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Accounting and finance are intricately intertwined with the global quest for environmental sustainability by applying accounting and finance tools for carbon reduction initiatives. Clean energy financial investment is one of the many alternative tools through which accounting contributes to carbon reduction. Accordingly, this paper analysed the impact of separate and integrated clean energy investment alternatives on carbon reduction. Data on clean energy financial investment and carbon emission per capita were collected from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and Our World in Data archives, respectively. Data was analysed by using multiple pooled OLS to evaluate the impact of individual clean energy financial investments on carbon reduction and the impact of integrating the various clean energy financial investment alternatives on carbon reduction separately. Findings show that individual clean energy financial investments may not separately offer desired carbon reduction, hence, albeit some negative coefficients, individual clean investments showed no significant impact on carbon reduction. However, furthering the test by pooling all the clean energy financial investment alternatives shows a significant negative effect of clean energy financial investment on carbon reduction at a P-value of 0.05. This shows that an integration of different alternatives of clean energy financial investment may offer an enhanced reduction of carbon emission, which outweighs the effect of relying on a single clean energy investment alternative. The findings offer significant insight for policy makers’ future strategies towards a combination of multiple clean energy financial investments. Furthermore, the findings from this paper are a further testament that accounting and finance are connected with the global quest for environmental sustainability through the application of accounting and financial investment tools in conducting clean energy financial investment.

Objectives This paper focuses on recognising and addressing the challenges of ADHD in early childhood girls. The paper aims to fill a gap in the scientific literature by focusing on the specificity of ADHD in girls, which differs from symptoms in boys. It also aims to raise awareness of the issue of ADHD among parents and teachers and to provide practical therapeutic guidance and educational support that is tailored to the needs of girls with ADHD. Material and methods The source materials for this publication will be various monographs and articles by special educators. The collected material will allow the analytical-critical method to synthetically realise the indicated aim of the work. Results Parents should learn to anticipate potential conflict situations, to exclude them or to plan in such a way that the child can cope with them. It is the parents' task to plan the day in such a way as to introduce a ritual and a daily routine of repetitive activities. Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder need to acquire skills to deal with conflict, emotional labile, anxiety and stress. Conclusions Often undiagnosed girls suffer alone together with their disorder. Close cooperation between parents and teachers is an indispensable element in the treatment of ADHD. A child with ADHD should be allowed to participate in the educational and educational process. It is important to get to know the peer group so that girls with ADHD can learn to recognise themselves and their own reactions and abilities.

This paper indicates significance of generational diversity management in modern business. Due to certain social, political and economic circumstances each generation is specific, with its own skills, interactions and expectations. What is common for all of them is the willingness to find the right employer. The one open to human needs and aware of their work commitment; the one to offer appropriate work surroundings, self- development and adequate gratification. The paper is aimed at presenting those generational disparities, for awareness of them is crucial in efficient human resources management. Worksite is the natural environment, where such age-related experiences and opinions clash, enabling to gain the right perspective and choose the most effective and innovative directing solution. Generationally diverse team brings multilevel benefits for both sites and aids enterprise development.

In the modern world, mortgage plays an important role in the life of the citizens of the country due to its important role in providing their housing needs. Thus, it is important to find the most effective model of mortgage lending for the country to maximize the living standards of its citizens. The aim of the work is to choose the most effective model of mortgage lending that can be used in the country and bring the greatest benefit to it. The main methods used in the research were analysis, deduction, induction, and abstraction. The paper examined various aspects of mortgage lending, focusing on the different payment models and their implications for borrowers. Two types of mortgage loans were considered: with annuity and differentiated payments, their main differences in terms of payment rates were described, and mathematical formulae for their calculation were specified. To illustrate the impact on the borrower of each of them, a theoretical example was provided, on the basis of which the differences between the two systems were described. The paper also describes three models for organizing mortgage lending systems: a closed (stand-alone) mortgage system, a truncated open model and an extended open model. The suitability of these models for the development of the Kyrgyz mortgage market was assessed based on their characteristics and features, positive and negative components. The work brings new knowledge in the context of studying the peculiarities of mortgage lending as a whole, as well as allows finding opportunities for improving its functioning in the Kyrgyz Republic

The policy of “double reduction” has been applied by the Chinese government, and therefore, an assessment of its impact on various components of economic and social development in this and other countries is relevant. The purpose of this paper was to determine how the outflow of students abroad (due to the use of the “double reduction” policy) affects the economic development of local economies. The main methods used in the study were analysis, abstraction and forecasting. The article presents a survey of Chinese students studying abroad, which shows differences in satisfaction, cost of living and employment rates in different countries. The essence of the “double reduction” policy, which was aimed at solving various problems in the education system, was also considered. It describes the purpose of the policy and the actual impact it had on students and teachers. In addition, it was noted how the policy was related to the out-migration of students, and the negative and positive effects of the policy on the country were also discussed in detail. The correlation between these factors and the gross domestic product was also explored, highlighting the potential interaction between these indicators. In particular, it was shown that the level of satisfaction with education was diverse and did not have a significant correlation with other factors, such as unemployment and living costs. In turn, other indicators that did influence the level of study satisfaction were noted. This paper brings new knowledge to the assessment of the development of China’s economy and its education sector. It also provides a better understanding of how the trends in student out-migration affect the economic development of other countries

Conducting a study on this topic is becoming relevant due to the rapid introduction of digital technologies in the agricultural sector, which requires urgent study to effectively address current challenges in agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to analyse innovative approaches to improving the efficiency of economic activity in the agri-food sector. The methods used include the analytical method, classification method, functional method, statistical method, synthesis method, and others. The study found that the use of innovative approaches has significantly improved the productivity and sustainability of the agricultural sector. The use of blockchain technologies has increased trust in the supply chain by providing verified and transparent information on product quality. The analysis of large volumes of data has made it possible to develop specialized solutions and strategies tailored to specific business conditions in different regions. The results show an increase in the resilience of the agricultural sector to changes in economic and climate conditions. The findings of the study highlight the potential of digital transformation as a strategic tool for innovative and sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The study identified key strategies for the future implementation of digital technologies, taking into account the needs of the agricultural sector. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of introducing digital technologies to increase efficiency, improve management and ensure the sustainability of the industry in today’s digital economy. The practical significance of the paper is to analyse and highlight the factors that affect productivity and resource management in agriculture, which serves as a basis for further research and development of specific strategies and recommendations to improve the efficiency of the sector

This paper analyze the nuanced relationship between corporate income tax (CIT ) rate reductions as a tax incentive and foreign direct investments (FDI) across the Western Balkan countries. Additionally, it examines the extent to which they have progressed with their achievements during two decades (2000-2022). The transition of the Western Balkans from a closed and controlled economy to an open market economy has been challenging, but despite this, they have implemented certain policies to compete in the global market. For instance, they have reduced tax rates and offered tax incentives to attract foreign investors. This has had the effect of lowering the average tax rate, specifically in the year 2000, the average tax rate in corporate income tax was around 17%, while in 2023 the average tax rate in corporate income tax is 11%, or 6% lower. However, despite taking measures, the expected results have not been achieved. Privatization of public enterprises has been one of the main investments that these countries have attracted. The paper addresses the problems that have led to poor results and the inability of countries to convince investors for larger investments. In Kosovo, the issue of progress in this area is being overlooked by the government. It is important for Kosovo to recognize that neighboring countries are making significant progress, and therefore, it is critical to conduct research that not only highlights the current situation but also identifies potential solutions for the future.

The need to develop new systems for detecting and counteracting malware remains relevant. In addition to malware detection methods, the need to develop new systems for detecting and counteracting malware has become increasingly important. The use of various detection systems and the formation of a variable architecture in them significantly improves the effectiveness of detection, since both for attackers in computer attacks and for malware, understanding the system is significantly complicated. In addition, such systems may contain baits, traps, and, accordingly, modifiable operating environments to deceptively execute programs for research. This paper develops a conceptual model of multicomputer systems, which is designed to ensure the functioning of antivirus bait and traps to detect malware and computer attacks in corporate networks. The proposed approach is intended to prevent and counteract metamorphic virus penetration. This paper presents the conceptual model of multicomputer systems and introduces a defining characteristic responsible for the control of decisions and other defining characteristics of the system. Methods for detecting metamorphic viruses with the possibility of their implementation in the architecture of multi-computer systems with bait and traps are developed so that the system directly joins the detection procedure through its components and decides on the presence of metamorphic code in the executable file. An implementation of a multi-computer malware detection system with metamorphic functionality was developed to prove the feasibility of the proposed conceptual architecture model and the developed methods for detecting metamorphic viruses. An experiment on the functioning of a multi-computer malware detection system was set up, and experimental studies were conducted. The conducted experiments included metamorphic virus detection. In addition, an experiment on the effectiveness of detecting the metamorphic code of viruses was conducted. The efficiency of detecting metamorphic virus code using the developed multi-computer system was also investigated, and the presence of improved detection was established. The directions of further work are to extend the results of this work to new types of malware.

The article assesses the development of retail e-commerce under the influence of global digitalization processes. The authors prove that current trends in the global economy reflect key aspects of the development of the digital economy and, accordingly, retail e-commerce. Under their influence, significant changes are taking place in the living conditions of society, market conditions and in the scientific sphere, and there is an increasing demand for highly qualified workers. The paper emphasizes that under the influence of profound and extensive changes brought about by digital technologies, conceptual models of business development and social communication are transforming, and the role of the state in the new digitalized environment is being reconsidered. These transformations require participants to be highly adaptable, develop new skills and competencies, and be ready to take advantage of digital transformation. The paper emphasizes that there are potential risks of negative impact of digital transformation, which are manifested primarily in the need to adapt to new conditions, such as the inevitability of displacement of outdated professions by new technologies or artificial intelligence systems, the disappearance of traditional markets, as well as the threats of personal data leakage and the need to protect copyrights and other aspects. The authors prove that e-commerce encompasses more than just online advertising or launching a virtual retail store. Successful enterprises in this area are based on reliable technologies of interaction with consumers, which arise from the experience gained in the early stages, sound business schemes and a carefully developed infrastructure for servicing business processes. The main advantage of using digital technologies in the field of online retail is the ability to predict demand and thoroughly study consumer needs.

Hybrid power supply systems (HPSSs) are considered as a good option for electric power supply of remotely located from the grid consumers due to significant fuel savings compared to diesel sets. Quick development and improvement of HPSSs may be achieved using specialized methodologies and programs. In the paper a schematic diagram is proposed and operation principles of a 400 V / 50 Hz HPSS were developed. The system’s main component is the master generating unit of the hydropower plant using a 250 kW induction generator (IG). The voltage of the system is controlled by the controller of the AC/DC power converter. The electrical frequency of the system is controlled by the speed controller of the hydropower turbine. A wind turbine, an energy storage system and a regulated dump load are connected to the IG through the AC/DC converter. Goal. The paper aims to develop a methodology for steady state performance analysis of the hydraulic turbine driven isolated IG operating in parallel through an AC/DC power converter with additional sources and consumers of active power. Methodology. The methodology for evaluation of performance characteristics of the IG operating in the proposed system has been developed. The methodology is based on the equivalent circuit of the system, equations of active and reactive power balance in the system and the superposition method. Results. The equations of frequency, voltage and power regulators of the system are given. The performance characteristics of the IG operating in the system supplying resistive and RL load in «constant voltage – constant frequency» mode are obtained. Novelty. The developed methodology is innovative in taking into account the control algorithms of the system. The comparative analysis of the IG’s performance operating in the stand-alone generating unit and in the generating unit connected to the proposed system is performed. Practical value. The developed methodology can be used for development and performance improvement of hybrid AC power systems.

Axiomatic Fredholm theory in unital C*-algebras was established in [D. Kečkić, Z. Lazović, Acta Sci. Math., 83(3-4):629--655, 2017]. Following the pure algebraic approach by Kečkić and Lazović, in the author's paper [S. Ivković, Banach J. Math. Anal., 17:51, 2023] we extended further this theory to axiomatic semi-Fredholm and semi-Weyl theory in unital C*-algebras. However, recently, in [S. Ivković, arXiv:2306.01133] we developed another approach to axiomatic Fredholm theory in unital C*-algebras which is based on the theory of Hilbert modules and is equivalent to the algebraic approach by Kečkić and Lazović. In this paper, we extend further that new Hilbert-module approach from Fredholm theory to semi-Fredholm and semi-Weyl theory in unital C*-algebras. Hence, we provide new proofs to the results in [S. Ivković, Banach J. Math. Anal., 17:51, 2023].

This paper describes the possibilities of communication through information flows in the tasks of recognition and prediction using the example of assessing the change in the state of defects in materials.In the context of communication between several elements of the system, an important part is the formation of effective information flows and optimal messages. In this context, the grouping of information according to the principle of informativeness is proposed, using the example of the problem of recognition and further forecasting.Information transfer with the Internet of Things involves exchange over wireless networks and network protocols.In the paper, it is proposed to use the segmented area of the recognized object and use it to check the forecast. The paper proposes to use the segmented region of the recognized object in the image and use it to check the prediction. In addition, sensor data can be used to test defect classification. This design of information flows can improve performance.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the type and species structure of the array of literary and artistic publications released on the material and technical basis of Shevchenko Scientific Society in the first two periods of its activity and represented in the Digital Collection "Book Heritage of Shevchenko Scientific Society (1874-1913)" of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv. In order to achieve this purpose, the author used descriptive, analytical, synthetic, comparative, classification, historical and book studies, and systematic and typological methods of scientific knowledge. The scientific novelty of the paper is to highlight the type and species features of the publications of Ukrainian fiction, their authors and customers. Conclusions. Analysis of the array of books, digital copies of which are presented in the Collection "Book Heritage of Shevchenko Scientific Society (1874-1913)" of Vasyl Stefanyk Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine, has shown the following typical features of the printed products of that time: dominance of publications (mostly lifetime, often first) of original works by Ukrainian writers; representation of works by Borys Hrinchenko, Stepan Rudanskyi, Yurii Fedkovych, Taras Shevchenko in the form of scientific multi-volume editions with extensive scientific and auxiliary apparatus (prefaces, introductory articles, notes and comments); high proportion of small-scale mono-editions of prose works: short stories, samples, novels, plays and polygraphs, mainly poetry collections; budget artistic and printing execution (except for anniversary and multi-volume editions); predominance of publications in paper covers decorated with ornamental frames. Given the short period for implementing the project to digitize books and brochures published by the printing house of Shevchenko Scientific Society, there are still many first editions outside the collection that are interesting for the research reader. Taking into account the above, it is appropriate to continue the work we have begun by enriching the collection with other contemporary publications, while improving the platform on which they should be presented.

The problem of the Ukrainian semiotic metalanguage still remains a subject of controversy for those who are interested in the scholarly heritage of the greatest and an extraordinarily prolifi c American philosopher, logician (mathematical and general) and semiotician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839 – 1914). In the course of his polymathic researches he created numerous terminological neologisms. The latter are most commonly rendered into Ukrainian applying transliteration. Peirce was extremely fond of placing things into groups of three, of trichotomies, and of triadic relations. His theory of signs is also based on his ʻtriadism’. The article discusses the interpretation of the fundamental categories of Firstness, Secondness, and Thirdness as presented in Peirceʼs work “A Guess at the Riddle” and focuses on the challenges of rendering these and other important terminological units of Peircean semiotics into Ukrainian. The article contains excerpts from the above mentioned Peirce’s work translated into Ukrainian by the author of this paper and the issues of translating Peircean neologisms are approached with the aim of revealing logic in the management of semiotic realities and specifi cally the logic of constructing diff erent Ukrainian equivalents. The lack of the generally accepted tradition of translating semiotic terms brings to life many terminological variants used by diff erent Ukrainian scholars and translators. The present paper reviews some terminological variants used by Ukrainian semioticians and seeks to provide arguments to support the necessity of selecting Ukrainian equivalents using the native stock of morphemes instead of applying transliteration of the original English terms. Following this line of thought, the author suggests her options for rendering such key semiotic terms as Firstness, Secondness, Thirdness, representation and determination, representamen and interpretant and some others and claims that the suggested approach is justifi ed and can ensure the adequacy of the translation and the unifi cation of the Ukrainian terminology of semiotics.

The current paper seeks to present an insightful re-reading of the works authored by the contemporary Ukrainian Shakespearean scholar, practicing translator, editor, and critic M. Hablevych (born 1950) through the prism of narratology. The focus is on one of the main topics of her scientifi c research – Shakespeare’s legacy in the light of his life and works. Methodological tenets of transgeneric narratology (P. Huhn, M. Kraan, E. Müller-Zettelmann) and reception aesthetics (R. Ingarden, W. Iser, R. Barth) comprise the ground for the research in the paper. The ultimate goal of the paper is to apply narratological concepts to the critical and theoretical works of Maria Hablevych as well as to analyze the Ukrainian translations of Shakespeare’s Sonnets by D. Pavlychko (1998) and N. Butuk (2011) against their background. It is argued that the “Author” concept as regarded by the multifaceted agent partially correlates with the “Author-function” by M. Foucault, fulfi lling the functions of narratorhood (M.–L. Ryan). Yet, it reaches beyond the traditional narratological understanding of the notion of Author. By applying the critical-theoretical method, the method of narratological analysis, the elements of interpretive textual analysis, and translation studies analysis, the article looks into the peculiarities of narratological categories reproduction in the Ukrainian translations. The latter bears signifi cance for the adequate reproduction of the ideological and semantic unity of the Sonnets. The paper reveals various degrees of their rendering, with the version by N. Butuk being considered the most successful and closest to the multifaceted agent’s interpretation.

The paper is dedicated to John Milton’s poem “Samson Agonistes” (published in 1671) and its two translations: the Ukrainian translation was done by Ivan Franko (1912; published in 1913), and the Slovak translation was rendered by Marián Andričík (2022). The translation strategies applied in both target texts illustrate the ways and limits of the reception and perception of common European – sometimes predominantly Christian – poetics among modern readers. Local divergences can contribute to the integral theory of textual recreations in reader-oriented translation strategies. The focus of the paper is on three hypotheses: 1) older translations have poorer quality than newer ones. The time span of a century is usually a period which can cause some linguistic changes turning an actual text into an outdated one; 2) Milton is a product of a monarchical society. Franko, as a citizen of an empire (Austro-Hungarian Empire), could better understand the monarchical expression than Andričík, as a citizen of a republic (Slovak Republic); 3) both Ukrainian and Slovak have similar problems and solutions for dealing with the high-fl own style of Milton’s text. The political dimension of high-fl own style can be traced throughout Milton’s poem: it gives some specifi c but not decisive fl avour to the text. The storyline focus is still on the biblical plot, and its violation can threaten the correct understanding of the poem. Despite the time span between Franko’s publication and today’s reader, this translation does not sound outdated, and it can satisfactorily perform all informative and aesthetic functions. Andričík’s translation is very precise: the brevity of his style impresses, while he manages to keep equilinearity in his translation. Moreover, the use of abstract nouns instead of specifi c high-fl own lexemes can serve as effi cient advice for other translators who have to cope with the lingual asymmetry.

The purpose of the paper is to thoroughly investigate the intricate relationship between the United States and Azerbaijan from 1991 to 2020, considering diplomatic, political, economic, and security dimensions. Emphasizing the pivotal role of Russian Federation in the South Caucasus, the research seeks to provide a holistic understanding of the factors influencing U.S.-Azerbaijan relations, offering valuable insights into evolving geopolitical dynamics over the three crucial decades. The novelty of the paper lies in its in-depth exploration of three decades of U.S.-Azerbaijan relations, the study provides unique insights into the evolving dynamics, contributing a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted relationship. Conclusions. The author identifies 4 periods of US-Azerbaijan relations in 1991-2020: 1) 1991-2001, 2) 2001-2007, 3) 2007-2015, and 4) 2015-2020. From 1991 to 2001, the United States underwent a transformative phase in its policy towards Azerbaijan, marked by an increased focus on regional stability and economic partnerships through energy initiatives like the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline. Security concerns in the South Caucasus also influenced policy decisions, while considerations of democracy and human rights were weighed against broader strategic imperatives. This period set the foundation for subsequent shifts in U.S. policy towards Azerbaijan. In 2001-2007, U.S. policy towards Azerbaijan underwent significant changes, prioritizing the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline and intensifying efforts in combatting international terrorism. The Global War on Terror played a crucial role, leading to strengthened U.S.-Azerbaijan relations, though democracy promotion took a back seat to energy and security interests. The period from 2007 to 2015 saw a nuanced shift, with decreased U.S. focus on energy and security, increased attention to democracy and human rights, and challenges arising from Azerbaijan’s opposition to the Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement. Azerbaijan’s strategic concerns regarding Nagorno-Karabakh intensified, and U.S. engagement faced limitations in influencing regional outcomes. Between 2015 and 2020, U.S. policy towards Azerbaijan further disengaged across energy, security, and democracy promotion dimensions, influenced by factors like the unconventional oil and gas revolution, decreasing Central Asia significance, rising isolationism, and the Trump administration’s priorities. The U.S. response to regional dynamics, notably the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, showcased a trend of reduced involvement.

The purpose of the paper is to highlight the development of information-psychological warfare, its history, concepts, technologies and methods, which are one of the most important areas of work in the field of international relations. The concept of ‘information warfare’ has concentrated a number of phenomena from the sphere of mass communications and during the 20th century was called various terms, such as ‘disinformation’, ‘propaganda’, ‘psychological warfare’, ‘psychological operations’. Within the scope of the study, the importance of psychological warfare in today’s context has been examined using the example of Azerbaijan and Armenia. It has been emphasized how Armenia effectively employed psychological warfare tactics and propaganda to gain an advantageous position in the late 20th century. In the early 21st century, the significance of Azerbaijan gaining a superior position in psychological warfare and using propaganda effectively has been discussed. Additionally, the article delves into the importance of using white propaganda during psychological warfare and the drawbacks of black propaganda within the context of the psychological warfare between Azerbaijan and Armenia. The novelty of the paper lies in a comprehensive analysis of information and psychological warfare and operations in the context of the Azerbaijan-Armenian conflict. Conclusions. In the 20th century information and psychological warfare and operations became part of the military policy of states. Now, due to the current situation on the world stage, the methods and means of conducting information warfare are changing and every year they are reaching a higher level. It can also be stated that in the 21st century, information wars have become more widespread. In summary, the historical context and evolution of information warfare demonstrate its enduring significance as a tool for states to achieve their strategic and political goals. As technology and global politics continue to evolve, information warfare is likely to remain a key component of statecraft and international relations.

War brings destruction in the broader sense, forcing millions to flee their homes, and resulting in an increased burden of depression, anxiety, PTSD and other mental and behavioral disorders. This burden grows even more in the framework of pandemics and natural disasters, as social and protection services experience crisis of resources. Providing one-to-one mental health care is no longer feasible for masses of refugee and internally displaced children and adults who need support, and, as a result, the need to have increasing numbers of mental health specialists who intervene in groups becomes more and more emergent. The paper reviews the Positum MGS approach to work with groups of children and adults in refugee settings, and not only, suggests the ‘Positum MGS coaching protocol’ within the framework of group Positive Psychotherapy (PPT after Peseschkian, since 1977)TM. Empirically supported and demonstrated by a case in the paper, the protocol being applied by a Positum MGS trainer or team of trainers, during an in-person training of 4-5 days, helps trainees greatly in learning to use psychosocial transcultural games and related techniques as resilience-building tools with groups of children, adolescents or adults. Either in the position of PPT trainers, psychotherapists, consultants or students, the participants in a Positum MGS core training and coaching or PPT training at basic or master levels with a focus of working with groups, can be supported through the suggested coaching protocol and questions in line with the 5-stage consultation of PPT.

Enterprises develop and interact with the global environment. Their activities are influenced by various factors, and timely identification of the degree of their influence allows forecasting business development and reasonably choosing development strategies. The work is based on the hypothesis that in the global environment, under the influence of internal and external factors, tools can be developed for enterprise assessment and business strategy formation. The puprose of the paper is to develop a toolkit for evaluating an enterprise in a global environment for choosing a development strategy. In the article, the authors conduct a study of the influence of factors of the global environment on the development of the enterprise, propose a model with the help of which it is expedient to forecast the metastate of the enterprise and put forward proposals for choosing an effective development strategy. A structural and logical model for ensuring the stable development of business systems has been proposed. In the process of research, the authors developed a system of indicators that form an integral index that characterizes the effectiveness of the development of business systems. The basis of the integral indicator of the metastate of the development of business systems is a set of indicators for assessing the development and changes in the state of business systems in a dynamic global environment. The economic and mathematical model of estimating the metastate of business systems is considered as a reflection and formalization of the main, essential parameters of business systems development (production, technological and property, personnel, social, financial, material and supply, marketing, foreign trade. The integral metastate index of business systems systematically reflects the effectiveness of the Kharkiv machine-building business systems and allows determining strategies for their development. The selected machine-building enterprises have been grouped by the following types of development strategies: a rapid growth strategy aimed at ensuring the development of enterprises, offensive positions; a strategy of moderate growth and stabilization, characterized by stable parameters of business systems development, adequacy of resources for development, aimed at saving resources and costs, market expansion and development, product upgrades, innovative development; a strategy of curtailment, reduction, which is characterized by negative development trends due to lower profits, reduced assets, reorientation of consumers to other products or markets. As a result of the research, a methodological approach to the assessment of trends in the development of business systems has been developed, which will allow obtaining additional advantages in the global environment. Determination of benefits becomes a basic characteristic for monitoring information provision regarding the organization of enterprise activities in a global environment. The paper makes a contribution to the research of the methodology for assessing the development of enterprises that can be applied to other enterprises, not only to the Kharkiv area. In the event of a change in the influence of global environmental factors, the degree of influence should be specified. The work offers an opportunity to develop further research from the point of view of strategic management, the concept of six sigma, and production optimization.

Introduction The rising prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has prompted concerns regarding its potential health implications. While much attention has focused on respiratory and cardiovascular effects, injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures linked to e-cigarette use have received less scrutiny. This paper aims to comprehensively review the landscape of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures induced by e-cigarettes, shedding light on this underexplored facet of e-cigarette-related harm. Material and Methods This literature review has analyzed 16 papers. Inclusion criteria: researches and case reports published after 2015. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. Analysis of the Literature Existing literature suggests a growing incidence of injuries, oral trauma, and bone fractures associated with e-cigarette use, albeit with limited systematic investigation. Mechanisms underlying these injuries range from device malfunctions to inadvertent impacts during use. Case reports highlight a spectrum of injuries, including oral burns, dental trauma, and skeletal fractures, often involving the face and mouth regions. Conclusions Despite the lack of comprehensive epidemiological data emerging evidence underscores the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures to mitigate e-cigarette-related injuries. Enhanced education, regulation of e-cigarette devices, and promotion of safer usage practices are crucial steps towards reducing the burden of e-cigarette-related harm on oral and skeletal health.

The paper proposes a modern approach to the automated design of three-dimensional models of wood drying chambers and the study of their operation parameters using the SolidWorks Simulation tool, which makes it possible to create various information models using computer tools. Therefore, in this paper, a three-dimensional model of a wood drying chamber was developed and presented, which includes its main components: walls, ceilings, door, stacks of lumber to be dried, a fresh air supply system, a system for its circulation through fans and heating through heaters. For the automated design of three-dimensional models of all these components, the corresponding algorithms were also developed and programmatically implemented using a specialized SolidWorks application programming interface. At the same time, the developed software application takes into account the parameters entered by the user, including the size, quantity, and type of lumber to be dried. In addition, several thermal calculations were performed across the stack, including with different air velocities. This allows us to analyze the effect of this speed on the distribution of heat transfer across the stack. In general, the obtained results are automatically displayed in one of the windows of the software application. This approach makes it possible to obtain results in the background of SolidWorks with minimal user intervention. Despite the fact that such studies are carried out in SolidWorks Simulation, the graphical results, including the temperature distribution across the stack, are fully automated without user intervention. The software application also makes it possible to automatically change the geometry of a three-dimensional model of a wood drying chamber or stacks within specified limits. In turn, the use of the developed software application in combination with SolidWorks Simulation can effectively speed up the process of creating three-dimensional models of wood drying chambers and studying their operation parameters. In general, this work reflects the trend towards digital transformation in industry, opening up new opportunities for woodworking enterprises and contributing to their market competitiveness and production efficiency.

The article deals with the development and implementation of a financial model of exports in the context of strategic planning of foreign economic activity of enterprises. The model described in this paper aims to measure, analyse, evaluate and propose improvements to administrative processes by identifying various variables involved in strategic foreign trade planning. This paper is a survey that is being developed for export activities in Ukraine. Exports in Ukraine were analysed to test the methodology and to build an additive model. The model empirically shows the links that exist between the internal functions of a company and its ability to generate performance management indicators and business dynamics as a way to improve processes in strategic foreign trade planning. Some relevant findings from the first two stages of the empirical research conducted to date are presented. Validation has proven that the use of the methodology of strategic planning of foreign economic activity allows you to compensate for investments in new resources by increasing the number of operations carried out eliminating delays and attracting new customers as a result of improving the client's perception of the quality of service. During the audit, it was possible to determine that the delays created in the activities of support systems increase their negative impact on the process, consuming the slack of many actions of the central system and delaying their implementation, negatively affecting foreign economic activity. The model will be useful for enterprises engaged in foreign trade.

Introduction and purpose Non-specific and specific lower back pain syndrome is one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal disability and affects more than half of the population worldwide. The aim of this paper is to confront the problem of lumbar pain, possible diagnostic options, conservative and surgical opportunities with long term satisfactory rate. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on lower back pain syndrome, sciatica, radiculopathy and lumbar disc herniation in regards to detection of the problem, classifying it and possible methods of resolvement. The WHO defines lower back pain as one of the leading causes of musculoskeletal dysfunction and it focuses on reducing the occurrence by programs like WHO Rehabilitation 2030 Initiative, UN Decade of Healthy Ageing and others. The paper also focuses on non surgical options of treatment. Material and method A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on differential diagnosis depending on clinical presentation and possible treatment methods depending on symptoms, pathogenesis of the disorder and available procedures. Summary Our review managed to present the current state of development, possible differential diagnosis, prevalence of neural compressions, sciatica and radiculopathy in different diagnostic options. By receiving multiple studies we confront varied opinions of specialists regarding the approach to lower back pain syndrome and favorable forms of care. Additionally we came to the conclusion that the difference of patients' long term satisfactory rate in regards to nonoperative and operative treatment is not significant, and flattens over the years.

Gilbert’s syndrome is the most common inherited jaundice worldwide. It affects 5-10% of the population. It is caused by a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, which results in impaired bilirubin metabolism. It is a benign disease and does not affect the life expectancy of patients. Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome should be alert to factors that exacerbate the course of the disease, interactions with medications taken and possible comorbidities such as hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or schizophrenia. However, it is the responsibility of physicians with such patients under their care to properly educate patients. Gilbert’s syndrome carries not only the consequences associated with the mutation, but also has many benefits that patients may not be fully aware of. Mildly elevated bilirubin levels have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents the development of lifestyle diseases and cancer. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that this could be a great step toward new treatments for diseases affecting the entire human population. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: This review paper aims to show Gilbert’s syndrome as a multifaceted disease and to sensitize doctors' attention to patients with the described mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: Gilbert’s syndrome, bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, Gilbert’s syndrome harmful and protective aspects, iatrogenic Gilbert’s syndrome RESULTS: The result of the work is to present Gilbert’s syndrome as a disease that carries medical problems directly related to the mutation, but also, in some cases, has a protective effect on affected individuals. The work highlights the complexity of the problem.

Introduction and purpose: Diabetes has emerged as a global lifestyle disease, with an alarming rise in cases, particularly of type 2 diabetes. In Poland, over 3 million people are diagnosed, and an estimated 4 million cases are expected by 2030. Effective treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including dietary intervention, physical activity, and pharmacological options. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation, and GLP-1 analogs have become essential in managing type 2 diabetes. This paper explores the development and mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs, detailing their impact on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, and weight reduction. Description of the state knowledge: Various GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the novel tirzepatide, are discussed. These drugs exhibit diverse pharmacokinetics, modes of administration, and effects on glucose metabolism and weight. Despite their efficacy, there is a concerning trend of off-label use, particularly for obesity treatment, leading to shortages for patients with valid prescriptions. This misuse is fueled by para-advertising on social media platforms, contributing to a surge in prescriptions and reimbursement costs. To address this, guidelines for GLP-1 analog use in obesity treatment are proposed, emphasizing the need for a stable drug supply and normalizing drug availability. Summary: In 2023, concerns intensified with reports of counterfeit GLP-1 analogs, prompting regulatory interventions. The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role GLP-1 analogs play in diabetes and obesity treatment, while emphasizing the importance of responsible prescription practices, guidelines adherence, and regulatory vigilance to ensure patient safety and mitigate the risks associated with misuse and counterfeit drugs.

Effective body posture entails the correct alignment of body parts in relation to each other and is crucial for preserving balance, stability, and the efficient operation of muscles and joints. The major types of posture abnormalities such as lordosis, kyphosis and scoliosis can lead to alterations in various areas of the body, such as stomatognatic system. The potential correlation between malocclusion and body posture remains a subject of controversy. The aim of this review is to investigate and evaluate the association between posture defects and malocclusion on the basis of literature. This literature review has analyzed 18 studies. Inclusion criteria: clinical researches published after 2010, regarding children and adults. PubMed and Google Scholar has been searched to identify the papers. In 18 analyzed studies, 2133 patients were enrolled (including 979 children aged 4-18). A positive correlation between scoliosis and different types of malocclusion has been proven by six papers. There are also other noteworthy dependencies, such as overjet and pelvic torsion, kyphosis and sagittal position of mandible, skeletal Class III and torticollis, cross bite and scapula plane. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis significantly affects the stomatognathic system, leading to issues like crossbite, crowding, increased overjet, overbite, partial open bite, and midline deviation. Orthopedists should collaborate with orthodontists for comprehensive treatment, particularly during developmental stages.

This scientific paper focuses on the treatment of breast cancer, one of the most common cancers among women. Despite increased awareness and the popularity of screening tests, statistics indicate a significant rise in incidence. The paper presents breast-conserving treatment methods, including brachytherapy, as a modern technique with promising outcomes. It describes the physical properties of ionizing radiation used in brachytherapy, discussing the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and the phenomenon of pair production. The paper then delves into the biological effects of ionizing radiation, emphasizing the dependence on the cell cycle phase. It highlights lethal, sublethal, and potentially lethal cellular damage, categorizing the effects of radiation interaction into early and late responses. The discussion transitions to the application of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment, focusing on various techniques such as LDR, PDR, and HDR. The paper provides a detailed description of brachytherapy's use in breast-conserving treatment, considering contraindications, treatment planning, and Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) techniques. The radioisotopes used in brachytherapy are also presented, with special attention to Iridium-192. The physical and practical aspects related to this isotope are discussed, along with other commonly used radioisotopes such as Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and Strontium-90. The paper concludes with a summary, emphasizing the significance of brachytherapy in breast cancer treatment and outlining its prospects for development. The authors highlight precision and shortened therapy duration.

Introduction and purpose: In our work, we focused on presenting the role of collagen supplementation and its impact on skin and joint health. We considered studies discussing the differences in the effects of collagen from various plant and animal sources. We also examined the influence of the degree of hydrolysis on the absorbability of the supplement. The aim of the paper is to comprehensively summarize knowledge on collagen supplementation, differentiating between its sources and forms. Material and methods: In our paper, we endeavored to address the subject of oral collagen supplementation comprehensively. We explored studies about various forms and sources of collagen. We also delved into the collagen supplementation impact on skin and joints health and impact of additives in enhancing the positive effect of collagen . State of knowledge: Oral collagen supplementation can be beneficial for skin and joints health. It promote collagen synthesis in human body increasing strength of skin and joints. The higher the degree of collagen hydrolysis, the more easily it is absorbed by the body. Additives in the form of vitamin C and A can enhance collagen synthesis. Results and conclusions: This review article indicates a growing interest in oral collagen supplementation and its impact on health. Although there are encouraging findings regarding positive effects, further research is necessary to better understand and determine the optimal conditions for achieving maximum supplementation benefits. This information may be crucial for clinical decisions made by physicians regarding joint reinforcement and anti-aging effects on the skin.

Introduction and purpose The term "probiotic" rooted in Latin, signifies 'for life,' reflecting the historical use of fermented products for therapeutic purposes. While browsing many websites devoted to healthy eating or popular science topics, we often came across the topic of probiotic food without any confirmation by scientific research. The aim of this paper is to confirm or exclude the presence of probiotics in popular foods. State of knowledge The paper reviews literature on the health benefits of various food that is traditionally considered probiotic, focusing on how they impact on varied health conditions. Defined by the WHO as living microorganisms conferring health benefits when consumed adequately, probiotics, mainly bacteria from Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera, play a vital role in maintaining gut microbiota balance, regulating digestion, supporting the immune system and influencing mental and cardiovascular health. In addition, the paper also searches for scientific basis for their action. Material and methods A review of the literature available in the “PubMed” and Google Schoolar was conducted. We focused on checking whether the microorganisms contained in pickled food meet the WHO criteria for probiotics. Summary Our review managed to prove the probiotic effect of almost all presented food, except for miso. By reviewing many articles, we shed a lot of uncertainty on the repeated myth about the lack of probiotic effect of cucumbers preserved in vinegar and what is more, we found scientific assumptions about the probiotic effect of vinegar itself. Fermented food contains numerous strains of bacteria that are resistant to acid, bile and temperature in the human digestive tract and can be effectively used as a source of probiotics. Additionally, compared to probiotics from the pharmacy, fermented products provide not only probiotics, but also nutritional value, valuable fiber and vitamins, benefiting to our health.

Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of red wine on human health, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease. State of Knowledge: Since the 1990s, red wine has gained its status as a health-promoting alcohol through the French Paradox - when drunk in moderate amounts, it protects against cardiovascular disease. The authors have collected scientific papers on the health effects of alcohol, red wine and resveratrol-a polyphenol that is the main component with health-promoting effects of wine. On their basis, they analyzed the assumptions of the positive effects of wine reaching inconclusive conclusions. Summary: Despite the fact that both ethanol and resveratrol have a positive effect in in vitro studies, in population studies their effect is much less significant, either because the negative behavioral-health effects in the case of ethanol are omitted or the actual effective doses of resveratrol are omitted.

Context: Angular gyrus is an anatomical structure of the brain located in the parietal lobe, taking part in writing and reading, language-use, memory and attention and spatial recognition. It is supplied by the angular gyrus artery, which is one of the caudal branches of the middle cerebral artery. One of the clinical pathologies of the angular gyrus artery is the ischemic stroke of the angular gyrus in the dominant hemisphere, responsible for the presence of Gerstmann Syndrome: left-right disorientation, agraphia, alexia, acalculia and finger agnosia. This systematic review aims to present the variety of anomalies of the main cerebral artery and the angular gyrus artery. Objective: Preparing a systematic review of papers describing the course anomalies of the angular gyrus artery. Materials and methods: PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases was searched for phrases: ‘Angular gyrus artery’, ‘Artery of angular gyrus’, ‘Middle cerebral artery branches’, ‘Branches of middle cerebral artery’, ‘Gerstmann Syndrome’ published between years 2015 and 2023. Also 3 papers published before 2000 were used. From the selected 30 papers, 6 were used to prepare this analysis. Results: The middle cerebral artery, from which arises the angular gyrus artery, is marked by a significant variety of its division, mainly the number of the dividing trunks of the artery. Depending on the type of the division, the angular gyrus artery can arise from the upper, middle or lower trunk and vary in sizes. It can also appear as a singular or two separate branches. Instances of the anomaly of both the angular gyrus artery and posterior parietal artery are rare, but reported. Conclusions: The angular gyrus artery is characterised by a number of anomalies in its course, separation from the middle cerebral artery, diameter and branching.

Introduction and purpose: Apples are a widely consumed fruit globally and are known to be a great source of nutrition. Studies have shown that apples contain high levels of antioxidants, dietary fiber, and vitamins that contribute to numerous health benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of apples on human health. State of knowledge: The paper reviews the current literature on the health benefits of apples, focusing on their impact on various health conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and obesity. Additionally, it examines the role of apples in improving intestinal, immune, and cognitive function. The paper also discusses the potential mechanisms by which apples exert their health benefits, such as high levels of flavonoids, polyphenols, and dietary fiber. Summary: In conclusion, the vast body of evidence reviewed in this paper supports the notion that consuming apples regularly can contribute to better health outcomes. They may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, as well as promote healthy gut microbiota and immune function. Despite the controversy surrounding the use of pesticides in apple cultivation, the benefits of consuming apples outweigh the risks. Therefore, it is highly recommended to include apples as part of a balanced and nutritious diet to promote optimal health and wellbeing. As the saying goes, "An apple a day keeps the doctor away".

Introduction and aim Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic condition that affects an increasing number of people each year[1]. Healing the ulceration requires cooperation between patients, specialists and scientists in order to achieve satisfactory results. Treating this type of wound is not only a therapeutic challenge[1,2,3,4,5,6], but also an economic one, which is why so much scientific research has already been made on this phenomenon[2,3]. Still scientists continue their quest for new cost-effective alternatives to current therapeutic options that would be consistent with contemporary knowledge and available engineering capabilities in pursuance of creating techniques and new dressings that will accelerate the healing of DFUs[2,3,7,8]. Factors such as stress, obesity, certain medications, and chronic diseases appear to negatively affect the process of repair [1,9,10,4,6,11]. Studies prove that aloe vera gel due to its healing properties, can be considered as a potential dressing that will expedite the mending process of diabetic foot ulceration[12,13,14]. In this paper, we performed a literature review of the applicability of aloe vera in the healing process of DFUs. Materials and methods Searching the available literature, including randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews, we drew on databases focusing on the effects of treatment for diabetic foot ulceration using Aloe vera. Conclusion: The current scientific research on the use of Aloe vera gel in diabetic foot ulcer treatment indicates that this method is safe, effective and inexpensive[2,3]. However the difficulty of treatment and the increasing prevalence of this type of wound pose a challenge to finding new solutions and exploring mechanisms in which aloe vera can have a possible role in the wound healing process. Nevertheless, this paper presents a promising impact of Aloe vera gel applicability in the healing process of diabetic foot ulcer.

Introduction and purpose: Currently, as the frequency of obesity is alarming, the role of many factors that could contribute in preventing and treating this condition are being researched, among them the certain food with beneficial health profiles - one of them is soybeans, specifically the isoflavones it contains. Populations that consume soy are known for lower risk of various disorders - among them obesity. The aim of this paper is to summarize the existing paper about the role of these bioactive components in the treatment of this condition. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Obesity is one of the leading challenges in today’s healthcare as it leads to various chronic diseases that are fraught in consequences. Current knowledge is pointing into the association between composition of the soy isoflavones and the lower risk of obesity. Results of the studies indicate that patients affected with obesity could benefit from introducing soy isoflavones into their diet along with other necessary modifications. Conclusions: Soy isoflavones are potential agents in the holistic obesity treatment. Consumption of isoflavones merits further recognition as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its possibly meaningful role. It is worth mentioning that consumption of soy isoflavones is not only an anti-obese factor, but also presents various other health benefits and when consumed rationally poses no risk to human’s well being. We conclude that further studies would enable us to fully reveal the potential of those polyphenols.

Introduction. Most electromagnetic compatibility studies carried out in the context of power switch research are generally valid for low frequencies. This frequency restriction appears to be too restrictive for a complete analysis of the electromagnetic interference conducted. The novelty of this work lies in the load-dependent an optimal selection of IGBTs and MOSFETs for least-disturbance power switching in the frequency range from 150 kHz to 30 MHz, based on an optimal experimental selection procedure and show the impact of load value on switch switching and noise generation. Purpose. Analysis of the fundamental possibility of selecting a switching device with a power supply based on an experimental measurement which allows to increase the reliability of the entire mechanism operation and significantly simplify the design. Methods. In this paper, the proposed study is used and compared with experimental results at low and high frequencies. Then, a comparison is made for conducted electromagnetic interference (common-mode and differential-mode) generated by IGBT and MOSFET for different loads, and the proposed methodology is verified on an experiment suitable for predicting terminal overvoltage analysis and conducted electromagnetic interference problems. Practical value. The primary method for establishing a conducted electromagnetic interference source for switching devices is based on IGBT and a MOSFET depending on the resistive load. References 22, figures 17.

Introduction. This paper focuses on a renewable energy system coupled to a dual purpose power grid via a parallel active power filter for injecting photovoltaic energy into the grid and improving the power quality in the presence of the non-linear load. The novelty of the work consists in the combination of two advanced techniques – Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and the optimized Anti-Windup Fractional Order Proportional-Integral Differentiator (AW-FOPID) regulator based on Particle Swarm Optimization with the Spreading Factor (PSO-SF) algorithm, applied to the improved Direct Power Control (DPC) strategy under different conditions related to climate changes and healthy or infected electrical network. Purpose. Its main role is to improve the power quality and reject the perturbations deforming the electrical network under distorted, unbalanced and balanced grid voltage conditions. Besides, the FLC is employed the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) under any weather conditions. In addition, the optimized AW-FOPID controller leads to keep the DC bus voltage at its reference value with small undershoots and overshoots in the voltage with a short response time in steady or dynamic states. Methods. The rejection of disturbances affecting the grid is offered by the improved DPC. On the other hand, an intelligent method based on fuzzy logic was used MPPT under any weather conditions. Furthermore, an AW-FOPID regulator based on PSO-SF algorithm is used to keep the DC bus voltage at its reference value with small undershoots and overshoots in the voltage, while keeping a fast response time. Results. The proposed system control is evaluated in various states of power source: distorted, unbalanced, and balanced by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness and performance of the studied control strategies. References 26, tables 8, figures 16.

Assessing the risk of financial distress is an important component of effective management because it helps companies make right financial decisions, avoid potential risks and improve business operations. This study provides more empirical evidence on the role of the Z-Score model in predicting financial distress of companies in emerging markets like Vietnam. This research paper uses data from 30 companies that delisted on UPCOM due to financial distress and 30 companies with Z-score greater than 4.35 on Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HoSE) for 5 years from 2018 to 2022, corresponding to 300 observations. The selected companies have enough audited financial statement data during the research period which are collected from websites such as cafef.vn, vietstock.vn, and websites with data on companies’ financial statements. The financial factors are taken from the balance sheet and income statement by the authors to calculate the Z-Score. The authors use the Independent-samples T-test with data collected delisted companies due to financial distress and stably listed firms on the Vietnam Stock Market to test whether there is a difference in Z-score and independent variables in the Z-score model between these two groups of companies. The research results show that, there is a significant difference in the Z-score and the factors in the Z-Score model between the group of listed companies and the group of delisted companies, and between companies with low level of financial distress and those with high level of financial distress. From the findings obtained, the authors have made suggestions and recommendations for relevant parties such as the State Securities Commission of Vietnam, users of financial statements, and companies in order to contribute to preventing and limiting the risk of corporate financial distress in the most effective way.

During the period of the pandemic and martial law, Ukraine has lost a significant part of its human capital: assessing these losses and developing proposals for their restoration is especially relevant in the context of the need to restore Ukraine’s economy in the post-war period. The purpose of the article was to study and systematize the causes of human capital losses and their structure, to determine the impact of learning losses on the formation of human capital, as well as to summarize proposals for compensation for learning losses and restoration of human capital. As a result of the analysis of the scientific works, a number of factors have been identified that affect the level of learning losses and learning gaps due to quarantine restrictions in various countries of the world, namely, Germany, Spain, Belgium, China. The systematization of information made it possible to group the factors that affect learning losses in Ukraine, with the allocation of groups of factors that are due to the restriction of opportunities to attend educational institutions, and groups of factors that have arisen as a result of hostilities in Ukraine. The paper substantiates the existence of regional differences in the occurrence of learning losses and their impact on the formation of human capital. The clustering of regions has been carried out on the basis of losses of entrants in educational institutions and the region’s contribution to the creation of the gross domestic product of Ukraine. The results of the clustering made it possible to determine the priority directions for the restoration of human capital. Based on the research results, measures to eliminate learning losses and learning gaps for educational institutions of various levels are proposed, which can be applied in practice in the post-war reconstruction of the country’s economy

The paper focuses on the initial experience of a mixed-aged group of newly arrived Ukrainian children and their new Ukrainian teacher at a school in Germany. To assess the efficiency of the first four months of the transition period and to outline the recommendations for the further steps in teaching the Ukrainian asylum seekers a mixed method study including qualitative and quantitative analysis was applied. Interviews with the acting Ukrainian teacher, her reflective analysis of the observations of her group of 26 Ukrainian children aged 11–16, indirect feedback collected from the local teachers involved in working with the learners, as well as the answers to two mixed anonymous questionnaires conducted on the twenty learners who consented to participate were used to collect data on the interim outcomes of the transition period. In-class interaction and communication with the teacher, along with the desire to socialize and make new interpersonal connections, were among the most significant factors in fostering positive experiences and engagement for children in school. Learners mentioned up to six subjects lacking in their German schools, with mathematics being the most frequently cited, some students desired additional language classes, including Ukrainian, English, and German. The organization of the initial four-month-long stage of the transition period has served the purpose of providing young asylum seekers with sufficient psychological support and an opportunity to get back to normal life. In the upcoming academic year, it is urgent to establish clear academic expectations, avoid treating children as overly special, and prioritize their integration into society.

The paper studies packing polygons of variable shapes, regarding the stretching coefficient, in a rectangular target domain of minimum height. Packing objects of a variable shape have a wide spectrum of applications, e.g, in biology, materials science, mechanics, land allocation, and logistics. Interest in these problems is also due to the modeling of the structures of porous media under pressure, e.g., for creating test models of artificial digital cores. Elements of porous media can be deformed under the influence of an external force, but the mass of each particle remains unchanged. This corresponds to conservation of area for the two-dimensional case. Polygonal objects must be completely contained within the target domain (containment constraint) and do not overlap (non-overlapping constraint), provided they have free translations, continuous rotations, stretch transformations, and conserve their area. The phi-function technique is used for an analytical description of the placement constraints for variable shape polygons. Quasi-phi-functions for describing non-overlapping constraints and phi-functions for describing containment constraints are defined. The packing problem is presented in the form of a nonlinear programming model. A solution strategy is proposed, which consists of the following stages: generation of feasible starting points; search for local minima of the problem of packing soft polygons for each starting point using the decomposition algorithm; choosing the best local minimum found at the previous stage. To search for smart starting arrangements, an optimization algorithm for packing original polygons using their homothetic transformations is applied. Decomposition of the problem of packing polygons of variable shapes is based on an iterative procedure that allows reducing a large-scale problem to a sequence of smaller nonlinear programming problems (linear to the number of objects). Numerical examples are provided for oriented rectangles and non-oriented regular polygons.

Introduction. Function approximation (approximation or restoration) is widely used in data analysis, model building, and forecasting. The goal of function approximation is to find the function that best approximates the original function. This can be useful when the original function is too complex to analyze or when a model needs to be simplified for more efficient computation or interpretation. Function approximation is an important tool in science, engineering, economics, and other fields where data analysis and modeling are required. It allows you to simplify complex functions, identify patterns in the behavior of the object of study, and predict the value of a function beyond the available data. The purpose of the paper is consider the problems of approximation of a function, which on some interval is given by its values in some set of nodal points and belongs to some class of functions by trigonometric Fourier series with a given accuracy and at fulfillment of given constraints on its execution time. The main attention is paid to obtaining estimates of computational complexity (implementation time) and solving the problem of function approximation by Fourier series with a given or maximum possible accuracy using efficient algorithms for solving optimization problems. Results. The general formulation of the problem of approximation of functions by Fourier series in accordance with the technology of solving problems of computational and applied mathematics with specified values of quality characteristics is presented. Estimates of the error of the proposed approximation algorithms using for the computation of Fourier coefficients the optimal in accuracy and close to them quadrature formulas for the computation of integrals from rapidly oscillating functions of the classes of Helder and Lipschitz with given fixed values in the nodes of a fixed grid are given. The corresponding quadrature formulas and constructive estimates of the error of the method of approximation of functions of the specified classes are given. Estimates of computational complexity of the given algorithms are obtained, which allow us to set real constraints on the time of algorithm implementation with a given or maximum possible accuracy. Conclusions. A comprehensive analysis of the quality of the considered algorithms for the approximation of functions by Fourier series using the accuracy-optimal (or close to them) quadrature formulas for the computation of Fourier coefficients for the computation of integrals from rapidly oscillating functions is presented. The estimates of their main characteristics – accuracy and computational complexity – are obtained.

Introduction. When making decisions under uncertainty, Savage's criterion is sometimes used, or the criterion of minimizing regrets [1]. Usually, in the literature, this decision situation is described in matrix language. In other words, both the number of decision alternatives and the number of states of nature are finite. Of particular interest are situations where the admissible domain of decision variants is a convex set, and the regrets with respect to each state of nature are expressed by convex functions. In this paper, we propose numerical methods for minimizing Savage's regret function, constructed based on the subgradient projection method with automatic step size adjustment [2, 3]. The convergence of these methods is demonstrated. Goal. In the article, the Savage function is defined as a function that expresses the maximum regret value, assumed to be a convex function with respect to the decision factors. This function measures the effectiveness of each decision relative to the set of states of nature. It is important to note that computing the values of these functions is complex because of the need to know the optimal solution for each state of nature. This difficulty is successfully overcome in the process of solving the problem of minimizing functions on convex sets, thanks to parallel solutions of m "internal" algorithms based on the number of states of nature, and one external algorithm, aimed at minimizing the Savage function. Each of the m+1 algorithms represent modifications of the subgradient projection method with a programmable way of adjusting the step size. Depending on the complexity of the constraints and the required precision, three theorems have been proven, confirming the convergence of the investigated methods. Results obtained. Constructive numerical algorithms have been developed for determining optimal decision alternatives under uncertainty, when the number of states of nature is finite, the admissible domain of control factors is convex and compact, and the Savage regret function serves as a decision criterion. The convergence of the corresponding algorithms to the set of optimal solutions has been proven, without knowing the exact values of the Savage function. Instead, estimates obtained from parallel runs of algorithms were used, aimed at determining optimal solutions for each state of nature. Conclusions. Uncertainty poses significant difficulties in designing and making decisions. Any decision made under uncertainty represents a certain risk or a certain regret. In cases where the number of states of nature is finite, the decision domain is convex, the target function with respect to each state of nature is convex, and the Savage regret function is adopted as the decision criterion, the decision-making problem can be successfully solved using numerical algorithms based on the generalized gradient method. The implementation of the algorithm is relatively simple, and the fields of application can be very diverse.

Purpose. The purpose of the study was to economically evaluate the condition of animal husbandry in the Republic of Kazakhstan and also to determine the necessity and possibility of the creation of an effective meat hub. Methodology / approach. The following methods were used: economic analysis and synthesis, comparison and analogy, systematization and generalization, factor analysis, institutional analysis, and modelling that helped identify problems of the livestock industry, and ways for its development. Results. The paper presents the results of the analysis of world and regional production and consumption of livestock and poultry; import and export of meat products in Asian countries, including Kazakhstan; the dynamics and structure of livestock in farms of different categories; the dynamics of gross income of livestock production of the republic; SWOT-analysis of efficiency of agricultural enterprises. Studying the meat market trends in the world and in the Republic of Kazakhstan, and also the dynamics of production and consumption of meat and meat products is a basis for argumentation when choosing strategically important measures on application of forms and ways of control, creation of the economic forecast, definition of the basic vectors of effective development of this industry in the long term taking into account influence of factors of various nature. Originality / scientific novelty. The study makes an original contribution by providing a comprehensive, evidence-based analysis of the current state and future prospects of Kazakhstan’s livestock sector, while proposing innovative structural solutions through a specialised meat hub to improve productivity, quality and competitiveness. Practical value / implications. The study suggests the need to enhance meat production to meet domestic demand and boost exports. Achieving this involves innovating meat processing and sales, improving animal productivity through genetic advancements, enhancing infrastructure, and establishing livestock centres. Ongoing monitoring of the meat market is essential for crafting strategies to improve the livestock sector. Besides, creating a “meat hub” model will reduce investment and operational expenses for production units, streamline production based on set standards and consumer demand, enhance product liquidity, and augment income for small entrepreneurial forms.

The relevance of this study is determined by the need to identify the consequences of the war for the economy and the prospects for the development of military-economic relations between Ukraine and other countries. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the volume and structure of Ukraine’s foreign economic relations during the wartime period and to outline future ways of expanding Ukraine’s foreign activities. To fulfil this purpose, the following methods were used: statistical data analysis; comparison; graphical; and data generalisation. The main results obtained in this paper include the identification of the dynamics of volumes and goods that occupy a considerable part of Ukraine’s exports and imports after the beginning of the Russian invasion in 2014; analysis of the geographical structure of foreign trade and trends in trade with the European Union in 2013-2022; assessment of the commodity and geographical structure of exports and transfers of defence goods from Ukraine in 2014-2021; determining Ukraine’s share in the total volume of exports and imports of defence-related items, the main consumers of exported products, and tracking changes in this share over 2018-2022 compared to 2013-2017; analysis of defence imports in the first half of 2023; substantiation of the proposal to develop the production of defence items, namely drones and long-range missiles, which can be used both to increase the protection of Ukraine’s territory and to strengthen the country’s position in the international market for the export of weapons and equipment during and after the war. The results and conclusions are of practical importance for the Government of Ukraine in developing areas for the development of the country’s defence sector and military-economic relations with other countries

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the dynamic development of the freelance market and the prospects for cooperation between freelancers and corporations, considering the specifics of taxation of such labour relations. The paper examines the essence of the concepts of “freelancer” and “freelance exchange” and substantiates the reasons for the establishment and popularisation of freelancing in modern conditions. The freelance markets of the countries of the Balkan Peninsula and Ukraine were analysed in terms of supply and demand, the number of vacant projects, the cost that the customer is willing to pay for the completed project. The purpose of this study is to analyse the actual performance indicators of existing freelance exchanges and assess the prospects for cooperation between corporations and freelance employees in the context of the possibility of optimising the taxation of legal entities. The methodological basis of the study was the use of system analysis in evaluating the results of freelance exchanges and attracting and cooperating with corporate clients, theoretical data on further prospects for using online labour exchanges by enterprises to attract the contractor of project work were highlighted. The advantages and disadvantages of cooperation in the customer-contractor field on the online labour exchange in the context of financial aspects are summarised. The relevance of the further study of the development processes of freelance exchanges, due to their growing popularity among employers, is substantiated. The study results and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of significant importance for the management level of companies, since based on the conducted research and already existing analytical information, the effectiveness of attracting freelance employees through freelance exchanges, the possibility of reducing the company’s labour costs and optimising the tax burden in terms of paying taxes for an employee has been confirmed

The paper considers the generalized temperature dependence of the stress intensity factor KJC in the WWER-1000 reactor pressure vessel metal, which was derived based on the surveillance test data for fracture toughness. The consistency of the shape of the Master curve and 95 % upper and lower confidence bounds with the experimental dependence of crack resistance parameters on temperature was studied. From the point of view of the level of conservatism and acceptability, a comparison of the normative curves of fracture toughness according to NPRR (Nuclear Power Rules and Regulations) G-7-002-86 and SOU NNEGC (Standard of organization of Ukraine, National Nuclear Energy Generating Company) 177:2019 with a 5 % confidence bound of the Master curve was carried out. The possibility of using RT0 temperature as a temperature index instead of TK for the normative fracture toughness curve of SOU NNEGC 177:2019 was considered.

The paper calculates the electronic and lattice components of thermal conductivity coefficients for GeBiTe solid solutions. The calculation was carried out using two different models of the band structure of GeTe, which differ in the relative location of the zones of heavy and light holes. The first of the models is generally accepted for A4B6 compounds and assumes the location of the zone of light holes above the zone of heavy ones in the energy spectrum. Another model, obtained on the basis of DFT calculation, predicts the location of the zone of light holes below the zone of heavy ones. A significant difference was established in the numerical values of the electronic and lattice components of the thermal conductivity coefficients, depending on the adopted model. The influence of other calculation parameters on the investigated values was analyzed.

Subject and Purpose. The present paper is concerned with sea wave diagnostics by signals from artificial satellites in a bistatic radar scheme using the grazing radio-wave propagation and a diffuse component of the signal reflected off the sea surface. The possibility is considered to expand the range of sea state diagnostics by using satellite emissions in different frequency regions. Methods and Methodology. The research is based on the data of field experiments using over-the-horizon navigation satellites of the first (Transit) and second (GPS) generations. The data processing is by the methods of moving average and moving mean square deviation adopted because of the dynamic character of the experiments given the moving source presence. The sea surface state in a particular experiment is estimated by the diffuse component extracted from the total experimental signal. A comparative analysis of the diffuse component parameters is carried out by computer modeling at various wavelengths, source elevation angles and root- mean-squared wave heights. Results. For both satellite systems GPS and Transit, the experimental results show that in the calm and moderate states of the sea surface, the diffuse component intensity of signal fluctuations caused by sea waves differ significantly and fit in with the model upon the Rayleigh Roughness Criterion. On this basis, an advantage can be taken from the satellite emissions in various frequency ranges to expand the scale of sea state diagnostics. The higher-frequency region therewith offers a more accurate yet more limited scale of the sea state measured. The addition of lower-frequency emissions expands the scale of sea state diagnostics towards the severe states. Conclusions. It has been determined that the range of sea state diagnostics can be expanded by using satellite emissions in different frequency regions.

Subject and Purpose. In this paper, an algorithm is developed to improve the spectrum image resolution in the atomic emission spectrum registration using multi-element detectors and taking multiple exposures with image shifting by a fractional part of a pixel. Methods and Methodology. Mathematical modeling techniques are employed in the coordinate representation dictated by the prior information. The modeling results are checked by experiment. Results. The importance of the resolution value of spectral image registration systems and its impact on the quality of the obtained results have been highlighted. The spectral informativeness of the regularly (matrix- or linearly) structured multi-element detectors has been evaluated against the irregular-structure sensors, such as photographic emulsions. As it has been found that the process of pixel size reduction is demanding, an alternative approach through subpixel image shifting has been proposed. Unlike the case of the corresponding instruments implemented as a rule in the frequency domain, here the relevant theoretical problem reduces to the over- determined system of linear equations. The proposed solution algorithm employs the least squares method having regard to the prior data specificity posed by the isolation of the spectral lines and a smooth flow of the background between them. The digital simulation results and the real experimental evidence from the atomic emission spectral analysis have been presented, illustrating the algorithm operation. The experimental research was carried out for one-dimensional spectrum images registered with linear charge-coupling photodetectors. The so gained resolution was twice the spatial resolution of the photodetector. Conclusions. It has been demonstrated that controlled image shifting not only improves the photometry accuracy but also significantly enhances the detector resolution. The general comparisons of the theory with the experiment have proved the feasibility of bringing the proposed methodology into atomic emission analysis.