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The reliability and performance of technological equipment largely depends on timely and reliable diagnostics of less durable assembly units, which include rolling bearings. An effective tool for determining state of the mechanical rotational systems on rolling bearings is vibration diagnostics. The variety vibration diagnostic method which are used on practise is due to the complexity extracting an informative component for estimation and predicting the state of rolling bearings from the general vibration signal of the study unit. The article is dedicated information content study of narrow frequency ranges of the vibration signal operation bearing assemblies paper machines and their use as diagnostic parameters for vibration diagnostics of rolling bearings. The paper presents the analysis results of vibration diagnostics existing methods of bearing assemblies of the technological equipment and establishes the determination defects in rolling bearings by changing the vibration level on the characteristic frequencies components of the vibration spectrum and the bypass spectrum provides more specific information about the nature damage of the bearing and its operation. On the processing experimental data base i.e. the average vibration velocity spectra signal taken from the bearing assembly paper machine, we offer a relative indicator for current state bearing estimation and its state prediction progress, which helps to make a decision on the suitability or unsuitability bearing.

The article highlights that in the space of modern design and artistic and creative education, in particular decorative and applied arts, the importance of paper is growing as both a creative material for modelling and for creating artistic products, and at the same time, the paper is simultaneously one of the most accessible art materials both from the viewpoint of ease of use and cost, and paper craft is an important basis for students' perception and creation of more complex artistic forms of professional art. It is noted that despite various editions, this disparity does not allow fully revealing paper-making as a conceptual whole – in the diversity of its connections with project culture, creative laboratory and design methodology in design. The purpose of the article is to reveal paper-making in the space of decorative and applied arts as well as to identify its theoretical and methodological foundations and to substantiate the role of paper-making in modern design for the formation of students' creative thinking alongside the formation of their artistic and pedagogical skills. These methods were applied and used to reveal the problem: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization); scientific and specific: historical, artistic, pedagogical, psychological and approaches: systemic-structural, structural-functional, comparative, with the help of which the opinion regarding the phenomenon of paper-making is generalized, its essential content is clarified in the plane of decorative and applied arts, in modern design, and methodical methods are specified principles to the problem regarding the development of creative thinking of students specialized in artistic and pedagogical mastery. In the main content, it is noted that on the basis of methodological provisions and basic principles of traditional craftsmanship, the creative and essential foundations for decorative and applied arts are manifested, which ensures the formation of components of artistic competence and, at the same time, requires the use of students’ creative and figurative thinking. The idea of the key figurative-essential basis for paper-making is provided and it is noted that mastering the specifics of artistic imagery forms students' aesthetic ideas as well as a valuable act of understanding the world. It is highlighted that "paper plastic" also reflects the specificity of the author's approach to the study of compositional, constructive, structural and technological regularities of the work with material. In the content of the Methodological recommendations for conducting practical lessons, it is emphasized that the result should reflect the student's mastery – from the initial sketch through full-scale sketches to the design of the idea in the material. It is justified that in addition to the traditional methodical principles of education, there is a need to use certain art technologies. It is emphasized that the implementation of the developed "Conceptual Technology" in the teaching space of paper-making contributed to the decision-making process regarding the means of creating an artistic image. In the conclusions, it is noted that paper-making as a type of activity occupies an intermediate position between learning and playing and meets the conditions that ensure the effectiveness of the development of creative activity. Learning and practical work in the technique of papier-mâché using papier-mâché is important for the formation and development of abstract, associative, combinatorial, logical thinking, in the process of learning "paper-mâché" the creative thinking of students is formed and the skills of stylization and generalization are acquired, which involves the acquisition of practical experience for figurative reproduction. In the perspective of further research, it is important to consider the need to research, develop and create a model for the development of the future designer’s artistic and creative competence.

Subject and Purpose. Results are presented of the solar corona investigations performed with the world famous Ukrainian radio telescopes. The work has been aimed at offering a consistent review of recent achievements in observations of a variety of low-frequency radio emissions from the Sun. Methods and Methodology. The studies of the quiet (thermal) and sporadic (burst-like) radio emissions from the Sun have been carried out with the decameter-wavelength radio telescopes UTR-2, GURT and URAN-2. Specific features of the low-frequency solar radio emissions from a variety of sources are presented, with characterization of the optimized techniques that were applied in each case for evaluating physical parameters of the corona in the areas of decameter-wavelength radio wave generation. Results. The analysis of temporal, frequency and spatial characteristics of solar radio emissions has allowed suggesting a number of models for the coronal electron density distribution, and evaluating magnetic field strengths in the corona. Also, our experimental results have proven to be consistent with the observational data obtained in different frequency ranges and with the use of both ground based and space-borne instruments. Conclusions. The radio observations performed with Ukrainian radio telescopes have permitted studying, with high temporal, frequency and spatial resolutions, solar radio frequency emissions from various localized sources. Along with the large effective area and high sensitivity of the antennas, this permits application of a wide range of methods and tools aimed at detecting and analyzing solar bursts, of both strong and weak intensity, against the background of terrestrial interference of natural or artificial origin.

In this work, four waste paper composites were studied in terms of several photon interaction parameters over the energy region from 0.015 to 15.0 MeV. The waste paper and natural rubber (WP/NR) composites of different densities ranging from ρ = 0.894 to 1.16 gm⋅cm-3 were used for shielding radioactive rubble at different time period stages. Some additives were also used including high-abrasion furnace black, paraffin wax, B4C, as well as magnetite. The deduced parameters of photon interaction: equivalent atomic number Zeq, exposure buildup factor and energy absorption buildup factor have been studied as a function of incident photon energy, WP/NR elemental composition, and for penetration depths, up to 40 mean free path. The Zeq numbers have shown slight variation over the selected incident energy range and buildup factors were found to be modest at low and high photon energy meanwhile their values increase widely over the intermediate energy region. In addition, kerma relative to air for photon energies from 1 to 20 MeV were computed and show dependence upon equivalent atomic numbers. In this work, it was clear that filled samples offer better shielding capabilities than unfilled ones. The obtained data could be useful for radiation physicists and scientists in estimating the γ-irradiation received after applying such shields.

Purpose. To substantiate the breakdown mechanism of capacitor paper on the basis of numerical-field models with segmented cross-sections of cylindrical volumes of air and water, and also use the proposed models to determine the breakdown strength of air in micron-sized gaps under normal conditions. Methodology. The model bases on a finite element solution to an electrostatic problem in a volume of capacitor paper consisting of cellulose and pores with air and water. First, the possible scenarios for the growth of breakdown in capacitor paper are analyzed and to the conclusion is made, that complete breakdown developed from a partial breakdown in the air cavity. A brand of capacitor paper is chosen in such a way that when its thickness changed, the breakdown strength of the electric field changed over a wide range. Then, for the paper with the lowest average electric field intensity the possibility of explaining the complete breakdown by the breakdown of air segments on the basis of the Paschen dependence is checked. Further points of the obtained dependence by constructing models of papers of the same brand and a different thickness under the assumption of the similarity of electrostatic fields are determined. As such a criterion, the constancy of the equivalent effective permittivity are taken. Results. The dependence of the breakdown strength of the air in the range of 1.36...5.54 μm under normal conditions is determined. The obtained relationship is between the Peschot and Taev curves. Originality. For the first time, the possibility of indirectly estimation the breakdown strength of an insulating material using an electrostatic field model is indicated. Practical value. The proposed method for the numerical calculation of the breakdown voltage of air inclusions in the presence of water inclusions in the thickness of solid insulation can be applied to other types of solid thin-layer insulation.

The article is devoted to the press coverage of the development of the educational process in Kyiv in the Central Rada period. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the lack of a comprehensive research of the educational environment in Kyiv in this period with the use of periodicals. The daily Kyiv editions «Nova Rada» and «Kyivlyanyn» have been used as a source base. Being different in terms of materials, methods of presenting information, style of writing and ideological orientation, these news papers covered different issues of education in the city. Qualitative and quantitative analysis, namely content analysis, which is a formalized method of interpreting texts, allows to increase the information content of such an inexhaustible source as the press. In the context of this research, the qualitative and quantitative analysis is useful to study advertising and reference sections of news papers, determined by the consistency and relative homogeneity of the content, with the goal of stating the frequency of indication. With the help of news paper publications, the changes that took place in Kyiv education have been revealed, the factors that influenced its democratization and Ukrainization have been clarified, and the challenges faced by participants in the educational process during 1917 and early 1918 have been identified. The possibility of reconstruction of everyday life of Kyiv students, schoolchildren and teachers with the help of periodicals has been proved. The impact of revolutionary changes on the Kyiv educational environment has been studied through the prism of everyday life, and their consequences for the functioning of educational institutions have been assessed. On the basis of advertisement on the pages of the press, the conditions of admission to higher and secondary schools, the specifics of education, the social and gender component of potential entrants, the introduction of mixed education have been determined.

The paper presents the research results on the properties of the pulp coniferous and deciduous wood composition in its original state and paper made from it, proposes a mechanism to increase the waterfast and waterproof food packaging paper by surface treatment with a composition based on polyamidepichlorohydrin with polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The study was conducted in order to ensure an increase in the consumer properties of packaging paper, since when packaging materials encounter food products, their structure can change under the influence of moisture, steam, and gas. Polyamidaminepichlorohydrin was used as the main component of the composition for paper processing, as functional additives: polyvinyl alcohol and urea. The above-mentioned starting materials are environmentally friendly, since foreign inclusions in food packaging materials would pose a serious danger to human health and life, as well as to the brand image of the product in which they would be detected. It was proved that high waterfastness and waterproofness, as well as the necessary level of barrier, protective and operational properties of packaging material for food products cannot always be obtained by introducing a significant amount of polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, so the paper investigated the mechanism of interacting cellulose fibers of paper with polyamidaminepichlorohydrin, and also proved the possibility of its use to obtain packaging paper with a given set of properties. It was found that the consumption of up to 4–6% polyamidaminepichlorohydrin provides the main increase in the mechanical strength of packaging paper, both in wet and dry conditions. The resulting waterfast and waterproof material can be used for food packaging.

Background. The development of technologies for obtaining materials from plant raw materials, the use of which improves the consumer properties of cardboard and paper products and does not pollute the environment with harmful substances from synthetic polymers, is an urgent problem of our time. Objective. The purpose of the paper is to obtain pulp and nanocellulose from reed stalks by environmentally friendly methods and apply nanocellulose to improve the quality parameters of paper for packaging food products on automatic machines. Methods. To obtain pulp from reed stalks with a minimum residual content of lignin and minerals, two processing stages were used: alkaline extraction and organosolv cooking at a temperature of 97 ± 2 °C. Nanocellulose was obtained by the oxidation of organosolv reed pulp with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) in the TEMPO / NaBr / NaClO system, which is more environmentally friendly than acid hydrolysis. The resulting nanocellulose was applied to paper samples from waste paper and sulphate unbleached pulp at a consumption from 1 to 3 g/m2. Results. Organosolv pulp was obtained from reed stalks with a residual lignin content of 0.53 % and an ash content of 0.045 %, which was used to obtain nanocellulose. The resulting nanocellulose particles have a transverse size in the range of 5–20 nm, a length of up to several micrometers, and the tensile strength of nanocellulose films is up to 60 MPa. It is shown that the application of nanocellulose to the surface of the samples increases the breaking strength and breaking length, and reduces the surface absorbency of paper. It was determined that with a nanocellulose consumption of up to 3 g/m2, paper samples have indicators that meet the requirements of the standard for paper for packaging food products on automatic machines. Conclusions. The use of nanocellulose from reed stalks as a hardening substance for paper production will allow replacing environmentally harmful polymer additives and up to 50 % of more expensive softwood pulp with waste paper, while maintaining paper quality indicators at the level of standard requirements.

In recent years, concrete in the construction industry has rapidly increased worldwide, including developing countries like India. The raw materials required to produce such a quantity require huge depletion of natural resources. On the other hand, disposal of paper waste, fly ash, and plastic waste is one of the biggest problems faced by many countries, including India, the amount of waste collected and recycled is less compared to disposal quantity. The use of these wastes in concrete reduces the disposal of waste in nature. In this experiment work, the use of these wastes in the concrete has been studied. Preliminary tests like specific gravity, fineness modulus, and water absorption have been carried out on the materials. Various mix designs are prepared by partial replacement of cement with fly ash and paper pulp, and sand is completely replaced with the quarry dust, and coarse aggregate is replaced with shredded plastic waste to create sustainable concrete. A comparative study on the properties like slump cone, the weight of the cubes, compressive strength and split tensile strength, and feasibility of such concrete has been carried out. Results indicated that the weight of cubes started to decrease with the addition of waste. Compressive strength and split tensile strength show that the strength started to fall with the addition of plastic. The cost of concrete decreased with the addition of waste. 5 % of plastic waste in concrete and 3 % of paper pulp, and 5 % of fly ash is considered the optimal replacement percentage.

One of the most energy-intensive processes is the drying process. Therefore, an important task is to reduce heat consumption for drying. Various ways to improve the drying devices of paper and cardboard machines are identified. The main disadvantages of these improvements are given. The limiting factor of heat transfer from water vapor to paper is established. The dependence of thermal resistance on the thickness of the condensate layer is given. The authors have developed a new design for condensate drainage. The developed design allows installing movable siphons without replacement of steam inlet heads of the old type (for fixed siphons) with their insignificant modernization and cutting of an annular groove inside the drying cylinder. This will ensure a minimum level of condensate and eliminate the possibility of suction of steam into the condensate return system. Additionally, this will reduce thermal resistance, heat loss, and reduce energy consumption for paper drying as a whole.

New Ukrainian and world realities set new tasks for the higher educational establishments, which are related to the search for new, modern methods that allow to increase the effectiveness of training. Currently, topical are the issues of not only professional but also the personal development of the student forming the priority in the implementation of educational activities in universities, preparation for future professional activities, as well as for successful interaction in society. The concept of «individual social competence» is an important factor in creating a system of educational process which takes into account aspects of professional development, and at the same time the peculiarities of the formation of the student personality. The author analyses the concept of «competence», considers the key competences for lifelong learning, identified by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, including social competence, studies the scientific achievements of Ukrainian and foreign scientists, including G. Gedviliene, H. S. Han, K. M. Kemple, U.P. Kanning, M. Horenburg, G.W. Ladd, H. K. Ma, K. Monahan, M. Monnier, O.V. Varetska, N.I. Hlebova, D.V. Hubareva, O.I. Hura, M.O. Doktorovych, I.B. Zarubinska, O.O. Subina, V.M. Shakhrai. They explored different aspects of social competence of different age categories. The author concludes that, despite different interpretations, all scientists agree that social competence is an acquired skill, it can be formed and developed throughout life. It was also determined that the developed social competence determines the status of the individual in society, it affects the success in professional activities. The high level of social competence allows a person not only to be realized in professional activities, but also to influence the processes in society, which in turn determines its stability. The author’s definition of the concept of «individual social competence» is given in the paper; the author concludes that social competence is an integrated ability that contains other competencies: spiritual, civic, communicative, linguistic; the concept of social competence is closely related to professional competence, without the successful interaction of the individual with society it is impossible to acquire the skills and abilities inherent in a qualified specialist. Thus, an important task for modern higher education is the formation and development of social competence of students, which is the key to successful implementation of the future specialist in professional activities. The educational process should be aimed at forming a system of knowledge about interaction in society, understanding the system of social values, ability to cooperate in society, the ability to communicate constructively, because only a socially competent person can.

Maintaining of the proper predetermined paper pulp consistency on the different stages of the paper or cardboard manufacturing process significantly affects on quality and self cost of manufactured articles. The improvement of precision and repeatability of the paper pulp viscosity and consistency measurements is relevant to paper industry. Objective of the work is to improve the industrial-type paper pulp rotational consistometer. A new method for measurement of paper pulp concentration by means of a rotational viscometer was suggested which enables determining the flow consistency index K and flow behavior index n in the Ostwald-de Waele power law. The influence of the following torques on the measurement results is eliminated thanks to the new method: the friction torque in the seal of the sensitive element, the friction torque in the bearings of the shaft and the torque created under the influence of the flow with distorted flow speed profile. This is achieved by measuring the torque which acts on the sensitive element approaching the selected frequencies of sensitive element rotation both from the lower and higher frequencies. The mean torque value is calculated based on the obtained values. The measurements are conducted for two sensitive element rotation frequencies adjusted in advance. The frequency of sensitive element rotation is changed by means of a frequency converter. It is shown that by using two different rotation frequencies of the sensitive element of a rotational viscometer it is possible to define the flow consistency index and the flow behavior index. Paper pulp viscosity and consistency is defined on the basis of these two indexes. It is also suggested to average the results of viscous friction torque measurement approaching the rotation frequency of the viscometer sensitive element to the working frequency chosen for measurement from the lower and higher frequency ranges. By averaging the results of such measurement the friction torques in sealing and bearings supporting the sensitive element shaft are compensated. By changing the rotation direction of the sensitive element and by further averaging the obtained results it is possible to eliminate the influence of the asymmetrical distribution of paper pulp flow speed in the pipeline. This improves accuracy of the paper pulp consistency measurement.

Background. Development of technology for obtaining peracetic pulp from oat straw and its use in the production of one of the paper mass types. Objective. Determination of peracetic cooking technological parameters’ optimal values for oat straw peracetic cellulose quality indicators. Methods. The oat straw cooking was carried out with peracetic acid at 95 ± 1 °C from 90 to 180 min for hydromodulus 8:1 and 7:1, using a sodium tungstate catalyst. To determine the oat straw peracetic cellulose mechanical indexes, laboratory samples of paper weighing 70 g/m2 were made. Results. Technological parameters’ optimum values (temperature, cooking duration, hydromodulus, hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid concentration) for the oat straw delignification process were established. It is shown that the sodium tungstate catalyst addition to the cooking solution at a rate of up to 1 % of the plant raw material weight helps to reduce the lignin content in cellulose to 15 %. A diagram of the cellulose yield dependence on its residual lignin content for various methods of non-wood plant material species delignification is constructed. The high efficiency of the peracetic method for obtaining cellulose from non-wood plant raw materials, in particular from oat straw, has been confirmed. It is determined that the obtained peracetic cellulose from oat straw has high mechanical indexes. Conclusions. Oat straw peracetic cellulose can be used for the production of paper and cardboard mass types, in particular wrapping paper.

In this work the peculiarities of reading comprehension from electronic, audio devices and hard copies were studied through comparative analysis of the learning accuracy and electrical activity of the brain when reading or listening to the text. Eighty students took part in the research. They were offered 2 passages of text from fiction and popular-scientific literature for reading, presented in a form of an e-book, MP3-format and in a printed copy. The level of comprehension and assimilation of the read material was checked by testing based on the content of the text immediately after reading and in 2 weeks. The comparative EEG analysis did not reveal significant differences in the spectral power of the studied ranges when reading a paper book and e-book. Differences were found when listening to audiobooks comparatively to reading. In general, the effectiveness of text learning does not depend on the way of its presentation, however, sex and individual traits of a person, such as preferred learning style and extraversion level, are more important.

In the paper, the historiography of the problem is examined. The critique of the privet paper money which was circulating in the Ukrainian lands in 1917–1921 is conducted. The characteristics of such critique are shown and its distinctions from the critique of the state paper money are identified. The external signs of the bonds’ obverse and reverse are analyzed. The heraldic, emblematic, iconographic, sphragistics, neographic, filigree, ornamental, chronological and metrological elements of the Ukrainian privet paper money appearance are investigated and the role of these features is identified. The emblems, seals, imprints, signatures, series, numbers, dates are pointed out to be the most informative signs of the privet paper money. So, in the article, the great significance of the sphragistics, neographic and chronological data is underlined. By means of the text analysis, the issuers of bonds are identified. The critique of the bonds’ external features also showed the reasons for emission, the emitters’ guarantees and the scale of the privet paper money circulation.

Lipoedema is a chronic progressive disorder of adipose tissue leading to an enlargement of lower extremities. It is considered to be rare; however, the prevalence of the disease is underestimated because it is commonly misdiagnosed as obesity or lymphedema and the general awareness is poor. The etiology of the disorder is considered to be multifarious, including genetic inheritance, hormonal imbalance and microcirculation alterations. Diagnosis is mainly based on medical history and physical examination. Management of lipoedema is focused on reducing the symptoms, improving the quality of life and preventing further progression of the disease. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness of the disease and provide appropriate clinical guidance for the assessment of lipoedema. We searched through the PubMed/MEDLINE database and took into consideration all of the results available as of 6September, 2020 and outlined the current evidence regarding lipoedema epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and management. Better understanding of lipoedema is crucial for establishing an early diagnosis and a proper treatment, which in turn will reduce the psychological and physical implications associated with the disease.

Oil extracted from mobile phone waste recharge scratch cards paper by thermal pyrolysis was investigated. The oil was characterized by its physical, chemical, and functional groups present. The physicochemical characteristics of the oil determined are density 900 kg/m3, viscosity 1.5 mm2s-1, acid value 1.122 mgKOH/g, saponification value 98.175 mgKOH/g and iodine value 22.84 gI2 /100g. The pour point and flashpoints are -15 °C and 90 °C respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) revealed the presence of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, alkenes alkanes, ethers, and phenol. This indicates that the oil has industrial applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, and biodiesel production.

A visual test method has been proposed for the evaluation of the gold content. It is based on the linear dependence between the length of the colored zone on an indicator paper and gold(III) concentration. Indicator paper was covered by a polymer film and was in contact with the solution tested along one edge during analysis. It was impregnated by 3-phenyl-2,6-dimercapto-1,4-thiopyrone or by precipitate of its complex with copper(II). Besides Cu(II) can be replaced by the Au(III) ion tested in the composition of this complex. The concentration ranges for Au(III) determination were equal to 0.02−2 mg·L−1 or 4−590 mg·L−1, respectively, in the presence of excess of the transition and noble metals. It was demonstrated the effectiveness of the dynamic preconcentration of Au(III) for the subsequent colorimetric determination on paper filter for the concentration range 0.005–0.3 mg·L−1 (DL 0.02 mg·L−1) by using a sample volume of 10 mL. The developed procedures were successfully utilized for the determination of gold in synthetic mixtures, in auriferous quartz (RSD < 5%), and in ore from Zyryanovsk’s mine (Kazakhstan) with RSD < 8%.

Introduction. An important problem in power transformers resource prognosis is the formation of moisture dynamics trends of transformer insulation. Purpose. Increasing the accuracy of power transformer insulation resource assessment based on accounting of moisture dynamics in interrelation with temperature dynamics. Working out of moisture dynamics model in paper insulation-transformer oil system in conjunction with thermodynamic model, load model and technical maintenance model. Methodology. The mathematical models used for describe the moisture dynamics are grounded on nonlinear differential equations. Interrelation moisture dynamics model with thermodynamic, load and technical maintenance models described by UML model. For confirming the adequacy of model used computer simulation. Results. We have implemented the model of moisture dynamics in power transformers insulation in interrelation with other models, which describe the state of power transformer in operation. The proposed model allows us to form detailed trends of moisture dynamics in power transformers insulation basing on monitoring data or power transformers operational factors simulation results. We have performed computer simulation of moisture exchange processes and calculation of transformer insulation resource for different moisture trends. Originality. The offered model takes into account moisture dynamics in power transformers insulation under the influence of changes of the power transformers thermal mode and operational factors. Practical value. The offered model can be used in power transformers monitoring systems for automation of resource assessment of oil-immersed power transformers paper insulation at different phase of lifecycle. Model also can be used for assessment of projected economic efficiency of power transformers exploitation in projected operating conditions.

Annotation: In the article the paper of three copies of Krakow editions of Polish Herbal 1595 by Marcin of Urzędów, from Lazar printing house is analyzed. In the copies of the edition seven different types of paper were found. This paper was produced by six paper-mills nearby Krakow, and it is typical for Krakow paper market of that time. Paginal location of watermarks, their quantitative and percent composition are defined. Also the exploration includes leaves of one of the copies In 74, restored in 19th century. Instead of missed leaves the paper of the first part of 16th , 17th and 18th century was used to complete the copy.

Introduction. The moral and physical deterioration of medium voltage power cables with phase and zone paper-impregnated insulation requires implementation of quality systems and reliable nondestructive electric diagnostic. Informative indicator of the insulation is the time decay curve of the charging current. It reflects the processes of accumulation of space charges (absorption). The measurements are carried out the 15th since the second direct voltage supply, then – on the 30th and the second on the 60th second. The ratio of the parameters measured in these times gives the dimensionless criteria – absorption coefficients. Three measurements are made at different times, provide a more complete picture of the state of insulation than the measurement of the value of steady leakage (conduction-through), adopted in conventional prevention trials. Purpose. Research and testing methods of diagnostics of power cables with paper-impregnated insulation by absorption and phase characteristics of the belt insulation based on the total measurements. Methodology. A procedure for determining the individual characteristics of phase and zone paper-impregnated insulation based realized on the use of the equivalent circuit of a three-core cable in the metal shell and solved of an over determined system of linear algebraic equations by least squares. Results. The proposed method allows determining the absorption characteristics of the individual phase and zone insulation medium voltage power cables in the overall metal shell at a direct voltage. Individual characteristics reflect the characteristics of cables and allow a greater degree to assess the degree of aging of each of the components of paper-impregnated insulation. Originality. Regardless of the cable connection diagrams probing electric field grabs as the phase, and zone insulation. The cumulative nature of the measurement leads to the fact that the differences in the properties of insulation components are smoothed: the aggregate results of the measurements do not differ for the different schemes of the same type. The individual characteristics of isolation, defined on the basis of the proposed method are more differences than total, indicating that non-symmetrical modes of operation of the cable. Practical value. The values of individual characteristics power cables 6 kV are 3 times more total, because of what their direct measurement may be a problem. The total resistance of several insulation spaces connected in parallel, behind the individual. Smaller values of insulation resistance are measured more easily, especially on short samples cables.

In the optics of attention was the story of the Japanese writer Komatsu Sake "Paper or hair", written in 1963. According to the content, the loss of paper changed the usual way of life of people, becoming a source of existential fears. As we believe, the artistic narrative anticipates the events of our time associated with the spread of the coronavirus infection COVID-19. An artistic description of the situation by a Japanese writer, a phenomenological immersion in reality and theoretical reflections by M. Heidegger's work on the existential of fear helped to reconstruct the psychological States of people in the context of a pandemic and to identify the structure of fear. In modern life, fear manifests itself in three aspects: before-than fear, fearfulness and about-than fear. As a result of the all-embracing nature of fear, the fearogenicity of being is born, which violates the stability of the individual's existence, its being in, dwelling in, and mastering with. The above leads to the individual's awareness of the direction of life towards death, which forces him to adapt to new conditions. As a support of the personality in its opposition to fear, we can call hope and effective manifestations that perform the role of care.

The article examines the scientific work of one of the prominent representatives of the 20th century Azerbaijani piano performing school, Honored Art Worker, Professor Nigar Usubova (1914–1994). N. Usubova devoted an important part of her life to pedagogical activity, raising a generation of talented pianists. She made an exceptional contribution to the development of the Azerbaijani piano school and the definition of its future directions. N. Usubova’s pedagogical principles are reflected in her dissertation work and methodical manual. As it is known, N. Usubova studied in the class of A. Goldenweiser and wrote these scientific works under the guidance of the prominent pianist. An important part of these scientific works is devoted to the study of A. Arensky’s piano creative activity. Here, the musician touched upon the features of the composer’s piano performing, as well as the characteristic features of his music. The research also provides performing characteristics of the works analyzed and covering various genres. The purpose of the research is to study the fundamental results and main performing principles in the scientific works dedicated to A. Arensky’s piano creative work by Nigar Usubova, a brilliant representative of the Azerbaijani piano school of the twentieth century. In these scientific research works, N. Usubova touched upon the features of the prominent composer’s piano creative work, performing principles, circle of images; moreover, analyzed the form, genre, tone and other aspects and conducted research on the background of characteristic features of Russian music. We would like to bring to your attention that N. Usubova’s scientific works have not been published. This raises the scientific significance and relevance of the topic more. These scientific works are the first research work dedicated to the study of A. Arensky’s piano music in the Azerbaijani science of music. The research methodology is based on analytical and theoretical analysis, as well as on the source research method (work with archival materials). The main principle is the study and analysis of the fundamental results obtained by N. Usubova in the study of piano music by A. Arensky The scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time the scientific works of the outstanding pianist Nigyar Usubov are studied, their scientific significance, as well as the issues reflected in those works, are revealed. We would like to bring to your attention that these scientific works reflect N. Usubova’s method of approach to A. Arensky’s piano pieces as a pianist. For this reason, these scientific works are a valuable recommendation for every pianist who turns to A. Arensky’s piano creative work. Conclusions. Nigar Usubova is the author of two scientific works and her scientific creative activity is devoted to the definition of performing features of A. Arensky’s piano creative work. Each of these scientific-methodical works was written under the guidance of a prominent representative of the Russian piano school, pedagogue A. Goldenweiser. In these works, N. Usubova worked on A. Arensky’s creative work in a comprehensive and detailed way. According to the author, A. Arensky’s piano creative work is characterized by the clarity of form and texture, the richness of melodic material, which brings him closer to Tchaikovsky’s chamber music. Although the composer prefers miniature forms in his piano creative work, it is also possible to find virtuoso pieces, etudes, scherzos and capriccios. These works, in particular, influenced the formation of S. Rakhmaninov’s and A. Scriabin’s creative activity. The main characteristic features here are polyphonism, polymelodism and polyrhythmics of the piano texture. Simultaneously, N. Usubova thoroughly studied the influence of Western European composers on the formation of A. Arensky’s creative activity.

The article addresses the filigrees on the paper of Krakow edition of Martin Siennik’s "Herbarium" of 1568 printed in the typography of N. Scharfenberg, five exemplars of which were found in the collection of VNLU. We have determined the filigrees quantity and percentage ratios, frequency of their detection, dynamics of paper change in a book and paper similarity in all the exemplars. Paper analysis of "Herbarium" exemplars proved that they were printed only on Krakow paper with the filigrees of local mills. It has also allowed us to ascertain the time of additional printing of two exemplars pages. Extra pages for one exemplar were printed in the late 16th century, for the other - in the 19th century. The first additional printing was conducted in the typography of N. Scharfenberg, the other, probably, was initiated by the book owner, a scientist and a bibliophile, the Duke Montresor. The filigrees study of Martin Siennik’s “Herbarium” demonstrated that they were printed on the paper similar to that of the Cyrillic edition of the Evangel of 1569 printed in Zabludow by Ivan Fedorov and Pavlo Mstyslavets. Therefore, most of the paper of the second edition was of Krakow origin

The article deals with the research methods of librarian documents paper properties, which characterize its durability most accurately. It is explained why the diversity in paper composition determines special properties of paper. The article features a conventional method of paper durability determination based on the study of paper properties during artificial aging in a high temperature thermostat. The authors provide information on physical and chemical properties of photographs and the research of photographs aging process, which takes place in librarian fonds as well. The necessity of fonds preservation regulatory regimes is accentuated as they help to slow the aging process of paper of the documents of all kinds. Modern conservation technologies enhancing the durability of librarian documents paper are described in the article as well

In the article watermarks of Gospel of 1600 without signatures from Vilnius Publishing House of Mamonichs are explored. As an example six copies from V. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine holdings were chosen. The research enables us to determine the quantity of watermarks kinds and their percentage in circulation, to explore the dynamic of watermarks replacement and to define their origin. We have defined that more than half of paper used in the edition is produced in Lithuania but there also is a large amount of foreign paper, mostly of Cracow origin. The study also covers watermarks from two fragments of this edition, as well as those from copies held in the Library of Vilnius University and the National Library of Belarus. The kinds of filigrees at these copies differ from the filigrees at Kyiv copies. It was suggested that paper of different quality was purchased and more and less qualitative copies were batched for trading.

Admission Dysfunctions of the lumbosacral spine are among the most common problems related to the movement of contemporary society throughout the world, and its incidence increases with age. In recent years, increased interest in the issues fascia, which until recently was neglected in the etiology of low back pain. One of the therapeutic options that can be applied in the case of chronic pain syndrome lumbar-sacral spine techniques are easing myofascial (ang. Myofascial release, MFR), which is one of the latest methods in the field of manual medicine. Objective of the work The aim of the work was overview AD recently published study on the effectiveness of techniques easing myofascial pain in chronic lumbar-sacral spine. Material and methods To find the current investigate research (publications of the last 5 years) dedicated to MFR in the treatment of chronic pain, lumbar-sacral spine searched the following databases: PubMed, PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database), ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The following keywords: myofascial release, myofascial release therapy, myofascial pain, chronic low back pain. Results 9 qualified to review the studies investigating the effect of loosening myofascial pain and range of motion, functional limitations, muscles, as well as the quality of life in people with chronic pain lumbosacral spine. Conclusions The results of this review show that there is little research on the MFR employs treat ailments low back pain lumbar - sacral. Based on the studies included in this review can be concluded that the MFR can be an effective treatment for back pain lumbar - sacral, but there is a need for further research with a well-developed research procedure that will allow the standardization of this therapeutic method.

Correlation between parameters characterizing mechanical and thermal ageing of paper-impregnated insulation of medium voltage power cables is revealed. On the basis of linear and exponential regression analysis at confidence coefficient of 0.95, critical values of dielectric loss tangent of wrapping and phase insulation corresponding to the cable life termination are found.

Methodological aspects of qualifying academic papers preparation concerning defenitions of its theme, goals, objectives, subject and object of study are analyzed with business risk serves as example. It is shown than the research should be based on the principles of modern but not postmodern methodology.

The conducted study has shown problems with electronic documents already in the moment of their accession, as well as arrangement and description, storage and providing access to them in the archive. It turned out that, unfortunately, electronic documents are treated only as an addition to paper versions of materials. The study uses method of document analysis (including electronic document), as well as a survey – a questionnaire. The object of the study was a private papers of Professor Stanisław Gorgolewski.

Done correlation analysis of interconnection between the characteristics of protected against forgery paper (roughness parameters and fractal dimension) and optical characteristics of imprints (optical density, color difference), which enabled the prediction of the optical characteristics of impressions and taking into account the differences of optical characteristics in watermark areas and outside them. In this work experimental data of researches physical and technical characteristics, parameters of roughness and fractal dimension of samples of a banknote paper, and also characteristics of the protected paper with water signs are used. The relationship between the characteristics of the surface of the paper and the quality of the optical characteristics of the imprints is best observed when constructing graphical relationships between the relevant indicators. Dependence is established for each banknote paper sample. The calculation of quadratic deviations of experimental data showed a correlation between the characteristics of the surface of the paper and the parameters of optical density (D). Graphic dependencies are approximated by regressive equations with the definition of correlation coefficients. On the basis of the analysis of the obtained results and regression equations, interconnection of the characteristics of the surface of the banknote paper, the ink, the amount of ink on the imprint, which correlates with the optical characteristics, allows us to establish control and quality control. It was found that with increasing values of Ra there is a decrease in the optical density of the imprint and an increase in the optical density of its back (ie, interlacing). With an increase in the optical density of the paper to the lumen, an increase in the optical density of the imprint and a decrease in the optical density of the back of the imprint is observed. There is a tendency to increase the optical density of the imprint and decrease the optical density of the back of the imprint with the increase in the thickness of the paper. The obtained experimental data confirmed theoretical calculations. The error between the experimental data and theoretical calculations is 5–10 %. The advantage of this work is that, under the conditions of multi-series production of banknote products, it is possible to control the quality indices of the imprints for a larger number of materials, compared with the regulated standards.

The problems of the creation of the basic reasons of Ukrainian nation’s political identity in the context of cultural and political dimension have been revealed in the article. It has been found that Cyril and Methodians understood the reasons of political division, which had historical and spiritual background. It has been shown that members of Cyril and Methodiy’s company tried to determine the variations of directions in the development of national and political unity and to determine the Ukrainian national - cultural priorities. They argued that the Ukrainian mentality had been formed on the basis of the following dominant principles: respect to the family, esthetical love to their native land, rational and ethical attitude and respect to human life. It has been indicated, that Cyril and Methodians had proven the idea about the state of the national culture, which had transformed into the global culture through Russian culture, although Ukrainian and Russian culture had perceived differently the importance of global processes. Big attention has been paid to the fact that free Ukrainian people had the experience of struggling for the affirmation of present national character, they did not want to form unions that would destroy freedom. The achievements of Ukrainian national freedom have been described primarily in the implementation of the “freedom” of the individual. Statements of the human freedom being the need of self-expression inside the individual freedom by means of obtaining a sign of social freedom have been suggested. It can be provided when collectivism has no pressure on the will of the individual and cannot influence its intellectual potential. The emphasis has been referred to the fact that the psychology of self-defense is based on Ukrainian cultural achievements being the part of its national identity. The forms of language development, the construction of temples, traditional rituals of rural life have been developed. The “live” power laid in national and cultural achievements of Ukrainians as they borrowed the values from other cultures and adapted to their minds. This happened due to the fact that national culture was formed as a specific element of the current world culture and withstand the pressure of “great power.” It has been noted that Ukrainians contributed to the development of Russian culture, they dissolved this so-called Little Russian mentality in the Russian public sphere and popularized Ukrainian spirit. The impact of ideas of European Slavophiles Decembrists, Ukrainian philosophers to the attitudes of Cyril and Methodius has been reviewed. Theoretical and methodological basis to analyze the maturing political identity formed work of contemporary philosophers, political scientists, cultural studies, where they were identified and developed fundamental categories methodology regarding patterns of political thinking Ukrainian nation.

Taking into consideration the necessity of the production of the resource-saving and ergonomic book and magazine covers under conditions of the recent highly competitive environment of the printed products distribution and the consumer pricing, the analysis of the conducted research identified the relation the changes in the indexes of strengthen capacity of single- and two-ply binding materials samples as well as pasted ones. These findings have applied relevance while selecting the covering components for their production with minimized economic indicators. The results of experimental researches revealed the differences in the efforts of the destruction of single and double samples: the variation is from 1.91 % (for coated paper weighing 150 g/m2) to 41.77 % (for coated paper weighing 300 g/m2). It is assumed that the covers, constructively production of a double sheet of binding material, wear out during prolonged use and the effects of destructive operational factors in proportions of the approximate experimental results obtained for each of the materials used. The research of the same type of binder materials on the strength of the stretching of the samples revealed the difference in the impact of binder glue on strength indicators. Analysis of the graphs of strength indicators reproduces a gradual increase in the digital characteristics of the strength of samples of coated paper in relation to the increase in the weight of paper and a sample of chrome-ersatz paper made from waste paper, as well as the impact of different types of adhesives on strength indicators, which creates a partial information base for their expedient use. The total influence of the structure of materials and adhesives on which glued sheets of paper and cardboard showed the maximum strength values during stretching in glued samples of coated paper weighing 350 g/m2, coated paper weighing 300 g/m2 and a 0.3 mm thick chrome-ersatz paper, glue-bonded polyvinyl acetate dispersion.

Filtering profile is one of the important stages of evaluation of the surface profile of the paper. The term ‘filtration’ should be understood as the methods (electrical, optical, mechanical, mathematical) to select the necessary information from the general profile of the surface. The impact of interference, especially emanating from the environment is inevitable when recording profiles. Above that, to level completely the device error of the test sample it is necessary to spend a large amount of time. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a mathematical model for the filtration of roughness of the surface paper profile. Goal of the research: to develop a technique for digital processing of paper surface profilographs to the further identifying the relation between the paper parameters and quality of the prints. The mathematical approach based on Gaussian filter and the analysis of profilograms obtained by the contact and optical methods of profilometry were used. It was developed software on the basis of Free Pascal software package as well. In order to provide the experimental investigations, profilograms of surfaces of various types of paper obtained in previous studies using a profilometer with an inductive converter, model 296 were used. Software for filtering the roughness of the surface profile of unprinted or printed paper using Gaussian filter, which allows to receive profilograms, eliminating in the profile the factors such as obstacles and errors caused by random vibrations, as well as to calculate the relevant roughness indexes, and to identify in the future the interaction with the quality of the prints on this paper.

The research’s efficiency the raster dot in the printing process is considered in the article. Changes in the color form quality depend to a large extent on the printing machine technical specifications and the ability to control them. Objectively, the color estimated characteristic on the form is the raster elements relative area. To predict the raster dot’s value, we need to conduct a large scale of experiments to provide reliable information and get the most beneficial results. Mathematical models based on factor planning of experiments allowing predict the raster dot’s unwinding magnitude in the printing process and determine the possible interaction of the roughness parameters the printing cylinder surface, its microhardness, the ink layer thickness and pressure in the printing process, and also allow to control the form quality parameters. This method is the most common type of first-order plans, the realization occurs because of finding the researched function for all possible combinations of factors variation levels. An important condition of experiment planning is a quality source of information, namely observance of all aspects of the theory of planning: the exclusion of systematic errors; conducting experiments according to the plan and methodology; carrying out repeated experiments in identical conditions; use of the results of these experiments; during the experiments, the selection of objects took place at random, which offset systematic mistakes. We obtained the average a priori ranked number of factors that affect the unpacking of the raster point, by the expert estimation method, as well as the boundaries of the changes in these factors, the methods and the accuracy of their measurement. Planning a multifactorial experiment allowed us to obtain a model for calculating the raster point on coated paper and adequately describe the interdependence of certain controlled factors.

Refinement of the aging integral formula is proposed. A com-puter model of insulation wearing out is developed using refined formula. Computer simulation of power transformer insulation wearing out over the next ten years of life is carried out.

A feedforward neural network based diagnostic model of oil-impregnated paper insulation of a current transformer has been developed. Its experimental validation as compared with a regression model has been performed.

This paper discusses the latest data on the production of selected paper and paperboard, plastic, glass, wood and metal packaging. During the study period 2016-2020/2021, there was an increase in the production of selected paper and paperboard packaging compared to 2016. There has been an increase in the production of paper sacks and bags, cartons made of paper or paperboard other than corrugated and cartons made of paper or paperboard. Among plastic packaging, the production of plastic bags and sacks played a significant role and has been growing steadily since 2016. The production of glass packaging (clear glass bottles with a capacity of less than 2.5 liters for beverages and food) increased between 2016 and 2021. Flat pallets were the dominant product among wood packaging in 2020. The decline in box pallet production was significant not only relative to 2019, but also relative to 2016. In the group of metal packaging with a capacity not exceeding 300 liters, the highest production was recorded for barrels and similar containers for any material (excluding gas), made of aluminium. It reached 93228 tonnes in 2020 and was 2.4% higher than in 2019. The packaging market in Poland and worldwide has been gradually increasing its value over the past years. The production of packaging in Poland in the coming years should grow dynamically, although not as fast as before. Undoubtedly, today the biggest challenge for the packaging industry is the rising prices of raw materials, which can negatively affect the profitability and liquidity situation of manufacturers. In particular, the prices of plastics have gone up considerably, but the costs of pulp, metals, wood and glass are also increasing, so the raw material pressure is now affecting the entire packaging industry

The basic rules (situations) of an experimental research of process of formation of professional ability of the future teacher of fine arts to art training of the schoolboys in conditions of system of art-pedagogical education art considered (examined).

Purpose: comparative analysis of the manifestation of morphological and functional indicators of taekwondo athletes aged 14–15 years. Material and Methods: The study involved 60 taekwondo athletes aged 14–15 years. Athletes’ qualification 1-2 category. At least 5 years of experience in Taekwondo WTF. The assessment of morphological and functional indicators of taekwondo athletes was carried out at the age of 14 and 15 years. Research methods: analysis and generalization of scientific, methodological and special literature, information on the Internet; anthropometric methods; index method; methods of mathematical statistics. Results: The average body weight of taekwondo athletes aged 14-15 increased by 16,5%, and body length by 4,7%. The indicator of chest excursion increased by 4,8%, carpal dynamometry indicators of the left hand increased by 15,2%, the right hand - by 15,3%. 33,6% of 15-year-old athletes are underweight in terms of body mass index, 2,9% are overweight; 14 year olds: 21,56% underweight, 13,7% overweight. Athletes aged 14–15 have a normosthenic body type. According to the constitution of the physique, 7,84% of 14 year old athletes have a strong physique, 15,68% have a good physique, 5,88% have an average physique, 27,45% have a weak physique, 43,15% have a very weak one. 12,12% of 15-year-old taekwondo athletes have a strong physique, 24,24% have a good physique, 9,1% have an average physique, 24,24% have a weak body, and 30,3% have a very weak body. 13,7% of 14-year-old taekwondo athletes have good physical development, 3,9% - average, 76,4% - weak 15-year-old athletes: 17,6% - good physical development, 14,8% - average, 67,6% - weak. Conclusions: The study of morphological and functional indicators is one of the important criteria for the training of taekwondo athletes, the use of indices allows you to move on to relative indicators, that is, to standardize anthropometric indicators and supplement them. This will contribute to the rational selection of means and methods of training athletes, taking into account their personal characteristics. Our research can be used in monitoring the functional state of athletes involved in taekwondo WTF.

The readiness state o f higher educational establishments' students for conducting pedagogical investigations is analyzed; the reasons o f its low level and the necessity o f definite measures to provide positive dynamic development of this complex personal formation are grounded in this article.

The existence of tax havens is an integral phenomenon of the modern stage of the world economy development. They compete with each other on the basis of tax rates, privacy level, quality and speed of the service offered. Determining the impact of tax havens is now a rather pressing issue, deepening which has largely contributed to leakages of information, particularly the Panama Papers. However, the leaks of information from tax havens are not sufficiently covered in the research of both domestic and foreign scholars. The article is aimed at examining the impact of tax havens and the Panama Papers information leak on the world economy. The definition of tax havens and their scale in modern conditions of globalization economy is considered. In the systematization of scientific works the relatively different leaks of information from tax havens were compared and the largest of them was identified. The essence of the activities of Mossack Fonseca, the company that was the victim of the data leak, is disclosed. The dynamics of registered offshore companies within the framework of the Panama Papers leak are substantiated. With the help of a mathematical model, the authors computed a trend vector of movement of the number of companies, which are using the services of offshore zones. As a result of regression trend analysis, it was defined that the number of companies registered by Mossack Fonseca tends to grow (an average of 292 units annually). This indicates that, despite the publication of classified information, the popularity of tax havens continues to increase. The main intermediary countries, which are most popular in tax speculation, are provided. It is determined that the simplicity of formalization and registration of companies, the lack of control over subsidiaries of multinational business groups are key attributes of the activities of tax havens that contribute to their use to avoid paying income taxes and money laundering. The consequences caused by the activities of tax havens and information leaks from them have been formulated. The most important among them are: sanctions provisions and monitoring of offshore activities.

Packaging materials can arise from a wide range of sources and are commonly used for food, medicine, household appliances, and items to enclose or protect products during distribution, storage, sale, delivery, and use. The choice of material (paper, plastic, glass, wood, metal, multi-layer or other packaging) to be used depends on the type and properties of product, the purpose of packaging, and the price. The aim of the investigation is to analyse the morphological composition of packaging waste collected separately in Kaunas (Lithuanian) private households and to evaluate its recycling possibilities. The mixture of paper, plastic, and metal packaging waste was analyzed in the winter and spring (one time per month) in the waste management company JSC "Kauno švara".

The purpose of the work is to implement a complex of conservation measures for particularly valuable documents of the V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine, which includes microbiological and material examinations to ensure their long-termstorage. The research methodology consists in the application of instrumental, statistical and applied methods, so it allows to trace the actual physical condition of the material basis of valuable and rare documents as fully as possible and to implementstabilization operations to guarantee the preservation of these collections. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the optimal combination of non-destructive microbiological and material examination of the condition of especially valuable library documents of the V. I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine as a basic component for the development and implementation of modern conservation measures specifically for the examined documents in the defined conditions. Conclusions.The conservation measures developed on the basis of the conducted examinations ingeneral include the selection of modern methods and necessary materials to restore the documents and minimize the speed of the aging processes of their material base, as well as technically and competently ensure the scientific restoration of separate copies. It is also expected to optimally combine traditional methods of restoration of valuable documents with introduction of innovative technologies: phase storage, neutralization of excessive acidity with modern antioxidants, as well as creation of electronic insurance and reader copies in accordance with the demand of time.

The objective а study of the aging processes of library documents on various types of paper that have been in an emergency compared to documents that have not ex-perienced a negative technological load. The research methodology consists in the application of instrumental, mathematical and applied methods, which allows to most fully reveal the tasks and prospects of further storage of documents on traditional media that have undergone negative environmental influences. The scientific novelty of the work is to expand ideas about the features of long-term storage of documents on tra-ditional media that have been in extreme conditions. For the experiments, the types of paper that were used as the material basis of the documents subjected to the greatest extreme technogenic load - excessive wetting, freezing, and drying - were selected as model samples. This is rag paper of the 17th - 18th centuries, newsprint of the middle of the 20th century, printing paper No. 1 of the middle of the 20th century. with cer-tain physicochemical and capillary hygroscopic properties. The operational properties of these model paper samples were determined by mechanical strength indicators: frac-ture strength at repeated kinks, destructive force and tensile strength, because it is these indicators that most accurately characterize the processes of natural aging of the mate-rial. Conclusion. Providing targeted recommendations for categories of documents on traditional media that have undergone anthropogenic load depending on the type of paper, the degree and nature of the impact of negative factors in an emergency. Also relevant are ways of protecting binding materials in an emergency, because the frameis often the first to experience the consequences of its negative impact. For a positivesolution to the problem of ensuring the safety of documents on traditional media that have undergone anthropogenic load, it remains relevant to implement all possible varie-ties of preventive conservation as a guarantee of the effective safety of library collections.

The role of macrophages in chronic periodontitis (CP) is essential, but not well understood. The purpose was a thematic analysis of the literature on contribution of M1/M2 macrophage subpopulations to the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis, and methodology for macrophages study in order to define directions and approaches for further investigations. Our own research findings as well as papers for the topic by searching the electronic databases (the Google Scholar, PMC, PubMed) were analyzed. M1 macrophages can contribute to CP exacerbation, systemic inflammation enhancement, destruction of periodontal ligament, and inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. M2 macrophages are able both to develop tolerance influenced by LPS of periodontopathogens, and to enhance proinflammatory abilities. Experimental depletion of macrophages using clodronate liposomes can prevent the bone resorption. Influences on M1/M2 in CP with the purpose of treatment are not adequately investigated. Polarization of macrophages is regulated by a wide spectrum of recognizing receptors, cytokines, specific signaling pathways and genetic programs, some of which are used as phenotype markers of certain macrophages. The unique molecules for M1/M2 are absent. Phenotypic markers of M1 and M2 show overlap, so markers combinations are used depending on a purpose and type of macrophages or profile/combination of expressed genes. The article lists markers used in various studies for M1/M2 identification. Conclusions. Most of the data on the role of M1/M2 in CP was obtained using monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro and in animal models. This paper highlights the important role of M1 and M2 subpopulations of macrophages in the pathogenesis of CP in humans. The identification of predominant macrophage phenotypes remains elusive, as well as consequences of influences on them. Immunohistochemical methods are indispensable for human studies at the present stage due to availability of biopsy. A prospect for further scientific research is to study the role of M1 and M2 macrophages in CP pathogenesis in humans.

The paper covers the activity performed at V.O. Sukhomlynskyi State Scientific and Pedagogical Library of Ukraine, which functions as a coordination, Хемчян І. Науково-методичне забезпечення діяльності мережі освітянських бібліотек ISSN 2224-9516 Наукові праці Національної бібліотеки України імені В. І. Вернадського. 2019. Вип. 56 scientific and methodological centre within the system of education libraries under the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine and the National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine during the period from 2000 to 2019. Here are the main directions of scientific and methodical work performed in the library: methodical study of changes taken place in certain libraries as well as the system of education libraries in general; development of conceptual, organisational, administrative, regulatory and methodological documents; providing specialists of education libraries with methodological and advisory assistance (including remote help) on library work; expert-diagnostic visits to education libraries for the purpose of library management consulting; creation of the system of methodical publications covering all areas of activity performed by education libraries; maintaining the functioning of the system of education libraries as a single system; introduction of library innovations in the work of education libraries; improvement of professional skills of the specialists of education libraries using different forms and methods; providing access to information resource on librarianship, bibliography studies, bibliology, documentation studies, and information activity in order to meet the professional needs of librarians, educators, and students; scientific cooperation with leading libraries of other systems, departments, institutions, and organisations, regardless form of ownership (including foreign establishments), etc. In the future, the scientific and methodical work of V. O. Sukhomlynskyi State Scientific and Pedagogical Library of Ukraine will be focused on searching for, systematising and transforming progressive knowledge in the field of library science, and on generating new ideas that will further the innovative development of education libraries.

Background. Waste paper recycling is characterized by deterioration in the content of fiber mass on the fourdrinier wire of a paper-making (cardboard-making) machine, which leads to the fiber content increase in the pit water and to an increase in losses of the source fiber raw material with waste water. Objective. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the influence of amphoteric polymer resins (APR) on the fiber content effectiveness on the fourdrinier wire and the pit water contamination degree. Methods. According to standard techniques, the degree of fiber content and water turbidity, which arises in the paper and cardboard production during the formation on the paper-making machine fourdrinier wire, is determined. Results. The graphs of the dependence of the pit water turbidity on the APR consumption for different milling degree for MS-5B-2 and МС-8В-3 waste paper grades have been constructed. The high efficiency of the APR influence on the fiber content degree on the PPM wire is confirmed. The optimal values of technological parameters (milling degree and APR consumption) for the estimation of the APR impact on the pit water quality have been established. It is shown that the most effective APR among the investigated chemical auxiliaries is UltraRez 200, and the optimum consumption of all APR is 4 kg/ton of paper. The investigated APR are located by the effectiveness increasing of the APR influence on the degree of fiber content and the pit water turbidity reduction in the following series: Luresin KS – Eka WS 325 – Kymene 25X-Cel – UltraRez 200 – Fennostrengt PA21. Conclusions. The use of APR allows achieving a high degree of fiber retention on the wire up to 97 % and reduces 50–85 % of the pit water turbidity, reduces the loss of the source fibrous raw material, reduces the fresh water consumption and increases the efficiency of paper and paperboard production from waste paper.

Казакевич Г.М. Видеть разрешенное: фотография и цензура в Российской империи. Целью исследования является рассмотрение истории становления государственного регулирования оборота фотографических изображений в Российской империи и выявление особенностей его применения на практике. Для описания основных механизмов госу- дарственной политики России в отношении фотографического дела использованы традиционные принципы и методы исторического исследования, такие как историзм, системность, критический анализ источников и т. д. Выяснение влия- ния цензурной политики на повседневные практики фотографов-профессионалов и фотолюбителей осуществляется с помощью подходов микроистории. Новизна исследования объясняется постановкой актуальной проблемы и отсутстви- ем подобных работ в историографии. В статье отмечено, что цензурное ведомство было призвано контролировать созда- ние, тиражирование и распространение фотографий и фоторепродукций с целью ограничения доступа населения к изоб- ражениям, угрожающим, по мнению властей, общественной морали, государственному устройству, интересам православ- ной церкви и правящей династии. Автор приходит к выводу, что, будучи крайне строгой с формальной точки зрения, цензурная политика не способна была решить возложенные на нее государством задачи. На практике, механизм контроля действовал неэффективно и лишь создавал дополнительную бюрократическую волокиту, что и привело, в конечном ито- ге, к его частичной ликвидации.In the late 19th – early 20th cc. the Russian imperial authorities were concerned with the fast expansion of the photography. As a result, the public administra- tion undertook efforts to get the new technology under the censor- ship control. The aim of the article is to reveal the theory and practice of the governmental regulation of photography in the Rus- sian empire. Basing on the wide range of archival sources, the author uses traditional methods of the historical study to describe the photography censorship in Russia and employs the approach of microhistory to find out how the censorship affected the everyday life of professional and amateur photographers. The lack of the studies devoted to the relationship between the public authorities and photography in the Russian empire determines the scientific novelty of the paper. From the early 1860ties, both private persons who owned cameras and commercial photographic studios were placed under surveillance of the inspector of publishing facilities and bookstores. Professional photographers were obliged to put their names on all images they produced and keep an account of all their clients. Any photographic activity outside the studio required a special permis- sion of the local authorities. Only members of the photographic societies were allowed to take pictures everywhere in Russia (with an exception of military objects and borderlands) having no certifi- cate from the local governor’s office. Taking and publishing pic- tures of the ruling dynasty members and their residences required a special permission as well. The censorship controlled sharing of the photographic reproductions of the fine art works. The paintings, which (from the censor’s perspective) either propagated revolution- ary and separatist ideas or threatened the reputation of the monar- chy and Orthodox Church, were prevented from exhibiting. The local authorities used to confiscate the photographic reproductions of such paintings. As far as erotic materials were banned com- pletely, the censors paid special attention to any photographic im- ages depicting nudity. The author comes to conclusion, that despite the regulations were strict, the whole system of the state control over the photography was rather ineffective. Having no single law defining benchmarks for evaluating the pictures or even a list of the images banned throughout an empire, the censors used to act selec- tively. Furthermore, in big cities, such as Kyiv, they were too busy to control dozens of photographic studios and amateur photogra- phers. As a result, both photographers and local civil servants ig- nored most of the regulations.

Introduction. High-voltage insulation systems always have some background level of the partial discharges, which does not have any significant effect on the life of the electrical insulation design. At the same time, partial discharges destroy high-voltage insulation, leading to a carburization zone around the defect. This is the «hidden» period of development of the defect. The development of a defect zone, sooner or later, leads to an arc breakdown of the entire insulating gap. Purpose. The substantiation of the efficiency of detection of technological defects in high-voltage solid insulation of electrical insulating structures according to the characteristics of partial discharges. Methodology. The conditions for the occurrence of partial discharges in the thickness of the polymer insulation are considered. The possible values of the voltage of the beginning of partial discharges are determined for a model of a cylindrical air gap near the conductor of a power cable. It is shown that with the same applied voltages to high-voltage insulation, in the latter case, air inclusions of smaller thickness are activated in comparison with a flat structure. Practical value. The efficiency of detection of technological defects in solid composite case insulation of the stator winding of turbo- and hydrogenerators is shown. Based on the comparison of the amplitude of the pulses of partial discharges of positive and negative polarity, the estimated location of the technological defects in the insulation has been established.

The analysis of the three measurement methods of leaf blade area of young bi-axis apple trees on rootstock 54-118 was made. High accuracy of the measurement results by a method of area calculation within a leaf contour on millimeter graph paper (31, 21 cm2) and with help of a method of computer sight using application “Petiole” on Smartphone with operational system Android (31, 28 cm2) was established. The gravimetric method and the use of mobile application “Petiole” appeared to be the most productive as to time consumption to carry out the operation

The article reviews various methods of documents protection against the destroying effect of micromycetes. The methods considered have been in use since the third decade of the 20th century. The authors provide information on the search of new disinfectants from the list recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. In particular, these include nipagin and a new product "Valeus-D" (analog of the investigated earlier Polidez). The received results of study of minimal concentrations of Valeus-D disinfectant alcohol and water solutions having effect on microscopic fungi are analyzed. Data on the influence of nipagin, "Valeus-D" and 70% ethanol on resistance to fungi, chemical and physicomechanical characteristics of model samples of four types of paper (rag, typographical, offset, newsprint) are compared. The experiments’ results indicate, that 1% nipagin, 2% and 4% "Valeus-D"(pH 9) render the highest resistance to fungi. It is revealed, that 70% ethyl alcohol and 1% nipagin had the least influence on the physicomechanical properties of model samples of paper. Accentuated is the need to continue pilot studies of the use of other modern effective disinfectants and other types of paper

The article is based on researches of scientific materials that were put into print by other authors. The frequent disadvantages of texts are studied and grouped. Methodological recommendations are prepared with the information purpose. These recommendations will be useful for authors-beginners during preparation of their scientific texts (articles, conference papers) and will improve quality of an author’s materials.

Accounting and finance are intricately intertwined with the global quest for environmental sustainability by applying accounting and finance tools for carbon reduction initiatives. Clean energy financial investment is one of the many alternative tools through which accounting contributes to carbon reduction. Accordingly, this paper analysed the impact of separate and integrated clean energy investment alternatives on carbon reduction. Data on clean energy financial investment and carbon emission per capita were collected from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Our World in Data archives, respectively. Data was analysed by using multiple pooled OLS to evaluate the impact of individual clean energy financial investments on carbon reduction and the impact of integrating the various clean energy financial investment alternatives on carbon reduction separately. Findings show that individual clean energy financial investments may not separately offer desired carbon reduction, hence, albeit some negative coefficients, individual clean investments showed no significant impact on carbon reduction. However, furthering the test by pooling all the clean energy financial investment alternatives shows a significant negative effect of clean energy financial investment on carbon reduction at a P-value of 0.05. This shows that an integration of different alternatives of clean energy financial investment may offer an enhanced reduction of carbon emission, which outweighs the effect of relying on a single clean energy investment alternative. The findings offer significant insight for policy makers’ future strategies towards a combination of multiple clean energy financial investments. Furthermore, the findings from this paper are a further testament that accounting and finance are connected with the global quest for environmental sustainability through the application of accounting and financial investment tools in conducting clean energy financial investment.

Objectives This paper focuses on recognising and addressing the challenges of ADHD in early childhood girls. The paper aims to fill a gap in the scientific literature by focusing on the specificity of ADHD in girls, which differs from symptoms in boys. It also aims to raise awareness of the issue of ADHD among parents and teachers and to provide practical therapeutic guidance and educational support that is tailored to the needs of girls with ADHD. Material and methods The source materials for this publication will be various monographs and articles by special educators. The collected material will allow the analytical-critical method to synthetically realise the indicated aim of the work. Results Parents should learn to anticipate potential conflict situations, to exclude them or to plan in such a way that the child can cope with them. It is the parents' task to plan the day in such a way as to introduce a ritual and a daily routine of repetitive activities. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder need to acquire skills to deal with conflict, emotional labile, anxiety and stress. Conclusions Often undiagnosed girls suffer alone together with their disorder. Close cooperation between parents and teachers is an indispensable element in the treatment of ADHD. A child with ADHD should be allowed to participate in the educational and educational process. It is important to get to know the peer group so that girls with ADHD can learn to recognise themselves and their own reactions and abilities.

This paper indicates significance of generational diversity management in modern business. Due to certain social, political and economic circumstances each generation is specific, with its own skills, interactions and expectations. What is common for all of them is the willingness to find the right employer. The one open to human needs and aware of their work commitment; the one to offer appropriate work surroundings, self- development and adequate gratification. The paper is aimed at presenting those generational disparities, for awareness of them is crucial in efficient human resources management. Worksite is the natural environment, where such age-related experiences and opinions clash, enabling to gain the right perspective and choose the most effective and innovative directing solution. Generationally diverse team brings multilevel benefits for both sites and aids enterprise development.

In the modern world, mortgage plays an important role in the life of the citizens of the country due to its important role in providing their housing needs. Thus, it is important to find the most effective model of mortgage lending for the country to maximize the living standards of its citizens. The aim of the work is to choose the most effective model of mortgage lending that can be used in the country and bring the greatest benefit to it. The main methods used in the research were analysis, deduction, induction, and abstraction. The paper examined various aspects of mortgage lending, focusing on the different payment models and their implications for borrowers. Two types of mortgage loans were considered: with annuity and differentiated payments, their main differences in terms of payment rates were described, and mathematical formulae for their calculation were specified. To illustrate the impact on the borrower of each of them, a theoretical example was provided, on the basis of which the differences between the two systems were described. The paper also describes three models for organizing mortgage lending systems: a closed (stand-alone) mortgage system, a truncated open model and an extended open model. The suitability of these models for the development of the Kyrgyz mortgage market was assessed based on their characteristics and features, positive and negative components. The work brings new knowledge in the context of studying the peculiarities of mortgage lending as a whole, as well as allows finding opportunities for improving its functioning in the Kyrgyz Republic

The policy of “double reduction” has been applied by the Chinese government, and therefore, an assessment of its impact on various components of economic and social development in this and other countries is relevant. The purpose of this paper was to determine how the outflow of students abroad (due to the use of the “double reduction” policy) affects the economic development of local economies. The main methods used in the study were analysis, abstraction and forecasting. The article presents a survey of Chinese students studying abroad, which shows differences in satisfaction, cost of living and employment rates in different countries. The essence of the “double reduction” policy, which was aimed at solving various problems in the education system, was also considered. It describes the purpose of the policy and the actual impact it had on students and teachers. In addition, it was noted how the policy was related to the out-migration of students, and the negative and positive effects of the policy on the country were also discussed in detail. The correlation between these factors and the gross domestic product was also explored, highlighting the potential interaction between these indicators. In particular, it was shown that the level of satisfaction with education was diverse and did not have a significant correlation with other factors, such as unemployment and living costs. In turn, other indicators that did influence the level of study satisfaction were noted. This paper brings new knowledge to the assessment of the development of China’s economy and its education sector. It also provides a better understanding of how the trends in student out-migration affect the economic development of other countries

Conducting a study on this topic is becoming relevant due to the rapid introduction of digital technologies in the agricultural sector, which requires urgent study to effectively address current challenges in agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to analyse innovative approaches to improving the efficiency of economic activity in the agri-food sector. The methods used include the analytical method, classification method, functional method, statistical method, synthesis method, and others. The study found that the use of innovative approaches has significantly improved the productivity and sustainability of the agricultural sector. The use of blockchain technologies has increased trust in the supply chain by providing verified and transparent information on product quality. The analysis of large volumes of data has made it possible to develop specialized solutions and strategies tailored to specific business conditions in different regions. The results show an increase in the resilience of the agricultural sector to changes in economic and climate conditions. The findings of the study highlight the potential of digital transformation as a strategic tool for innovative and sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The study identified key strategies for the future implementation of digital technologies, taking into account the needs of the agricultural sector. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of introducing digital technologies to increase efficiency, improve management and ensure the sustainability of the industry in today’s digital economy. The practical significance of the paper is to analyse and highlight the factors that affect productivity and resource management in agriculture, which serves as a basis for further research and development of specific strategies and recommendations to improve the efficiency of the sector

This paper analyze the nuanced relationship between corporate income tax (CIT ) rate reductions as a tax incentive and foreign direct investments (FDI) across the Western Balkan countries. Additionally, it examines the extent to which they have progressed with their achievements during two decades (2000-2022). The transition of the Western Balkans from a closed and controlled economy to an open market economy has been challenging, but despite this, they have implemented certain policies to compete in the global market. For instance, they have reduced tax rates and offered tax incentives to attract foreign investors. This has had the effect of lowering the average tax rate, specifically in the year 2000, the average tax rate in corporate income tax was around 17%, while in 2023 the average tax rate in corporate income tax is 11%, or 6% lower. However, despite taking measures, the expected results have not been achieved. Privatization of public enterprises has been one of the main investments that these countries have attracted. The paper addresses the problems that have led to poor results and the inability of countries to convince investors for larger investments. In Kosovo, the issue of progress in this area is being overlooked by the government. It is important for Kosovo to recognize that neighboring countries are making significant progress, and therefore, it is critical to conduct research that not only highlights the current situation but also identifies potential solutions for the future.

The need to develop new systems for detecting and counteracting malware remains relevant. In addition to malware detection methods, the need to develop new systems for detecting and counteracting malware has become increasingly important. The use of various detection systems and the formation of a variable architecture in them significantly improves the effectiveness of detection, since both for attackers in computer attacks and for malware, understanding the system is significantly complicated. In addition, such systems may contain baits, traps, and, accordingly, modifiable operating environments to deceptively execute programs for research. This paper develops a conceptual model of multicomputer systems, which is designed to ensure the functioning of antivirus bait and traps to detect malware and computer attacks in corporate networks. The proposed approach is intended to prevent and counteract metamorphic virus penetration. This paper presents the conceptual model of multicomputer systems and introduces a defining characteristic responsible for the control of decisions and other defining characteristics of the system. Methods for detecting metamorphic viruses with the possibility of their implementation in the architecture of multi-computer systems with bait and traps are developed so that the system directly joins the detection procedure through its components and decides on the presence of metamorphic code in the executable file. An implementation of a multi-computer malware detection system with metamorphic functionality was developed to prove the feasibility of the proposed conceptual architecture model and the developed methods for detecting metamorphic viruses. An experiment on the functioning of a multi-computer malware detection system was set up, and experimental studies were conducted. The conducted experiments included metamorphic virus detection. In addition, an experiment on the effectiveness of detecting the metamorphic code of viruses was conducted. The efficiency of detecting metamorphic virus code using the developed multi-computer system was also investigated, and the presence of improved detection was established. The directions of further work are to extend the results of this work to new types of malware.

The article assesses the development of retail e-commerce under the influence of global digitalization processes. The authors prove that current trends in the global economy reflect key aspects of the development of the digital economy and, accordingly, retail e-commerce. Under their influence, significant changes are taking place in the living conditions of society, market conditions and in the scientific sphere, and there is an increasing demand for highly qualified workers. The paper emphasizes that under the influence of profound and extensive changes brought about by digital technologies, conceptual models of business development and social communication are transforming, and the role of the state in the new digitalized environment is being reconsidered. These transformations require participants to be highly adaptable, develop new skills and competencies, and be ready to take advantage of digital transformation. The paper emphasizes that there are potential risks of negative impact of digital transformation, which are manifested primarily in the need to adapt to new conditions, such as the inevitability of displacement of outdated professions by new technologies or artificial intelligence systems, the disappearance of traditional markets, as well as the threats of personal data leakage and the need to protect copyrights and other aspects. The authors prove that e-commerce encompasses more than just online advertising or launching a virtual retail store. Successful enterprises in this area are based on reliable technologies of interaction with consumers, which arise from the experience gained in the early stages, sound business schemes and a carefully developed infrastructure for servicing business processes. The main advantage of using digital technologies in the field of online retail is the ability to predict demand and thoroughly study consumer needs.

Hybrid power supply systems (HPSSs) are considered as a good option for electric power supply of remotely located from the grid consumers due to significant fuel savings compared to diesel sets. Quick development and improvement of HPSSs may be achieved using specialized methodologies and programs. In the paper a schematic diagram is proposed and operation principles of a 400 V / 50 Hz HPSS were developed. The system’s main component is the master generating unit of the hydropower plant using a 250 kW induction generator (IG). The voltage of the system is controlled by the controller of the AC/DC power converter. The electrical frequency of the system is controlled by the speed controller of the hydropower turbine. A wind turbine, an energy storage system and a regulated dump load are connected to the IG through the AC/DC converter. Goal. The paper aims to develop a methodology for steady state performance analysis of the hydraulic turbine driven isolated IG operating in parallel through an AC/DC power converter with additional sources and consumers of active power. Methodology. The methodology for evaluation of performance characteristics of the IG operating in the proposed system has been developed. The methodology is based on the equivalent circuit of the system, equations of active and reactive power balance in the system and the superposition method. Results. The equations of frequency, voltage and power regulators of the system are given. The performance characteristics of the IG operating in the system supplying resistive and RL load in «constant voltage – constant frequency» mode are obtained. Novelty. The developed methodology is innovative in taking into account the control algorithms of the system. The comparative analysis of the IG’s performance operating in the stand-alone generating unit and in the generating unit connected to the proposed system is performed. Practical value. The developed methodology can be used for development and performance improvement of hybrid AC power systems.

Axiomatic Fredholm theory in unital C*-algebras was established in [D. Kečkić, Z. Lazović, Acta Sci. Math., 83(3-4):629--655, 2017]. Following the pure algebraic approach by Kečkić and Lazović, in the author's paper [S. Ivković, Banach J. Math. Anal., 17:51, 2023] we extended further this theory to axiomatic semi-Fredholm and semi-Weyl theory in unital C*-algebras. However, recently, in [S. Ivković, arXiv:2306.01133] we developed another approach to axiomatic Fredholm theory in unital C*-algebras which is based on the theory of Hilbert modules and is equivalent to the algebraic approach by Kečkić and Lazović. In this paper, we extend further that new Hilbert-module approach from Fredholm theory to semi-Fredholm and semi-Weyl theory in unital C*-algebras. Hence, we provide new proofs to the results in [S. Ivković, Banach J. Math. Anal., 17:51, 2023].

This paper describes the possibilities of communication through information flows in the tasks of recognition and prediction using the example of assessing the change in the state of defects in materials.In the context of communication between several elements of the system, an important part is the formation of effective information flows and optimal messages. In this context, the grouping of information according to the principle of informativeness is proposed, using the example of the problem of recognition and further forecasting.Information transfer with the Internet of Things involves exchange over wireless networks and network protocols.In the paper, it is proposed to use the segmented area of the recognized object and use it to check the forecast. The paper proposes to use the segmented region of the recognized object in the image and use it to check the prediction. In addition, sensor data can be used to test defect classification. This design of information flows can improve performance.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the type and species structure of the array of literary and artistic publications released on the material and technical basis of Shevchenko Scientific Society in the first two periods of its activity and represented in the Digital Collection "Book Heritage of Shevchenko Scientific Society (1874-1913)" of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv. In order to achieve this purpose, the author used descriptive, analytical, synthetic, comparative, classification, historical and book studies, and systematic and typological methods of scientific knowledge. The scientific novelty of the paper is to highlight the type and species features of the publications of Ukrainian fiction, their authors and customers. Conclusions. Analysis of the array of books, digital copies of which are presented in the Collection "Book Heritage of Shevchenko Scientific Society (1874-1913)" of Vasyl Stefanyk Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine, has shown the following typical features of the printed products of that time: dominance of publications (mostly lifetime, often first) of original works by Ukrainian writers; representation of works by Borys Hrinchenko, Stepan Rudanskyi, Yurii Fedkovych, Taras Shevchenko in the form of scientific multi-volume editions with extensive scientific and auxiliary apparatus (prefaces, introductory articles, notes and comments); high proportion of small-scale mono-editions of prose works: short stories, samples, novels, plays and polygraphs, mainly poetry collections; budget artistic and printing execution (except for anniversary and multi-volume editions); predominance of publications in paper covers decorated with ornamental frames. Given the short period for implementing the project to digitize books and brochures published by the printing house of Shevchenko Scientific Society, there are still many first editions outside the collection that are interesting for the research reader. Taking into account the above, it is appropriate to continue the work we have begun by enriching the collection with other contemporary publications, while improving the platform on which they should be presented.

The problem of the Ukrainian semiotic metalanguage still remains a subject of controversy for those who are interested in the scholarly heritage of the greatest and an extraordinarily prolifi c American philosopher, logician (mathematical and general) and semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839 – 1914). In the course of his polymathic researches he created numerous terminological neologisms. The latter are most commonly rendered into Ukrainian applying transliteration. Peirce was extremely fond of placing things into groups of three, of trichotomies, and of triadic relations. His theory of signs is also based on his ʻtriadism’. The article discusses the interpretation of the fundamental categories of Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness as presented in Peirceʼs work “A Guess at the Riddle” and focuses on the challenges of rendering these and other important terminological units of Peircean semiotics into Ukrainian. The article contains excerpts from the above mentioned Peirce’s work translated into Ukrainian by the author of this paper and the issues of translating Peircean neologisms are approached with the aim of revealing logic in the management of semiotic realities and specifi cally the logic of constructing diff erent Ukrainian equivalents. The lack of the generally accepted tradition of translating semiotic terms brings to life many terminological variants used by diff erent Ukrainian scholars and translators. The present paper reviews some terminological variants used by Ukrainian semioticians and seeks to provide arguments to support the necessity of selecting Ukrainian equivalents using the native stock of morphemes instead of applying transliteration of the original English terms. Following this line of thought, the author suggests her options for rendering such key semiotic terms as Firstness, Secondness, Thirdness, representation and determination, representamen and interpretant and some others and claims that the suggested approach is justifi ed and can ensure the adequacy of the translation and the unifi cation of the Ukrainian terminology of semiotics.

The current paper seeks to present an insightful re-reading of the works authored by the contemporary Ukrainian Shakespearean scholar, practicing translator, editor, and critic M. Hablevych (born 1950) through the prism of narratology. The focus is on one of the main topics of her scientifi c research – Shakespeare’s legacy in the light of his life and works. Methodological tenets of transgeneric narratology (P. Huhn, M. Kraan, E. Müller-Zettelmann) and reception aesthetics (R. Ingarden, W. Iser, R. Barth) comprise the ground for the research in the paper. The ultimate goal of the paper is to apply narratological concepts to the critical and theoretical works of Maria Hablevych as well as to analyze the Ukrainian translations of Shakespeare’s Sonnets by D. Pavlychko (1998) and N. Butuk (2011) against their background. It is argued that the “Author” concept as regarded by the multifaceted agent partially correlates with the “Author-function” by M. Foucault, fulfi lling the functions of narratorhood (M.–L. Ryan). Yet, it reaches beyond the traditional narratological understanding of the notion of Author. By applying the critical-theoretical method, the method of narratological analysis, the elements of interpretive textual analysis, and translation studies analysis, the article looks into the peculiarities of narratological categories reproduction in the Ukrainian translations. The latter bears signifi cance for the adequate reproduction of the ideological and semantic unity of the Sonnets. The paper reveals various degrees of their rendering, with the version by N. Butuk being considered the most successful and closest to the multifaceted agent’s interpretation.

The paper is dedicated to John Milton’s poem “Samson Agonistes” (published in 1671) and its two translations: the Ukrainian translation was done by Ivan Franko (1912; published in 1913), and the Slovak translation was rendered by Marián Andričík (2022). The translation strategies applied in both target texts illustrate the ways and limits of the reception and perception of common European – sometimes predominantly Christian – poetics among modern readers. Local divergences can contribute to the integral theory of textual recreations in reader-oriented translation strategies. The focus of the paper is on three hypotheses: 1) older translations have poorer quality than newer ones. The time span of a century is usually a period which can cause some linguistic changes turning an actual text into an outdated one; 2) Milton is a product of a monarchical society. Franko, as a citizen of an empire (Austro-Hungarian Empire), could better understand the monarchical expression than Andričík, as a citizen of a republic (Slovak Republic); 3) both Ukrainian and Slovak have similar problems and solutions for dealing with the high-fl own style of Milton’s text. The political dimension of high-fl own style can be traced throughout Milton’s poem: it gives some specifi c but not decisive fl avour to the text. The storyline focus is still on the biblical plot, and its violation can threaten the correct understanding of the poem. Despite the time span between Franko’s publication and today’s reader, this translation does not sound outdated, and it can satisfactorily perform all informative and aesthetic functions. Andričík’s translation is very precise: the brevity of his style impresses, while he manages to keep equilinearity in his translation. Moreover, the use of abstract nouns instead of specifi c high-fl own lexemes can serve as effi cient advice for other translators who have to cope with the lingual asymmetry.

The purpose of the paper is to thoroughly investigate the intricate relationship between the United States and Azerbaijan from 1991 to 2020, considering diplomatic, political, economic, and security dimensions. Emphasizing the pivotal role of Russian Federation in the South Caucasus, the research seeks to provide a holistic understanding of the factors influencing U.S.-Azerbaijan relations, offering valuable insights into evolving geopolitical dynamics over the three crucial decades. The novelty of the paper lies in its in-depth exploration of three decades of U.S.-Azerbaijan relations, the study provides unique insights into the evolving dynamics, contributing a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted relationship. Conclusions. The author identifies 4 periods of US-Azerbaijan relations in 1991-2020: 1) 1991-2001, 2) 2001-2007, 3) 2007-2015, and 4) 2015-2020. From 1991 to 2001, the United States underwent a transformative phase in its policy towards Azerbaijan, marked by an increased focus on regional stability and economic partnerships through energy initiatives like the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. Security concerns in the South Caucasus also influenced policy decisions, while considerations of democracy and human rights were weighed against broader strategic imperatives. This period set the foundation for subsequent shifts in U.S. policy towards Azerbaijan. In 2001-2007, U.S. policy towards Azerbaijan underwent significant changes, prioritizing the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline and intensifying efforts in combatting international terrorism. The Global War on Terror played a crucial role, leading to strengthened U.S.-Azerbaijan relations, though democracy promotion took a back seat to energy and security interests. The period from 2007 to 2015 saw a nuanced shift, with decreased U.S. focus on energy and security, increased attention to democracy and human rights, and challenges arising from Azerbaijan’s opposition to the Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement. Azerbaijan’s strategic concerns regarding Nagorno-Karabakh intensified, and U.S. engagement faced limitations in influencing regional outcomes. Between 2015 and 2020, U.S. policy towards Azerbaijan further disengaged across energy, security, and democracy promotion dimensions, influenced by factors like the unconventional oil and gas revolution, decreasing Central Asia significance, rising isolationism, and the Trump administration’s priorities. The U.S. response to regional dynamics, notably the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, showcased a trend of reduced involvement.

The purpose of the paper is to highlight the development of information-psychological warfare, its history, concepts, technologies and methods, which are one of the most important areas of work in the field of international relations. The concept of ‘information warfare’ has concentrated a number of phenomena from the sphere of mass communications and during the 20th century was called various terms, such as ‘disinformation’, ‘propaganda’, ‘psychological warfare’, ‘psychological operations’. Within the scope of the study, the importance of psychological warfare in today’s context has been examined using the example of Azerbaijan and Armenia. It has been emphasized how Armenia effectively employed psychological warfare tactics and propaganda to gain an advantageous position in the late 20th century. In the early 21st century, the significance of Azerbaijan gaining a superior position in psychological warfare and using propaganda effectively has been discussed. Additionally, the article delves into the importance of using white propaganda during psychological warfare and the drawbacks of black propaganda within the context of the psychological warfare between Azerbaijan and Armenia. The novelty of the paper lies in a comprehensive analysis of information and psychological warfare and operations in the context of the Azerbaijan-Armenian conflict. Conclusions. In the 20th century information and psychological warfare and operations became part of the military policy of states. Now, due to the current situation on the world stage, the methods and means of conducting information warfare are changing and every year they are reaching a higher level. It can also be stated that in the 21st century, information wars have become more widespread. In summary, the historical context and evolution of information warfare demonstrate its enduring significance as a tool for states to achieve their strategic and political goals. As technology and global politics continue to evolve, information warfare is likely to remain a key component of statecraft and international relations.

War brings destruction in the broader sense, forcing millions to flee their homes, and resulting in an increased burden of depression, anxiety, PTSD and other mental and behavioral disorders. This burden grows even more in the framework of pandemics and natural disasters, as social and protection services experience crisis of resources. Providing one-to-one mental health care is no longer feasible for masses of refugee and internally displaced children and adults who need support, and, as a result, the need to have increasing numbers of mental health specialists who intervene in groups becomes more and more emergent. The paper reviews the Positum MGS approach to work with groups of children and adults in refugee settings, and not only, suggests the ‘Positum MGS coaching protocol’ within the framework of group Positive Psychotherapy (PPT after Peseschkian, since 1977)TM. Empirically supported and demonstrated by a case in the paper, the protocol being applied by a Positum MGS trainer or team of trainers, during an in-person training of 4-5 days, helps trainees greatly in learning to use psychosocial transcultural games and related techniques as resilience-building tools with groups of children, adolescents or adults. Either in the position of PPT trainers, psychotherapists, consultants or students, the participants in a Positum MGS core training and coaching or PPT training at basic or master levels with a focus of working with groups, can be supported through the suggested coaching protocol and questions in line with the 5-stage consultation of PPT.

Enterprises develop and interact with the global environment. Their activities are influenced by various factors, and timely identification of the degree of their influence allows forecasting business development and reasonably choosing development strategies. The work is based on the hypothesis that in the global environment, under the influence of internal and external factors, tools can be developed for enterprise assessment and business strategy formation. The puprose of the paper is to develop a toolkit for evaluating an enterprise in a global environment for choosing a development strategy. In the article, the authors conduct a study of the influence of factors of the global environment on the development of the enterprise, propose a model with the help of which it is expedient to forecast the metastate of the enterprise and put forward proposals for choosing an effective development strategy. A structural and logical model for ensuring the stable development of business systems has been proposed. In the process of research, the authors developed a system of indicators that form an integral index that characterizes the effectiveness of the development of business systems. The basis of the integral indicator of the metastate of the development of business systems is a set of indicators for assessing the development and changes in the state of business systems in a dynamic global environment. The economic and mathematical model of estimating the metastate of business systems is considered as a reflection and formalization of the main, essential parameters of business systems development (production, technological and property, personnel, social, financial, material and supply, marketing, foreign trade. The integral metastate index of business systems systematically reflects the effectiveness of the Kharkiv machine-building business systems and allows determining strategies for their development. The selected machine-building enterprises have been grouped by the following types of development strategies: a rapid growth strategy aimed at ensuring the development of enterprises, offensive positions; a strategy of moderate growth and stabilization, characterized by stable parameters of business systems development, adequacy of resources for development, aimed at saving resources and costs, market expansion and development, product upgrades, innovative development; a strategy of curtailment, reduction, which is characterized by negative development trends due to lower profits, reduced assets, reorientation of consumers to other products or markets. As a result of the research, a methodological approach to the assessment of trends in the development of business systems has been developed, which will allow obtaining additional advantages in the global environment. Determination of benefits becomes a basic characteristic for monitoring information provision regarding the organization of enterprise activities in a global environment. The paper makes a contribution to the research of the methodology for assessing the development of enterprises that can be applied to other enterprises, not only to the Kharkiv area. In the event of a change in the influence of global environmental factors, the degree of influence should be specified. The work offers an opportunity to develop further research from the point of view of strategic management, the concept of six sigma, and production optimization.

The paper investigated the audience's perception of the influence of government ownership of NTA on the principle of truth, fairness and balance. The media ownership theory and the social responsibility theory served as the theoretical underpinnings for the study. The study used a mixed method design, including an in-depth interview for the qualitative data and a survey for the quantitative data. The Wimmer and Dominick online sample size calculator was used to determine a sample size of 384 from the population of 555,500. Data was collected using a questionnaire and interview guide. Multi-stage and purposive sampling procedures were used. The results showed the respondents' high knowledge of the journalistic principles of truth, justice, and balance in news reporting. The respondents have a negative perception towards government ownership of NTA and the practices of the journalists regarding truth, fairness, and balance in news reportage, as the ownership affects the practices of journalists in upholding the principle of truth, fairness, and balance in news reportage. The study further revealed that the respondents perceive that the influence of government control of NTA limits the freedom of the press, which is against the ethics and demands of professional journalism. The paper concluded that when news stories are written and framed in the interest of the owners rather than the public interest, it kills journalistic ethics and professionalism as well as the social responsibility role of the media.

In the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, characterized by rapid technological advancements and widespread digitization, this paper delves into the evolving paradigms of historical education. Traditional teaching methods are becoming obsolete, given the tech-savvy nature of current learners. This study explores innovative pedagogical approaches that integrate technology, catering to the unique needs of this generation. By reviewing contemporary literature and gathering expert insights, we offer an overview of emerging trends in historical education. Notably, technology is poised to redefine how history is learned. Modern learners gravitate towards boundary-less learning experiences, enabled by resources like ebooks, ICT-based apps, websites, android platforms, VR, and virtual tours. To stay relevant, a significant shift in historical education is imperative. This paper concludes by emphasizing the profound implications of this transition and proposes actionable recommendations for educators and policymakers.

The paper investigates the Ukrainian older adults’ social, economic, and humanitarian circumstances in the context of the russian war against Ukraine. It mainly analyses the challenges and needs of the elderly residing in regions affected by active hostilities, those who have experienced occupation, and internally displaced older persons. The main problems for older people in the areas of active hostilities and those who have been in the occupied territories are loss and (or) damage of housing; difficulties in evacuating, especially lonely people and those who lost social (family) support; destruction of institutions for the elderly and disabled as well as medical infrastructure; increased poverty and limited access to basic food, hygiene, and medicine, poor health; vulnerability to war crimes by the occupiers. For internally displaced older persons, the following problems are determined: the shortage of housing in slightly safer regions; limited financial opportunities for rental housing and meeting other basic needs (food, medicine, etc.); significant deterioration of health conditions forced by the physical and psychological trauma experienced and displacement during the war; living in temporary shelters with an increased risk of being placed in institutions for the elderly. There are some of the most urgent needs of older people in Ukraine in the context of war: various medicines and hygiene products; food and its delivery to the affected regions; transporting older people, including transferring them to the bomb shelters; increased need for medical care, psychological and social rehabilitation; help with home care and household chores. The paper underlines the resilience of older adults to the hardships they face, their high level of self-organisation and mutual assistance during russia’s war against Ukraine.

The article aims to extend our understanding of physical and psychological types of ambiguous loss through a systematic review based on content and psycholinguistic analysis. The study encompassed articles aligned with ambiguous loss published between 2019-2023, retrieved from PsycINFO, Web of Science (WoS), and Scopus. To eliminate the bias in the literature review, the study extracted published articles, dissertations, book chapters, and preprints with titles containing the search term “ambiguous loss”. Two reviewers (the first and the third authors worked independently) examined titles and abstracts and identified papers highlighting physical (n=34) or psychological (n=23) types of ambiguous loss. The physical type results from physical absence of meaningful persons (e.g. abducted, missing, adopted), while the psychological type results from psychological absence of meaningful persons (e.g. dementia, mental illness, addiction). The study applies the conceptual and relational content analysis of Leximancer (version 4.5) to develop three cluster maps and lists of concepts separately for physical and psychological types and all selected papers published between 2019-2023. The results show that the physical type primarily encompasses situations related to adoption, potentially leading to the ambiguous loss experienced by both biological parents and children when facing forced separation. Psychological type includes parents of children with disabilities, shaken baby syndrome, and caregivers of individuals with brain injuries and cancer. The present study indicates that the conceptual boundaries between physical and psychological types of ambiguous loss are not only expanding but also erasing, giving way to new applications in settings such as the COVID-19 pandemic, organ donor families, and sexual and gender minority. Disclosure Statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in Mendeley Data: Zasiekina, Larysa; Zasiekin, Serhii (2023), “Ambiguous loss_abstracts_2019-2023”, Mendeley Data, V1, https://doi.org/ 10.17632/dscy8m4g37.1 * Corresponding author: Larysa Zasiekina, 0000-0001-8456-0774 zasyekina.larisa@vnu.edu.ua

At the current stage of development of a market economy, the efficiency of the state depends on the quality of budgeting and execution, as it is the main instrument for mobilising and spending public resources. The purpose of this study was to diagnose the revenues and expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine under martial law, to identify the main problems that impede effective budget formation and execution, and to provide recommendations on how to eliminate them. The study used empirical, theoretical, and statistical research methods, namely description and comparison; synthesis, analysis, and generalisation. The paper examined the essence of the state budget according to the opinions of foreign and Ukrainian researchers. Based on the statistical data, the study described the current state of the state budget and analysed the dynamics of budget revenues and expenditures in 2018-2022. The structure of tax and non-tax revenues to the state budget was investigated. The structure of the state budget expenditures was analysed in terms of economic and functional classification. The budget deficit was analysed. The study highlighted the main problems related to the preparation and execution of the state budget, namely: military operations in the country leading to capital outflows; a decrease in the growth rate of the gross domestic product and a decline in production; insufficient filling of the reserve fund; an increase in tax rates leading to tax evasion by business entities; instability of the national currency; lack of an effective strategy for budget preparation and execution; imperfect control over the implementation of budget programmes. The paper offers recommendations on how to overcome these problems and promote optimisation of the revenue and expenditure sides of the state budget. The results of the study are of practical importance, since it is based on the analysis of the state budget indicators that the state of the budget is determined and ways to balance the revenues and expenditures of the State Budget of Ukraine are identified

Introduction. The introduction to the paper highlights the advantages of the «foundation concept» based on the interpretation of a pavement as the construction comprising the two main consecutively designed and constructed elements: the pavement foundation and the pavement construction itself. The realization of that concept allows the design and construction of so-called long-life pavements according up to 400 msa using hydraulically bound mixtures [2], or HBM. Problem Statement. The issues of the paper concern the problems of implementation of the European standards related requirements into native systems for road pavements designing. Purpose. The goal of the paper is to analyze the main provisions of the «foundation concept» and its possibilities in the application of the European standards requirements concerning road materials for the improvement of current systems for road pavements design. Results. The classification of the road pavement foundations was reviewed which is based on the long-term confined foundation surface modulus (FSM) values and comprises four classes (FC): FC1 – FSM ≥ 50 МPа; FC2 – FSM ≥ 100 МPа; FC3 – FSM ≥ 200 МPа; FC4 – FSM ≥ 400 МPа. According such classification, the two methodologies for the pavement foundation design were briefly reviewed and compared: the restricted foundation design and the performance foundation design.

Introduction. The introduction to the paper highlights the importance of the design and construction of highways of various link functions levels as a key factor in modern integration processes and also emphasizes the role of highways for substantial increasing of the road network safety. Problem statement. The issues of the paper concern aspects of highways design based on the experience of European colleagues in the context of the provisions of the relevant legislative acts of EU. Purpose. The goal of the paper is to analyze the main provisions for the design of continental, subcontinental and transregional highways considering, within the format of the publication, the design features of the highways elements which are universal for various design systems. Results. The highways categorization regarding their link functions levels and with this categorization linked classification by design classes were reviewed which accept the highways jurisdiction and the build-up areas related location and also the corresponding restrictions on vehicle speed limits. The highways characteristics were defined allowing the determination of highways as a separate category of motor roads in the world-wide practice of the road building industry.

In the 21st century, the issue of energy security is an important challenge for many states. Energy independence is an important component of the country’s national security. That is why its development is considered a priority of the country’s economic policy. Along with the trends of globalization, international energy relations are increasing day by day. However, the issue of energy security and vulnerability is equally on the agenda, which in turn is related to the problems of access to energy resources and the aggressive appeal of industrialized states with this issue, which creates a destabilizing vulnerable environment in the state. This issue was clearly revealed in the background of the 2022-2023 war between Russia and Ukraine. The mentioned issue is one important part of this paper, along with which the issue of renewable energies is also discussed. Renewable energies, the so-called practical way to get rid of petroleum products is growing more and more. Accordingly, the mentioned work considers both issues equally on the example of the European Union’s energy security strategy, within the framework of the Russia-Ukraine war. The paper discusses the European Union’s energy security policy and current challenges.

In this paper, we address the stabilization problem for nonlinear systems in a critical case. Namely, we study the class of canonical nonlinear systems. Canonical nonlinear systems or chain of power integrators is an important subject of research. Studying such systems is complicated by the fact that they cannot be mapped onto linear systems. Moreover, they have the uncontrollable first approximation. Previous results on smooth stabilization of such systems were obtained under the assumption that the powers in the right-hand side are strictly decreasing. In this work, we consider a case of non-increasing powers in the right-hand side for a three-dimensional system. A popular approach for studying such systems is the backstepping method, which is a method of step-wise stabilization. This method requires a sequential investigation of lower-dimensional subsystems. Backstepping enables the study of a wide range of nonlinear triangular systems but requires technically complex and cumbersome computations. Therefore, a natural question arises about constructing stabilizing controls of a simple form. Polynomial controls can serve as an example of such controls. In the paper, we demonstrate that linear controls can be considered as stabilizing controls. We derive sufficient conditions for the coefficients of the linear control that ensure the asymptotic stability of the zero equilibrium point of the corresponding closed-loop system. The asymptotic stability is proven using the Lyapunov function method, which is found as the sum of squares. The negative definiteness of the Lyapunov function derivative in a neighborhood of the origin guarantees asymptotic stability. In contrast to the case of strictly decreasing powers, additional conditions on the control coefficients, apart from their negativity, emerge. The obtained result extends to a broader class of nonlinear systems through stabilization by nonlinear approximation. This allows the consideration of systems with higher-order terms in the right-hand side. The effectiveness of the applied approach is illustrated by several model examples. The method used in this work to investigate the case of non-increasing powers can be applied to systems of higher dimensions.

This paper gives insight into the theoretical and practical aspects of Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) - a pedagogy that is fast emerging as a more democratic and dynamic alternative to traditional in-person student exchange programs. This pedagogy is currently gaining popularity among Ukrainian educators who are looking for new ways to engage students in international collaboration amid the emergencies of the ongoing war conflict in the country. The paper is a preliminary report of the research in progress which aims to investigate whether COIL can level the unevenly developed language and academic skills of the collaborating Spanish and Ukrainian students. The reported preliminary findings of one of the three collaboration projects carried out by the faculties of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (KNU) and Universitat Jaume I (UJI) show a range of benefits including academic skills enhancement, improvement of intercultural competence as well as personal satisfaction. The authors also shed light on the challenges encountered when introducing COIL activities into the classroom. Taken together, the article provides an insightful overview of the benefits and limitations of COIL strategies as a means of promoting intercultural and interdisciplinary learning and understanding.

This text is a review of the OUP Position Paper authored by Donaghy, K. with the assistance of two consultants – Karastathi, S. and Peachey, N. The primary objective of this review is to provide a detailed analysis of the ELT Position Paper, examining its structure, content, and theoretical issues. After a thorough examination of the publication, the reviewer concludes that it is of utmost importance to restructure the primary components of communicative competence in teacher training curriculums worldwide, including those taught at Ukrainian universities. This is because of the emerging views on the multimodality of present-day learning and communication which emphasize the need to reflect topical aspects of new ideas about multimodal communicative competence. Thus, this review highlights the need for a significant shift in the way we approach English language teaching to non-native speakers, particularly in terms of teacher training. It is essential to incorporate modern concepts and theories to ensure that learners of English as a second or foreign language can communicate effectively in the contemporary world

One of the important directions of theoretical, computational and experimental research related to the improvement and development of new design elements of modern electrical devices, primarily medium voltage circuit breakers and contactors, is the study of not only electromagnetic, but also mechanical processes in these electrical devices. The paper is devoted to the creation and use of computational models for calculating mechanical forces and deformations of an absolutely rigid and real drive shaft of a medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker in static mode with the aim of quantitative comparison of the obtained numerical results. Calculation studies are performed using the finite element method. A comparative analysis of the calculation of mechanical stresses in the drive shaft of a vacuum circuit breaker in a static mode for an absolutely rigid and real shafts is carried out in this paper on the basis of the developed models. The obtained results of computer modeling are given in detail in tabular and graphic forms, including the shape of the deflection of the medium voltage vacuum circuit breaker shaft at the maximum stroke of the actuator of the electrical device under study. It has been demonstrated that the mechanical deformation of the shaft causes a decrease in contact drop and contact pressure forces, but with a correctly selected cross-section, these values are not critical and have little effect on the circuit breaker operation (about 20% and 7%, respectively). It is shown that as a result of shaft bending, additional axial forces appear in the supports, which significantly affect the choice of bearings according to the equivalent static load.

The paper presents a study of the dynamics of the oscillatory dissipative system of two elastically connected pendulums in a magnetic field. Nonlinear normal vibration modes of the pendulum system are studied in the paper taking into account the resistance of the medium, and the damping moment created by the elastic element. A system with two degrees of freedom is considered. The masses of the pendulums in that system differ significantly, which leads to the possibility of localization of oscillations. In the following analysis, the mass ratio was chosen as a small parameter. For approximate calculations of magnetic forces, the Padé approximation, which satisfies the experimental data the most, is used. This approximation provides a very accurate description of magnetic excitation. The presence of external influences in the form of magnetic forces and various types of loads that exist in many engineering systems leads to a significant complication in the analysis of vibration modes of nonlinear systems. A study of nonlinear normal vibration modes in this system was carried out, one of the modes is a connected mode, and the second one is localized. Vibration modes are constructed by the multiples scales method. Both regular and complex behavior is studied when changing system parameters. The influence of these parameters is studied for small and significant initial angles of the pendulum inclination. An analytical solution, which is based on the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, is compared to numerical simulation results. The initial conditions for calculating the vibration modes were determined by the analytical solution. Numerical simulation, which consists of constructing phase diagrams, trajectories in the configuration space and spectra, allows to estimate the dynamics of the system, which can be both regular and complex. The stability of vibration modes is studied using numerical analysis tests, which are an implementation of the Lyapunov stability criterion. The stability of vibration modes is determined by the estimation of orthogonal deviations of corresponding trajectories of vibration modes in configuration space.

The consumer price index (CPI) is a crucial economic indicator of consumer price inflation, which has an attendance effect on the extent of savings and, hence, on investment capacity. The literature contains different opinions on the relationship between exchange rate and consumer price index; however, given the uniqueness of each country’s economic environment, it became apposite to focus the bearing of this paper on the South African economic context. Thus, this paper evaluates the effect of currency exchange rates on the consumer price index in South Africa. Time series data on CPI and exchange rates were drawn from the Fusion Media investment database and were analysed using the OLS regression. For the independent variables exchange rate, which is the Rand price against the Dollar, the authors applied lagg-2 given the assumption that exchange rate differences might take up to two months to affect the consumer price index. The authors’ assumption draws from the findings of eminent scholars, which indicate that, given sufficient time, changes in domestic prices would fully compensate for exchange rate adjustments. The analysis showed that exchange rate changes significantly and positively affect CPI within the data’s boundaries. The findings offer academic and practical implications for understanding the theoretical short-term period effect of the exchange rate on the consumer price index within the South African setting and for practical economic policy application for advanced policies to cushion potential negative effects on savings and investment. The paper provides an agenda for further study of the application of expanded time series to evaluate the effect of currency exchange rates on CPI over a longer period to unravel a theoretical difference between the short-term and long-term implications of exchange rates on CPI.

The 21st-century social and political environment has continued to evolve and heightens the demand for organisations to provide accountability for the sustainability operations of their businesses. Accordingly, organisations are committing to diverse strategic efforts to provide disclosures on their social and environmental actions to the society and environment where they operate. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has received support and criticism since its emergence in the corporate realm. This paper aims to portray CSR as beyond mere symbolic legitimacy and propose a corporate-society symbiotic existential framework. The research approach is a critical literature analysis and conceptual framework development. The results show that the corporate and the society co-exist in a reciprocal relationship. Thus, the implication is that some CSR may be more than symbolic legitimacy with potential benefits derivable from committed transparent and pragmatic CSR, which can encourage companies to shift away from symbolic CSR tendencies. The paper recommends the need for organisations to operationalise CSR practices and policy as this has a propensity to enhance corporate legitimate standing, which will assist in reducing business risks and enhance the potential for profit in the long run. In addition, this discourse may be helpful for business schools in their academic studies about CSR and legitimacy theory and would also assist in CSR regulatory initiatives. The value of the paper hinges on the proposed novel framework for corporate-society symbiotic existence, which provides an agenda for future research study and expansion therein. This framework may lead to multiples of modelling in future CSR and corporate governance studies and may also assist in narrowing the gap between legal and normative CSR.

Against the background of the war in Ukraine, the COVID-19 pandemic has waned from public consciousness as the threat of the virus to health is outweighed by safety concerns during the war. Pandemic restrictions in the European region are being lifted despite low vaccination rates in Central and Eastern European countries and a lack of effective containment strategies. However, Central and Eastern European countries are influenced most by the flow of refugees from neighboring Ukraine where a triple health crisis occurs: an overloaded health system, an ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and the war. The aim: to review the progress regarding viral surveillance technologies that use genomics, digital, and informational tools, to find the gap in the literature and formulate policy recommendations for continuing surveillance in the context of permacrisis. Unstructured search was conducted through scientific (PubMed and Google Scholar databases) and grey literature using the keywords. The paper highlights aspects of war-related problems of infectious diseases control in Europe, new challenges in healthcare connected with COVID-19 pandemic and war in Ukraine and provides discussion on the role of innovative surveillance systems in tackling infection outbreaks (with COVID-19 pandemic as an example). The paper overviews perspectives of the implementation of the discussed measures. Future COVID-19 outbreaks and new variants are possible. Complex adaptive system models, new tools, and the next level of health and digital intelligence are needed to provide timely and valuable insights. Combining lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of war, and the need for continuous outbreaks surveillance, new public health and digital intelligence tools must be designed and implemented at regional, European, and global levels.

The paper calls into question the development of the digital competence of future philologists, taking into account the Turkish and Ukrainian experiences. The study of digital competence development is attracting increasing interest due to a growing need for experts capable of processing the enormous streams of continuously transmitted information and experts willing to improve their digital skills for professional growth. The purpose of the study is to broaden the current knowledge about the ways of developing digital competence. In this respect, the paper investigates two systems of future philologists' training in Ukraine and Turkey in the Digital Tools for Translation course. The authors analyze the experience of the Turkish and Ukrainian higher education institutions regarding the use of appropriate ICT tools using theoretical and empirical methods. Fifty-two future philologists from Turkey and Ukraine took part in the research. The study presents the results from observing the training and interviews with Ukrainian and Turkish students. The Shapiro-Wilcoxon method (non-parametric criterion) was used to verify the results. An analysis has highlighted the positive experience of Turkish universities, which can be implemented in future philologists training in Ukrainian universities. The findings of this study support the idea that the insufficient level of digital competence development lengthens and complicates the period of adaptation of graduates to modern working conditions. The authors found that the integration of Ukrainian higher education into the European higher education area occurs in times of globalization and the digitalization of society, which radically changes the nature of many activities. This research has clearly shown that digital competence development is more effective with the implementation of a holistic approach when students enhance digital competence while acquiring all other competencies. Our research suggests that the digitalization of education reduces the gap between graduates' digital competence level and modern society's expectations.

This paper aims to provide a solution for malicious network traffic detection and categorization. Remote attacks on computer systems are becoming more common and more dangerous nowadays. This is due to several factors, some of which are as follows: first of all, the usage of computer networks and network infrastructure overall is on the rise, with tools such as messengers, email, and so on. Second, alongside increased usage, the amount of sensitive information being transmitted over networks has also grown. Third, the usage of computer networks for complex systems, such as grid and cloud computing, as well as IoT and “smart” locations (e.g., “smart city”) has also seen an increase. Detecting malicious network traffic is the first step in defending against a remote attack. Historically, this was handled by a variety of algorithms, including machine learning algorithms such as clustering. However, these algorithms require a large amount of sample data to be effective against a given attack. This means that defending against zero‑day attacks or attacks with high variance in input data proves difficult for such algorithms. In this paper, we propose a semi‑supervised generative adversarial network (GAN) to train a discriminator model to categorize malicious traffic as well as identify malicious and non‑malicious traffic. The proposed solution consists of a GAN generator that creates tabular data representing network traffic from a remote attack and a classifier deep neural network for said traffic. The main goal is to achieve accurate categorization of malicious traffic with a few labeled examples. This can also, in theory, improve classification accuracy compared to fully supervised models. It may also improve the model’s performance against completely new types of attacks. The resulting model shows a prediction accuracy of 91 %, which is lower than a conventional deep learning model; however, this accuracy is achieved with a small sample of data (under 1000 labeled examples). As such, the results of this research may be used to improve computer system security, for example, by using dynamic firewall rule adjustments based on the results of incoming traffic classification. The proposed model was implemented and tested in the Python programming language and the TensorFlow framework. The dataset used for testing is the NSL‑KDD dataset.

The number of different types and the actual number of malware and computer attacks is constantly increasing. Therefore, detecting and counteracting malware and computer attacks remains a pressing issue. Users of corporate networks suffer the greatest damage. Many effective tools of various kinds have been developed to detect and counteract these effects. However, the dynamism in the development of new malware and the diversity of computer attacks encourage detection and countermeasure developers to constantly improve their tools and create new ones. The object of research in this paper is deception systems. The task of this study is to develop the elements of the theory and practice of creating such systems. Deception systems occupy a special place among the means of detecting and counteracting malware and computer attacks. These systems confuse attackers, but they also require constant changes and updates, as the peculiarities of their functioning become known over time. Therefore, the problem of creating deception systems whose functioning would remain incomprehensible to attackers is relevant. To solve this problem, we propose a new principle for the synthesis of such systems. Because the formation of such systems will be based on computer stations of a corporate network, the system is positioned as a multi-computer system. The system proposes the use of combined baits and traps to create false attack targets. All components of such a system form a shadow computer network. This study develops a principle for synthesizing multi-computer systems with combined baits and traps and a decision-making controller for detecting and countering IEDs and spacecraft. The principle is based on the presence of a controller for decisions made in the system and the use of specialized functionality for detection and counteraction. According to the developed principle of synthesizing such systems, this paper identifies a subset of systems with deception technologies that must have a controller and specialized functionality. The decision-making controller in the system is separate from the decision-making center. Its task is to choose the options for the next steps of the system, which are formed in the center of the system, depending on the recurrence of events. Moreover, prolonged recurrence of external events requires the system center to form a sequence of next steps. If they are repeated, the attacker has the opportunity to study the functioning of the system. The controller in the system chooses different answers from different possible answers for the same repeated suspicious events. Thus, an attacker, when investigating a corporate network, receives different answers to the same queries. Specialized functionality, in accordance with the principle of synthesis of such systems, is implemented in the system architecture. It affects the change of system architecture in the process of its functioning as a result of internal and external influences. This paper also considers a possible variant of the architecture of such deception systems, in particular, the architecture of a system with partial centralization. To synthesize such systems, a new method for synthesizing partially centralized systems for detecting malware in computer environments has been developed based on analytical expressions that determine the security state of such systems and their components. In addition, the experiments showed that the loss of 10-20% of the components does not affect the performance of the task. The results of the experiments were processed using ROC analysis and the algorithm for constructing the ROC curve. The results of the experiments made it possible to determine the degree of degradation of the systems constructed in this manner. Conclusions. This paper presents a new principle for the synthesis of multi-computer systems with combined decoys and traps and a decision-making controller for detecting and counteracting IEDs and spacecraft, as well as methods for synthesizing partially centralized systems for detecting malware in computer networks.

Acquired images are often noisy. Since the amount of such images increases, they should be compressed where lossy compression is often applied for several reasons. Such compression is associated with the phenomena of specific image filtering due to lossy compression and the possible existence of an optimal operation point (OOP). However, such filtering is not perfect, and residual noise can be quite intensive even if an image is compressed at the so-called optimal operation point. Then, additional post-filtering can be applied. Thus, the basic subject of this paper is the post-processing of noisy images compressed in a lossy manner. The main goal of this paper is to consider the possible application of a block-matching 3-dimensional (BM3D) filter to images corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise compressed by a better portable graphics (BPG) coder with a compression ratio smaller than that for the optimal operation point and in OOP neighborhood. The tasks of this paper are to analyze the efficiency of compressed image post-processing depending on noise intensity, image complexity, coder compression parameter Q, and filter threshold parameter β according to different quality metrics and to provide practical recommendations on setting the filter and coder parameters. The main result is that the post-processing efficiency decreases when the coder compression parameter increases and becomes negligible for a coder compression parameter slightly larger than its value for OOP. The post-processing efficiency is larger for simpler structure images and larger noise intensity. Compressed image quality due to post-processing improves according to the standard criterion peak signal-to-noise ratio and visual quality metrics. For larger coder compression parameters, the optimal threshold shifts toward smaller values. In conclusion, we demonstrate the efficiency of post-processing and show that the BM3D filter outperforms the standard discrete cosine-based (DCT) filter. We also provide recommendations for filter parameter setting. We also outline possible research directions for the future.

Objectives This paper aims to present a synthetic diagnostic tool for assessing wokeism in universities, offering a comprehensive framework derived from an extensive literature review. The purpose is to measure and evaluate the level and impact of wokeism, identifying strengths and weaknesses within university contexts. The framework development involves defining dimensions and indicators of wokeism, collecting and analyzing data through diverse sources like surveys and interviews, scoring and ranking wokeism levels. Material and methods This paper presents a synthetic diagnostic tool designed for the assessment of wokeism in universities. It extensively reviews literature on wokeism, offering a framework for the creation of this diagnostic tool. The provided examples demonstrate practical applications for measuring and evaluating the level and impact of wokeism within university settings. Results The paper highlights several limitations and implications that warrant consideration. First, the broad and general definition of wokeism employed might overlook nuanced variations within the movement. Second, reliance on secondary sources and hypothetical data raises concerns about the representation of the actual situation of wokeism in universities. Third, the subjective scoring and ranking system employed may lack the validity and reliability required for a comprehensive assessment. Conclusions The paper proposes directions for future research and practice. It recommends refining and operationalizing the definition and measurement of wokeism, testing and validating the tool and framework with primary and empirical data, and applying more objective and rigorous methods for scoring and ranking.

Objectives The issue of professional competence is dealt with by many scientific fields, hence the need to review the definition and classification of the concept and to indicate, based on the literature, the current state of research. The main objective of this paper was to identify the research gap in the area of the usefulness of competencies acquired during military service by Polish Army officers in their current workplace after military service. Material and methods The following research methods were used to write the paper: literature analysis and criticism, heuristic method and comparative method. The quantitative method was significantly applied in the work. A survey questionnaire was used, aimed at retired officers of the Polish Army regarding the use of their competencies after leaving the service. Results The terms that often accompany “competence” in theoretical considerations are qualifications and skills. However, qualifications and skills have a narrower context than competencies, which are the result of having both a wide variety of skills and qualifications. Most respondents found employment in a state institution and a uniformed organization. Retired officers pointed mainly to knowledge, experience, and some also to personality traits. Conclusions The issue of competence is undoubtedly an interdisciplinary concept, with its connotations in many fields of science. Consequently, the concept of competence is not clearly perceived in the literature. The personality traits that distinguish officers of the Polish Army are very valuable, as is their specialized knowledge. They will certainly be a great asset to a retired officer's future employer.

Objectives The purpose of the paper is to examine the impact of labour incomes on economic activity and growth in Poland. Material and methods The thesis of the paper is rooted in the hypothesis of underconsumption and it claims that a proportion of labour incomes to the domestic product exerts an influence on the structure and the value of the aggregate demand and thus it eventually has an effect on economic activity. Empirical analysis provided refers to macroeconomic data for the period 2010-2019. Results The results support the thesis; relatively low growth of labour incomes is followed by low rates of economic growth and investment and higher rates of unemployment. Conclusions The analysis of changes in real production per employee, real wages, the rate of unemployment, the rate of GDP growth and changes in households’ consumption spending strongly support the claim that low wages at least periodically stand behind a demand constraint in the Polish economy and that they impair economic results.

The article traces the changes in the aesthetic conventions of Modern art in accordance with the dynamics of literary development in Great Britain. The study focuses on three key areas: the impact of “the ancients and moderns” quarrel on European philosophical and literary thought; the nuances of critical and literary discourse in Enlightenment-era Great Britain; and the reception of the Enlightenment aesthetic values and novelties in Victorian criticism, linking them to the emergence of twentieth-century modernism. The subject involves the evolution of Enlightenment aesthetics and poetics in Great Britain, particularly the departure from classical art and literature models, and the emergence of concepts like imagination, novelty, and the reader’s subjective experience of art. Seminal literary-critical essays of the eighteenth century, including works by Joseph Addison, Henry Home, Richard Hurd, and Leslie Stephen’s monograph ‘History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century”, are analyzed. The paper also examines philosophical texts by Michel de Montaigne, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Marquis de Condorcet to understand the oscillatory nature of philosophical thought before and during the Age of Enlightenment. The study contextualizes “the ancients and moderns” debate on models for literary excellence and accentuates its role in shaping the discourse of aesthetics and artistic creativity. Contributions by Enlightenment figures such as Addison, Home, and Hurd are explored, emphasizing how they reshaped the discourse of aesthetics by redefining the nature of beauty, the sublime, and the principles of artistic criticism, thereby influencing the literary and artistic productions of their time and beyond. Particular attention is paid to the critical views of Stephen who wrote about the “fluctuating mode” of the literature of the second half of the eighteenth century, illustrating his peculiar subjectivism as an exponent of the Victorian worldview (Stephen saw Sterne’s novels as a serious moral threat), and simultaneously reflecting the normative aesthetic views of the second half of the nineteenth century. The paper also demonstrates how the antinomianism in aesthetic thinking, which challenged traditional norms and values as seen in “the ancients and moderns” quarrel, was further evolved in the works of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Schlegel, the latter articulating the antinomy of “classic versus romantic”. This tradition of antinomian thinking, coupled with the rejection of the idea of linear progression in cultural evolution, a call for a reassessment of values amidst a paradigm shift in culture and the breakdown of traditional ethic and aesthetic systems, finds a notable and unique expression in Friedrich Nietzsche’s works, that significantly influenced the transition from Modernity to Postmodernity. In summary, it is argued that the Modern Age was the time of the emergence of a new aesthetic sensibility, and its aesthetic pluralism and anti-classical literary ideas were pivotal in redefining concepts of progress, novelty, and human consciousness in art and literature. This laid the groundwork for modernist art and literature, characterized by a departure from tradition and a quest for new artistic expressions of human experience.

The paper aims to clarify the biblical image-symbols in Frank Peretti’s mystical thrillers. The problem of the detailed analysis of the lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols and their pragmatic value is solved in the article by applying a complex of methods of linguistic poetics, cognitive linguistics, stylistics and methodological tools of discourse analysis. The paper considers the biblical images-symbols, used in American mystical thrillers written by the protestant author Frank Peretti, as biblical intertexts depicting not only biblical knowledge but also author’s intentions and beliefs in conveying the most profound ideas and principles of the literary texts. Executed in the written works by lexical means, biblical image-symbols become the heart of biblically-marked contexts, which are differentiated according to their addressee orientation into author`s and character`s biblically-marked contexts and their scope – into propositional, composite, and complex biblically-marked contexts. The lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols is differentiated according to their structure into one-component (anthroponyms, toponyms, artifact, animalistic, anthropomorphic) and multicomponent, (two-component, three-component and four-component). The type of semantic transposition in the meaning of the lingual representation and pragmatic value of the biblical image-symbols determined the distinguishing of metaphoric and metonymic linguistic classification of the biblical image-symbols. Metaphoric are classified according to their structure (onecomponent and multi-component), their stylistic characteristics (language and speech metaphoric linguistic representants of the biblical image-symbols), and their denotative meaning (anthropomorphic, naturalmorphic, zoomorphic, and phytomorphic). Metonymic are differentiated according to the kinds of the metonymic transference of meaning into four groups: metonymy of belonging, metonymy of place, metonymy of signs, and metonymy of phenomenon.