is important to promote students' online learning self‐efficacy to enhance learning engagement in online learning.Practitioners should be aware that SE in technology use improves learning engagement through SE in an online learning environment.SE in time management should be promoted for successful online learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Family Process is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims: This study investigated how patient safety is currently taught in pre‐registration nursing programmes across South Korea and explored nurse educators' perspectives on curriculum change. Background: Pre‐graduate education plays a critical role in preparing nurses with the requisite patient safety competencies. However, little is known about how patient safety education is addressed in South Korean nursing schools or the perspectives of nurse educators regarding patient safety education and a need for change. Methods: This descriptive study used data collected during a 2019 accreditation workshop provided by the Korean Accreditation Board of Nursing Education. A paper‐and‐pencil survey was completed by 80 nurse educators working in 16 regions throughout Korea. Results: A little consistency was found in approaches to teaching patient safety. Patient safety topics are addressed throughout various nursing courses, and patient safety education is limited in hours of instruction and breadth of content. A majority of respondents indicated that additional supports are needed, including a national standardized curriculum for patient safety education. Conclusion: A new approach to teaching patient safety is needed in Korean pre‐registration nursing education. Overall, patient safety education is limited and provided through a fragmented approach with little attention to systems, workplace design or human issues that are necessary for developing the critical reasoning and skills to support patient safety. Implications for nursing policy: The accrediting and regulatory bodies in South Korea should work together to develop and implement explicit standards of patient safety education and patient safety competencies for nursing students. Development of a standardized national curriculum is essential for providing a consistent, systematic and comprehensive approach to patient safety education in nursing programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID‐19 outbreak, students had to cope with succeeding in video‐conferencing classes susceptible to technical problems like choppy audio, frozen screens and poor Internet connection, leading to interrupted delivery of facial expressions and eye‐contact. For these reasons, agentic engagement during video‐conferencing became critical for successful learning outcomes. This study explores the mediating effect agentic engagement has on collaborative language learning orientations (CLLO) within an EFL video‐conferencing course to understand better how interactions influence academic learning expectations. A total of 329 (Male = 132, Female = 197) students were recruited from four South Korean universities to participate in this questionnaire study. Data analysis was carried out using the statistical software packages SPSS, and a series of data screening procedures were carried out. Findings revealed that collaborative language learning orientations were a statistically significant predictor of academic learning expectations, but this relationship was fully mediated when agentic engagement was added to the model. Students with a propensity for social language learning strategies believe they will succeed; however, this relationship is explained by their propensity to interact with the instructor when video‐conferencing. An assortment of learning activities should be provided to support both collaborative and individual learning orientations for academic success. Students with collaborative learning tendencies and a propensity to actively engage the instructor during video conference classes are active participants in the eLearning context, possibly leading to positive course expectations. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Students are unwilling to speak up during videoconference classes.Agentic engagement predicts academic achievement.Collaborative language learning orientation (CLLO) fosters second language acquisition.Learning expectations predict course satisfaction. What this paper adds: Videoconference class expectations depends on collaborative and extravert behavior.Engaging others during videoconference class increases learning expectations.Agentic engagement mediates path between CLLO and learning expectations.Collaborative, extravert learners have an inherent advantage when videoconferencing. Implications for practice and/or policy: Videoconference classes need to train students early on how to engage others.Videoconference lesson plans must consider agentic, collaborative learning tasks.Instructors facilitate engagement by creating a safe space for participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Little is known about rural-urban cancer disparities, particularly in South Korea, and this study is to identify cancer-specific mortality inequalities between the rural and urban areas of the country. Design, setting, and participants For 11 specific cancer sites, age-standardised mortality rates were analysed for the rural and urban administrative districts of South Korea during 2006-2011. Main outcome measures The Poisson log linear regression models were employed to estimate cancer-specific mortality rates, and Bonferroni comparison method was used to identify rural-urban disparities. Results There were significant rural-urban disparities observed for all cancer sites except prostate, pancreas and leukaemia. The mortality rates of lung, liver and stomach cancers, the three most common cancers in the country, were observed to be significantly higher in rural areas than in metropolitan areas. In contrast, the reverse relationship was observed for the reproductive system (breast and uterus) and colon cancers. Central nervous system cancer mortality was observed to be significantly higher in rural areas than in non-metro urban areas. Conclusions For the first time ever, significant rural-urban disparity patterns in cancer mortality rates in South Korea have been identified in this paper. Future investigations on cancer risk factors for the country should address these disparity patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To examine the effects of a web-based nursing process documentation system on the stress and anxiety of nursing students during their clinical practice. Methods A quasi-experimental design was employed. The experimental group ( n = 110) used a web-based nursing process documentation program for their case reports as part of assignments for a clinical practicum, whereas the control group ( n = 106) used traditional paper-based case reports. Stress and anxiety levels were measured with a numeric rating scale before, 2 weeks after, and 4 weeks after using the web-based nursing process documentation program during a clinical practicum. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t tests, chi-square tests, and repeated-measures analyses of variance. Results Nursing students who used the web-based nursing process documentation program showed significant lower levels of stress and anxiety than the control group. Conclusion A web-based nursing process documentation program could be used to reduce the stress and anxiety of nursing students during clinical practicum, which ultimately would benefit nursing students by increasing satisfaction with and effectiveness of clinical practicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This paper was designed to extend the extant research regarding factors related to nurses' turnover intentions. Methods: This survey‐based study was based on a path analysis designed to verify a hypothesized causal model involving nurses' role stress, organizational commitment, turnover intentions, and burnout. This study distributed 500 questionnaires to nurses in general hospitals with more than 500 beds located in Seoul, Korea, during 16–30 April 2012. Results: Role conflict, an underlying factor in role stress, had no significant effect on role stress, but the results showed that role ambiguity reduced organizational commitment. On the other hand, role conflict and role ambiguity increased the level of burnout. Organizational commitment reduced turnover intentions, and burnout increased turnover intentions. Role conflict and role ambiguity had no direct effect on turnover intentions, but they had indirect effects on organizational commitment and burnout. Conclusion: To reduce nurses' turnover rate, this study recommends developing plans to improve their organizational commitment because it mediates role stress and turnover intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the importance of research in the discipline of nursing, current trends in nursing research have rarely been discussed across countries. The purpose of this article was to identify current trends in nursing research across five countries, including the United States, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong, in order to provide directions for future global nursing research. Organizing Construct: A discussion article. Methods: To identify the current trends, seven leaders from the five countries had discussions through a series of workshops and conference presentations. After the most recent conference, all the leaders reflected for a month on their presentations and compiled the exemplars and cases from their experience and the existing literature in individual countries into a table. The tables and supporting references were collected at the completion of the reflection period. Then, the PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) slideshows of the conference presentations by the leaders and the collected tables were analyzed using a content analysis. Findings: Six themes reflecting the current trends in nursing research were extracted: (a) demographic alterations; (b) increasing diversities and globalization; (c) technology innovation; (d) individualized or personal care and population health initiatives; (e) health policies and regulations; and (f) nursing workforce changes. Conclusions: Future directions for nursing research across the countries were proposed: (a) cost‐effectiveness research; (b) implementation science; (c) data science; (d) training of the future generation of nurse researchers; (e) population health; and (f) team science. Clinical Relevance: This topic could be applied to any clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To describe the associations of psychological burnout and time factors on hospital nurses' medication errors. Design: A cross‐sectional survey design was used. Methods: A structured questionnaire pertaining to psychological burnout, time factors and medication error was administered to 200 bedside nurses working at two tertiary university hospitals in Korea. The associations between the psychological burnout, time factor and medication error were analysed with the zero‐inflated negative binomial regression for over‐dispersed and over‐abundant zeros count data. Results: Higher psychological burnout, shorter meal time during duty and longer weekly overtime were associated with an increased likelihood of medication error of nurses working in tertiary university hospitals. For medication safety, nurse managers should provide appropriate administrative support to nurses to cope with psychological burnout of nurses. Work time management should also be considered as human factors to satisfy the needs of nurses, such as securing meal times and maintaining a low level of weekly overtime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the mediating effect of sleep‐related problems on the relationship between depression and work–family conflicts (WFCs) among middle‐aged female workers. Design: Secondary analysis of cross‐sectional study. Methods: Overall, 15,718 female workers aged 40–65 years from the Sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) were included. Depression was assessed using the WHO‐5 wellbeing index; sleep‐related problems and WFCs were measured with five items on a Likert scale. The mediating effect of sleep‐related problems between depression and WFCs was analysed using model 4 of Hayes PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between depression and both sleep‐related problems (r = 0.225, p < 0.001) and WFCs (r = 0.124, p < 0.001). Depression also had a significant effect on sleep‐related problems (β = 0.221, p < 0.001) and WFCs (β=0.061, p < 0.001). Sleep‐related problems had a significant effect on WFCs (β = 0.282, p < 0.001). The indirect effect of depression on WFCs by mediating sleep‐related problems was β = 0.062 (95% bootstrap confidence interval = 0.057–0.068). The study also confirmed the significance of the mediating effect of sleep‐related problems in the relationship between depression and WFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to classify occupational hazards of ultrasonic scaling by factor and to identify the distribution of occupational risk levels of the study participants according to occupational hazards. In addition, the relationship between the general characteristics of dental hygienists and the occupational risk level of scaling was investigated. Methods: This study was conducted on 237 dental hygienists. Exposure frequency and the degree of work loss were investigated on a five‐point scale for each of the 15 occupational hazards of scaling. Results: Among occupational hazards, the proportion of high‐risk individuals for biological hazards (32.9%) was the highest. Dental clinics (33.6%) were found to have a higher proportion of high‐risk individuals than dental hospitals (16.5%) (p < 0.05). The proportion of high‐risk individuals was higher in the absence of an infection control coordinator (33.9%) (p < 0.05) and infection control education in the preceding 2 years (28.6%) (p < 0.05). Conclusion: To create a safe dental work environment, appropriate measures according to the risk level and measurement of occupational risk should be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the energy drink consumption pattern of Korean nurses and related factors. A descriptive cross‐sectional design was utilized, and data were collected through a self‐reporting questionnaire. Participants were Korean nurses working in hospitals. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi‐square test, and binomial logistic regression test. A total of 388 nurses participated in the study. Approximately two‐thirds of the nurses consumed energy drinks in addition to caffeinated coffee and/or tea. They usually consumed energy drinks during working hours and at the workplace. In comparison with nonconsumers, nurses who consumed energy drinks perceived that they had a stimulating effect and could replace regular drinks. Having colleagues who consume energy drinks and perceiving that energy drinks had an arousal effect were shown to be associated factors for energy drink consumption; thus, it is necessary to develop educational strategies targeting these groups of nurses. The reasons for the dependence of hospital nurses on energy drinks should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the factors affecting the prevention of cross‐infection with coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) among Korean dental hygienists. Methods: The level of knowledge about COVID‐19 (KNWCO), level of awareness of infection control (AWRIC), degree of performance for infection control (PRFIC), and organizational factors for infection control (OFWIC) of clinical dental hygienists in Korea to prevent COVID‐19 transmission were investigated. A self‐written online questionnaire was administered to dental hygienists currently working in dental clinics or hospitals, and the survey results of 263 participants were analysed. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for relationships between the KNWCO, AWRIC, PRFIC, and OFWIC. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting the PRFIC. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Knowledge about COVID‐19, AWRIC, PRFIC, and OFWIC were significantly correlated with each other. OFWIC (β = 0.491, p < 0.001), followed by AWRIC (β = 0.428, p < 0.001) and KNWCO (β = 0.095, p = 0.013), had the greatest impact on PRFIC with regard to the prevention of COVID‐19 transmission. Conclusions: Organizational factors for infection control and AWRIC should be strengthened to improve PRFIC and prevent COVID‐19 transmission during dental care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to examine the factors related to career interruption and re‐employment of women who had worked or were working in the human health sector and to compare them with those in other industrial sectors. Design: Secondary data analysis study. Methods: Data from the 2019 economic activities survey of career‐interrupted women of South Korea was used, and 2570 participants were included in the analysis. Results: Women who had majored in health care and had worked, or were working, in the human health and social work activities sector showed a higher tendency to work more than 40 h per week, compared to the mean of all participants. Moreover, parental leave and flexible working time were related to career interruption and re‐employment. Patient or Public Contribution: Policies that encourage the use of parental leave and flexible shift work systems should be developed and implemented to prevent career interruption of women in the health sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, virtual reality simulation, including web‐based simulation, has increased in nursing education. This study explored nursing students' self‐directed problem‐solving in web‐based virtual simulation experiences. Method: Convenience sampling yielded 16 Korean senior nursing students who had experienced clinical practice in the last semester. Data were collected from August 2020 to January 2021 through in‐depth Zoom video interviews and organized using NVivo version 12.0. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data. Results: The following four themes were identified from nursing students' learning experiences during the web‐based virtual simulations: "self‐awareness of a lack of nursing competency in virtual reality," "applying new learning strategies learned from failure," "voluntary learning behavior," and "cognitive shift toward a holistic understanding." Web‐based virtual simulations activated various cognitive and metacognitive factors of self‐directed learning, and the system's prompt feedback and students' reflections facilitated learning effects. Nursing students corrected their cognitive errors while learning from their failures and mistakes and gained a holistic view of nursing practice. Conclusion: In this study, web‐based self‐directed learning activated the metacognition of nursing students in a virtuous cycle. The virtual environment with no actual harm to the patient has become a space for learners to experience a sense of confidence, achievement, and satisfaction. Web‐based virtual simulation can be an effective teaching method to improve nursing students' self‐directed learning abilities and nursing competency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to establish a cross‐cultural adaptation of the Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART) assessment survey for Korean communities (K‐CART) and evaluated its psychometric properties of K‐CART. Design: A cross‐sectional study design was used. Methods: A forward and backward translation of the CART was conducted. The psychometric properties of K‐CART were evaluated with test–retest reliability, internal consistency, content validity and construct validity. A field study was conducted involving 315 older adults in Pohang city, South Korea from January to March, 2019. Two versions of K‐CART were analysed, based on the four‐factor and the expanded five‐factor K‐CART. Results: The test–retest reliability and internal consistency were acceptable (intraclass consistency coefficient =.90). The consistency reliability was satisfactory (Cronbach's α = 0.91). The content validity index (CVI) was found to be acceptable; wherein the item‐CVI and scale‐CVI were both 0.95. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the construct validity of the expanded K‐CART with five factors reached a more acceptable model fit (χ2/df = 2.27, CFI = 0.89, TLI = 0.86, RMESA = 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: COVID-19 greatly disrupted the provision of emergency care across the globe. ED service delivery was urgently redesigned as human and material resources were mobilised, and patients with respiratory symptoms were isolated. This study aimed to compare ED patient volume and flow metrics before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An observational study was conducted in two large urban EDs in Brisbane, Australia and Seoul, Republic of Korea. Patient volume and flow were quantified using ED presentation numbers and service times, respectively. Daily case numbers, waiting, treatment and admission delay times were compared between 2019 and 2020/2021 using time series plots. Outcomes were further classified by triage category and age group. Trends were examined alongside a timeline of health service and government policies. Results: There were reductions in daily presentations for the least urgent triage categories during the early phase of the pandemic. The caseloads for the most urgent triage categories were unaffected. The trends were similar in both EDs. A reduction in waiting and admission delay times but not treatment times coincided with reduced presentations in Brisbane. This pattern gradually reversed as presentations returned to baseline. In Seoul, admission delay times returned to pre-pandemic levels despite a persistent reduction in presentation numbers. Conclusions: Total daily presentations varied considerably according to government mandated social restrictions and testing requirements in both EDs. The reductions in waiting and admission delay times corresponded with improvements in hospital capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Muted or controlled alarms resulting from alarm fatigue have become a threat to patient safety and several institutions are aware of this risk. Aims: This study aimed to investigate critical care nurses' perceptions of medical device alarms, alarm fatigue, and alarm management practices. Methods: This descriptive study investigated 48 nurses working at two intensive care units (ICUs) within a single university hospital, in South Korea. They were asked to complete a self‐administered questionnaire about their perception of the ICU medical device alarm, alarm fatigue, and related management practices. The response rate was 100%. Results: Critical care nurses experienced a moderate or higher level of alarm fatigue, scoring 29.1 out of 40. Participants identified the items "Frequent false alarms, which lead to reduced attention or response to alarm when they occur," and "Inadequate staff" as the most important issues for alarm management. The most frequently involved item in alarm management practice was "I only use infusion pumps for drugs that require precise dose." Alarm management practices among the nurses differed significantly according to ICU clinical career and experience of patient safety accidents. Conclusions: This study highlights the need to develop a standardized medical device alarm management protocol that can help identify different alarms correctly and respond to them rapidly and appropriately. Relevance to Clinical Practice: It is necessary to reduce alarm fatigue and promote safe and effective alarm management practices among critical care nurses through sufficient education and steady training. Alarm fatigue should also be mitigated by employment of sufficient nursing personnel in ICUs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The turnover of new nurses is a critical issue that not only causes economic loss to hospitals but also negatively affects the quality of nursing services and patient care. This study examined the impact of workplace bullying, which is an external factor, and resilience, an internal factor, on new nurses' turnover intention. The participants of this study comprised 153 nurses from two tertiary hospitals located in Korea with more than 8 weeks but less than 12 months of work experience. The factors impacting the turnover intention of new nurses in tertiary hospitals were verbal and non‐verbal bullying (β = 0.27), tenacity (β = −0.24), not getting placement in the desired department (β = 0.17), and age group (β = 0.12). The regression model was significant (F = 9.23, p<0.001) based on hierarchical regression analysis, and the explanatory power of the model was 29%. It was concluded that reduction of verbal and non‐verbal bullying in the workplace, and programs that promote the tenacity of resilience, are necessary to reduce the turnover intention of new nurses in tertiary hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous calculators based on antepartum or pre‐labor factors preclude intrapartum counseling. We aimed to develop a reliable, programmable, intrapartum calculator to predict the risk of cesarean birth (CB) due to dystocia and to increase the discriminatory accuracy of the predictive model. Methods: Data were obtained retrospectively for 1326 singleton term deliveries with cephalic presentation. Two predictive multivariable logistic regression analysis models were constructed using pre‐active labor variables alone (model A) or with active labor variables (model B). The discriminatory accuracies and goodness‐of‐fit of the models were compared using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves or −2log‐likelihood ratios, Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian information criterion (BIC), respectively. Both models were internally validated using a bootstrapping procedure. Results: Model A yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.859 and adequate goodness of fit (P = 0.970). Model B yielded a significantly higher AUC of 0.887 and adequate goodness of fit (P = 0.624), as well as a significantly lower AIC and BIC (P < 0.001). Internal validation revealed a minimal optimism of 0.0070491 and 0.0068976 for models A and B, respectively. Finally, the logistic regression equations were converted into programmable calculators to yield easy‐to‐understand basic (model A) and additional intrapartum CB calculators (model B). Conclusions: The programmable calculators developed herein can augment intrapartum counseling. Our findings suggest that the risk of CB due to dystocia during labor should be estimated using a calculator that corresponds to labor progression. Further studies should explore external validation of these statistical models before translation to a clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the differences in practices, policies, and perceptions of nurses regarding work‐related utilization of smartphones in acute‐care settings. Background: Mobile devices utilizing emerging technology are widely used in acute‐care settings; however, concerns such as potential distraction, improper use, and negative impact on the nursing image in clinical practice remain valid. Methods: Nurse managers (n = 8) and nurses (n = 181) were enrolled from eight academic tertiary hospitals that have comprehensive electronic medical record systems and mobile versions. Between October 2018 and February 2019, participants completed a questionnaire designed to explore their use of smartphones. The reporting guide for self‐administered surveys of clinicians was applied. Results: Approximately 80% of nurses carried personal smartphones while working, with 70% using their devices for work. The prevalence of work‐related smartphone use ranged from 3% to 43% by functionality, which was lower than that estimated by managers. Frequent uses included taking pictures/videos and internet browsing. Nurses were more positive than managers about the benefits of smartphone use and less burdened by related concerns. Novice and junior nurses were more optimistic than senior nurses. Only one hospital had a policy on nurses' use of personal devices at work. Conclusion: Two unmet needs in the current clinical information system were identified: information supporting task‐related knowledge at the bedside and security of data capture and communication. Implication for nursing policy: The unintended perception gaps between nurses and managers regarding work‐related smartphone use can be closed by nursing leadership. Unmet nursing informatics, particularly for information‐seeking purposes, can be addressed in the context of quality assurance. Nurse leaders can advocate secure and proper use of smartphones in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate infection control knowledge and its practice of clinical dental hygienists in response to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in South Korea. Methods: Nine questions (Q9‐K) on the degree of knowledge acquisition of dental hygienists in response to COVID‐19, and another 9 questions (Q9‐P) on the practices for COVID‐19 infection and spread prevention were prepared. From 500 clinical dental hygienists in South Korea, answers about their general characteristics, Q9‐K, and Q9‐P were collected. 1 point was given to each question based on the 'yes' answers from Q9‐K and Q9‐P, and Score‐K and Score‐P were calculated, respectively. To identify factors affecting Score‐P, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed. In all analyses, p‐values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Average scores of Score‐K and Score‐P were 7.36 ± 1.35 and 6.26 ± 2.07, respectively. The regression model of Score‐P was significant (F = 20.788, p < 0.001). Concerning Score‐P, Score‐K (β = 0.385), age (β = 0.275), dental hospital (β = 0.158), monthly income of $2,360~$2,730 (β = 0.104) had a significantly positive correlation, and the total years of career (β = −0.293) are found to have a significantly negative correlation. Conclusions: Infection control knowledge and practice of clinical dental hygienists in South Korea was found to be vulnerable in the group of hygienists who are younger than 27 years old, working in dental clinics, and whose monthly income is less than under $2,000. Also, the factor that influences infection control practice the most was the degree of knowledge. Therefore, continuous infection control education and supplement targeting these vulnerable groups are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed at identifying the social determinants related to COVID‐19 infection in South Korea. This secondary analysis used data from the 2020 Community Health Survey, a nationwide sample taken to understand the health status of Korean residents. The participants were 220 970 adults 19 years of age or older. COVID‐19‐related social determinants were age, education level, marital status, household income, hypertension, eating habits, social support, and regional income. The risk of COVID‐19 infection increased in those who were under 40 years, were high school graduates or higher, were single, had a household income over US$ 4166.7, ate breakfast 5–7 times a week, had three or more helpers during COVID‐19, and lived in a region with above‐average income. Hypertension reduced the risk of COVID‐19 infection. In conclusion, adults with high socioeconomic activity showed a high risk for COVID‐19 infection, which was assumed to include only adults living in residential housing in the community. Further studies are required to include adults living in long‐term care or communal living facilities, known to be frequently infected with the corona virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Only 5% to 10% of patients who visit the emergency department (ED) with isolated dizziness without neurologic abnormalities may have central lesions; however, it is important to distinguish central lesions through brain imaging. This study was conducted to create a nomogram to provide an objective medical basis for selectively performing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) among patients with isolated dizziness. Methods: This retrospective observational study enrolled patients who visited the ED of a tertiary hospital with isolated dizziness and underwent diffusion‐weighted MRI and subsequently consulted with the departments of neurology, neurosurgery, or otorhinolaryngology. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors in patients diagnosed with central lesions to create a nomogram with the significant variables. Results: Of the 1,078 patients who were screened, 119 were diagnosed with central lesions. Significant variables in the multivariable logistic regression analysis were albumin levels (odds ratio [OR] = 0.339, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.188 to 0.610, p = 0.0003), inorganic phosphate levels (OR = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.832 to 0.954, p = 0.0010), history of ischemic stroke (OR = 3.170, 95% CI = 1.807 to 5.560, p < 0.0001), presyncope (OR = 3.152, 95% CI = 1.184 to 8.389, p = 0.0216), and nystagmus (OR = 0.365, 95% CI = 0.237 to 0.561, p < 0.0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the nomogram created with these variables was 0.7315 (95% CI = 0.6842 to 0.7788, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Albumin, inorganic phosphate, previous stroke, presyncope, and nystagmus were associated with the predictive diagnosis of central lesions among patients admitted to the ED with isolated dizziness. The novel nomogram created using these variables can help in objectively determining the need for MRI in patients presenting with isolated dizziness to the ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We evaluated the analytical performance of CoaguChek Pro II (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany), a new point‐of‐care device measuring the international normalized ratio (INR) values, in comparison with CoaguChek XS Plus (Roche Diagnostics GmbH) and STA‐R Max using STA‐Neoplastine CI Plus (Diagnostica Stago SAS, Asnières‐sur‐Seine, France). Methods: The precision of Pro II was analyzed, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI POCT14‐A2 and EP15‐A3). In 105 clinical samples, the Pro II INR values were compared with those of XS Plus and STA‐R Max using STA‐Neoplastine CI Plus (CLSI EP09‐A3 and EP35). We also compared the Pro II INR values between capillary blood (CB) and venous blood (VB; CLSI EP35). Results: The precision of Pro II was acceptable (within‐run and between‐run CV%: 2.71% and 3.28% at normal level; 1.52% and 4.47% at abnormal level, respectively). The Pro II INR values showed very high correlation and almost perfect agreement with those of XS Plus and STA‐R Max using STA‐Neoplastine CI Plus (r =.97 and κ =.94; r =.95 and κ =.91). The mean difference between Pro II and STA‐R Max using STA‐Neoplastine CI Plus increased as INR values increased, with 60% of samples showing differences >0.5 in the supratherapeutic range. The Pro II INR values showed very high correlation between CB and VB (r =.98). Conclusion: Pro II INR values are accurate and reliable using both CB and VB; however, they should be confirmed by laboratory analyzers in the supratherapeutic range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To identify the predictors of Registered Nurses' turnover intention and analyse the effect sizes. Design: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of previous research, conducted to comprehensively identify the predictors of turnover intention. Methods: In total, 417 studies from 1 January 2000 to 30 April 2020 that investigated predictors of turnover intention of South Korean nurses were reviewed. The data were analysed using the R statistical package. Network graphs were used to analyse the relationships among turnover predictors, and meta‐analysis was performed to determine the effect sizes of the correlations. Results: This review analysed common predictors identified in previous studies. Burnout (0.541), emotional exhaustion (0.511), job stress (0.390) and career plateau (0.386) showed positive effect sizes, while organizational commitment (−0.540), person−organizational fit (−0.521), career commitment (−0.508), work engagement (−0.503), job satisfaction (−0.491) and job embeddedness (−0.483) showed negative effect sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to examine factors associated with nurses' resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Data were collected in the latter half of 2020 from 904 nurses across Japan, Republic of Korea, Republic of Turkey, and the United States. The questionnaire included the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale 10, plus demographics and 20 questions about practice environment, workplace safety concerning infection control, COVID‐related experience, and organizational support. Fear of becoming infected, intention to leave nursing, and having had a positive COVID‐19 test were inversely associated with resilience (p < 0.05). Regression analysis indicated that U.S. nurses had significantly greater resilience than nurses in the other countries examined (p < 0.001). Nurses reporting organization support and those who participated in policy and procedure development had higher resilience scores (p < 0.01). Organizational support, involving nurses in policy development, and country of practice were found to be important resilience factors in our research, which aligns with other findings. Further research is recommended to determine the optimal practice environment to support nurse resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace cyberbullying has emerged as a new issue. This study aimed to explore individual and organizational factors that affect nurses' workplace cyberbullying in hospital settings. A multicenter, cross‐sectional study was conducted using a self‐report questionnaire. Three tertiary and 18 general hospitals were selected from one city in Korea. A total of 270 nurses with 6 months to 10 years of experience in the current department were enrolled. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors associated with cyberbullying. Workplace cyberbullying was affected by self‐labeled victimization due to face‐to‐face bullying, subjective health level, years of experience as a nurse (β = 0.148, p = 0.009), and relation‐oriented nursing organizational culture. Face‐to‐face bullying must be addressed to prevent workplace cyberbullying. It is important to assist nurses to maintain good health—considering that, new nurses with less than 1 year of experience are vulnerable to being victimized. Effective prevention strategies should be prepared to control workplace cyberbullying in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the cross-cultural differences in human resource (HR) managers' beliefs in effective HR practices by surveying HR practitioners in Finland (N = 86), South Korea (N = 147), and Spain (N = 196). Similar to previous studies from the United States, the Netherlands, and Australia, there are large discrepancies between HR practitioner beliefs and research findings, particularly in the area of staffing. In addition, we find that interpersonal-oriented aspects of HR practices tend to be more culturally bound than technical-oriented aspects of HR practices. We interpret the differences using Hofstede's cultural dimensions (Power Distance, Individualism versus Collectivism, Masculinity versus Femininity, Long-Term Orientation versus Short-Term Orientation, and Uncertainty Avoidance). We discuss the overall nature of the science-practice gap in HR management, and the implications for evidence-based management. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the plaque control effectiveness of rubber cup polishing with that of air polishing during oral prophylaxis procedures and to investigate the effect of the order of air‐polishing application on the efficiency of oral prophylaxis. Methods: The study included adult patients (≥20 years of age) who had visited the dental clinic for oral prophylaxis. A total of 173 subjects were divided into three groups (scaling followed by rubber cup polishing, SR; scaling followed by air polishing, SA; and air polishing followed by scaling, AS) based on sex, age, oral health status, oral hygiene status, and indications and contraindications according to the oral prophylaxis method. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the difference in oral prophylaxis time, residual deposits rate, subjects and dental hygienist satisfaction. Results: The total scaling time was shorter in the AS group (15.4 ± 6.9 minutes) than in the SA (18.7 ± 5.5 minutes) and SR groups (19.9 ± 6.2 minutes) (p < 0.05). The rate of residual deposits was significantly higher in the SR group than in the AS or SA groups (p < 0.05). The satisfaction level of dental hygienists was higher in the AS group (8.8 ± 1.0 points) and the SA group (8.4 ± 1.0 points) than in the SR group (6.2 ± 1.3 points). Conclusion: During oral prophylaxis, dental plaque removal using air polishing requires a relatively longer time when compared to rubber cup polishing, but it can better eliminate dental plaque. In addition, we found that dental plaque removal using air polishing prior to scaling reduced the total scaling time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study examined factors associated with severity, incidence and/or persistence of internet gaming disorder (IGD) in children and adolescents. Design, Setting, Participants: Prospective cohort study with 2‐year follow‐up study in South Korea. A total of 2319 3rd‐, 4th‐ and 7th‐graders enrolled into the internet user cohort for unbiased recognition of gaming disorder in early adolescence [intramural Continuing Umbrella of Research Experiences (iCURE)] and analyzed for the current study. Measurements Severity of the IGD features was assessed by the Internet Game Use‐Elicited Symptom Screen (IGUESS), a self‐reported questionnaire based on the DSM‐5 IGD criteria. Participants with IGUESS scores ≥ 10 were considered to be at high risk for IGD (HIGD). Time spent playing on‐line games, game types, depressive symptoms, trait anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, social support, openness of communication with parents, attachment to parents and potential confounders were assessed by self‐report. Findings A total of 175 (7.5%) students were classified as HIGD cases upon initial assessment. The independent risk factors of incidence of HIGD included playing on‐line games for ≥ 240 minutes/day, playing multi‐player games, depressive symptoms and ADHD symptoms [adjusted rate ratios (aRRs) = 2.03, 1.63, 2.04, 2.53, respectively; all P < 0.05]. Factors related to changing IGD severity scores were playing on‐line games for 60–239 minutes/day, playing single‐player on‐line games, higher attachment and social support [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRRs) = 1.38, 1.22, 0.86, 0.87, respectively; all P < 0.05]. Independent predictors of persistence of HIGD were playing on‐line games for ≥ 240 minutes/day and ADHD symptoms (aRRs = 2.63, 2.14, respectively; all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Among adolescents in South Korea, the existence of ADHD symptoms and spending more than 4 hours per day playing on‐line games were associated with the occurrence or persistence of high risk for internet gaming disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This observational study investigated the relationship between mother‐infant contact time and changes in postpartum depression and mother‐infant attachment. The study population consisted of 101 mothers staying for 14 days at two postpartum care centers in Busan, Republic of Korea. Data were collected from February to March 2018 using a self‐administered questionnaire that covered postpartum depression, mother‐infant attachment, and included a contact timesheet. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and multiple linear regression with bootstrapping estimation. The mean daily contact time was 5.31 ± 1.80 h. The mean postpartum depression decreased from 8.76 ± 7.10 points at admission to 5.16 ± 3.35 points at discharge. By increasing daily kangaroo mother care time by 1 h, postpartum depression was decreased by 4.02 points. However, changes in mother‐infant attachment were not related to contact time. Kangaroo mother care was effective in decreasing postpartum depression among the mothers at the postpartum care centers. Nurses working at the care centers should encourage mothers to participate in kangaroo mother care programs. Further studies considering various contacts, such as baby massage or bathing, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop and initially validate the Diabetes Self‐Stigma Scale for assessing self‐stigma in people with diabetes. Design: Scale development and evaluation. Methods: Participants were 399 patients with diabetes. In phase 1, initial items were generated based on the concept analysis of diabetes self‐stigma. Moreover, content validity was established by diabetes experts. Phase 2 evaluated structural validity through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was evaluated by examining stability and internal consistency. Results: The findings revealed that the self‐stigma scale for patients with diabetes is a valid and reliable instrument. The Diabetes Self‐Stigma Scale was confirmed with 16 items. It consists of four domains: comparative inability, social withdrawal, self‐devaluation and apprehensive feeling. The scale developed in this study can measure self‐stigma in diabetes patients and can be used as an intervention to reduce self‐stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to examine the sleep pattern of breast cancer survivors and anxiety and depression associated with sleep quality to provide evidence‐based information for the development of interventions to improve sleep disorders in these survivors. Design: A cross‐sectional study. Methods: The subjects were 266 breast cancer survivors in South Korea. Structured questionnaires regarding sleep quality, anxiety and depression were used. The data were analysed using t test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis. Results: Sleep duration and sleep disturbance were found to affect anxiety, whereas sleep latency and subjective sleep quality were found to affect depression. These results suggest that various factors affecting sleep quality should be considered when providing care for anxiety and depression in breast cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to compare the psychometric properties of two measures of eHealth literacy, namely, the Korean versions of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (K‐DHLI) and eHealth Literacy Scale (K‐eHEALS), among older adults in South Korea. Background: Given the usefulness of eHealth information, measures of eHealth literacy have been developed. It is necessary to examine the validity of such tools among older adults who are likely to experience difficulties in using eHealth resources. Methods: A validation study was conducted using the secondary data of 180 older adults in South Korea. Two weeks after they had responded to the K‐DHLI and K‐eHEALS, 89 of them completed the assessments a second time so that the assessments' test–retest reliability could be examined. Using the collected data, their reliability (i.e. internal consistency, test–retest reliability) and validity (i.e. construct validity and criterion validity) were examined. Results: Both tools demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (α ≥ 0.90, item‐total correlation coefficients =.39–.76) as well as good test–retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients.77 and.84, respectively. The 21 items of the K‐DHLI loaded onto five factors, which accounted for 71% of the variance. The 10 items of the K‐eHEALS loaded onto a single factor, which explained 58% of the total variance. The scores of both tools were strongly correlated (r =.63) and positively related to attitudes towards internet health information and subjective health status (r =.23–.50). Conclusions: The findings suggest that the K‐DHLI and K‐eHEALS are reliable and valid tools that can be used to assess the utilisation of eHealth resources by older adults. Implications for Practice: The findings can help healthcare providers choose a suitable measure of eHealth literacy when working with older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study was carried out to analyze nursing care provided to patients on high and low fall‐risk days and to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care in terms of preventing falls. Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was conducted for patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Korea. General and clinical information, fall occurrences, Hendrich II Fall Risk Model (HFRM II) fall‐risk assessment scores, nursing care related to fall prevention, and medications administered were extracted. Results: Data from 43,267 days of records for 11,718 patients were analyzed. Nursing assessment, intervention, and administration of medication were provided more frequently on high fall‐risk days than on low fall‐risk days. Analysis performed on the entire cohort days showed fall occurrence was significantly associated with infrequent mobility assessment and greater usage of anti‐anxiety agents. On high fall‐risk days, fall occurrence was related to less restraint assessment and greater usage of vessel dilatators. Conclusions: The implementation of risk‐targeted interventions for fall prevention based on fall‐risk assessment is needed. For general fall prevention, assessment of patients' mobility should be strengthened. For high fall‐risk patients, it may be more effective for nurses to focus on assessing restraints, evaluating medication records, and withdrawing medications related to falls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study is aimed to develop and test the measurement of environmental health perceptions and behavior concerning female adolescents' reproductive health. Methods: The scales constructed through literature review, in ‐depth interview, and factor analysis based on the protection motivation theory. The sample comprised 384 female adolescents for exploratory factor analysis, aged 18‐22 years, and recruited in September‐November 2019 in South Korea. The construct was validated using factor analysis, convergent validity, and known‐group comparisons. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency and half‐split reliability. Results: The environmental health perception for female adolescents (EHP‐FA) comprises "Sensitivity," "Susceptibility," "Response efficacy," and "Self‐efficacy." The environmental health behavior for female adolescents (EHB‐FA), based on principal component analysis, yielded 19 items with five factors, including "Chemical reduction," "Electromagnetic reduction," "Food selection," "Cosmetic selection," "Dust & Gas reduction," and explained 62.6% of the variance (Cronbach's α =.93). Conclusion: The utility of EHP‐FA and EHB‐FA recommend assessment of female youth's environmental attention and health behavior in the community. Nursing professionals can use the scales to promote female adolescents' reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine the resilience of breast cancer patients by investigating the validity and reliability of a Korean version of the breast cancer survivors resilience scale (BCRS) and to provide basic data for developing interventions that can be used by healthcare professionals to enhance the resilience of breast cancer patients. Methods: Data were obtained from 280 breast cancer survivors receiving treatment at the outpatient clinic of Kosin University Hospital located in Busan City, Korea, and the collected data were used to confirm content validity, construct validity, criterion validity, and internal consistency reliability. Results: The Korean version of the BCRS comprised two subdomains and a total of 16 items, and the internal consistency reliability estimated by Cronbachʼs alpha was.87~.89. Conclusion: This study found that the Korean version BCRS has high validity and reliability. In future studies, it will be necessary to conduct research that identifies the resilience levels of patients with breast cancer, using the Korean version BCRS, and seeks interventions in agreement with the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast self‐examination is a convenient and effective way to detect breast abnormalities. Based on Dale's Cone of Experience theory, we hypothesized that the combination of a smartphone application with hands‐on practice would have a greater impact than using a smartphone application alone. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different educational methods on (a) knowledge, (b) attitudes, (c) skills, and (d) students' satisfaction with the learning methods. Methods: We conducted a pre‐ and post‐test quasi‐experimental design and developed a smartphone application using a video clip. One experimental group received smartphone‐based education, another group received smartphone‐based education combined with hands‐on practice, and the control group received a one‐time classroom lecture. We administered a pre‐test, provided intervention, and conducted a post‐test. Results: Among the three groups, the knowledge and attitude of the experimental groups were significantly higher than that of the control group. In addition, the group using the combination of the smartphone application and hands‐on practice showed the highest score changes in skills and satisfaction with the learning methods. Conclusions: Smartphone application use combined with hands‐on practice could be an effective education method for breast self‐examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This is a descriptive longitudinal study conducted to identify the effects of the perception of child value by parents on parenting stress, controlling parenting attitudes, and children's self‐esteem. Methods: The present study targeted parents aged 19 years or older and their children who participated in the fourth through to the eighth Panel Study on Korean Children. The study examined the longitudinal relationship of the effect of parental factors on self‐esteem in children, and applied an actor‐partner interdependent model to analyze the effect of interactions with parents. Results: The paternal instrumental value had a partner effect on the rate of change in maternal parenting stress, while the maternal instrumental value of children had an actor effect on the rate of change in maternal parenting stress. The baseline value of parenting stress had an actor effect on the baseline value of controlling parenting attitudes, while the rate of change in maternal parenting stress had a partner effect on paternal controlling parenting attitudes and an actor effect on the rate of change in maternal controlling parenting attitudes. The baseline value and rate of change in controlling parenting attitudes were found to influence self‐esteem in children. Conclusion: Reducing parenting stress by increasing the parents' positive perception of the value of children can be helpful in maintaining a consistent parenting attitude by parents, which can have a positive effect on self‐esteem in children. It is important to provide intervention and management of variables related to self‐esteem in children using a long‐term and multidimensional approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To investigate the experience of gerotranscendence among older people in community in Korea and the factors that influence their experience. Background: While the literature provides estimates of how many older people are affected by negative aspects of ageing, it is not known to what extent and why some older people experience gerotranscendence, despite the challenges they encounter throughout their lifetime. Design: A cross‐sectional survey. Methods: A 55‐item questionnaire was distributed to 109 older people between March and June 2017. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were conducted on the four question group sum scores to identify factors associated with gerotranscendence. Results: Older people aged 65–93 who live in a community in Korea reported the experience of gerotranscendence. Age and religion showed a statistically significant association with gerotranscendence. Religiosity showed a statistically significant association with beliefs about death and dying. Age and beliefs about death and dying have significant relationship with the experience of gerotranscendence. Conclusions: Older people who have more positive views about death and dying are more likely to experience gerotranscendence. The study results provide nurses and other healthcare professionals with new understandings and insights about the factors potentially related to positive ageing process. Implications for practice: It is essential for nurses to investigate their own beliefs about death and dying, and their understanding of gerotranscendence which will contribute to developing education programs and practice guidelines as an essential part of promoting gerotranscendence and positive ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: It is important to focus on the early identification of factors that promote children's self‐esteem, to foster the healthy development of children with allergic rhinitis. This study aimed to identify the effects of parents' parenting stress, self‐esteem, and parent–child interaction on the self‐esteem of children with allergic rhinitis. Methods: Structural equation modeling was used to verify the conceptual model. This study was conducted on 656 children with symptoms of allergic rhinitis and their parents who participated in the 8th Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). Data collection involved a questionnaire on parents' parenting stress, self‐esteem, parent–child interaction and self‐esteem of children. Secondary data from the PSKC were analyzed using Actor‐partner Interdependence Model. Data were analyzed using SPSS‐WIN Version 20.0 and AMOS Version 20.0. Results: In the high self‐esteem group, the father's parenting stress had a partner effect on the mother's self‐esteem, while the mother's self‐esteem affected her parent–child interaction, which in turn affected the child's self‐esteem. In the low self‐esteem group, the father's parenting stress affected the mother's self‐esteem, the father's self‐esteem had a partner effect on the mother's parent–child interaction, and the mother's self‐esteem had an indirect effect on the child's self‐esteem. Conclusions: This study was conducted to provide basic data to help understand the interactions among variables related to the self‐esteem of children with allergic rhinitis. The findings indicate that the model has utility in developing effective nursing intervention to promote self‐esteem of children with allergic rhinitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]