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The objective of this paper is to propose a novel approach to enhance working memory (WM) training for mobile devices by using information about the arousal level of a person. By the example of an adaptive n-back task, we combine methodologies from different disciplines to tackle this challenge: mobile learning, affective computing and cognitive psychology. Mobile applications for WM training offer the advantage that a user can perform a training session independently of time and location. Using approaches from affective computing, training sessions can be made more challenging and engaging by making them adaptive to the current state of a user. In contrast to conventional adaptive WM trainings, our approach uses physiological signals to extract information about the arousal level of a person. In this paper, we address the question how information about the arousal level of a user can be captured and how this information can be used to influence the overall learning procedure. An approach to integrate feedback about the arousal level of a person into mobile WM training is presented and exemplified using the n-back task. [For the full proceedings, see ED562140.]

Pure-tone sound at 15,750 Herz generated by flyback transformers in many computer and video display terminal (VDT) monitors has stress-related productivity effects in some operators, especially women. College-age women in a controlled experiment simulating half a normal work day showed responses within the first half hour of exposure to a tone generator-created pure-tone. Overall productivity decreased 4.47% in the first half hour and 8.18% in the second hour. Effects of the tone varied with time in the menstrual cycle, high estrogen levels further decreasing performance. Control and experimental groups (N=100) were analyzed. These findings make a direct link between a specific attribute of VDTs and stress symptoms reported in workplace health studies. Because women hear frequencies one to three kiloHertz higher than men and find sounds "too loud" at half the loudness men tolerate, they are more at risk for these stress symptons. (32 references) (Author/DB)

Driver impairment is yet another human factor that is likely to cause dangerous driving behavior (aka distracted driving), leading to safety hazards on the roads. Assuring acceptable drivers' cognitive state can improve safe driving performance. Behavioral and self-report measures are used to assess drivers' cognitive states, but psychophysiological measures can add more considerable value in the real-world driving context. Hence, monitoring, detecting, and responding to drivers' psychophysiological state compose a safety countermeasure that can reduce the risk of distracted driving and thus eliminate or mitigate safety hazards. The research investigates the recent used measures to detect drivers' psychophysiological state, in addition to the drivers' psychophysiological state classification using machine learning. Eye movement, respiration rate, electrocardiogram, electroencephalography, and electromyography are all examples of measures used to deduce drivers' overall psychophysiological state. Tracking and assessing these measures rely on several different metrics, methods, and technologies. For example, drowsiness, as a well-known psychophysiological state, can be assessed and tracked by the eye aspect ratio metric. This paper reviews the recent state-of-the-art measures used for detecting the drivers' overall psychophysiological state. The review considers different psychophysiological states such as fatigue, drowsiness, distraction, and stress. The paper also discusses the strengths and limitations of each reviewed measure, its usage, and its real-time applications. The result showed that the most common used measures are eyes and mouth state measures. Also, several machine learning methods have proven their reliability in classifying drivers' psychophysiological states, especially SVM and CNN as they have wider applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the impact of communication styles on physiological health, coronary-prone Type A and low-stress Type B subjects were administered two surveys testing reactions to hypothetical, stressful situations. While not revealing a correlation between Type A behavior and specific perceptions of, or strategies for, dealing with compliance-gaining situations, the studies did suggest profitable directions for future research. Further study is needed, for example, both on the characteristics of Type A communication and on the impact of Type A behavior on interpersonal relations. (Materials used in the study are appended.) (MM)

A conceptual model of the childbirth experience is developed which emphasizes: (1) maternal coping during labor and delivery; (2) postpartum evaluation of the experience; (3) stress and coping; (4) health and illness behavior; (5) interactions between individual physiological and psychological characteristics; and (6) physical and social environmental characteristics. Analyses indicate that the childbirth model encompasses general determinants of childbirth behavior, cognitive appraisal of childbirth, the woman's psychophysiological adaptability, childbirth environment stimuli, and the outcomes of childbirth competence and postpartum childbirth affect. (Author)

Burnout in education is described in terms of system stress. Systems and their relationships are viewed at four levels: somatic, psychological, social, and cultural. "Burnout" is defined as a reduction of the function of an organism or living system. Changes in the state of a system create increased demands for adaptation. Stress is a general disturbance of the system that creates some demand for energy. Stress at the organic level can be related to stress at the psychological and social levels. Systems analysis begins from the assumption that a system is a set of interrelated parts and is part of a larger suprasystem. The system is characterized by its structure which relates the parts and processes of functioning over time. Stress can be viewed as a disturbance in the structure-process relationship of a system. A disturbance which impedes the functioning of the system involves the concept of health. Thus the health of the system involves a network of structure-process relationships which affect the level of functioning of the individual in the social context. The functional link of the individual may be seen as role taking and performance. Stress agents are those variations in a system which create a disturbance in the stability of the system. (JN)

A report is given of research conducted to determine the relationship between the response of the human body to stress and the incidence of physical diseases. Seven areas of the nervous system were tested in the study: cardiovascular, electrodermal, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, piloerectors, pupilomaetric, and respiratory. The results of the tests are reported in both narrative and tabular form. It is suggested that this data be used for the evaluation of disease prevention and health promotion activities and programs. (JD)

Research into brain physiology and dream psychology have helped to illuminate the biological purposes and processes of dreaming. Physical and functional characteristics shared by dreaming and television include the perception of visual and auditory images, operation in a binary mode, and the encoding of visual information. Research is needed in the following areas: the effects of heavy television viewing on the brain's internal scanning mechanism or firing pattern; the effect of exposure to television's heavily saturated, luminous colors on the colors experienced in dreams; the relationship between experiences in dreaming and viewing by comparing electroencephalographic recordings during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and during television viewing; the capability of television viewing to stimulate a mental state between waking and dreaming; the relationship between perceptions in dreams and on television and its implications for visual literacy; comparison of dream content to television content; the formulaic, cyclical nature of dreaming and of television programing; and the possibility that television is capable of bypassing conscious processing and implanting images directly into the unconscious. (DF)

Suggestopaedia seems to be the only pedagogical approach using music as an integral part or essential component of the teaching process, in spite of the fact that the contribution of music to pedagogy and successful learning has been recognized for some time. In a suggestopaedic course, music plays a large part in creating a pleasant suggestive atmosphere, thereby facilitating the lessening or removal of anti-suggestive psychological barriers. This assumption is particularly applicable to adult foreign language classes. Music helps to create a state of receptiveness induced by an apparent state of passiveness associated with a state of psychological relaxation and concentration of superior cerebral activity. Because research has frequently shown the positive effects of music, it is possible to propose different hypotheses to explain the role of music in suggestopaedia. These hypotheses are also of interest because they may lead to research linking psychology and suggestopaedia. While it is not yet easy to determine the specific effects of music in a suggestopaedic approach, it seems that this approach, based on gestalt principles, answers some questions regarding the pedagogical use of the full capacity of the brain. Further research is necessary before specific information can be offered, but the systematic introduction of music into pedagogy has proven to be an innovation with numerous beneficial results. (Author/AMH)

This study focused on the psychophysiological reactions of viewers seeing such selected cinemagraphic elements as varying camera distances, tracking shots, panning shots, and zooming shots. Subjects (N=29), randomly selected from introductory speech courses, viewed five films that varied in the presence or absence of the selected filmic elements. While the subject viewed the films, physiological measurements (GSR and respiratory rate) were taken. The subject then completed a semantic differential that measured the subject's perception of production and story-line concepts. A second study, composed of students in graduate level audiovisual courses (N=29), was conducted to replicate the results of the first study. The results of both studies indicated that there were significantly greater psychological responses with production concepts than with story-line concepts. The control film, which was composed of static long shots, was the locus of this variance, and also elicited significantly more physiological responses than the other filmic elements. The results of this study indicate that the absence or presence of certain filmic elements can greatly influence the psychophysiological responses to a film and that changes in the production of a film will have little effect on the comprehension of that film's story. (Author/VT)

Experimental, clinical, and personal observations give some support to the notions that: (1) intensive live training with anxious subjects is required in order to demonstrate that perspective relaxation has physiological effects; (2) physiological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms of anxiety are separable and may respond differentially to various forms of treatment; (3) various relaxation techniques produce different subjective experiences; and (4) experiences of cognitive passivity are associated with higher levels of EEG alpha. Results of several case studies indicate that progressive relaxation and/or biofeedback are useful with physiological tension symptoms, and cognitively-oriented techniques, such as meditation, are appropriate treatment for cognitive anxiety symptoms. (Author)

Until recently it has been possible only to measure the behavioral products of cognitive processing, e.g. reaction time. However, this is a rather indirect way of studying brain substrates of cognition. Psychophysiological techniques can be used to study the neural mechanisms of cognition. In this experiment brain electrical activity was measured and a subcomponent of this electrical activity, the P300 wave, was identified in a population of normal and brain-injured adults while they were engaged in a visual discrimination task. The averaged amplitude of the P300 wave was significantly decreased and the averaged latency of the P300 wave was significantly increased in the brain-injured group. However, a trial-by-trial analysis revealed that near normal waveforms could be produced by the brain-injured subjects in a small percentage of trials. Since the P300 waveform is related to mechanisms of selective attention and short term memory, the appearance of normal P300 waves in the brain-injured group indicates that the stability of these cognitive processes, and not the processes themselves, were affected by the neurological insult to these patients. (Author)

The proceedings of a conference on stress and the organization, sponsored by the Business Institute in Gerontology, are presented. The materials address the following areas of concern related to the problem of stress, including: (1) physiology and psychological effects; (2) organization-induced stress and its manifestations; (3) mid-life transitions for men; (4) the dilemma of corporate women; and (5) exercise and physical fitness. The appendices contain transcripts of a panel discussion on corporate stress and a comment on personal stress management. (Author/HLM)

This paper explores psychology related to the moment that control is exercised during interactions with media. What is the difference, in the thoughtful and emotional engagement of viewers with the content presented, between reacting to media versus controlling its onset? Subjects viewed pictures on a computer as part of a 2 (Control) x 2 (Picture Type) x 16 (Repetitions) within-subjects experiment (N=22). In one condition, subjects controlled picture onset with a computer mouse. In the other condition, the computer controlled picture onset. Heart rate and skin conductance were collected as indicators of automatic attention and arousal elicited by each manipulation of Control. Results showed that subjects exhibited a cardiac response indicative of an active, stimulus-rejection posture, when they had control over picture onset. Subjects exhibited a cardiac response indicative of an attentive, stimulus-intake posture, when the computer controlled picture onset. Physiological arousal was higher when subjects had control over picture onset. Subjects gave higher valence and arousal ratings for pictures that were presented by the computer. These results are discussed in relation to current assumptions of interactive media and audience activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tests a model of what secondary task reaction times (STRTs) actually measure as outlined in the STRT model proposed by Lang and Basil (1998). Lang and Basil?s (1998) review of the STRT literature found that past literature referred to four theoretical definitions of what STRTs measure: resources required by a message; resources allocated to the message; resources available for processing; and resources remaining in the system. Indeed, they found that individual studies would often fluctuate between conceptualizations. The authors then integrated the limited capacity model of mediated message processing (for a complete discussion of the model, see Lang, 2000) with the four definitions, concluding that a conceptualization of STRTs as an index of available resources at encoding best fit the published STRT results. STRT methodology requires a subject in an experiment to perform a primary and secondary task at the same time, and it is assumed that the subject cannot concurrently use the same resources for the primary and secondary tasks. As primary tasks require more resources, there are fewer resources left over to conduct the secondary tasks, and STRTs slow down (Lang and Basil, 1998). Lang and Basil (1998) focused in particular on the counterintuitive results found for STRTs elicited during messages with high and low global video complexity and local video complexity. Theory seemed to predict that global video complex messages would elicit slower STRTs because more resources would be required to process them. But in fact, global video complex messages elicit faster STRTs than do simple video complex messages. Lang and Basil (1998) suggested the reason for this is that more resources are made available during complex messages. This means increasing global complexity leads to more resources being allocated to the message, thus increasing available resources. According to this view, global complexity determines the number of resources allocated to the attention task, and the content/structure of the message determines the number of resources required to process the message (Lang and Basil, 1998). Thus their model suggests that STRT is an indicator of available resources, specifically it indexes those resources made available to the cognitive subprocesses of encoding a message not needed to process the message. In other words, the structural features in globally complex messages elicit a large allocation of resources and the demands for resources made by the ongoing processing and storage of messages to encoding, but because many of those structural features do not require many resources to be processed, an over allocation of resources results (Lang and Basil, 1998, p. 458). Lang and Basil (1998) define available resources as the resources ?allocated to the message (which is increasing) minus the resources required by the message? (p. 460). If the resources required are less than the resources allocated, the available resources in global complex video messages may very well increase. Thus, there would be more resources available during complex messages compared to simple messages, and if this occurs as the reaction times will be faster during global video complex messages. Studies investigating the effects of global and local video complexity suggest a way to directly test this model. Lang et al. (1999) found that cuts (i.e., change from one scene to an unrelated scene) in television programming automatically allocated resources to encoding. As the number of unrelated cuts increases, more attentional capacity is called to encoding. This resulted in a curvilinear effect on recognition (here an index of encoding) such that recognition improves from slow to medium-paced messages but decreases from medium to fast-paced messages, suggesting an overload. Conversely, Lang et al. (2000) predicted and found that increasing the number of edits defined as ?a change from one camera shot to another within the same visual scene? in a message would show an increase in recognition with no overload (p. 99). This is because the edit adds little new information to be processed, hence resources are allocated but are not needed to process the change. Thus it is logical to use the number of structural features to manipulate how many resources are allocated to encoding, and the type of structural feature (cut or edit) to manipulate how many resources are needed to process the structural feature. Therefore, fast-paced messages with many edits should leave more resources available than a fast-paced message with many cuts. Examining the four conceptualizations of what STRTs measure outlined by Lang and Basil (1998), we see that a different pattern of STRT results is predicted for this design by each of the conceptualizations. If STRTs measure resources allocated to the message, then STRTs should slow down as the number of cuts and edits increases and there should be no difference between cuts and edits. If STRTs measure resources remaining in the system, there should again be fewer resources remaining for fast paced messages compared to slow, and if cuts require more resources there should be fewer resources remaining for cuts compared to edits. If STRTs measure resources required by the message, then STRTs should decrease as the number of cuts and edits increases with no difference for the type of structural feature. If STRTs measure resources available, then STRTs should speed up as both edits and cuts increase at a fast pace, and there should be a difference between cuts and edits. The current study was designed to empirically test this prediction. The design is a 3 (slow, medium, fast pacing) X 2 (edits, cuts) completely within design. STRT, recognition, cued recall, arousal, and attention will be dependent variables. SAM (Self Assessment Mannequin) and skin conductance (SC) will be used to measure arousal. Heart rate will be gathered to measure attention. To measure recognition we will use four alternated multiple-choice tests, and storage will be measured using cued recall. Resources will be measured using STRTs. Subjects will watch the tapes (primary task) containing related edits and unrelated cuts. When they hear an audio tone they should push a button (secondary task). Time line Stimulus materials already have been prepared. Subjects will be run in January and February. Data analyzed in March and April, and the paper will be ready in May. Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. Journal of Communication, 50(1), 46-70. Lang, A. & Basil, M.D. (1998). Attention, resource allocation, and communication research: What do secondary task reaction times measure, anyway? In M. Roloff (Ed.). Mass Communication Yearbook, 21, 443-473. Sage: Beverly Hills, CA. Lang, A., Bolls, P., Potter, R.F., & Kawahara, K. (1999). The effects of production pacing and arousing content on the information processing of television messages. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 43(4), 451-475. Lang, A., Geiger, S., Strickwerda, M., & Summer, J. (1993). The effects of related and unrelated cuts on viewers? memory for television: A limited capacity theory of television viewing. Communication Research, 20, 4-29. Lang, A. Zhou, S., Schwartz, N., Bolls, P.D., & Potter, R. F. (2000). The effects of edits on arousal, attention, and memory for television messages: When is an edit is an edit can an edit be too much? Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 44(1), 94-109. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive profile-based user interface adaptation allows modifying basic interfaces considering the current user’s (operator’s) cognitive and psychophysiological characteristics to increase the efficiency of user-system interaction. However, for such an adaptation data should be gathered on the users and means should be developed to manipulate the interface’s elements. An optimal level of adaptation has to be found to balance the cost of adaptation and its benefits. This paper considers different approaches and levels of user-system interaction’s adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the brief history of research involving psychophysiology and media. The primary theoretical contribution of this literature is represented by a fundamental shift in the way media are defined. Early research in this area defined and analyzed media content according to "container" or genre. Recent work, however, has demonstrated the utility of defining media not solely in terms of containers or genres, but rather by the structural units that determine how messages are processed. The two dependent concepts which, to this point, have served as the focus of this research are attention and emotion. The theoretical and methodological contributions of this area are encapsulated, in part, by two ongoing research paradigms: Lang's limited capacity model and Reeves and Nass' social responses to communication technologies. Current advances in technology and bandwidth open the door to unprecedented levels of immersion and interactivity in mediated experience. A definition of media which emphasizes the interaction between structure, medium, and content, and relates this interaction to changes in attention and emotion, will best accommodate an understanding of new media technologies. The legacy of media and psychophysiology research is a large contribution to such a definition. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to continue the process of validating two newly developed measures of motivational activation called positivity offset and negativity bias. Previous studies have been done to develop these measures, test their reliability (both within and across groups), and begin to assess their validity by looking at their predicted relationships with sensation seeking and self-report measures of substance abuse. The measures of positivity offset and negativity bias were developed based on the work of John Caccioppo and his colleagues that suggests that emotional processing and emotional responses are a function of underlying activation in the appetitive and aversive motivational systems. The theory suggests that emotional stimuli engage underlying motivational systems, which accounts for their being processed differently from neutral or non-emotional stimuli. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychological and physiological indicators derived from studies of urban soundscapes have been suggested to explain the restoration effects of digital treatments using virtual reality (VR) environments. These experiences of virtual spaces that lead to emotional restoration are often related to natural environments such as waterfront and sites with vegetations. Perceptions of VR environments demonstrated that urban areas, including urban parks with traffic noise in the background were also considered as such spaces. VR technology used for experiencing spatial atmospheres creates a realistic audio and visual environment. Accordingly, subjects also respond to a survey on the audiovisual elements of the space. When verifying the restoration effect of soundscapes, physiological responses such as EEG and HRV are investigated along with questionnaire-based psychological responses. In this study, a statistical restoration model was constructed by interpreting psychophysiological responses and deriving the relationship between physical indicators for soundscapes based on such biological signals. However, various natural soundscape contents need to be further studied and produced to expect therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper three levels of visual communication analysis are combined: visual perception, meaning attribution and emotional reaction to press photography. Methodologically the paper uses an interdisciplinary approach, combining experimental media psychology (eyetracking, psychophysiological measurements) with visual content analysis (iconology). The experiments included perception measurement through eyetracking, interpretation measurement, (using a qualitative questionnaire which had to be filled in by the participants after the perception task,) and finally emotional reaction measurement, (using EMG and other psychophysiological methods to find out about emotional reactions to the selected press photographs). The purpose of the underlying research design is to measure the full visual communication process - from image perception (eyetracking - who sees what, when?), to attributing meaning to the images (iconology - what is the consciously given meaning of the images for different people? Is there an influence on what is perceived and how it is interpreted according to gender and/or to cultural background?) to measuring the emotional reactions to press photography (psychophysiological measurements while watching the images - what is the reaction to seeing the images? How does the meaning attribution relate to emotional reactions?). The paper focuses on the methodological aspects of how to measure the perception, interpretation and emotional reaction to visual information presented in the format of still image press photography. It concludes with insights on how to generate convincing hypotheses, how to test for methodological compatibility, and how to synchronize the findings, ending with a preliminary answer to the question who sees what, when, how in press photography. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creativity is a key area of organizational growth, and teams are often tasked with complex problem-solving issues. As organizations increasingly lean on online collaboration, important questions on the effects of remoteness have arisen. Research is in the infancy of uncovering the mechanisms that articulate different outcomes between online and in-person teams. While the focus has been on cognitive processes, affective states also influence creative thinking. In this study, we conduct a laboratory experiment with online vs. inperson dyads who are placed in convergent or divergent moods using mood induction. We observed that (i) online teams produced fewer ideas than in-person, (ii) teams with convergent moods elaborate on their ideas more than their divergent counterparts, and (iii) online teams with divergent moods produced ideas with the least originality. This study has important implications for the design of modern workplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concerns recording biomedical signals for the purpose of monitoring psychophysiological parameters in extreme conditions, using a microwave glucose sensor. The intended project involves a modern system for monitoring the psychophysiological activity, integrated with a personal microcomputer system monitoring the human efficiency. The elements of the monitoring system are applicable in the newest trends connected with health care called telemedicine. The elaborated set of micro sensors and algorithms of data processing will allow elaborating proper indicators of the psychomotor state estimation. The interference-resistant technology developed for the military sector enables the proposed solutions to be used also in civilian applications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

People often use the Internet to search for specific information to answer specific questions: Is it going to rain tomorrow? Did the Cubs win last night? On the other hand, people often go online just to surf, with no prior information goal in mind. This study compares the controlled and automatic allocation of cognitive resources between these two different tasks. This study also replicates previous research suggesting that choosing from extensive options carries a cost in terms of the cognitive resources available to encode that which has been chosen. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to offer a better understanding of program context effects on advertising processing by addressing theoretical and measurement weaknesses in previous research. In this study, viewersÂ’ physiological arousal is assessed using skin conductance responses, valence of emotion responses is measured using facial EMG (zygomatic and corregator activity), and cognitive effort is indicated by heart rate. Encoding of information is assessed using recognition and storage of information is measured using free recall. Attitudes towards advertisements as a function of program context are also assessed. Physiological arousal, cognitive effort, and recognition were found to decay cross the advertisement blocks. The results provide evidence for the proposed underlying motivational activation mechanisms and processing of emotional program context effects, and demonstrate the importance and utility of considering both the valence and arousal dimensions of emotion simultaneously and of studying their interactions. They also display how the effects examined unfold over time. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of Slow Motion on the physiological, emotional, and cognitive responses of college participants while watching negative and positive television messages. Results indicate that the presence of slow motion does not affect the orienting responses. It was also reported that it takes time for slow motion to increase cognitive efforts in viewers, slow motion affects the experience of negative emotions rather than positive emotions, and slow motion has little, if any, affect on arousal response in viewers. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please see exented abstract attached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the difference, in the cognitive and emotional involvement of the viewer, between content chosen from an extensive versus a limited array of options? This study will experimentally test the effects of complexity of choice by having subjects look at pictures chosen from either a limited or an extensive array of options. Cognitive processing will be operationalized through the use of heart rate as an indicator of automatic attention and recognition memory as an indicator of encoding. Emotional processing will be operationalized through the use of facial EMG as a physiological indicator of valence, skin conductance as a physiological indicator of autonomic arousal, and SAM as an indicator of subjective valence and arousal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research into the effects of music on physiological responses is both sparse and disparate. In two experiments, this study explores the potential effects of music genre and tempo on physiological arousal in a systematic way. In the first experiment, fast- and slow-paced rock and classical music excerpts were compared to silence in evaluating arousal via skin conductance. The second experiment compared fast and slow rock, classical, and swing excerpts using similar techniques. Results indicate that increased tempo leads to increased physiological arousal. However, other genre-specific musical features may override the effects of tempo in increasing music intensity, and therefore arousal. Implications of the results for extended research and music applications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One key to understanding the popularity of reality television may not be the content of the programs (i.e., what is shown), but the formal features of the programs (i.e., how the content is shown). One feature common to most reality television programs is direct address, where characters on the program gaze directly into the camera and, in essence, speak directly to the viewer at home. Previous research has shown that the use of this feature in other programming genres has the ability to affect how viewers rate a program's content. Moreover, research has also shown that this feature has the potential to foster stronger parasocial bonds between viewers and the characters on screen. Using both self-report and psychophysiological measures, this study examines the effect of this feature on viewers' attention and emotional response to this feature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to develop a methodology for physical recreation of disabled students at university. The methodology for organizing recreation is based on the results of studying students’ psychophysiological characteristics. The psychophysiological status of 19 university students was determined using psychomotor tests of the psychophysiological testing device "Psychophysiologist". The authors compared data obtained with the indicators of the control group of students without pathology. They found out that 80% of students with disabilities had a weak type of nervous system, which indicated a rapid level of fatigue due to mental or physical stress. 93.3% of students with disabilities did not have a leading hemisphere and a leading analyzer. The majority of students in the experimental group (66.7%) showed an increased and high level of personal anxiety. The data obtained significantly differed from the corresponding indicators of students without disabilities. On the basis of the data obtained, the authors have worked out recommendations for the organization of physical recreation. It is proposed to build physical recreation classes on the principle of blocks, starting with the elements of remedial gymnastics. After gymnastics classes there is a warm-up. In the second block, the main part of the lesson should be in water, using aquatics. The third block includes using outdoor games. The article formulates recommendations for the organization of recreation, taking into account the psychophysiological status. The presented data may be used by teachers of physical culture and specialists in adaptive physical culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physio-adaptive systems define a class of information systems that refer to an innovative mode where system interaction is reached by monitoring, analyzing, and responding to hidden psychophysiological user activity in real-time. However, despite a strong interest of scholars and practitioners in physio-adaptive systems, there exists a lack of a structured and systematic form in which physio-adaptive systems research can be classified. Against this backdrop, this article showcases the current state-of-the-art of physio-adaptive systems research along three different stages, namely (1) collection of physiological data, (2) state determination, as well as (3) system adaptation. Analyzing 44 articles during the years 1994 - 2019, our main contribution resides in the synopsis of physio-adaptive systems literature along these stages. For instance, we illustrate that there exist three categories for adaptive responses: state display (20% of the analyzed studies), assistance offering (18%), and challenge adaptation (61%). On the grounds of our review, we propose seven promising avenues, which will support scholars in their endeavors on how to pursue with future research in the field of physio-adaptive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]