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In the paper, on the basis of a multimodal critical discourse analysis of political posters and social media posts, the authors outline the complex interplay of multimodal means serving to convey a political leader’s charisma. The paper aims to advance a set of historically conventionalized features typical of the charismatic personality (such as intelligence, self-confidence, persistence, ability to inspire, sociability, dominance, narcissism, and vision), present the updated definition of this notion, and substantiate theoretical and methodological grounds for the study of the interplay of multimodal means portraying a charismatic political leader that assist in conveying a political speaker’s charisma creation through its graphical image, namely political posters and social media posts. The results of the study reveal that charisma is a complex communicative and cognitive phenomenon reflecting person’s beliefs about certain innate, obtained or promoted by media, internal or external subliminal traits of a leader. These beliefs are shaped in the recipients’ consciousness during interactive communication on the basis of the leader’s strategy, techniques, and methods used in oral or written communication, as well as a set of linguistic and extralinguistic means associated with the speaker’s ability to satisfy certain needs of the community. As a study material the authors opted for the images of Boris Johnson, a politician already acknowledged as a charismatic one by international audiences, who has been a prominent political figure for almost a decade and has recently come to the forefront of political and diplomatic support of Ukraine in the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The carried out analysis proves the highly informative as well as subliminal potential of multimodal visual pictographic means aimed at creating a charismatic image of a public person. The authors outline a set of verbal (elliptical sentences, catchy slogans in imperative mood, assonance, alliteration, the use of first person plural pronoun “We”, the lexical unit together, etc.) and visual-graphical means (font of the message, symbolic colour scheme, clothes style, body posture, gestures, oculesic features, etc.), whose interaction is aimed at triggering cognitive processes in the recipient’s mind in perceiving a charismatic image of the politician. Boris Johnson’s charisma is confirmed by the survey conducted among British and Ukrainian respondents as well as by his subscribers’ reactions, comments and likes following his posts on social media. The carried out analysis allows summarising the markers of a politician’s charisma portrayed on social media as follows: the number of comments and likes for their posts; informality while addressing the Prime Minister by his first name “Boris” and presence of a “popular name” “BoJo”; high degree of the followers’ messages expressiveness actualised through verbal means (significant amount of exclamatory sentences, interjections, evaluative epithets and idiomatic expressions), as well as graphical-visual means, in particular through the usage of graphic emoticons (emojis), serving to intensify the overall expressiveness of a message. The conclusion is that social media graphical images are aimed at conveying charismatic political leaders’ vision, offering their followers support and promise of a better future, portraying them as approachable, down-to-earth, considerate but at the same time serious leaders, ready to work to endure a better future. The results of the performed study can provide grounds for interdisciplinary research of both oral and written charismatic communication within the cognitive approach framework considering verbal, nonverbal and paralingual means’ (physiological, psychological, social, etc.) interplay that allows the audience to perceive a speaker as a charismatic one.

The article represents an attempt to build and apply a linguosemiotic model of existential conflict research in modern English fictional discourse. The modern tendency of philological and socio-humanistic studies to involve the tools of semiotics, discourse theory, and multimodality in the process of complex analysis of a literary work as an artistic model of reality is highlighted. The research is based on practical blocks of illustrative material, selected discursive fragments from a literary work, which contain an existential conflict. Basically, the key point here is the analysis of intra- and interpersonal conflict based on the theoretical achievements of semiotics and linguosemiotics (Ch. Pierce, Yu. Lotman, U. Eco, G. Pocheptsov) and the theory of discourse and multimodality (G. Kress, K. O’Halloran, C . Forceville, M. Halliday). It makes it possible to provide a detailed research of existential conflict in fictional discourse with the identification of latent, ambivalent meanings and the relevant reconstruction and interpretation of the conflict by the reader. The paper aims at projecting the modern tendency towards the synergy of various aspects of conflict studies across the humanities. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to outline the advantages of an integral approach to the study of conflict in modern linguistic conflictology and to build a linguosemiotic model for the analysis and interpretation of existential conflict in fictional discourse. Thus, the paper`s core objectives involve: 1) to study the achievements of the semiotic and multimodal approach in its application to synthetic level communicative systems containing conflict; 2) to reveal the place, role and potential of the existential conflict in fictional discourse using the above-mentioned methods; 3) to present a linguosemiotic model for the study of existential conflict in modern English fictional discourse. The theoretical and methodological base of the research involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction as well as the method of linguosemiotic and multimodal analysis to determine the components of semiosis of existential intrapersonal conflict in fictional discourse. The results of the research consist in the creation of an integral semiotic model of the analysis of existential conflict in modern English-language fictional discourse, which assumes the presence of a static and dynamic component in its structure, revealed, in particular, in the process of semiotic reading of the work in three successive stages of mimesis, semiosis, and synthesis. The process of conflict interpretation presupposes a comprehensive approach to semiotic reading activity developed in consecutive steps. The linguosemiotic means of representing the existential conflict at different levels of the literary work, which have a multimodal nature, have been revealed. The temporal, psychological, and sign-symbolic characteristics of the existential conflict, which make up the semiotic space or semiosphere of the literary work, are analyzed and classified. As a result of the identification and unification of the factors that determine the way of development of existential conflict in fictional discourse, the linguosemiotic model of the analysis of this type of intrapersonal conflict was reconstructed. The model covers the study of the semiotic components of the sign-symbolic, psychological and temporal space and the surface and deep levels of the semiotic reading of the literary work, at which the cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of the conflict are decoded and reconstructed.

This academic paper delves into the concept of encyclopedia articles (entries), their defining characteristics, and, based on this, offers recommendations for creators focusing primarily on contributors (rather than editors of encyclopedias). These recommendations specifically elucidate the principles of composition, as well as the linguistic and stylistic aspects of a typical encyclopedia article. In this paper, the author underscores the importance of maintaining academic integrity in encyclopedic writing and illustrating. The study is presented in a manner that enables potential contributors of encyclopedic content to grasp not only what information to include and how to structure it but also to recognize what pitfalls to avoid, thereby mitigating common errors in article writing.

Introduction. Nowadays the irregular packing problem is becoming more important, since effective space management and optimal arrangement of objects are becoming key factors for ensuring efficiency and saving resources in a wide range of applications, e.g., additive manufacturing, space engineering, material sciences and logistics. It becomes an integral part of strategic development in the fields of production and science. The purpose of the paper. The paper is devoted to construction of a mathematical model and development of an efficient technique for densely filling a container with the maximum number of sets of irregular three-dimensional objects. Results. Irregular objects are approximated with a certain accuracy by non-convex polyhedra, which can be represented by the union of convex polytopes. Non-overlapping and containment constraints are described using quasi-phi-functions and phi-functions. A mathematical model of the packing problem is provided as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming considering given proportions of different types of objects. A solution strategy is proposed to search for local-optimal solutions. To find reasonable feasible packing, a fast algorithm based on a strip approximation of objects is used. A numerical example of the development of a print map of a set of industrial parts with maximum filling of the working chamber of a 3D-printer is given. Conclusions. The results confirm the efficiency of the proposed packing strategy, which is based on an integrated approach that takes into account the geometric features of irregular objects and their completeness.

Introduction. Artists have always used different mediums to express their creativity and explore their imagination. With the advancement of digital technology, artists now have access to a vast array of tools that allow them to create works of art that are more sophisticated, complex, and visually engaging than ever before. Recently, there has been a growing interest in using artificial intelligence to create images for artistic purposes. Art imaging involves the application of algorithms and machine learning (ML) techniques to create digital works of art that can mimic the styles, techniques, and aesthetics of traditional art forms. Artificial intelligence systems can learn from massive amounts of data to create images that are incredibly realistic and detailed, as well as unique and original. The purpose of the paper. In this paper, an approach based on fuzzy logic was used to estimate the cost of housing in Kyiv. Fuzzy methods allow to apply a linguistic description of complex processes, to establish fuzzy relationships between concepts, to predict the behavior of the system, to create a set of alternative actions, to formally describe fuzzy decision-making rules. The purpose of the article. In this work, an approach based on generative models was used for image generation. Machine learning methods, namely deep neural networks, open wide opportunities for solving the given problem. Results. This paper considers the application of deep learning methods for image generation. A comparative analysis of existing means of image generation was carried out. A proposed modification of the generative model. The developed system generates an image of a fixed size (64x64, 256x256, 1024x1024) of an artistic nature, the minimum value of the FID index during training is 128. The program implementation of the model was performed in the Python programming language.

Introduction The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has prompted concerns regarding its potential health implications. While much attention has focused on respiratory and cardiovascular effects, injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures linked to e-cigarette use have received less scrutiny. This paper aims to comprehensively review the landscape of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures induced by e-cigarettes, shedding light on this underexplored facet of e-cigarette-related harm. Material and Methods This literature review has analyzed 16 papers. Inclusion criteria: researches and case reports published after 2015. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. Analysis of the Literature Existing literature suggests a growing incidence of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures associated with e-cigarette use, albeit with limited systematic investigation. Mechanisms underlying these injuries range from device malfunctions to inadvertent impacts during use. Case reports highlight a spectrum of injuries, including oral burns, dental trauma, and skeletal fractures, often involving the face and mouth regions. Conclusions Despite the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data emerging evidence underscores the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to mitigate e-cigarette-related injuries. Enhanced education, regulation of e-cigarette devices, and promotion of safer usage practices are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of e-cigarette-related harm on oral and skeletal health.

The paper proposes a modern approach to the automated design of three-dimensional models of wood drying chambers and the study of their operation parameters using the SolidWorks Simulation tool, which makes it possible to create various information models using computer tools. Therefore, in this paper, a three-dimensional model of a wood drying chamber was developed and presented, which includes its main components: walls, ceilings, door, stacks of lumber to be dried, a fresh air supply system, a system for its circulation through fans and heating through heaters. For the automated design of three-dimensional models of all these components, the corresponding algorithms were also developed and programmatically implemented using a specialized SolidWorks application programming interface. At the same time, the developed software application takes into account the parameters entered by the user, including the size, quantity, and type of lumber to be dried. In addition, several thermal calculations were performed across the stack, including with different air velocities. This allows us to analyze the effect of this speed on the distribution of heat transfer across the stack. In general, the obtained results are automatically displayed in one of the windows of the software application. This approach makes it possible to obtain results in the background of SolidWorks with minimal user intervention. Despite the fact that such studies are carried out in SolidWorks Simulation, the graphical results, including the temperature distribution across the stack, are fully automated without user intervention. The software application also makes it possible to automatically change the geometry of a three-dimensional model of a wood drying chamber or stacks within specified limits. In turn, the use of the developed software application in combination with SolidWorks Simulation can effectively speed up the process of creating three-dimensional models of wood drying chambers and studying their operation parameters. In general, this work reflects the trend towards digital transformation in industry, opening up new opportunities for woodworking enterprises and contributing to their market competitiveness and production efficiency.

The purpose of the research paper is treat of the forced displacement of Albanians from Kosovo to Albania in the years 1918-1941 by the Serbian government through various programs. Serbian programs for the expulsion of Albanians, initiated since the ‘Načertanije’ (‘Draft Plan’) of 1844, did not cease throughout the entire 20th century. Between the two World Wars, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes – Yugoslavia drew up a large number of programs against the Albanians, where the key point was the displacement of Albanians from their lands and the reversal of the demographic structure to the detriment of the Albanians people, applying various methods and measures of violence. The scientific novelty. Until the 1930s, Serbian circles assessed that these measures had not yielded the desired effects, thus it was necessary to continue with several programs and strategies that would lead to a large-scale ethnic cleansing of Albanians by expelling them from their lands or assimilating them. This paper deals with all the Serbian programs and plans which were applied by means of three main actions such as forced displacement, colonization and agrarian reform. Conclusions. Based on what we have discussed, there is no doubt that the policy of Serbian government’s violence against Albanians materialized through these infamous programs. The Serbian authorities had primary intentions of ethnic cleansing and changing the ethnic structure in the regions where Albanians predominated. The expulsion of Albanians occurred according to these programs, as the Serbian government had institutionalized and utilized these various programs to achieve its goals. During this period, Albanians faced all the measures of violence from the state apparatus in Belgrade, their lives deteriorated day by day in all spheres of life, and as a result, an extremely large number of them were forced to be displaced and leave their homelands. The policy of Greater Serbia ideology did not cease, not only in this period but throughout the entire 20th century.

This paper offers a transdisciplinary analysis of the abuse of public international law for geopolitical objectives, providing an analysis of the term lawfare, the only previously accepted term to describe this behavior. It concludes that the definition lawfare is inadequate for professional scholarly or policy-focused discourse and offers the notion of Malign Legal Operations (MALOPs) as a more appropriate term to encapsulate these actions. Furthermore, this paper emphasizes that the debate over the value-neutrality of the notion lawfare is complex, and the term is insufficiently defined to support its supposed neutrality, leading to opportunities for further exploitation by revisionist states and entities. Supporters of valueneutrality argue that distinguishing a “malign” variant of lawfare offers malicious practitioners more opportunities to make false claims against legitimate actors. However, the text counters that classification of malign behavior is based on objective and observable manipulations of legal systems rather than mere disagreement. Furthermore, the paper argues that lawfare is a doctrinally inappropriate term due to its contradictory nature, as it combines “law” and “warfare” despite serving as an alternative to military conflict. Using a single term to describe both legitimate and malicious legal actions is damaging to discourse and detracts from efforts to combat the misuse of legal systems. The research’s primary objectives include establishing the lack of a universally accepted definition for lawfare, demonstrating the unanswered question of value-neutrality, and highlighting the non-doctrinal nature of the term itself. It concludes that lawfare is no longer an appropriate term to describe these phenomena, advocating for the adoption of Malign Legal Operations to better represent the manipulation of legal domains for political ends.

The article researches the history and sociological substantiation of ELF (English as Lingua Franca) in Azerbaijan. The author indicates the unique historical role of mercantile activities in extending the borders of EFL. It is also stated that the English language would be on a narrow scale long before ELF was used in Azerbaijan. The paper argues that scientific and linguistic literature supports the idea that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) served as an extension for ELF usage. At the same time, some linguists make a controversial statement that the reason English is spreading around the world at the moment is because of its utility as a lingua franca. It also analyses the distinct stages of ELF use in Azerbaijan and illustrates the historical facts necessitating the vast in-country spread and usage of ELF. Following the in-depth analyses of ELF, the paper makes some new remarks: 1) There are at least two varieties of English and simplified (we may call it mere or simple English); 2) Global English existed long before English existed; 3) Until people speak English to their kids, it is usually called ELF; 4) ELF is more extensive; 5) Simple English is more intensive by its nature, and so on. The author argues that the content and concept of ELF's usage is more significant than the concept of simple or mere English usage because the former assumes much-embracing features rather than the "simple English choice". That means, unlike English, ELF has the following specific qualities: 1) It is not spontaneous but strictly purposeful and pragmatic (but are these not for the sake of any foreign language use); 2) It emerges and develops in close connection with "communication needs"; 3) It includes further behaviour of communicators, whether to use or abandon it; 4) It has a distinct cause-and-effect chain in the socio-political and economic situation in the areas of its usage; 5) It does not come from family nurture and instructions but is taken for the needs of its urgency; 6) Side forces (external, socio-political) can strengthen its usage and extension. However, its "impetus" is always needs-based; 7) ELF is more practical rather than English instructional; 8) English is a transitory stage in its transference into ELF when it assumes a global character; 9) ELF serves as a source of enrichment of English vocabulary, at least by its international varieties, dialects, and terminological usages; 10) English and EFL are ontologically interrelated, though different in formalities and designation. Another essential feature of the article is ELF's study on the sociological level in Azerbaijan by conducting the respondents of the different musts. While analysing the experiment results, it became clear that 40 % of people aged 25-35 in Azerbaijan prefer EFL in education and science, which is less than twice for the community aged 35-45. On the contrary, 43 % of 35-45-year-old community members preferred ELF in business and management. It proves that apart from the language peculiarities, its extracurricular features also play a leading role in determining the choice of ELF. The article's findings are new to the specialities in the relevant fields.

The article researches the history and sociological substantiation of ELF (English as Lingua Franca) in Azerbaijan. The author indicates the unique historical role of mercantile activities in extending the borders of EFL. It is also stated that the English language would be on a narrow scale long before ELF was used in Azerbaijan. The paper argues that scientific and linguistic literature supports the idea that English as a Foreign Language (EFL) served as an extension for ELF usage. At the same time, some linguists make a controversial statement that the reason English is spreading around the world at the moment is because of its utility as a lingua franca. It also analyses the distinct stages of ELF use in Azerbaijan and illustrates the historical facts necessitating the vast in-country spread and usage of ELF. Following the in-depth analyses of ELF, the paper makes some new remarks: 1) There are at least two varieties of English and simplified (we may call it mere or simple English); 2) Global English existed long before English existed; 3) Until people speak English to their kids, it is usually called ELF; 4) ELF is more extensive; 5) Simple English is more intensive by its nature, and so on. The author argues that the content and concept of ELF's usage is more significant than the concept of simple or mere English usage because the former assumes much-embracing features rather than the "simple English choice". That means, unlike English, ELF has the following specific qualities: 1) It is not spontaneous but strictly purposeful and pragmatic (but are these not for the sake of any foreign language use); 2) It emerges and develops in close connection with "communication needs"; 3) It includes further behaviour of communicators, whether to use or abandon it; 4) It has a distinct cause-and-effect chain in the socio-political and economic situation in the areas of its usage; 5) It does not come from family nurture and instructions but is taken for the needs of its urgency; 6) Side forces (external, socio-political) can strengthen its usage and extension. However, its "impetus" is always needs-based; 7) ELF is more practical rather than English instructional; 8) English is a transitory stage in its transference into ELF when it assumes a global character; 9) ELF serves as a source of enrichment of English vocabulary, at least by its international varieties, dialects, and terminological usages; 10) English and EFL are ontologically interrelated, though different in formalities and designation. Another essential feature of the article is ELF's study on the sociological level in Azerbaijan by conducting the respondents of the different musts. While analysing the experiment results, it became clear that 40 % of people aged 25-35 in Azerbaijan prefer EFL in education and science, which is less than twice for the community aged 35-45. On the contrary, 43 % of 35-45-year-old community members preferred ELF in business and management. It proves that apart from the language peculiarities, its extracurricular features also play a leading role in determining the choice of ELF. The article's findings are new to the specialities in the relevant fields.

The modern gas turbine engines (GTEs) development is associated with an increase in the compressor pressure ratio and the gas temperature at the turbine inlet with a simultaneous reduction in the size and weight of the engine. The reliable operation of the GTE largely depends on the oil system excellence. In circulating oil systems, to ensure the lubrication and cooling of engine friction units, a high multiplicity of oil circulation is necessary. The preparation of oil for the next lubrication cycle is related to its cooling, cleaning of mechanical impurities formed during operation, and air separation. Oil coolers are used to cool the oil in GTEs. Air or fuel can be used as the cooling medium. Regardless of the cooling medium choice, a two-phase mixture (oil-air) and not a single-phase oil, as is considered when designing oil coolers, affects the course of thermo-hydraulic processes. Therefore, the subject of this paper is thermohydraulic processes in two-phase media. The goal of this study is to determine the specific aspects of thermohydraulic processes during the oil-air mixture cooling in an aviation gas turbine engine to further improve oil cooler design approaches. This paper aims to show the differences in the course of thermohydraulic processes in two-phase media from single-phase media and to emphasize the importance of considering them when designing oil coolers. The main results are as follows. For a two-phase flow, changes in temperature and pressure change not only the thermophysical properties of the phases but also the gas content, density, and speed of the mixture, which affects the course of thermohydraulic processes in the oil cooler. Under certain combinations of parameters, the structure of the two-phase flow may change. A low value of the equilibrium speed of sound can lead to unpredictable operation of the oil cooler and the oil system as a whole. In addition, the presence of an oil-air mixture reduces the heat transfer capacity of the oil cooler compared with the results of calculations using standard methods. In conclusion, it can be stated that to increase the efficiency of the oil system, it is extremely important to establish the regularities of thermo-hydraulic processes for the two-phase flow of the oil-air mixture and consider this during the design of oil coolers.

The proposed paper recaptures the concept of Phoenix Complex introduced by Spanish philosopher Michael Marder during his eight-session seminar held in The New Centre for Research & Practice. In a nutshell, the concept denotes a set of cosmological and natural philosophical implications rooted in human psyche, precisely beliefs, persuasions and attitudes regarding the infinite rebirth, fecundity and renewability of nature, its resources, entities, space in general. To overcome this attitude, Marder iterates, this set must be worked through as if it was any other thinkable complex in psychoanalytical / psychotherapist practice. In the paper, I argue that: Marder’s concept is aligned with a tendency in history and contemporary philosophy known today as ‘correlationism’; the grounding thesis of the attitudes of Phoenix Complex is a strong metaphysical claim about the nature of time, namely, one’s postulating of time’s infinity; finally, opposing to this metaphysical claim an opposite metaphysical principle that is defined as ‘finitude principle’, I would propose my own solution, a practice and approach of overcoming the Phoenix Complex, within the realm of nihility of time and particular consequences which are legitimate to be inferred from facticity of the latter.

Introduction. Recently, the number of high and medium voltage applications has increased dramatically. The connection between these different applications requires series-parallel combinations of power semiconductors. Multilevel converter topologies provide major advantages to these applications. In this paper, a grid-connected photovoltaic system with a hybrid energy storage system using a five-level neutral point clamped inverter is studied. Although the multilevel inverter has many advantages over the two-level inverter, it has a high probability of experiencing an open circuit fault. In this context, the five-level inverter has 24 controllable switches, one of which may experience an open circuit fault at any time. Therefore, it plays an important part in the reliability and robustness of the whole system. The novelty of this paper presents an approach to accurately detect the open circuit fault in all insulated gate bipolar transistors of a five-level neutral point clamped inverter in a photovoltaic power generation application with a hybrid energy storage system. Purpose. Before using fault-tolerant control to ensure service continuity, fault diagnosis techniques must first be used, which are the crucial phase of reliability. Methods. A detection method based on the maximum and minimum error values is proposed. These errors are calculated using the expected and measured line-to-line pole voltages. Results. The open circuit fault detection method is implemented using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results showed the accuracy of detecting the open circuit fault in all insulated gate bipolar transistors in a short time. Moreover, this method is adaptable to several applications and is also robust to transient regimes imposed by solar irradiation and load variations.

The article examines post-Holocaust transitional justice in Hungary, starting with a concise overview of the establishment and functioning of the Hungarian people’s tribunal system. It then explores historians’ approaches in analyzing these tribunals, including “grand trials” and micro-historical analyses of prominent individuals’ cases published after 1989. The paper deals with the connection between the Holocaust and the people’s tribunals, as well as the gendered analysis of these proceedings. Furthermore, it delves into the contentious issues and debates surrounding the people’s tribunals, encompassing questions about their definition, legal legitimacy due to retrospective justice, effectiveness, and potential exploitation by the Hungarian Communist Party for power consolidation and elite transformations. Lastly, the paper explores the divided memory of the people’s tribunals.

The paper deals with comprehensive research in the field of electrization of wet steam flow in a turbine. The experience of the conducted studies on laboratory stands and full-scale objects (CHP and TPP) in Ukraine and the USA is introduced and generalized. It was shown that in the process of steam electrization, the charge density in the flow can reach very high values (an order of magnitude appears to be higher than in a thundercloud), and this phenomenon mainly has a negative effect on the turbine operation. Statistical data on the charge formation of the steam flow in the low-pressure cylinder of the turbine are presented. Results of the research to establish the main electrophysical factors of influence on the surface strength of the blade, such as electric fields, charge density and their polarity, are presented. The research results showed that such factors as the presence of a positively charged steam flow, constant and variable electric fields, which were most often recorded at operating turbines of CHPs and TPPs, significantly (by two or more times) intensify erosion-corrosion processes on the metal surfaces of the blades, thus reducing their working resource. Thermodynamic processes are studied both under conditions of natural electrification of a high-speed flow, which reduce the efficiency by about 0.3–0.35%, and under the influence of artificially created electric charges, which make it possible to increase the efficiency of the steam expansion process in the turbine by 2 or more percent. Various options of local input of electrical energy for steam ionization in the turbine are considered. At the same time, it is noted that for the practical implementation of these approaches, further careful design improvements and tests on model and full-scale installations are required. Water chemistry regimes are also considered in the context of their influence on the flow charge formation process, as well as on reliability and efficiency indicators of the turbine. Experimentally at an 800 MW turbine plant in the USA, it was shown that a change in the pH of the medium affects the intensity and polarity of the charge formation of the steam flow. The paper introduces the physical features of this phenomenon and notes the importance of these processes influence on the strength characteristics of the blades. Information on new methods and technologies that could lead to an increase in the operational efficiency and reliability of wet steam turbines, such as methods for input and removal of electrical energy into the flow; rational choice of water chemistry regimes; space charge neutralization, etc., is provided. These comprehensive electrophysical studies, considered in conjunction with thermal processes, can be characterized as a new scientific direction in the theory of steam turbines – thermal electrophysics.

In the context of the growing global concern for sustainable economic growth, the importance of managing limited natural resources and minimizing the impact on the environment is becoming increasingly evident. In this direction, joint efforts must focus on developing an economy that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. To achieve this goal, eco-innovation becomes essential, by promoting the development and implementation of innovative technologies aimed at supporting resource efficiency and reducing the negative impact on the environment. In this context, the paper aims to analyze the role of eco-innovation in resource efficiency, where the author presents and explains the interdependence between the 2 concepts in the context of sustainable economic growth. At the same time, the paper aims to analyze the activities undertaken by companies from the Republic of Moldova in terms of resource efficiency and the impact of climate change on strategies. The methodology is based on the survey method, methods of analysis and synthesis of data interpretation and relevant comparisons. The research results illustrate different ways in which companies are adapting to changes in their environment, including climate change, and various efforts to improve resource efficiency, which remain very modest. This underlines the importance of developing and implementing resource optimization strategies within companies, through eco-innovations, while monitoring the impact of these strategies, which is a way to respond to permanent challenges in the business environment and to contribute to strengthening a more sustainable economy.

This review article synthesizes diverse research works addressing the critical issues surrounding water and wastewater management on a global scale. We analyzed the challenges, innovations, and valuable lessons learned from these studies, providing a holistic view of sustainable water and wastewater management practices. The paper begins by examining the challenges of population growth, climate change, pollution, and emerging contaminants. It discusses the importance of public awareness, waste disposal management, and water conservation in mitigating these challenges. Furthermore, the review explores the concept of green infrastructure in wastewater treatment, highlighting various technologies such as anaerobic digestion, membrane filtration, and nutrient recovery. It presents case studies of successful implementations of green infrastructure in water and wastewater treatment facilities, showcasing environmental, social, and economic benefits. In contrast, the paper delves into case studies of unsuccessful projects, offering insights into their failures, including improper planning, inadequate funding, weak regulatory frameworks, and insufficient governance structures. This research review article underscores the importance of tailored, site-specific approaches to wastewater management, emphasizing the need for collaboration, public engagement, and training programs. It concludes by offering recommendations for sustainable wastewater management in diverse socio-cultural and environmental contexts.

Atmospheric air can be polluted as a result of the ingress of various chemicals into it, which have a harmful effect on human health, causing an exacerbation of cardiovascular, airborne diseases, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the endocrine system, and exceeding the norms of dust content in the air leads to an increase in incidence of allergies and bronchial asthma. The relevance of the subject under study lies in the investigation of the sources of air pollution, as they lead to an increase in the degree of morbidity and mortality among the population. This, in turn, requires a radical change in the way people live, as well as the adoption of specific measures to ensure the reduction of air pollution. In this regard, the objective of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of the ecological and hygienic conditions of atmospheric air and evaluate its impact on human health due to pollution. The study incorporated empirical research methods such as empirical description and comparison to analyze emissions of pollutants, assess population morbidity rates, and conduct correlation and regression analyses. Official data from the State Committee of Uzbekistan on Statistics and scientific papers were utilized, alongside statistical analysis techniques and logical reasoning to investigate atmospheric air pollution and its impact on public health. The study analysed the indicators of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in the Republic of Uzbekistan as a whole and by regions. Furthermore, the paper provides a detailed analysis of the general morbidity of the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan and indicators of the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, based on which a correlation and regression analysis was performed. In addition, the morbidity rates of the population with diseases of the respiratory system and eye diseases throughout the Sirdaryo Region were analysed. The study revealed that Uzbekistan experiences high levels of environmental pollution, with a direct correlation found between atmospheric pollutants and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, respiratory organ issues, and eye conditions. To protect the atmosphere, reducing pollutant emissions and implementing sustainable development principles, such as industrial modernization and the use of alternative energy sources, are necessary. The results highlight the importance of identifying pollutant types, their properties, and release conditions for effective pollution assessment. The practical significance of this study is to optimize the data of environmental monitoring of urban air pollution in the Republic of Uzbekistan, where in general there is a high level of pollutants in the atmosphere, which affects the health of the population.

Subject of study. In this paper, for the first time, an original method for estimating the change in the brightness of video data under the influence of changes in the lighting conditions of the scene and external noise is proposed. Algorithms for stabilizing the brightness of video data are also proposed. An objective assessment of the quality of video data pre-processed is given. The purpose of the research is to create a methodology for analyzing the variability of video data parameters under the influence of negative factors and to develop effective algorithms for stabilizing the parameters of the received video stream. The reliability of the method is tested using real video recordings pictured through various conditions. Objectives: To determine the most universal, resistant to external influences, and informative indicator necessary for an objective assessment of the quality of video data under various shooting conditions and scene lighting features; develop and programmatically implement algorithms for stabilizing video parameters based on modern programming tools. Research methods. Statistical analysis and pre-processing of video stream parameters as a random spatio-temporal process, algorithms for processing video data by digital filtering, and adaptive stabilization of video stream parameters. Research results. It has been proposed and experimentally proven that the optimal indicator of video stream quality is the average frame brightness (AFB). An algorithm for spatiotemporal processing of video data is proposed that generates a sequence of AFB values from the original video stream. The paper also proposes digital algorithms for filtering and stabilizing the brightness of a video stream and investigates the effectiveness of their application. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the results obtained lies in a new method for analyzing and evaluating the parameters of video surveillance data and algorithms for filtering and stabilizing the brightness of the video stream. The performance of the proposed algorithms has been tested on real data. The algorithms are implemented in the Python software environment using the functions of the OpenCV library.

The evaluation of risk and uncertainty in the context of software project management is the subject of this paper. This paper discusses the difficulties faced by project managers in handling uncertainty brought on by the complex nature of software projects and the ever evolving requirements of technology. A review of the literature, data production, visualization, statistical analysis, and mathematical modeling are included in this study. The goal of this study is to create a methodical approach to assist project managers in making decisions by considering the inherent uncertainty in software development and to find approaches and procedures that may successfully reduce risks, improve decision-making, and eventually result in the implementation of successful projects. The following tasks were carried out: to evaluate risk and uncertainty by examining the state-of-the-art in decision theory and its applications in software project management; to develop an integrated strategy that blends Monte Carlo Simulation with Decision Trees to assess risk and uncertainty in software project management; to generate data, visualize it, and perform statistical analysis to comprehend how project outcomes, costs, and time are affected; to identify important variables affecting project results and decision-making using decision trees; to use Monte Carlo simulation to create project scenarios and weigh the likelihood of each; and to supply project managers with knowledge and suggestions to help them make informed decisions and successfully manage risks. Methods. To evaluate risk and uncertainty in software project management, this paper analyzes the decision theory approaches currently used as well as Decision Trees and Monte Carlo Simulation techniques. Results. This study offers thorough insights into how project results, costs, and duration vary among various techniques. The critical factors that have a substantial influence on project success are shown through decision trees. According to the study’s findings, combining decision theory and statistical analysis equips project managers to make wise decisions despite uncertainty. Conclusions. Project managers may improve decision making, risk reduction, and overall project success by applying these cutting-edge approaches. To adapt these techniques to unique software project management contexts and real-world situations, further study and implementation in practice are necessary. With the use of such techniques, the software development sector would be better able to manage the complexity of projects and provide good results within set financial and time parameters.

The article deals with the development and implementation of a financial model of exports in the context of strategic planning of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The model described in this paper aims to measure, analyse, evaluate and propose improvements to administrative processes by identifying various variables involved in strategic foreign trade planning. This paper is a survey that is being developed for export activities in Ukraine. Exports in Ukraine were analysed to test the methodology and to build an additive model. The model empirically shows the links that exist between the internal functions of a company and its ability to generate performance management indicators and business dynamics as a way to improve processes in strategic foreign trade planning. Some relevant findings from the first two stages of the empirical research conducted to date are presented. Validation has proven that the use of the methodology of strategic planning of foreign economic activity allows you to compensate for investments in new resources by increasing the number of operations carried out eliminating delays and attracting new customers as a result of improving the client's perception of the quality of service. During the audit, it was possible to determine that the delays created in the activities of support systems increase their negative impact on the process, consuming the slack of many actions of the central system and delaying their implementation, negatively affecting foreign economic activity. The model will be useful for enterprises engaged in foreign trade.

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvement. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on non surgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years.

Gilbert’s syndrome is the most common inherited jaundice worldwide. It affects 5-10% of the population. It is caused by a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, which results in impaired bilirubin metabolism. It is a benign disease and does not affect the life expectancy of patients. Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome should be alert to factors that exacerbate the course of the disease, interactions with medications taken and possible comorbidities such as hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or schizophrenia. However, it is the responsibility of physicians with such patients under their care to properly educate patients. Gilbert’s syndrome carries not only the consequences associated with the mutation, but also has many benefits that patients may not be fully aware of. Mildly elevated bilirubin levels have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents the development of lifestyle diseases and cancer. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that this could be a great step toward new treatments for diseases affecting the entire human population. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: This review paper aims to show Gilbert’s syndrome as a multifaceted disease and to sensitize doctors' attention to patients with the described mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: Gilbert’s syndrome, bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, Gilbert’s syndrome harmful and protective aspects, iatrogenic Gilbert’s syndrome RESULTS: The result of the work is to present Gilbert’s syndrome as a disease that carries medical problems directly related to the mutation, but also, in some cases, has a protective effect on affected individuals. The work highlights the complexity of the problem.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetes has emerged as a global lifestyle disease, with an alarming rise in cases, particularly of type 2 diabetes. In Poland, over 3 million people are diagnosed, and an estimated 4 million cases are expected by 2030. Effective treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including dietary intervention, physical activity, and pharmacological options. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation, and GLP-1 analogs have become essential in managing type 2 diabetes. This paper explores the development and mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs, detailing their impact on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, and weight reduction. Description of the state knowledge: Various GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the novel tirzepatide, are discussed. These drugs exhibit diverse pharmacokinetics, modes of administration, and effects on glucose metabolism and weight. Despite their efficacy, there is a concerning trend of off-label use, particularly for obesity treatment, leading to shortages for patients with valid prescriptions. This misuse is fueled by para-advertising on social media platforms, contributing to a surge in prescriptions and reimbursement costs. To address this, guidelines for GLP-1 analog use in obesity treatment are proposed, emphasizing the need for a stable drug supply and normalizing drug availability. Summary: In 2023, concerns intensified with reports of counterfeit GLP-1 analogs, prompting regulatory interventions. The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role GLP-1 analogs play in diabetes and obesity treatment, while emphasizing the importance of responsible prescription practices, guidelines adherence, and regulatory vigilance to ensure patient safety and mitigate the risks associated with misuse and counterfeit drugs.

Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

This scientific paper focuses on the treatment of breast cancer, one of the most common cancers among women. Despite increased awareness and the popularity of screening tests, statistics indicate a significant rise in incidence. The paper presents breast-conserving treatment methods, including brachytherapy, as a modern technique with promising outcomes. It describes the physical properties of ionizing radiation used in brachytherapy, discussing the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and the phenomenon of pair production. The paper then delves into the biological effects of ionizing radiation, emphasizing the dependence on the cell cycle phase. It highlights lethal, sublethal, and potentially lethal cellular damage, categorizing the effects of radiation interaction into early and late responses. The discussion transitions to the application of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment, focusing on various techniques such as LDR, PDR, and HDR. The paper provides a detailed description of brachytherapy's use in breast-conserving treatment, considering contraindications, treatment planning, and Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) techniques. The radioisotopes used in brachytherapy are also presented, with special attention to Iridium-192. The physical and practical aspects related to this isotope are discussed, along with other commonly used radioisotopes such as Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Strontium-90. The paper concludes with a summary, emphasizing the significance of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment and outlining its prospects for development. The authors highlight precision and shortened therapy duration.

Introduction and purpose: In our work, we focused on presenting the role of collagen supplementation and its impact on skin and joint health. We considered studies discussing the differences in the effects of collagen from various plant and animal sources. We also examined the influence of the degree of hydrolysis on the absorbability of the supplement. The aim of the paper is to comprehensively summarize knowledge on collagen supplementation, differentiating between its sources and forms. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the subject of oral collagen supplementation comprehensively. We explored studies about various forms and sources of collagen. We also delved into the collagen supplementation impact on skin and joints health and impact of additives in enhancing the positive effect of collagen . State of knowledge: Oral collagen supplementation can be beneficial for skin and joints health. It promote collagen synthesis in human body increasing strength of skin and joints. The higher the degree of collagen hydrolysis, the more easily it is absorbed by the body. Additives in the form of vitamin C and A can enhance collagen synthesis. Results and conclusions: This review article indicates a growing interest in oral collagen supplementation and its impact on health. Although there are encouraging findings regarding positive effects, further research is necessary to better understand and determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum supplementation benefits. This information may be crucial for clinical decisions made by physicians regarding joint reinforcement and anti-aging effects on the skin.

Introduction and purpose The term "probiotic" rooted in Latin, signifies 'for life,' reflecting the historical use of fermented products for therapeutic purposes. While browsing many websites devoted to healthy eating or popular science topics, we often came across the topic of probiotic food without any confirmation by scientific research. The aim of this paper is to confirm or exclude the presence of probiotics in popular foods. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on the health benefits of various food that is traditionally considered probiotic, focusing on how they impact on varied health conditions. Defined by the WHO as living microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed adequately, probiotics, mainly bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, play a vital role in maintaining gut microbiota balance, regulating digestion, supporting the immune system and influencing mental and cardiovascular health. In addition, the paper also searches for scientific basis for their action. Material and methods A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on checking whether the microorganisms contained in pickled food meet the WHO criteria for probiotics. Summary Our review managed to prove the probiotic effect of almost all presented food, except for miso. By reviewing many articles, we shed a lot of uncertainty on the repeated myth about the lack of probiotic effect of cucumbers preserved in vinegar and what is more, we found scientific assumptions about the probiotic effect of vinegar itself. Fermented food contains numerous strains of bacteria that are resistant to acid, bile and temperature in the human digestive tract and can be effectively used as a source of probiotics. Additionally, compared to probiotics from the pharmacy, fermented products provide not only probiotics, but also nutritional value, valuable fiber and vitamins, benefiting to our health.

Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.

Context: Angular gyrus is an anatomical structure of the brain located in the parietal lobe, taking part in writing and reading, language-use, memory and attention and spatial recognition. It is supplied by the angular gyrus artery, which is one of the caudal branches of the middle cerebral artery. One of the clinical pathologies of the angular gyrus artery is the ischemic stroke of the angular gyrus in the dominant hemisphere, responsible for the presence of Gerstmann Syndrome: left-right disorientation, agraphia, alexia, acalculia and finger agnosia. This systematic review aims to present the variety of anomalies of the main cerebral artery and the angular gyrus artery. Objective: Preparing a systematic review of papers describing the course anomalies of the angular gyrus artery. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases was searched for phrases: ‘Angular gyrus artery’, ‘Artery of angular gyrus’, ‘Middle cerebral artery branches’, ‘Branches of middle cerebral artery’, ‘Gerstmann Syndrome’ published between years 2015 and 2023. Also 3 papers published before 2000 were used. From the selected 30 papers, 6 were used to prepare this analysis. Results: The middle cerebral artery, from which arises the angular gyrus artery, is marked by a significant variety of its division, mainly the number of the dividing trunks of the artery. Depending on the type of the division, the angular gyrus artery can arise from the upper, middle or lower trunk and vary in sizes. It can also appear as a singular or two separate branches. Instances of the anomaly of both the angular gyrus artery and posterior parietal artery are rare, but reported. Conclusions: The angular gyrus artery is characterised by a number of anomalies in its course, separation from the middle cerebral artery, diameter and branching.

Introduction and purpose: Apples are a widely consumed fruit globally and are known to be a great source of nutrition. Studies have shown that apples contain high levels of antioxidants, dietary fiber, and vitamins that contribute to numerous health benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of apples on human health. State of knowledge: The paper reviews the current literature on the health benefits of apples, focusing on their impact on various health conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Additionally, it examines the role of apples in improving intestinal, immune, and cognitive function. The paper also discusses the potential mechanisms by which apples exert their health benefits, such as high levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, and dietary fiber. Summary: In conclusion, the vast body of evidence reviewed in this paper supports the notion that consuming apples regularly can contribute to better health outcomes. They may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, as well as promote healthy gut microbiota and immune function. Despite the controversy surrounding the use of pesticides in apple cultivation, the benefits of consuming apples outweigh the risks. Therefore, it is highly recommended to include apples as part of a balanced and nutritious diet to promote optimal health and wellbeing. As the saying goes, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away".

Introduction and aim Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic condition that affects an increasing number of people each year[1]. Healing the ulceration requires cooperation between patients, specialists and scientists in order to achieve satisfactory results. Treating this type of wound is not only a therapeutic challenge[1,2,3,4,5,6], but also an economic one, which is why so much scientific research has already been made on this phenomenon[2,3]. Still scientists continue their quest for new cost-effective alternatives to current therapeutic options that would be consistent with contemporary knowledge and available engineering capabilities in pursuance of creating techniques and new dressings that will accelerate the healing of DFUs[2,3,7,8]. Factors such as stress, obesity, certain medications, and chronic diseases appear to negatively affect the process of repair [1,9,10,4,6,11]. Studies prove that aloe vera gel due to its healing properties, can be considered as a potential dressing that will expedite the mending process of diabetic foot ulceration[12,13,14]. In this paper, we performed a literature review of the applicability of aloe vera in the healing process of DFUs. Materials and methods Searching the available literature, including randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews, we drew on databases focusing on the effects of treatment for diabetic foot ulceration using Aloe vera. Conclusion: The current scientific research on the use of Aloe vera gel in diabetic foot ulcer treatment indicates that this method is safe, effective and inexpensive[2,3]. However the difficulty of treatment and the increasing prevalence of this type of wound pose a challenge to finding new solutions and exploring mechanisms in which aloe vera can have a possible role in the wound healing process. Nevertheless, this paper presents a promising impact of Aloe vera gel applicability in the healing process of diabetic foot ulcer.

Introduction and purpose: Currently, as the frequency of obesity is alarming, the role of many factors that could contribute in preventing and treating this condition are being researched, among them the certain food with beneficial health profiles - one of them is soybeans, specifically the isoflavones it contains. Populations that consume soy are known for lower risk of various disorders - among them obesity. The aim of this paper is to summarize the existing paper about the role of these bioactive components in the treatment of this condition. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Obesity is one of the leading challenges in today’s healthcare as it leads to various chronic diseases that are fraught in consequences. Current knowledge is pointing into the association between composition of the soy isoflavones and the lower risk of obesity. Results of the studies indicate that patients affected with obesity could benefit from introducing soy isoflavones into their diet along with other necessary modifications. Conclusions: Soy isoflavones are potential agents in the holistic obesity treatment. Consumption of isoflavones merits further recognition as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its possibly meaningful role. It is worth mentioning that consumption of soy isoflavones is not only an anti-obese factor, but also presents various other health benefits and when consumed rationally poses no risk to human’s well being. We conclude that further studies would enable us to fully reveal the potential of those polyphenols.

The reform of economic management systems should be recognized as a long-term process, with gradual enhancements and innovations made in practical application, ultimately promoting sustainable enterprise development. This study delves into the internal mechanics of enterprise economic management innovation, primarily examining the aspects of planning and organization, within manufacturing enterprises like Midea Group. This paper extensively explores the relationship between the formulation and management of long-term and short-term plans, the philosophy of management, the current state of production management, and the overall development strategy within the field of enterprise economic management. It primarily emphasizes the following three points: 1) Enterprises must adjust their management philosophy to align with their development trajectory, the dynamically changing market competition landscape, and the evolving contours of the contemporary environment; 2) The trajectory from low-efficiency to high-efficiency production management is closely linked to the production budget and decision-making processes of enterprises; 3) The prevalence of internal strategic management within enterprises and the optimization level of resource allocation play a pivotal role in measuring the innovation quotient of internal planning management. Simultaneously, this paper places significant emphasis on the analysis of organizational innovation structures, indicating that enterprises should establish sound management systems to enhance internal efficiency and competitiveness. Moreover, enterprises should align themselves with market dynamics and trends, avoiding risky behaviors to ensure the long-term success of economic management practices. Additionally, enterprises must continually innovate and adjust organizational structures to adapt to market changes and development requirements, thereby achieving sustained growth.

The study presents a new method for evaluating the reliability of mobile applications using the Corcoran model. This model includes several aspects of reliability, including performance, reliability, availability, scalability, security, usability, and testability. The Corcoran model can be applied to evaluate mobile applications by analysing key reliability metrics. Using the model significantly improves the reliability assessment of applications compared to traditional methods, which are primarily focused on desktop and server configurations. The aim of the study is to offer a more optimised approach to evaluating the reliability of mobile applications. The paper examines the problems faced by mobile app developers. This study represents a new application of the Corcoran model in evaluating the reliability of mobile applications. This model is characterised by an emphasis on the use of quantitative statistics and the ability to provide an accurate estimate of the probability of failure without any inaccuracies, which distinguishes this model from other software reliability models. The paper suggests using a combination of analytical statistical models, data extraction methods such as sequential pattern analysis, and fuzzy set theory to implement the Corcoran model. The application of the methodology is demonstrated by studying software error reports and conducting a comprehensive statistical analysis of them. To improve the results of future research, the paper suggests making more extensive use of the Corcoran model in various mobile applications and environments. It is recommended to change the model to take into account the constantly changing characteristics of mobile applications and their increasing complexity. In addition, it is advisable to conduct additional research to improve the data mining methods used in the model and explore the possibility of integrating artificial intelligence for more advanced software reliability analysis. Applying the Corcoran model to the mobile app development process to evaluate reliability can significantly improve the quality of applications, leading to increased customer satisfaction and trust in mobile apps. This model can serve as a guide for developers and companies to evaluate and improve their applications, driving innovation and continuous improvement in the competitive mobile app sector.

To date, most existing cryptocurrency exchanges do not have in their arsenal tools that would allow them to verify and investigate the information disseminated on social networks regarding a particular cryptocurrency. This makes it possible to conduct a relevant research with the subsequent development of a tool that, if used correctly, will provide users with advisory advice on further actions in relation to the cryptocurrency under study in the system. Based on this advice, interested parties will be able to adjust their decisions regarding further financial steps. The basis of most recommender systems is always the need to identify some influencing factors, which are later given certain weights to facilitate and simplify the formulation of further advice for users. In this paper, we study the influence of celebrity publications on the formation of prices for a particular cryptocurrency at a certain point in time. The importance and existence of this influence was previously proven by statistical methods. The purpose of the study is to develop an algorithm for studying the level of influence of posts of each of the selected group of experts in social networks on the cryptocurrency rate. The object of the study is the forecast of cryptocurrency rates. The input data used were the list of experts whose level of influence will be studied, the time interval of the study, the number of posts made by each of the experts in question over the specified period of time, and the actual cryptocurrency rates for the relevant period. The experts were well-known personalities who are either knowledgeable in the field of finance in general and cryptocurrencies in particular, or whose activities are somehow related to a particular cryptocurrency. Research methods. Experts are ranked based on the full probability and Bayesian formulas. Forecasting of cryptocurrency rates in a selected period of time is carried out using the algorithm for forecasting cryptocurrency rates based on expert posts on social networks (ATAPSN). To control the accuracy of forecasts, the relative average error is calculated. Recommendations for financial transactions with cryptocurrencies are formed by entering the critical value of the exchange rate and calculating the arithmetic mean of cryptocurrency exchange rates for a specified period of time. Results. As a result of the research, an algorithm has been developed that allows taking into account the impact of the posts of each of the selected ranked group of experts on changes in the rates of a particular cryptocurrency. On the basis of the obtained forecasts, the paper presents a methodology for forming recommendations for financial transactions with them.

This article delves into the strategic imperative for Ukrainian higher education institutions (HEIs) to align with the European Education Area (EEA), a process underscored by the Ukrainian Strategy for the Development of Higher Education for 2022-2032. The integration into the EEA promises manifold advantages for Ukrainian education, economy, and society, including adherence to European standards, accreditation recognition, and expanded opportunities for students and educators. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of recent research and publications, highlighting the need for innovation in higher education to enhance the competitiveness of Ukrainian science in the European context. The article stresses the role of HEIs in forming an innovative infrastructure that interlinks their internal structure and external relations, thereby enhancing educational outcomes. The article identifies key unresolved issues, including the systematic and purposeful process of educational innovation required for effective integration into the EEA. The paper sets objectives focused on creating conditions for seamless integration into European educational standards and approaches. It also presents a detailed analysis of the European experience in innovation, highlighting various programs and areas that aid in the integration of European higher education. Furthermore, the article discusses the negative factors impacting innovation management in Ukrainian universities due to European integration, ranging from funding discrepancies to the impact of war. Conversely, it also outlines the strengths of Ukrainian universities, such as their resilient adaptability and strong STEM foundations, which can be leveraged in the context of European integration. In conclusion, the paper argues that the integration of Ukrainian higher education into the EEA is a strategic step that requires a comprehensive and systematic approach. It calls for future research to analyze the synergies and discrepancies between European and Ukrainian educational standards and to examine international risk management practices in educational governance.

The study presents a new method for evaluating the reliability of mobile applications using the Corcoran model. This model includes several aspects of reliability, including performance, reliability, availability, scalability, security, usability, and testability. The Corcoran model can be applied to evaluate mobile applications by analysing key reliability metrics. Using the model significantly improves the reliability assessment of applications compared to traditional methods, which are primarily focused on desktop and server configurations. The aim of the study is to offer a more optimised approach to evaluating the reliability of mobile applications. The paper examines the problems faced by mobile app developers. This study represents a new application of the Corcoran model in evaluating the reliability of mobile applications. This model is characterised by an emphasis on the use of quantitative statistics and the ability to provide an accurate estimate of the probability of failure without any inaccuracies, which distinguishes this model from other software reliability models. The paper suggests using a combination of analytical statistical models, data extraction methods such as sequential pattern analysis, and fuzzy set theory to implement the Corcoran model. The application of the methodology is demonstrated by studying software error reports and conducting a comprehensive statistical analysis of them. To improve the results of future research, the paper suggests making more extensive use of the Corcoran model in various mobile applications and environments. It is recommended to change the model to take into account the constantly changing characteristics of mobile applications and their increasing complexity. In addition, it is advisable to conduct additional research to improve the data mining methods used in the model and explore the possibility of integrating artificial intelligence for more advanced software reliability analysis. Applying the Corcoran model to the mobile app development process to evaluate reliability can significantly improve the quality of applications, leading to increased customer satisfaction and trust in mobile apps. This model can serve as a guide for developers and companies to evaluate and improve their applications, driving innovation and continuous improvement in the competitive mobile app sector.

To date, most existing cryptocurrency exchanges do not have in their arsenal tools that would allow them to verify and investigate the information disseminated on social networks regarding a particular cryptocurrency. This makes it possible to conduct a relevant research with the subsequent development of a tool that, if used correctly, will provide users with advisory advice on further actions in relation to the cryptocurrency under study in the system. Based on this advice, interested parties will be able to adjust their decisions regarding further financial steps. The basis of most recommender systems is always the need to identify some influencing factors, which are later given certain weights to facilitate and simplify the formulation of further advice for users. In this paper, we study the influence of celebrity publications on the formation of prices for a particular cryptocurrency at a certain point in time. The importance and existence of this influence was previously proven by statistical methods. The purpose of the study is to develop an algorithm for studying the level of influence of posts of each of the selected group of experts in social networks on the cryptocurrency rate. The object of the study is the forecast of cryptocurrency rates. The input data used were the list of experts whose level of influence will be studied, the time interval of the study, the number of posts made by each of the experts in question over the specified period of time, and the actual cryptocurrency rates for the relevant period. The experts were well-known personalities who are either knowledgeable in the field of finance in general and cryptocurrencies in particular, or whose activities are somehow related to a particular cryptocurrency. Research methods. Experts are ranked based on the full probability and Bayesian formulas. Forecasting of cryptocurrency rates in a selected period of time is carried out using the algorithm for forecasting cryptocurrency rates based on expert posts on social networks (ATAPSN). To control the accuracy of forecasts, the relative average error is calculated. Recommendations for financial transactions with cryptocurrencies are formed by entering the critical value of the exchange rate and calculating the arithmetic mean of cryptocurrency exchange rates for a specified period of time. Results. As a result of the research, an algorithm has been developed that allows taking into account the impact of the posts of each of the selected ranked group of experts on changes in the rates of a particular cryptocurrency. On the basis of the obtained forecasts, the paper presents a methodology for forming recommendations for financial transactions with them.

The subject of the paper is Steve Jobs’ personal self-identification in his childhood. Lexical units (words, phrases) are the descriptors of the text of the literary biography that outline the main sense of the biogram “CHILDHOOD”. Their semantic connections reflect the peculiarities of personal self-identification of Steve Jobs being a child. The project aims to analyze Steve Jobs’ memories, the case study being the biogram “CHILDHOOD” to find out how this stage of life has influenced the formation this outstanding figure’s personal self-identification. Each biogram is a certain model of events and, in this article, it is represented by three structural components: “Adoption”, “Silicon Valley” and “Schooling”. The matter of identity (self-identity) logically attracts the attention of modern scholars in accordance with the current trends of an anthropocentric approach to language. Therefore, the topicality of the paper is caused by the necessity to identify lexical descriptors of the “CHILDHOOD” biogram, the latter being aimed at realizing S. Jobs’ motive of self-knowledge. The general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization), the contextual and interpretive method, and discourse analysis are used. The novelty of the research is determined both by the object of the study and the angle of the analysis, creating favorable grounds for further delineation of S. Jobs’ psychological image on the one hand, and his speech behavior on the other hand. As a result of the research, it has been established that in the text of the literary biography “Steve Jobs: A Biography”, the dominance of personal memories is usually combined with chronological sequence, and reasoning and teaching is connected with the thesaurus (thematic) way of presentation. Each biogram, as a certain segment on a straight life path, shows how a personality is formed and how he / she forms ideas about himself / herself as a self-identical, integral and unique individual. Via the “CHILDHOOD” biogram, we have managed to single out specific lexical descriptors, the synthesis of which outlines all the characteristics of Steve Jobs being a child as a developing personality: INDEPENDENCE, DETACHMENT (UNIQUENESS), and CREATIVITY AS A PROSPECTIVE VISION OF OWN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. We consider a detailed study of the following biograms to be promising: “CAREER”, “PRIVATE LIFE”, “SEARCHING OF ONE’S OWN DESTINATION”, etc. Studied together (separately or generally) they will help outline Steve Jobs’ psychological image in the literary biography “Steve Jobs: A Biography”.

This paper provides a comprehensive doctrinal analysis of the evolving landscape of environmental law, encompassing both international and national perspectives. The analysis delves into key doctrinal themes, including the precautionary principle; the polluter pays principle, and sustainable development, examining their application and interpretation in the context of contemporary environmental challenges. Drawing on a wide range of case-law, this study explores landmark environmental cases that have significantly shaped the trajectory of environmental jurisprudence. Through a comparative examination of various national approaches to environmental regulation, the paper highlights the diverse strategies adopted to address environmental issues and the challenges encountered in their implementation. Furthermore, the paper outlines the critical role played by international legal instruments in shaping national environmental laws, emphasizing the need for cohesive global efforts to combat pressing environmental concerns. The conclusion offers insights into the contemporary challenges faced by environmental law, proposing potential legal reforms and recommendations for a sustainable and effective environmental regulatory framework. This doctrinal analysis aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on environmental law, fostering a deeper understanding of the legal mechanisms essential for preserving our planet's ecological balance and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come. Thus, in the final development recognized so far, that is understanding environmental law based on ecocentric perspective where we recognize the value of every natural component, does not actually evade the idea that human beings shall pursue their interests to safeguard their present and future generations. The thesis therefore ought to analyse the different instruments which were born out of different environmental ethical considerations at different points of time. The methodology of understanding the environmental law rationales in the light of ethics is termed as —deep level enquiry. In the present context, the environmental law involves one or more than one ethical perspective. These perspectives may be anthropocentric or non- anthropocentric. When we term, environmental law to be anthropocentric, we generally link it up with human rights morals. Human rights which are understood to be inalienable to every human being has got its recognition after several years of struggle.

This paper introduces an advanced mathematical model for generating and analyzing cloud cover images, specifically designed to enhance photovoltaic (PV) partial shading studies. The model development involved a detailed analysis of real cloud cover images, with a particular emphasis on capturing their anisotropic spectral characteristics. This was achieved through a combination of spectral analysis and advanced image processing techniques. The research methodologically focused on developing a four-parameter model to accurately represent cloud formations' spectral properties. Key parameters were identified and fine-tuned to match the real cloud formations' characteristics. This involved analyzing the magnitude and phase spectra of the cloud covers and fitting them to a model capable of replicating these properties accurately. A significant part of the research was dedicated to formulating a novel phase spectrum generation technique. This technique was specifically designed to control the degree of similarity between the synthesized and original images, thereby ensuring the model's effectiveness in various simulation scenarios. The process involved manipulating the phase information of cloud cover images while maintaining their high-frequency components to enhance the detail and realism of the synthesized images. The model's accuracy in replicating cloud cover features was tested against traditional spectral synthesis methods. This comparative analysis involved generating cloud cover images using the developed model and established methods, then comparing these images to the original cloud covers in terms of visual similarity and approximation error. Additionally, the model was utilized to generate pseudo-random cloud cover images by varying the phase spectrum parameters. This process ensured that the generated images, while being random, adhered to the spectral characteristics of the original cloud covers. The research methodology also involved a detailed examination of the images' key characteristics, such as direction, length, and density, to ensure fidelity to the original samples. In summary, this paper details an approach to cloud cover image synthesis, with a focus on the accuracy of spectral properties and the development of an algorithm of model parameters estimation. The research highlights the use of advanced spectral analysis and image processing techniques in deriving key model parameters, leading to a significant advancement in cloud imaging for solar energy applications.

Teachers' digital competence has been emphasised for improving quality education at all levels worldwide. In Zanzibar, the educational policy adopted digital lesson content (DLC) for teaching and learning in ordinary secondary schools. The study investigated the teachers' digital competence and factors that affect their use of DLCs for teaching and learning. One fifty-four (154) secondary school teachers from Wete district were given 5-point Likert Scale questionnaires. Inferential and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the collected data with the help of SPSS version 25. The study found that the teachers' digital competence is high for using it in teaching and learning. Also, it was observed that the digital competence of the teachers was significantly associated with their attitude and in-service training. The paper concludes that using DLCs in third-world countries takes work. However, it is possible if the government and private sectors, such as NGOs, invest seriously in secondary school levels. Also, it recommends that responsible leaders distribute digital devices and plan regular in-service training for teachers on integrating DLCs at secondary schools to cope with the global vision of 2025. Last, the paper recommends further study considering a large sample size of secondary schools in Zanzibar through random sampling techniques.

The paper is devoted to using innovative technologies in the professional training of future ship engineers. It highlights the need for tutors to make lessons interesting and exciting and to create a situation where every cadet can be active. The research emphasises that the main target of maritime education today is not just to accumulate knowledge and skills but to prepare cadets as independent subjects of educational activity who can learn and upgrade their knowledge. The article describes the benefits of digital technologies for online maritime education and training, including various videoconference services. It also discusses the psychological theory of learning based on the psychology of human relationships, which is crucial to interactive learning technologies. The paper concludes by describing various technologies for information visualisation, such as cloud technologies and gamification, and recommends tools like Mentimeter, Aha Slides, and Poll Everywhere for collaborative work and knowledge exchange. The research also suggests that using whiteboard resources during Maritime English lessons can serve cadets as a visual platform for displaying essential Maritime English vocabulary, supporting interactive discussions, conducting simulated exercises and role-playing scenarios.

The training of specialists in artistic higher education institutions should be conducted using modern methods, technologies, and developments and be oriented towards a modern audience, but at the same time, training should be based on established principles and views that have been tested by time. Les Kurbas is a personality whose views and principles of acting and directing can be a guide for contemporary artists, and therefore they should be used in the professional training of students of theatre and film education. The purpose of this paper was to cover the aspects of training future specialists in higher education institutions based on Les Kurbas’s directing craft. To fulfil this purpose, the following research methods were used: biographical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, method of comparison, method of abstraction, method of analogy, methods of deduction and induction. The paper covered the foundations of Les Kurbas’s directing craft and its influence on the development of modern theatre and directing, compared his principles and views with those of contemporary artists. The paper revealed the role of Les Kurbas and his work in preserving the identity of Ukrainian theatre and cinema and in the development of Ukrainian culture. A parallel was drawn between modern approaches to training future specialists and the foundations of Les Kurbas’s directing craft. The conclusion was made on the expediency of using the basics of Les Kurbas’s directing craft in the educational process of higher educational institutions. The paper described the specific features of using the basics of Les Kurbas’s directing craft in the preparation of future specialists for professional activity and provided recommendations for their implementation in the educational process. The results of this paper can be used by teachers of artistic higher education institutions when developing lecture materials and special courses, as well as by students for self-improvement and work on themselves and their professional skills, which underlies the successful development of Ukrainian theatre and cinema.

The purpose of the research paper is to focus attention on the role of the ‘second plan’ historians in scientific research of the history of Ukraine; to evaluate and study comprehensively the contribution of H.Yu. Khraban to the archaeological study of Uman region territory; to carry out a detailed analysis of the archaeological part of the scholar’s scientific heritage; to find out the results of his archaeological studies, and to show the importance of the archaeological study of the regions for the reconstruction of the genuine history of Ukraine. Scientific novelty: The contribution of H. Khraban to the study of various archaeological cultures sites in the western part of Cherkasy and neighboring oblasts is analyzed based on the fundamental source base, and after finding as well as introduction into scientific circulation of a significant array of new archival sources. The paper significantly augments a list of scholar’s works, many of which are unpublished and remain relevant to this day. Conclusions. The activity of H. Khraban devoted to the archaeological study of the territory of Uman region, Eastern Podillia, and the popularization of the ancient history of Ukraine is analyzed. The contribution of the historian to the addition of previously unknown pages from the history of the expansion of different archaeological cultures tribes into Uman region territory, his assistance in the organization of Uman Museum of Local Lore research activities, and the involvement of the public in the archaeological study of the region are shown. H.Yu. Khraban himself participated in archaeological field research in Cherkasy, Kirovohrad, Vinnytsia, and Zhytomyr oblasts. Hryhorii Khraban maintained systematic ties with the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR and spoke at meetings of the Department of Archeology Early Slavs with important reports on the results of his studies. Scientific notes and collected material objects were systematically given by the scholar to the scientific funds of the Institute of Archaeology. According to the time of their dating, H. Khraban attributed the archaeological sites discovered in the territory of Uman region to the Paleolithic period, Trypillia culture, Bronze Age, Bilohrudivska culture, Scythian period, Zarubyntsi and Cherniakhiv cultures, and the sites of the early Slavs. H. Khraban’s merit as an archaeologist lies in the fact that he helped to study the continuity in the settling of Uman region territory since ancient times.

Heat transfer pump circuits with liquid or two-phase heat transfer fluids are widely used in thermal management systems in both space and ground applications. These systems play an important role in maintaining the optimal temperature and heat distribution in various processes and devices. Such systems use throttles to ensure efficient distribution of coolant flows through the hydraulic network. It is especially important to ensure the reliability of the system at low coolant consumption. Therefore, a rational approach is to manufacture throttles in the form of capillary segments. Capillary throttles can regulate the flow of coolant with high accuracy, which makes it possible to improve control over the thermal regime of the system. To calculate and determine the characteristics of such throttles, it is important to know the coefficient of hydraulic friction resistance λ, which is used in the Darcy formula. This coefficient depends on various factors, including the geometry of the throttle, physical properties of the heat transfer fluid, and flow conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the value of the hydraulic friction resistance coefficient λ. In this work, experiments were performed with the shedding of copper capillaries of different internal diameters (0.8-1.2 mm) in water and isopropyl alcohol. The experiments were carried out in the laminar and transient regions, in the range of Reynolds numbers from 250 to 6050. Conclusions. In the laminar region (Re < 1185), it is recommended to use the Poiseuille formula. In the transitional and turbulent regions (1185 < Re < 6050), it is recommended to use the Blasius formula. The results of the experiments made it possible to obtain data on the value of the hydraulic friction resistance coefficient λ. These data can be used to calculate throttles in similar heat transfer systems. Moreover, the paper provides recommendations on the use of well-known formulas for calculating throttles, which allows engineers and designers to effectively implement these elements in their projects. Thus, the research conducted in this paper has important practical implications for the development and optimization of heat transfer systems in space and terrestrial applications.

The subject of this work is a study of the current state of modeling the flow around the blades of quadcopters, models of aerodynamic sound generation, formulation, and numerical solution of the problem of generation of rotation noise by the blades of a quadrotor type aerotaxi. The models describing the flow field around the quadrotor blades include the model of nonlinear vortices in lattices, the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation (RANS, URANS), the large eddy simulation method (LES), and the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the system of aerodynamic equations. This paper analyzes the main noise models of different types of aerodynamic origin. Gutin’s model is used to describe the noise of the quadrotor rotation, and the Ffowcs -Williams-Hawkings equation in the formulation of Farassat is used to model the noise taking into account various sound sources. However, these approaches have certain drawbacks that limit their application. The following paper uses a modern approach to modeling noise of aerodynamic origin based on the three-dimensional unsteady equation of sound propagation from a thin blade in the potential approximation, previously proposed by one of the authors of the work. Using this approach, a numerical calculation of the problem of sound generation (rotational noise) of the aerodynamic origin of a quadrotor type aerotaxi was performed. The purpose of the study. Despite the approaches described above, there is a problem associated with achieving an acceptable noise level, i.e. its further reduction. To solve this problem, there is a need to use more accurate models that will allow research on reducing air taxi noise. Tasks of the study. In this regard, the task of modeling noise of aerodynamic origin was set and solved using a refined model of the sound generated by the interaction of the flow and air taxi blades. Research methods are based on the construction and use of a mathematical model for the generation of rotation sound generated by the joint operation of aerotaxi rotors. On this basis, the calculations of the near and far sound fields were performed. A new model for calculating the long-range sound field of a quadrotor type aerotaxi is proposed, which considers the mutual formation of the resulting sound field from the joint operation of 4 propellers. The pressure coefficient and the sound pressure level in the distant sound field were calculated, and the frequency filling of the spectrum of the generated sound wave was investigated. Results and Conclusions. Numerical calculations of the problem of aerotaxi rotation noise generation showed that the maximum pressure level in the generated waves is in the immediate vicinity of the location of the quadrotor screws. However, the maximum value of the pressure level depends on the parameters of the problem, which vary: the thickness of the blade and the speed of the horizontal flight of the aerotaxi. As one moves away from the screws, the local maxima disappear and the wave takes the form of a flat wave. The general level of generated sound (rotational noise) is in the range of 70dB-102dB, which coincides with the results of studies of quadrotor aerotaxi, as well as taxis with the arrangement of propellers according to the aircraft type. The generated rotational noise energy is concentrated in the first 4-5 harmonics. Therefore, the noise model of aerodynamic origin proposed in this study can be used to study the rotation noise of a quadrotor type aerotaxi.

In recent years, international attention has been turned to the ways that states use disinformation to further their own political ends. Propaganda, information conflict and active measures have long been a tool of statecraft, but the parallel development of information and communication technologies with increased levels of internal discord and social tension within states have made such disinformation campaigns both more effective and more worrying. This paper provides a brief history of Soviet “active measures”, before examining the role of Russian disinformation and cognitive warfare in Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine. The examination of this topic is not solely confined to a description of the methods used; it also highlights some of the ethical issues involved in Russia’s use of cognitive warfare and its heavy reliance on disinformation. Whereas information warfare focuses on controlling the flow of information, cognitive warfare instead has a more subtle yet potentially more damaging goal of shaping not simply what people think, but how they think and how they react to information. One of the significant features of the current conflict in Ukraine is the role that disinformation is playing in both driving and describing the conflict, and this paper explores the history and ethical implications of modern cognitive warfare, particularly in relation to the current conflict in Ukraine.